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Decisions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention

          
          UNITED
          NATIONS
          Distr.
          Economic and Social GENERAL
          Council
          E/CN.4/l997/4/Add.l
          29 October 1996
          ENGLISH
          Original: ENGLISH/FRENCH/
          SPANISH
          COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
          Fifty-third session
          Item 8 (a) of the provisional agenda
          QUESTION OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF ALL PERSONS SUBJECTED
          TO ANY FORM OF DETENTION OR IMPRISONMENT
          Decisions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
          The present document contains the decisions adopted by the Working
          Group on Arbitrary Detention at its fourteenth session, held in
          November/December 1995, at its fifteenth session, held in May 1996 and at its
          sixteenth session, held in September 1996, as well as three revised decisions
          adopted by the Working Group at its fifteenth session. The statistical data
          concerning decisions Nos. 35/1995 to 49/1995 are included in the report
          submitted by the Working Group to the Commission on Human Rights at its
          fifty-second session (E/CN.4/1996/40, annex II ) . The statistical data
          concerning decisions adopted during 1996 are included in the report of the
          Working Group to the Commission on Human Rights at its fifty-third session
          (E/CN.4/1997/4, annex II ).
          E
          GE.96-14336 (E)
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1997/4/Add. 1
          page 2
          CONTENTS
          Page
          Decision No. 35/1995
          Decision No. 36/1995
          Decision No. 37/1995
          Decision No. 38/1995
          Decision No. 39/1995
          Decision No. 40/1995
          Decision No. 41/1995
          Decision No. 42/1995
          Decision No. 43/1995
          Decision No. 44/1995
          Decision No. 45/1995
          Decision No. 46/1995
          Decision No. 48/1995
          Decision No. 49/1995
          Decision No. 1/1996
          Decision No. 2/1996
          Decision No. 3/1996
          Decision No. 4/1996
          Decision No. 5/1996
          Decision No. 6/1996
          Decision No. 7/1996
          Decision No. 8/1996
          Decision No. 9/1996
          Decision No. 10/1996
          Decision No. 11/1996
          Decision No. 12/1996
          Decision No. 13/1996
          Decision No. 14/1996
          Decision No. 15/1996
          Decision No. 16/1996
          Decision No. 17/1996
          Decision No. 18/1996
          (Bahrain)
          (Maldives)
          (Democratic People's Republic
          (Bahrain) . .
          (Ethiopia) . .
          (Turkey)
          (Colombia) . .
          (Peru)
          (Peru)
          (Peru)
          (Egypt)
          (People's Republic
          (Saudi Arabia)
          (Republic of Korea)
          (Sri Lanka)
          (Nigeria)
          (Viet Nam) .
          (Morocco)
          (Tunisia) . .
          (Nigeria) . .
          (Zaire) .
          (Cuba)
          (Cuba) .
          (Pakistan)
          (Azerbaijan)
          (Turkey)
          (Sudan) . .
          (Islamic Republic
          (Peru)
          (Israel) . .
          (Israel) . .
          (Israel) . .
          4
          . 9
          of Korea) . . . . 11
          12
          19
          23
          24
          28
          34
          37
          40
          46
          48
          13
          14
          16
          18
          of China)
          of Iran)
          50
          52
          55
          58
          60
          62
          63
          65
          66
          68
          71
          74
          75
          77
          79
          Decision No. 19/1996
          (People's Republic of China)
          82
        
          
          CONTENTS ( continued )
          E/CN. 4/1997/4/Add.1
          page 3
          Page
          Decision No. 20/1996
          Decision No. 21/1996
          Decision No. 22/1996
          Decision No. 23/1996
          Decision No. 24/1996
          Decision No. 25/1996
          Decision No. 26/1996
          Decision No. 27/1996
          Decision No. 28/1996
          Decision No. 29/1996
          Decision No. 30/1996
          Decision No. 31/1996
          Decision No. 32/1996
          Decision No. 33/1996
          Decision No. 34/1996
          Decision No. 35/1996
          Decision No. 36/1996
          Revised Decision No.
          Revised Decision No.
          Revised Decision No.
          (Albania)
          (Bahrain)
          (Bahrain)
          (Bahrain)
          (Israel)
          (Republic of Korea) .
          (Venezuela)
          (Turkey)
          (Turkey)
          (Syrian Arab Republic)
          (Syrian Arab Republic)
          (Syrian Arab Republic)
          (Colombia)
          (Peru)
          (Peru)
          (Peru)
          (Indonesia)
          1/1996 (Colombia) . .
          2/1996 (Republic of Korea)
          3/1996 (Ehutan)
          85
          87
          89
          92
          94
          96
          100
          101
          102
          104
          106
          108
          110
          113
          114
          115
          116
          122
          127
          129
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1997/4/Add. 1
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          DECISION No. 35/1995 (BAHRAIN)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Bahrain on
          3 March 1995.
          Concerning : 532 persons (whose names are reproduced in the
          attached list) , on the one hand and the State of Bahrain, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the methods
          of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with discretion,
          objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government concerned the
          above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be admissible, in
          respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the cases in question within 90 days
          of the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. With a view to taking a decision the Working Group considers if the
          cases in question fall into one or more of the following three categories:
          I. Cases in which the deprivation of freedom is arbitrary, as it
          manifestly cannot be linked to any legal basis (such as continued
          detention beyond the execution of the sentence or despite an
          amnesty act, etc.) ; or
          II. Cases of deprivation of freedom when the facts giving rise to the
          prosecution or conviction concern the exercise of the rights and
          freedoms protected by articles 7, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20 and 21 of the
          Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articles 12, 18, 19, 21,
          22, 25, 26 and 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights; or
          III. Cases in which non-observance of all or part of the international
          provisions relating to the right to a fair trial is such that it
          confers on the deprivation of freedom, of whatever kind, an
          arbitrary character.
          4. In the light of the allegations made the Working Group welcomes the
          cooperation of the Government of Bahrain. The Working Group transmitted the
          reply provided by the Government to the source and received its comments.
          The Working Group believes that it is in a position to take a decision on the
          facts and circumstances of the cases, in the context of the allegations made
          and the response of the Government thereto.
          5. According to the communication received from the source, a summary of
          which was transmitted to the Government, over 2,000 people have been detained,
          since S December 1994, under the provisions of the State Security Law
          of 22 October 1974, which reportedly entitles the Minister of the Interior
          to detain political suspects for up to three years without a trial. It was
          further alleged that the aforementioned State Security Law had not been
          approved by the National Assembly, as required by the Constitution, and that,
        
          
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          as a result, the very legality of that law was in question. According to the
          source, the Government of Bahrain itself stated before the forty-ninth session
          of the Commission on Human Rights, in 1993, that it would stop resorting to
          that law; but despite that commitment, scores of persons were being detained
          by virtue of that law. It was further reported that all the persons detained
          since 5 December 1994 were being held incommunicado and were being allegedly
          exposed to physical and psychological torture. The source quoted the name
          of an 18-year-old detainee, Hussain Qambar, who allegedly died under
          interrogation on 4 January 1995. According to the source, the recent wave of
          arrests followed the drafting, in November 1994, of a petition by 14 prominent
          figures, demanding the restoration of the 1973 Constitution and the elected
          National Assembly which was dismissed by the Amir of the State of Bahrain
          on 25 August 1975. The petition was reportedly signed by thousands of persons
          from all sections of the community. The source provided the Working Group
          with a list of 532 persons detained in the recent wave of arrests during
          pro-democracy demonstrations or during violent incidents which occurred in
          recent months. The source noted, however, that 17 out of the 532 detainees
          had been released and that 2 others had been expelled to Dubai.
          6. It appears from the list of 532 detainees which was addressed by the
          source to the Working Group and transmitted by the Group to the Government,
          that out of the 532 persons concerned, 70 had been arrested “during the
          funeral of Al Fatlawi” or at the cemetery, and that some 30 persons were
          arrested during rioting.
          7. In its reply dated 15 May 1995, the Government of the State of Bahrain
          indicated that all the arrests referred to in the communication were motivated
          by acts of violence such as participation in rioting, sabotage, arson,
          assassination, etc. It further indicated that a certain number of detainees -
          without giving their names or their exact number - had in the meantime been
          remanded in custody by the courts and that many others had been released.
          8. It appears from the Government's reply that, except for those persons
          remanded or released, all the others remain under detention without charge or
          trial. The Government recognizes that persons suspected of having committed
          “political offences” have been detained without trial for over three years,
          indicating that in such cases their situation is reviewed every six months and
          that such a duration of remand requires the existence of sufficient evidence
          against the detainee.
          9. The Government firmly rejected the allegation by the source that the
          State Security Law was unconstitutional. It stated that if there was no
          such law, the Bahraini authorities would not be able to efficiently combat
          terrorism. The Government, while referring to the 1976 Criminal Procedure
          Code, some provisions of which were allegedly violated by those detained by
          committing serious common-law crimes, failed to indicate whether in the case
          of those detainees the authorities applied the State Security Law or the
          Criminal Procedure Code.
          10. Moreover, the Government did not provide any explanation regarding the
          attached list of 532 detainees. It failed to explain whether the arrests had
          been carried out during the funeral of Al Fatlawi, or at the mosque or in the
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1997/4/Add. 1
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          hospital during treatment, as alleged by the source. No detail was given as
          to the identity of those who were released and whether they were the same
          persons reported by the source to be released.
          11. In its detailed observations of 18 August 1995 the source, while
          commenting on the national legislation, the alleged human rights violations,
          the political trials and the general situation in the country, failed to
          provide the Working Group with any updated information regarding the
          513 persons who were on the list submitted by the source and are presumably
          still under detention.
          12. The source nevertheless provided the Working Group with its views
          regarding the State Security Law, as follows: “Article 1 of the Decree Law on
          State Security Measures of 22 October 1974 permits administrative detention by
          order of the Minister of the Interior: If there is serious evidence that a
          person has made statements, committed acts, undertaken activities or made
          contacts which are damaging to the internal or external security of the
          country, or to the country's religious or national interests, or to its
          fundamental structure, or social or economic systems, or amount to discord,
          which affects, or could affect, relations between the people and the
          government, or between the various institutions of the state, between sectors
          of the people, those working in establishments and companies, or which aim to
          assist in the commission of acts of sabotage or harmful propaganda, or the
          dissemination of heretical principles.”
          13. According to the source the law provides neither additional
          clarification of what may constitute “serious evidence” nor further definition
          of the acts described in article 1. The broad phrasing of the law has
          permitted the long-term detention of individuals for the non-violent exercise
          of their human rights.
          14. The source further states that the same article provides that “anyone
          arrested in accordance with this law may submit a petition to the Supreme
          Court of Appeal to challenge the detention order three months after the date
          of its issue, and thereafter, six months after every decision rejecting the
          petition, up to a maximum period of three years. There appears to be no
          requirement that detainees be informed of their right to challenge their
          detention. In practice, this law allows indefinite incommunicado detention.”
          The source knows of cases of political detainees who were apparently held
          under these provisions, without charge or trial, for as long as three to
          seven years (such as Sheikh Mohammad Ali al-Ikri, Abd al-Karim Hassan al-Aradi
          and Abd al-Nabi al-Khayami) . The 1974 State Security Measures also introduced
          an amendment, article 8 of which amends article 79 of the 1966 Criminal
          Procedure Code by adding a new paragraph 3 as follows: “For crimes harmful
          to the internal or external security of the state, defined in the penal code,
          detention for an indefinite period shall be authorized.” Petitions may be
          made to challenge the legality of the detention one month after the
          authorization was given, and, if rejected, on a monthly basis thereafter.
          The source is not aware of any political cases in which this monthly appeal
          has taken place.
        
          
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          15. The Working Group notes that the State Security Law does not make any
          distinction, in its provisions, between persons who, on the one hand, are
          prosecuted for having engaged in peaceful activities or activities undertaken
          in the exercise of their fundamental rights to freedom of religion, freedom
          of opinion and expression, freedom of assembly and association and freedom
          to take part in the government of one's country - rights guaranteed by
          articles 18, 19, 20 and 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
          articles 18, 19, 21, 22 and 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights; and on the other hand persons who are prosecuted for having
          committed acts which constitute undue abuse of the exercise of the
          aforementioned rights.
          16. The information provided by the source and the Government's reply do not
          enable the Working Group to verify the number and the identity of the persons,
          among those on the list addressed to the Working Group, who are under
          detention as suspects of having engaged in violent acts (and the source does
          not deny their existence) ; especially since the provisions of the State
          Security Law appear, in the Working Group's view, to be concerned with
          non-violent acts.
          17. The Working Group believes on the other hand that, irrespective of the
          application of the State Security Law for prosecuting acts of undue abuse of
          the aforementioned fundamental freedoms, that law, in conjunction with the
          provision of the Criminal Procedure Code mentioned in paragraph 14 above, is
          liable to cause grave violations of the right to a fair trial, guaranteed by
          article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articles 9 and 14
          of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The application
          of the State Security Law is also in contravention of principles 10, 11, 12,
          13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and in particular principle 33 of the Body of
          Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention
          or Imprisonment.
          18. In its report to the fifty-first session of the Commission on Human
          Rights (E/CN.4/1995/31, para. 51) the Working Group reiterated “its concern at
          the imprecision with which legislation in many countries describes the conduct
          charged. The examples given in earlier reports were again noted in the year
          covered by this report (acts described by the Governments concerned as
          ‘treason', ‘acts hostile to a foreign State', ‘enemy propaganda',
          ‘terrorism', etc.)
          19. It appears from the facts as described above that, out of
          the 532 persons figuring on the list of persons detained since
          5 December 1994, 2 were expelled to Dubai, 17 were released and the
          other 513 remain under detention without charge or trial, with the exception
          of a few persons whose number and identity are unknown to the Group, who,
          according to the Government, have been remanded in custody. Failure to charge
          or try such detained persons constitutes a violation of the rights guaranteed
          by articles 9 and 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
          articles 9 and 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
          as well as by principles 11, 12 and 38 of the Body of Principles for the
          Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment. The
          non-observance of these rights and principles which relate to the right to a
          fair trial is such that it confers on the detention an arbitrary character.
        
          
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          20. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) The detention of the 513 persons still detained who figure on the
          list submitted to the Working Group, is declared to be arbitrary being in
          contravention of articles 9 and 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights and articles 9 and 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights and falling within category III of the principles applicable
          in the consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group.
          (b) To file the cases of the 17 persons who were released and of
          the 2 persons who were expelled.
          (c) To transmit the information regarding the alleged cases of torture
          to the Special Rapporteur on torture.
          21. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the 513 detained persons to be arbitrary, the Working Group
          requests the Government of the State of Bahrain to take the necessary steps to
          remedy the situation in order to bring it into conformity with the provisions
          and principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
          in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          Adopted on 24 November 1995.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 36/1995 (MALDIVES)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Maldives on
          7 February 1995.
          Concerning : Mohamed Nasheed and Mohamed Shafeeq, on the one hand
          and the Republic of Maldives on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the methods
          of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with discretion,
          objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government concerned the
          above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be admissible, in
          respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information
          has been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the cases
          in question. With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but
          to proceed to render its decision in respect of each of the cases of alleged
          arbitrary detention brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of Maldives. In the absence of
          any information from the Government, the Working Group believes that it is
          in a position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of the cases,
          especially since the facts and allegations contained in the communication have
          not been challenged by the Government.
          5. According to the communication submitted by the source, a summary
          of which was forwarded to the Government, Mohamed Nasheed, founder and deputy
          editor of “Sangu” magazine, was arrested on 30 November 1994 upon his return
          from Nepal, where he attended a meeting by journalists. The co-founder and
          publishing manager of the same magazine, Mohamed Shafeeq, was arrested the
          same evening. Both were reportedly detained in a prison in the island of
          Dhoonidhoo, as were several other opposition figures which the Government
          allegedly wished to silence in view of the parliamentary elections which were
          due to be held on 2 December 1994. Mr. Shafeeq had already been arrested
          in 1990, the year in which he founded “Sangu”, accused of attempting to carry
          out an attack during a regional conference held in Maldives, and sentenced in
          December 1991 to 11 years' imprisonment. Mr. Nasheed, who had also been
          arrested in 1990, had been held incommunicado for 18 months before being
          sentenced in April 1992 to 3 years' imprisonment for having concealed
          information about the attempted attack for which Mr. Shafeeq was convicted.
          The two journalists were released in 1993 after being held for three years,
          allegedly in inhuman conditions.
          6. Subsequent to the aforementioned communication, the Working Group was
          informed by another source that Mohamed Shafeeq had been first placed under
          house arrest, and that that measure was lifted on 27 August 1995. The same
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1997/4/Add. 1
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          source also reported that a person named Ahmed Shafeeq (whose case does
          not correspond to that of the second person concerned by the present
          communication, Mohamed Nasheed) , had been placed under house arrest.
          7. It follows from the facts as described above which, it may be recalled,
          have not been challenged by the Government despite the possibility given to it
          to do so, that the detention of Mohamed Shafeeq, even though it took the form
          of a house arrest, and that of Mohamed Nasheed, was solely motivated by the
          will to suppress their critical voices - as journalists strongly devoted
          to the freedom of press and members of the opposition - on the eve of
          parliamentary elections which were to decide the future of the country. Their
          detention was therefore arbitrary since they merely exercised their right to
          freedom of opinion and expression, guaranteed by article 19 of the Universal
          Declaration of Human Rights and article 19 of the International Covenant on
          Civil and Political Rights.
          8. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          Notwithstanding the release of Mohamed Shafeeq, his detention, as
          well as the detention of Mohamed Nasheed, is declared to be arbitrary
          being in contravention of article 19 of the Universal Declaration of
          Human Rights and article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights and falling within category II of the principles
          applicable in the consideration of the cases submitted to the Working
          Group.
          9. Having declared the detention of Mohamed Nasheed and Mohamed Shafeeq to
          be arbitrary, the Working Group requests the Government of the Republic of
          Maldives to take the necessary measures to remedy the situation in order to
          bring it into conformity with the provisions and principles incorporated in
          the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenant
          on Civil and Political Rights.
          Adopted on 24 November 1995.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 37/1995 (DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA)
          Communication addressed to the Government of the Democratic
          People's Republic of Korea on 7 February 1995.
          Concerning : Kang Jung Sok and Ko Sang Mun, on the one hand and
          the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, on the other.
          1. It may be recalled with regard to the above-mentioned communication,
          to which the Government had replied, that the Working Group, by its
          decision No. 29/1995 decided to keep the cases of the aforementioned persons
          pending while awaiting further information. That decision was motivated by
          the fact that the Working Group had before it two contradictory versions:
          That of the source, according to which Kang Jung Sok and Ko Sang Mun had been
          detained in 1990 at the Sungho Detention Centre, and that of the Government,
          according to which these two persons were not currently detained. The
          Government, which indicated the present address of one of the two persons
          concerned, Kang Jung Sok, did not indicate whether or not they had been
          detained in the past.
          2. The Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea provided the
          Working Group with further information on 6 November 1995, stating that the
          two persons concerned had never been detained and also indicating the present
          address of the second person, Ko Sang Mun. The source, for its part, did not
          react.
          3. In the light of the further information provided by the Government,
          the Working Group believes that it is in a position to take a decision on the
          facts and circumstances of the cases, especially since the version of facts as
          described by the Government has not been challenged or refuted by the source.
          4. In the light of the above the Working Group, noting the fact that,
          in the present state of the information available to it, the two persons
          concerned had never been detained, decides to file their cases.
          Adopted on 24 November 1995.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 38/1995 (BAHRAIN)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Bahrain on
          14 August 1995.
          Concerning : Sheikh Abdul Amir al-Jamri and Malika Singais, on the
          one hand and the State of Bahrain, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the methods
          of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with discretion,
          objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government concerned the
          above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be admissible,
          in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the cases in question within 90 days
          of the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. The Working Group further notes that the Government concerned has
          informed the Group (which fact has been confirmed by the source) that the
          above-mentioned persons are no longer in detention.
          4. Having examined the available information, and without prejudging the
          nature of the detention, the Working Group decides to file the cases of
          Sheikh Abdul Amir al-Jamri and Malika Singais in terms of paragraph 14 (a)
          of its methods of work.
          Adopted on 24 November 1995.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 39/1995 (ETHIOPIA)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Ethiopia on
          7 February 1995.
          Concerning : Daniel Kifle, on the one hand and Ethiopia, on the
          other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the methods
          of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with discretion,
          objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government concerned the
          above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be admissible,
          in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the case in question within 90 days
          of the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. The Working Group further notes that the source which had submitted
          the information to the Working Group has informed the Group that the
          above-mentioned person is no longer in detention.
          4. Having examined the available information and without prejudging the
          nature of the detention, the Working Group decides to file the case of
          Daniel Kifle in terms of paragraph 14 (a) of its methods of work.
          Adopted on 30 November 1995.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1997/4/Add. 1
          page 14
          DECISION No. 40/1995 (TURKEY)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Turkey on
          7 February 1995.
          Concerning : Leyla Zana, Hatip Dicle, Ahmet Turk, Orhan Degan,
          Selim Sadak and Sedat Yurttas, on the one hand and the Republic of
          Turkey, on the other.
          1. It may be recalled with regard to the above-mentioned communication,
          to which the Government had not replied, that the Working Group, by its
          decision No. 33/1995 decided to keep the cases of the aforementioned persons
          pending until the source indicated to it how, as alleged by the source, the
          trial of those persons was conducted in conditions which violated the accepted
          international norms regarding fair trial, and in particular those concerning
          the rights of the defence and the principle of the independence of the
          judiciary.
          2. The source provided the Working Group further information as follows:
          (a) As regards the rights of the defence . The lawyers of the
          defendants received power of attorney allegedly only at the end of the
          inquiry. They were therefore unable to follow the preliminary investigation
          and to examine the files prior to the trial. Moreover, the principle of
          adversarial proceedings was allegedly not observed at the trial before the
          State Security Court: Thus, the defence was unable to challenge the evidence
          presented by the prosecution, nor was it authorized to produce evidence in
          favour of the defendants or to examine witnesses,
          (b) As regards the principle of the independence of the judiciary .
          The State Security Court allegedly does not offer sufficient guarantees of
          independence or, even more, of impartiality, for the following reasons:
          - its members are appointed by a restricted committee presided by
          the Minister of Justice or his Counsellor;
          - although under the Court's statutes judges have a mandate of
          four years, one of the judges, who is a member of the armed
          forces, has been serving on the bench since 1987;
          - the judicial inquiry is carried out by the Public Prosecutor's
          Office and by the Police, and not by an independent judge.
          The source alleges that the above-mentioned elements show that the State
          Security Court depends on the Executive and that it administers justice
          in a partial manner, in accordance with the Government's interests.
          3. The Working Group considers that the shortcomings indicated by the
          source, which are related to the right to a fair trial, constitute a violation
          of articles 10 and 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and of
          article 14 (1) and (2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights which is evidently of such gravity that it confers on the deprivation
          of freedom an arbitrary character.
        
          
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          4. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          The detention of Leyla Zana, Hatip Dicle, Ahmet Turk, Orhan Degan,
          Selim Sadak and Sedat Yurttas is declared to be arbitrary being in
          contravention of articles 10 and 11 of the Universal Declaration of
          Human Rights, and of article 14 (1) and (2) of the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and falling within category III
          of the principles applicable in the consideration of the cases submitted
          to the Working Group.
          5. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the above-mentioned persons to be arbitrary, the Working Group
          requests the Government of Turkey to take the necessary steps to remedy the
          situation in order to bring it into conformity with the provisions and
          principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
          in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          Adopted on 30 November 1995.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 41/1995 (COLOMBIA)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Colombia on
          7 February 1995.
          Concerning : Oscar Eliecer Pafla Navarro, Jhony Albert Meriflo and
          Eduardo Campo Carvajal, on the one hand, and Colombia, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the methods
          of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with discretion,
          objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government concerned the
          above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be admissible, in
          respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the cases in question within 90 days of
          the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group welcomes the
          cooperation of the Government of Colombia. The Working Group transmitted the
          reply provided by the Government to the source but, to date, the latter has
          not provided the Working Group with its comments. In the context of the
          information available to it, the Working Group believes that it is in a
          position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of the cases.
          5. The Working Group considers that:
          (a) According to the communication, Oscar Eliecer Pefla Navarro,
          Jhony Albert Meriflo and Eduardo Campo Carvajal were arrested at their home on
          21 April 1993 by members of the SIJIN (National Police) , being accused of the
          murder of journalist Carlos Alfonso Lajud Catalmn two days earlier, and as of
          that date were deprived of liberty by order of the Barranquilla Regional
          Prosecutor. The grounds on which it is contended that the detention should be
          considered arbitrary are as follows: (1) the persons concerned were taken
          into custody without an arrest warrant having been issued beforehand by a
          court; (2) the search during which they were taken into custody was also
          conducted without a valid judicial warrant; (3) the persons concerned were
          held incommunicado for a period of 21 days; (4) the evidence produced to
          incriminate them is insufficient, since the young persons were not at the
          scene of the crime on the day it was committed, one witness did not identify
          them as participants and the search of the dwelling where they were arrested
          did not uncover physical evidence of the offence.
          (b) In its documented reply, the Government reports that the detainees
          were apprehended under a warrant originating from the Barranquilla Regional
          Prosecutor's Office, issued in conformity with the law on 21 April 1993, from
          which an appeal was entered by the detainees; it goes on to state that the
          search warrant was also provided by the same judicial officer, and under
          Colombian law does not require prior notice when that may interfere with the
          conduct of the procedure in question; that the security measure involving
        
          
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          an arrest warrant was taken in view of the circumstantial evidence of
          responsibility; and that these decisions were challenged in the course of an
          appeal by the accused and were upheld by the National Court.
          (c) It has been attested that both the search of the house in which
          the above-mentioned persons were found and the detention itself were carried
          out under warrant from the Barranquilla Regional Prosecutor, whereby the
          Prosecutor - in the first instance - and the National Tribunal - in the
          second - found evidence of guilt.
          (d) The mere holding of persons incommunicado for 21 days - a fact
          not challenged in the Government's reply - is not of such gravity in itself as
          to confer on the detention an arbitrary character, given the seriousness of
          the offence being investigated, within the terms of principles 15, 16 (4)
          and 18 (3) of the Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under
          Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, since it is a measure ordinarily
          employed in legal systems to protect judicial inquiries.
          (e) The only grounds on which cases of detention may be considered to
          be arbitrary are those described in the three categories to which reference
          has been made. An evaluation of evidence of guilt is not part of the mandate
          of the Working Group, as it has had occasion to state in numerous decisions,
          and cannot be included in any of the three above-mentioned categories of
          arbitrary detention.
          (f) The alleged grounds do not, therefore, fall within any of the
          categories cited.
          6. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          The detention of Oscar Eliecer Pefla Navarro, Jhony Albert Meriflo
          and Eduardo Campo Carvajal is declared not to be arbitrary.
          Adopted on 30 November 1995.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 42/1995 (PERU)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Peru on 4 May 1994.
          Concerning : Luis Rob Huammn Morales, Pablo Abraham
          HuamIn Morales, JuliIn Oscar HuamIn Morales and Mayela Alicia
          HuamIn Morales, on the one hand, and the Republic of Peru, on the other.
          1. With reference to the above-mentioned communication, in respect of which
          the Government of Peru did not forward a reply within 90 days, the Working
          Group in its decision No. 41/1994 decided to keep the above-mentioned cases
          pending until it received further information.
          2. The Government of Peru has provided further information, which is
          incomplete since it relates to only two of the four persons whose cases are
          under consideration: the juvenile Luis Rob HuamIn Morales, who has been
          released, and JuliIn Oscar HuamIn Morales, who is said not to have been held
          in detention.
          3. The Working Group considers that:
          (a) According to the source the four siblings were arrested on
          15 October 1992 and brought before the 43rd Provincial Prosecutor's Office in
          Lima accused of terrorist offences which they claim not to have committed.
          (b) The Government of Peru has not forwarded any information
          concerning detainees Pablo Abraham HuamIn Morales and Mayela Alicia
          HuamIn Morales, notwithstanding the expiry of the established deadline.
          (c) The Working Group reiterates its position, already stated
          on numerous occasions in connection with communications from Peruvian
          non-governmental organizations, that it cannot decide on the quality of
          evidence produced in judicial proceedings and may only consider as arbitrary
          cases of detention falling within one or more of the three categories defined
          in its methods of work.
          (d) Since Luis Rob HuamIn Morales has been released and JuliIn Oscar
          HuamIn Morales is not in detention, the Working Group will file those cases.
          (e) In order for the Working Group to decide whether the detention of
          Pablo Abraham and Mayeba Alicia HuamIn Morales may be described as arbitrary,
          further information is required, under the terms of paragraph 14.1 (c) of its
          methods of work, about the alleged contraventions of the rules relating to due
          process established in the international instruments.
          4. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) To discontinue consideration of the situation of Luis Rob and
          Jubián Oscar Huamán Morales, the former having been released and the latter
          not having been held in detention.
          (b) To keep the cases of Pablo Abraham Huantn Morales and
          Mayeba Alicia Huamán Morales pending for further and more up-to-date
          information on the conditions of their judicial examination.
          Adopted on 30 November 1995.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 43/1995 (PERU)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Peru on 4 May 1994.
          Concerning : Alfredo Raymundo Chaves, Saturnino Huaflahue Saire,
          David Aparicio Claros, Meves Mallqui Rodriguez, Maria Salomé
          Hualipa Peralta and Carmen Soledad Espinoza Rojas, on the one hand,
          and the Republic of Peru, on the other.
          1. With reference to the above-mentioned communication, in respect of which
          the Government of Peru did not forward a reply within 90 days, the Working
          Group in its decision No. 44/1994 decided to keep the above-mentioned cases
          pending until it received further information.
          2. On 18 April and 31 August 1995, the Working Group received new and full
          information from the source. On 20 October 1995, the Government informed the
          Working Group that the persons concerned had been acquitted by the Special
          Court of the Peruvian Navy, in case 058-TP-93-Lima, and that the judgement was
          under review. In the light of the additional information, the Working Group
          is in a position to take a new decision.
          3. The Working Group considers that:
          (a) Alfredo Raymundo Chaves, Saturnino Huaflahue Saire,
          David Aparicio Claros, Meves Mallqui Rodriguez, Maria Salomé Hualipa Peralta
          and Carmen Soledad Espinoza Rojas were detained between July and
          September 1993 after the murder, on 29 June 1993, of local leader
          Américo Padilla.
          (b) Judicial proceedings concerning the offence of high treason were
          initiated in August 1993 before the military courts, as a result of which a
          judgement acquitting all the detainees was rendered by the Special Military
          Judge and upheld by the Navy Council.
          (c) Following the third examination provided for by law, the Supreme
          Council of Military Justice annulled all the decisions taken and referred the
          case back to the court of first instance.
          (d) In the new trial, by a decision of 14 March 1995, Carmen Soledad
          Espinoza Rojas, Maria Haulipa Peralta, Meves Mallqui Rodriguez and
          David Aparicio Claros were again acquitted and a decision taken in favour of
          their immediate release, which is subject to confirmation in second instance
          by the Navy Council and then, in third instance, by the Supreme Council of
          Military Justice. Alfredo Raymundo Chaves and Saturnino Huaflahue Saire were
          also acquitted on the charge of high treason, but their trial in an ordinary
          court was ordered in view of evidence of their involvement in the offence of
          terrorism.
          (e) The new trial of Alfredo Raymundo Chaves and Saturnino Huaflahue
          Saire has still not begun, since confirmation of the first-instance judgement
          of 14 March is awaited.
        
          
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          (f) There has also been no review by the Navy Council and by the
          Supreme Council of Military Justice of the question of the unconditional
          release of Carmen Soledad Espinoza Rojas, Maria Haulipa Peralta and
          David Aparicio Claros.
          (g) The Working Group notes that these facts are not contested by
          the Government of Peru, and indeed appear to be confirmed, except in regard
          to Meves Mallqui Rodriguez, who is said not to have been held in detention.
          (h) The Code of Penal Procedure distinguishes between release on bail,
          which entitles the accused to his liberty - subject to monetary or personal
          surety - while proceedings are under way, and unconditional release, which is
          ordered when the non-culpability of the accused is fully demonstrated.
          (i) Release on bail, for offences under ordinary law, involves a
          procedure that may not exceed six days, and if granted and appealed by another
          party to the proceeding, it is allowed immediately, without the outcome of the
          appeal being awaited. In proceedings before the military courts, the rules
          differ in respect of the grounds for release from custody.
          (j) Unconditional release in proceedings relating to offences under
          ordinary law, and warranted because innocence is “fully” demonstrated, does
          not involve any procedure and is effected immediately without approval of the
          appeal court being awaited.
          (k) The so-called “emergency legislation” modifies these precepts in
          various ways:
          (i) Release on bail is not allowed in any case, not even when an
          acquittal is pending approval;
          (ii) Unconditional release - also not provided for in the
          original text of emergency law 25,475 of 6 May 1992 - has
          again been accepted, following the amendment of law 26,248
          of 24 November 1993, although with one very serious
          restriction: the decision granting unconditional release -
          where non-culpability is fully demonstrated - must be
          sent for review to the higher court, but “release from
          custody shall not be effected until the review has been
          completed”.
          (1) While it is reasonable that for the offences of terrorism and high
          treason the rules governing release on bail with security should be more
          strict, it is contrary to the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights, as will be seen, for such provisions to be suppressed altogether.
          (m) More serious is the continued detention of persons in custody for
          more than two years after deprivation of liberty, and for more than eight
          months after a decision in first instance calling for their unconditional
          release on the ground that “their non-culpability is fully demonstrated”.
        
          
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          (n) Delay in effecting the release of individuals for more than eight
          months after a judge finds them innocent cannot be considered normal. On the
          contrary, the ordinary laws provide for release on bail to be granted after a
          very short procedure and for unconditional release to be ordered immediately.
          What the emergency law provides are dilatory procedures for granting freedom
          to persons of whose innocence the judge is fully convinced, without setting
          any deadline for completing a review of that decision.
          (o) Preventive detention must not be the general rule and is provided
          for solely as a means of guaranteeing the accused's appearance for trial.
          Furthermore, principle 38 of the Body of Principles for the Protection of All
          Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment provides that “a person
          detained on a criminal charge shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable
          time or to release pending trial”. In addition, principle 39 states: “Except
          in special cases provided for by law, a person detained on a criminal charge
          shall be entitled, unless a judicial or other authority decides otherwise in
          the interest of the administration of justice, to release pending trial
          subject to the conditions that may be imposed in accordance with the law.
          Such authority shall keep the necessity of detention under review”.
          (p) Almost two years have passed since the detention and eight months
          since the ordering of judicial proceedings against Alfredo Raymundo Chaves
          and Saturnino Huaflahue Saire, and yet the trial ordered on 14 March 1995
          has still not begun; furthermore, in respect of David Aparicio Claros,
          Meves Mallqui Rodriguez, Maria Salomé Hualipa Peralta and Carmen Soledad
          Espinoza Rojas, there is a judgement absolving them of all responsibility,
          which also dates from 14 March 1995 and has still not been confirmed.
          (q) Under such circumstances, the deprivation of liberty of the
          persons referred to in the communication cannot but be described as arbitrary,
          considering that there has been a judicial decision in favour of four of them,
          calling for their release, and that a regular hearing in respect of the other
          two has not yet begun.
          (r) This finding is confirmed by article 9 of the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which provides that “it shall not be
          the general rule that persons awaiting trial shall be detained in custody, but
          release may be subject to guarantees to appear for trial, at any other stage
          of the judicial proceedings, and, should occasion arise, for execution of the
          judgement”. In this instance, after more than 24 months of deprivation of
          liberty, an order for the unconditional release of four persons and an order
          to initiate formal proceedings for the others remain in abeyance.
          (s) The provision of the Covenant that a person shall be brought
          without delay before a judge requires promptness not only at the initial
          moment of detention, but at all subsequent stages, especially if a judicial
          decision - albeit in first instance - has already established the detainee's
          innocence. In such cases there is even greater urgency, since the abstract
          presumption of innocence is coupled with the concrete presumption.
        
          
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          4. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) To file the case of Meves Mallqui Rodriguez, who is not, and has
          not been, held in detention.
          (b) The detention of Alf redo Raymundo Chaves, Saturnino Huaflahue
          Saire, David Aparicio Claros, Maria Salomé Hualipa Peralta and Carmen Soledad
          Espinoza Rojas is declared to be arbitrary, being in contravention of
          articles 3, 10 and 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and of
          articles 9, 10, 11 and 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights, to which the Republic of Peru is a party, and falling within
          category III of the principles applicable in the consideration of the cases
          submitted to the Working Group.
          S. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the above-mentioned persons to be arbitrary, the Working Group
          requests the Government of Peru to take the necessary steps to remedy the
          situation in order to bring it into conformity with the provisions and
          principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in
          the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          Adopted on 30 November 1995.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 44/1995 (PERU)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Peru on
          7 February 1995.
          Concerning : Maria Elena Foronda Farro and Oscar Diaz Barboza, on
          the one hand, and the Republic of Peru, on the other.
          1. With reference to the above-mentioned communication, in respect of which
          the Government of Peru did not forward a reply within 90 days, the Working
          Group in its decision No. 23/1995 decided to keep the above-mentioned cases
          pending until it received further information.
          2. The Working Group notes that the source of the communication has
          informed the Group that the above-mentioned persons are no longer in
          detention.
          3. Having examined the available information and without prejudging the
          nature of the detention, the Working Group decides to file the cases of
          Maria Elena Foronda Farro and Oscar Diaz Barboza under the terms of
          paragraph 14.1 (a) of its methods of work.
          Adopted on 30 November 1995.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 45/1995 (EGYPT)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Egypt on
          14 August 1995.
          Concerning : Hassan Gharabawi Shehata Farag, Abdel-Moniem Mohammed
          El-Srougi, Sha'ban Ali Ibrahim, Mansour Ahmad Ahmad Mansour, Mohammed
          Sayid L'eed Hassanien, Nabawi Ibrahim El-Sayid Farag, Ibrahim Ali
          el-Sayid Ibrahim, Ahmad Mohammed Abdullah Ali, Mohammed Abd El Rasiq
          Farghali, Mahmoud Mohammed Ahmad El Ghatrifi, Ramadan Abu El Hassan
          Hassan Mohammed and Ahmad Ahmad Mos'ad Soboh, on the one hand and the
          Arab Republic of Egypt, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the methods
          of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with discretion,
          objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government concerned the
          above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be admissible, in
          respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the cases in
          question. With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but
          to proceed to render its decision in respect (of each of the cases) of alleged
          arbitrary detention brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 30 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of Egypt. In the absence of any
          information from the Government, the Working Group believes that it is in a
          position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of the cases,
          especially since the facts and allegations contained in the communication have
          not been challenged by the Government although it was given the opportunity to
          do so.
          5. According to the communication submitted by the source, a summary of
          which was forwarded to the Government:
          (a) Hassan Gharabawi Shehata Farag, aged 34, was reportedly arrested
          on 11 January 1989 in connection with riots that took place in the Am-Shams
          district of Cairo. On 29 May 1990 he was acquitted by a judicial ruling.
          However, on 1 June 1990, the authorities issued a detention order which was
          overturned by a final court ruling. According to the source, in spite of this
          judicial decision, the authorities issued a new detention order. It was
          reported that during the last few years Mr. Farag had received 25 release
          orders which the authorities have bypassed by transferring him from his place
          of detention to the Am-Shams Police Station or to the office of the SSI at
          Shubra El-Khema for a few days, and then returning him under a new detention
          order. Mr. Farag had been held in the prisons of Al-Zagazig, Abou Za'abal,
          Istikbal Tora and the High Security Prison at Tora before being recently
          transferred to El-Wadi El-Gadeed Prison, where according to reports, he was
          ill-treated.
        
          
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          (b) Jthdel-Moniem Mohammed El-Sourgi, aged 30, was arrested in
          June 1990 and since then has been held without a charge. It was reported
          that during his detention the authorities have managed to bypass the Court's
          rulings declaring the reason for his detention as invalid, and issued a total
          of eight new detention orders. According to the source, Mr. El-Srougi had
          been held in the prisons of Shebeen El-koum, Abou Za'abal, Istikbal Tora and
          the High Security Prison at Tora, before being recently transferred to El-Wadi
          El-Gadeed Prison where, according to the reports, he was ill-treated.
          (c) Sha'ban Ali Ibrahim, aged 39, was reportedly arrested on
          10 June 1991 and was still under detention even though he was acquitted by
          about 20 judicial rulings on the grounds that the reasons for his detention
          were invalid. According to the source, Sha'ban Ali Ibrahim was still being
          detained in spite of being acquitted by the investigating bodies in
          December 1994. He was recently transferred to El-Wadi El-Gadeed Prison.
          It was alleged that he had been subjected to torture in the SSI office at
          Lazoghli, where he was allegedly beaten on his legs and given electric shocks.
          He had also allegedly been attacked during the search campaign launched by the
          prison authorities at the High Security Prison at Tora on 19 October 1994,
          during which trained dogs, rubber batons, electric rods and tear gas were
          used.
          (d) Mansour Ahmad Ahmad Mansour, aged 31, was reportedly arrested on
          15 June 1992, as a suspect, during the campaign launched to pursue those
          accused of planning and carrying out the killing of secular writer
          Farag Fouda. On 30 December 1992 Mr. Mansour was acquitted by the court.
          Nevertheless, he had been subjected to recurrent detention even though he was
          again acquitted by court rulings on 23 February and 16 March 1994, on the
          grounds that the reasons for his detention were not sufficient. It was
          reported that during his detention he was transferred to various prisons
          including Istiqbal Tora, Leman Tora, the High Security Prison at Tora and
          Abu Za'abel Industrial prison. Mr. Mansour was currently being detained in
          El-Wadi El-Gadeed Prison. In March 1994, after he was transferred from
          Abu Za'abal prison to the High Security Prison at Tora, he was allegedly badly
          beaten, punched and kicked, as a result of which he suffered from a punctured
          ear drum, bleeding of the gums and bruises on different parts of his body.
          (e) Mohammed Sayid I'eed Hassanien was reportedly arrested in early
          January 1994. A detention order was issued by the authorities on
          14 February 1994. Since then he has reportedly been detained without charge
          or trial. According to the source, Mr. Hassanien was transferred from the
          Leman Tora Prison to the Mazra'it Tora Prison and the Istikbal Prison at
          Abou Za-abal. Recently he had been transferred to El-Wadi El-Gadeed Prison.
          (f) Nabawi Ibrahim El-Sayid Farag, aged 35, was reportedly arrested on
          6 July 1993 because his name was included in the case of Tala'i Al-Fateh
          (case no. 123/1993, part one) . As his name was not mentioned in the verdict
          order of this case, he was released two months after his detention. However,
          it was reported that he was arrested on 3 November 1993 following his
          pleading, before a Military Court, on behalf of the accused in the same case.
          He was currently being detained at El-Wadi El-Gadeed Prison after having been
          transferred from the Istikbal Tora Prison to the Abou Za'abal Prison and then
          to the High Security Prison at Tora.
        
          
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          (g) Ibrahim All el-Sayid Ibrahim, aged 38, was reportedly held in
          detention on repeated occasions: from 15 May until 29 June 1992, from 2 July
          until 13 August 1992 and from 20 December 1992 until 26 June 1993. According
          to the source, he was rearrested in October 1993 after having been threatened
          with detention by the Head of the Shebeen El-Koum Prison if he continued his
          visits as a lawyer to the detainees. It was reported that Mr. Ibrahim has
          been held in detention since that time and has been transferred to the
          Shebeen El-Koum Prison, the Al-Hadra Prison, the Abou Za'abal Prison, the
          Istikbal Tora Prison and recently to El-Wadi El-Gadeed Prison.
          (h) Ahmad Mohammed Abdullah Ali, aged 28, was reportedly arrested on
          1 October 1993. An administrative order was issued, under the Emergency Law,
          on 19 October 1993. It was reported that following the hearing of his
          complaints about the detention order by a competent court, on 4 August 1994,
          a release order was issued to which the Minister of Interior objected.
          This judicial decision was reinforced by a subsequent release order on
          23 August 1994. Despite this second release order he has been kept in
          detention without charge or trial. He was currently being detained in
          Abu Za'abal Prison.
          (i) Mohammed Abd El Rasiq Farghali, aged 28, was reportedly
          arrested on 3 April 1993. An administrative detention order was issued on
          13 April 1993. It was reported that following his arrest he was held in the
          Istiqbal Tora Prison and was then transferred to Abu Za'abal Prison where he
          was still being detained.
          (j) Mahmoud Mohammed Ahmad El Ghatrifi, aged 29, was reportedly
          arrested on 24 December 1993. It was reported that since then he has been
          detained at Abu Za'abal Prison without charge or trial.
          (k) Ramadan Abu El Hassan Hassan Mohammed, aged 30, was reportedly
          arrested on 15 February 1993. It was reported that an administrative
          detention order was issued the next day. Though he received two consecutive
          release orders, a further detention order was issued on 15 October 1994.
          According to the source, since then he has been kept in detention without
          charge or trial. He was transferred from Qena Prison to Abu Za'abal Prison,
          where he was currently being detained.
          (1) Ahmad Ahmad Mos'ad Sobah, aged 32, was reportedly arrested in
          early January 1994. Immediately after his arrest, a detention order was
          issued. Since then, it was reported that he has been detained in Istiqbal
          Tora Prison.
          6. It appears from the facts as described above which, it may be recalled,
          have not been contested by the Government in spite of the possibility given to
          it, that all the above-mentioned persons are being kept under detention
          without being charged or tried. Moreover, it may be noted that, with the
          exception of five (Mohammed Sayid L'eed Hassanien, Ibrahim Ali el-Sayid
          Ibrahim, Mohammed Abd El Rasiq Farghali, Mahmoud Mohammed Ahmad El Ghatrifi
          and Ahmad Ahmad Mos'ad Soboh) all of them were the object of judicial
          decisions ordering their release which the Egyptian authorities refuse to
          execute by each time issuing new detention orders. The cases of Hassan
          Gharabawi Shehata Farag and Abdel-Moniem Mohammed El-Srougi are particularly
        
          
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          edifying in this respect, as they were the subject, respectively, of 25 and
          8 detention orders following the same number of release orders issued by the
          judicial authorities. It may further be noted that all these persons have
          been regularly transferred from one prison to another, during their detention
          period, and that some of them were allegedly tortured or brutally beaten.
          7. In the Working Group's view, there is no doubt that in the present cases
          there are grave violations of the right to a fair trial, and in particular of
          the provisions of articles 9, 10, and 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights and articles 9 (2) and (3) and 14 (1) , (2) and (3) of the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and that their gravity is such that it
          confers on the detention of the above-mentioned persons an arbitrary
          character.
          8. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) The detention of Hassan Gharabawi Shehata Farag, Abdel-Moniem
          Mohammed El-Srougi, Sha'ban Ali Ibrahim, Mansour Ahmad Ahmad Mansour,
          Mohammed Sayid L'eed Hassanien, Nabawi Ibrahim El-Sayid Farag, Ibrahim Ali
          el-Sayid Ibrahim, Ahmad Mohammed Abdullah Ali, Mohammed Abd El Rasiq Farghali,
          Mahmoud Mohammed Ahmad El Ghatrifi, Ramadan Abu El Hassan Hassan Mohammed and
          Ahmad Ahmad Mos'ad Soboh, is declared to be arbitrary being in contravention
          of articles 9, 10 and 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and
          articles 9 (2) and (3) and 14 (1), (2) and (3) of the International Covenant
          on Civil and Political Rights and falling within Category III of the
          principles applicable in the consideration of the cases submitted to the
          Working Group.
          (b) Moreover, since (with the exception of the five persons mentioned
          in para. 6 above) they were regularly ordered released by the judicial
          authorities and the Egyptian authorities systematically refused to execute the
          order, their detention is also declared arbitrary falling within Category I of
          the principles applicable in the consideration of the cases submitted to the
          Working Group.
          (c) To transmit the information concerning the alleged torture to the
          Special Rapporteur on torture.
          9. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the above-mentioned persons to be arbitrary, the Working Group
          requests the Government of Egypt to take the necessary steps to remedy the
          situation in order to bring it into conformity with the provisions and
          principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in
          the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          Adopted on 29 November 1995.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 46/1995 (PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA)
          Communication : addressed to the Government of the People's
          Republic of China on 22 April 1994.
          Concerning : 81 persons (whose names are given in the attached
          list)
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the methods
          of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with discretion,
          objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government concerned the
          above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be admissible, in
          respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the cooperation of the Chinese
          Government in forwarding a reply within 90 days of the transmittal of the
          letter by the Working Group as regards 44 of the 81 cases concerned.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made the Working Group welcomes the
          cooperation of the Chinese Government. The Working Group transmitted the
          reply provided by the Government to the source and received its comments. The
          Working Group believes that it is in a position to take a decision on the
          facts and circumstances of the cases, in the context of the allegations made
          and the response of the Government thereto as well as the comments provided by
          the source.
          5. Due to the large number of cases submitted in the communication, the
          Working Group has resorted to the following grouping of cases, so as to
          facilitate their examination:
          (a) Cases regarding which the Working Group is in a position to adopt
          a decision on their merits;
          (b) Cases regarding persons who, according to the Government, are no
          longer in detention (release or death)
          (c) Cases regarding persons who, according to the Government, “have
          had no dealings with the judicial organs”.
          6. As regards the cases with respect to which the Working Group is in a
          position to adopt a decision on their merits, all of them are concerned with
          the exercise of the freedoms of conscience, religion, opinion, expression,
          assembly and association.
          (i) Cases concerning the exercise of the freedom of thought, conscience and
          religion (art. 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
          art. 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights )
          - Buddhist nuns having expressed their attachment to their religion
          through demonstrations accompanied by slogans and by singing
          religious-patriotic songs and prayers, in particular praising the
        
          
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          Dalai Lama (Pashang Lhamo - Nyidrol - Yeshe - Dekyi Wangmo -
          Dhondup Dolma) ; having already spent long time in prison (Sangmo -
          Dawa Yangkyi - Dawa (Gyaltsem Dolkar) - Palden Yanghyi - Tseten* -
          Penpa Choezom*) ; or having merely demonstrated or attempted to
          demonstrate in public (Rinchen Choedron - Dekyi - Phurbu Dolkar -
          Kelsang Drolma - Zompa - Goekyi - Rinchen Drolma - Yangkyi -
          Nyima Migmar - Phurdrol - Ngawang Chemo - Tsering - Rigchoq); or,
          regarding Muslims, for having distributed leaflets protesting
          against restrictions imposed on religious activities, in
          particular by shutting down mosques (Ohmer Khan Mahsun* -
          Abdul Malik*).
          (ii) Cases concerning the exercise of the freedom of opinion and expression
          ( art. 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and art. 19 of
          the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights )
          Accusations concerning the fact of having been in contact with
          foreign journalists or of having sent information abroad, in
          particular regarding human rights issues (Zhang Xianliang -
          Wu Shishen - Ma Tao - Gao Yu*); or, in the case of a historian, of
          having written and published a book supporting views on the
          question of Uighur which were different from the official ones
          (Turgun Almas*); or of having distributed an “unofficial magazine”
          (Chen Yanbin*) ; or having drafted and distributed pro-democracy
          leaflets (Chen Wei* - Rui Chaohuai* - Xing Honwei* -
          Xu Dongling* - Zhang Guojun*) ; or a document on the question
          of human rights entitled “Statement on the Question of Human
          Rights in China” (Zhang Chunzhu*); this category also comprises
          the case of a former journalist, founder of the Chinese League of
          Human Rights (Ren Wanding*) ; the case of a historian having
          protested against alleged official discrimination regarding
          minorities (Kajikhumar Shabdan*) ; and the case of a school
          administrator who had sent a petition to the United Nations on
          alleged human rights violations by Government officials
          (Mantimyn*)
          (iii) Cases concerning the exercise of the freedom of peaceful assembly
          ( art. 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and art. 21
          of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
          In two of the cases submitted to the Working Group persons were
          convicted and sentenced to prison terms for hanging a banner with
          the slogan “We have not forgotten 4 June” and for having written
          and distributed leaflets calling for a public commemoration of the
          * When the Government has not provided information on a case, the
          person's name is marked by the sign .
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1997/4/Add. 1
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          anniversary of 4 June 1989 (Liao Jia'an) or for having put up
          posters on a college campus to the same effect (Yu Zhuo) . In one
          case a person was convicted and sentenced to a term in a labour
          camp for having attempted to organize a meeting of veteran
          pro-democracy campaigners (Fu Shenqi)
          (iv) Cases concerning the exercise of the freedom of association, including
          trade union (art. 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
          art. 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
          - In all of the cases concerned, persons were detained for having
          been active in unrecognized non-violent associations of a
          political or trade union character, as follows: “Republican
          Party” (Zhang Minpeng); “China Branch of the Democratic Front”
          (Yao Kaiwen - Gao Xiaoliang); “China Alliance Association”
          (Zhou Yuan - Liu Kai); “Beijing Workers Autonomous Federations”
          (Xiao Delong); “Liberal Democratic Party of China” (Hu Shigen* -
          Gao Yuxiang* - Lu Jingsheng* - Wang Tiancheng* - Wang Peizhong* -
          Chen Qinglin*); “China Progressive Alliance” (Kang Yuchun* -
          Lu Zhigang* - An Ning* - Wang Jianping* - Lu Mingxia* -
          Meng Zhongwei* (who was also accused of having contacts with the
          dissident Shen Tong who resides in the U.S.A.); “Social Democratic
          Party of China” (Ding Mao* - Liu Baiyu* - Xing Shimin* -
          Liu Wensheng* - Lu Yanghua* - Gao Changyun* - Zhang Jian* -
          Xu Zhendong* - Lu Yalin*).
          7. Firstly, the Working Group takes note of the fact that, in its reply,
          the Government does not contest the nature of the facts of which the persons
          concerned are accused. Secondly, the Working Group also notes that neither in
          the description of the facts as presented by the source nor in the
          Government's reply was it alleged or asserted that the deeds imputed had been
          carried out by violent means or by inciting violence; it therefore results
          that these activities were exercised peacefully. Thirdly, the Working Group
          notes that the Chinese authorities describe the facts concerned, from a legal
          point of view, as “taking part in subversive activities” (16 cases out of 44
          regarding which the Chinese authorities provided a reply to the Working
          Group) ; “disrupting public order” (4 cases) ; “illegally organizing workers'
          pickets” (2 cases); or “illegally supplying State secrets to persons
          outside the country” (2 cases, consisting of contacts with the exiled
          dissident Shen Tong or communicating to a foreign journalist a text of a
          speech made by a leader of the Chinese Communist Party during the Party
          congress)
          8. It follows from these considerations that the continued detention of the
          persons mentioned in § 6 (i-iv) above, is based on the exercise by these
          persons of their fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed by articles 18, 19
          and 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articles 18, 19, 21
          and 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
        
          
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          9. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) to declare arbitrary in terms of Category II of the principles
          applicable in the consideration of the cases submitted to the Working
          Group:
          - As contrary to article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights and article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights regarding the exercise of the right to freedom of
          thought, conscience and religion , the detention of Pashang Lhamo -
          Nyidrol - Rinchen Choedron - Dekyi - Zompa - Goekyi -
          Rinchen Drolma - Yangkyi Phurdrol - Ngawang Chemo - Tsering -
          Rigchog - Yeshe - Dekyi Wangmo - Dhonlup Dolma - Sangmo -
          Dawa Yangkyi - Dawa (Gyaltsen Dolkar) - Palden Yanghyi -
          Tseten - Penpa Choezom* - Ohmer Khan Mahsun* - Abdul Malik*.
          - As contrary to article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights and article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights regarding the exercise of the right to freedom
          of opinion and expression , the detention of Zhang Xianliang -
          Wu Shishen - Ma Tao - Gao Yu* - Turgun Almas* - Chen Yanbin* -
          Chen Wei* - Rui Chaohuai* - Xing Honwei* - Xu Dongling* -
          Zhang Guojun* - Zhang Chunzhu* - Ren Wanding* -
          Kajikhumar Shabdan* - Mantimyn*.
          - As contrary to article 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights and article 21 of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights regarding the exercise of the right to freedom of
          peaceful assembly , the detention of Liao Jia'an et Yu Zhuo.
          - As contrary to article 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights and article 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights regarding the exercise of the right to freedom
          of association, including trade unions , the detention of
          Zhang Mingpen - Yao Kaiwen - Gao Xiaoliang - Zhou Yuan -
          Xiao Delong - Fu Shengi - Hu Shigen* - Gao Yuxiang* -
          Lu Jingsheng* - Kang Yuchun* - Lu Zhigang* - An Hing* -
          Wang Jianping* - Lu Mingxia* - Meng Zhougwei* - Wang Tiancheng* -
          Wang Peizhong* - Chen Inglin* - Ding Mao* - Liu Baivu* -
          Xing Shimin* - Xu Zhendong* - Liu Wensheng* - Lu Yanghua* -
          Gao Changyun* - Zhang Jian* - Xu Zhendong* - Lu Yalin*.
          (b) To file the cases of persons who are no longer in detention
          following their release: Gao Yu, Phurbu Dolkar, Kok Fai Kwok, May Chong,
          Bam Bang Yang, Ina Yang, Denis Balcombe, Daughin Chan, Paul Star; as well as
          the case of Nyima Migmar who, according to the source, died two weeks after
          being released; and the case of Kolsang Drolma who also reportedly died after
          being released.
        
          
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          (c) To file the cases of persons who, according to the Government,
          have had no dealings with the judicial organs, namely Yu (or Shen) Liangqing -
          Huang Xiuming - Liu Kai - Tian Yang (or Tian Xi).
          10. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the persons mentioned in § 9 (a) to be arbitrary, the Working
          Group requests the Government of the People's Republic of China to take the
          necessary steps to remedy the situation in order to bring it into conformity
          with the provisions and principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration
          of Human Rights and in the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights.
          Adopted on 30 November 1995.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1997/4/Add.1
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          Names of persons submitted to the Government of the People's Republic of China
          by communication dated 22 April 1994
          Hu Shigen, Gao Yuxiang, Kang Yuchun, Lu Zhigang, Lu Jingsheng,
          Wang Tiancheng, Wang Peizhong, Chen Qinglin, Chen Wei, Zhang Chunzhu,
          Rui Chaohuai, Xing Honwei, Xu Dongling, Zhang Guojun, An Ning, Wang Jianping,
          Lu Mingxia, Meng Zhongwei, Ding Mao, Liu Baiyu, Xing Shimin, Liu Wensheng,
          Lu Yanghua, Gao Changyun, Zhang Jian, Xu Zhendong, Lu Yalin, Yu Liangqing,
          Huang Xiuming, Tian Yang, Liao Jia'an, Zhang Minpeng, Yu Zhuo, lao Kaiwen,
          Gao Xiaoliang, Zhou Yuan, Liu Kai, Xiao Delong, Fu Shenqi, Zhang Xianliang,
          Chen Yanbin, Gao Yu, Wu Shishen, Ma Tao, Ren Wanding, Pashang Lhamo, Nyidrol,
          Rinchen Choedron, Dekyi, Phurbu Dolkar, Kelsang Drolma, Zompa, Goekyi,
          Rinchen Drolma, Yangkyi, Nyima Migmar, Phurdrol, Ngawang Chemo, Tsering,
          Rigchog, Yeshe, Dekyi Wangmo, Dhondup Dolma, Sangmo, Penpa Choezom,
          Dawa Yangkyi, Dawa (Gyaltsem Dolkar), Palden Yanghyi, Tseten, Turgun Almas,
          Ohmer Khan Mahsun, Kok Fai Kwok, May Chong, Bam Bang Yang, ma Yang,
          Dennis Balcombe, Daughin Chan, Paul Star, Kajikhumar Shabdan, Mantimyn,
          Abdul Malik.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1997/4/Add. 1
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          DECISION No. 48/1995 (SAUDI ARABIA)
          Communication addressed to the Government of the Kingdom of
          Saudi Arabia on 7 February 1995.
          Concerning : Sheikh Salman bin Fahd al-Awda, Sheikh Safr
          Abdul-Rahman al-Hawali, Sulaiman al-Rushudi, Dr. Khalid al-Duwaish,
          Tuyan al-Tuyan, Ahmad bin Saleh al-Sa'wi, Dr. Abdullah al-Hamed,
          Dr. Muhsin al-Awaji, on the one hand and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on
          the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the methods
          of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with discretion,
          objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government concerned the
          above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be admissible, in
          respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the cases in question within 90 days of
          the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made the Working Group welcomes the
          cooperation of the Government concerned. The Working Group transmitted the
          reply provided by the Government to the source but, to date, the latter has
          not provided the Working Group with its comments. The Working Group believes
          that it is in a position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of
          the cases, in the context of the allegations made and the response of the
          Government thereto.
          5. The communication received from the source, a summary of which was
          forwarded to the Government, concerned the following persons:
          (a) Sheikh Salman bin Fahd al-Awda, aged 39, religious scholar;
          Sheikh Safr Abdul-Rahman al-Hawali, aged 40, former Head of Shari'a Department
          at ‘Um al-Qura University; Sulaiman al-Rushudi, lawyer; Dr. Khalid al-Duwaish,
          aged 40, lecturer at al-Imam University; Tuyan al-Tuyan, journalist at ‘Akadh
          newspaper; Ahmad bin Saleh al-Sa'wi, student; and hundreds of others. The
          above-mentioned were reported to be among hundreds of suspected Sunni
          opponents of the Government arrested between 13 and 19 September 1994 by the
          General Intelligence (“al-Mabahith al-Ama”) and other security forces. Most
          of the arrests were reported in the towns of al-Buraida, al-'Unaiza and
          al-Bukayriya in al-Qaseem Province, and included religious scholars,
          businessmen, students and academics. Those arrested were reportedly being
          held in incommunicado detention in al-Hair prison, General Intelligence
          headquarters in al-'Ulaisha and in police stations in al-Qaseem and Riyadh.
          The arrests were reportedly carried out following the transfer to London of an
          opposition group, the Committee for the Defence of Legitimate Rights (CDLR),
          which was banned in May 1993.
        
          
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          (b) Dr. Abdullah al-Hamed, a writer and a lecturer at Imam Muhammad
          bin Saud University in Riyadh, one of the six founding members of the CDLR,
          and Dr. Muhsin al-Awaji. Both were reportedly arrested on 8 September 1994 by
          the General Intelligence and taken to an unknown location. Both had been
          arrested and detained in 1993 and Dr. al-Hamed had allegedly been tortured and
          deprived of sleep for long periods during his detention. It was alleged that
          their arrest was due solely to their peaceful expression of their political
          beliefs.
          6. The Government, in its reply, does not deny that the persons concerned
          were charged with establishing a committee (the “Committee for the Defence of
          Legitimate Rights” - CDLR) , but points out that under the Saudi national
          legislation the establishment of such a committee requires an official
          permission beforehand, and that in the present case the establishment of the
          CDLR constituted a violation of the national legislation. The Government
          provided the Working Group with further information in which, after analysing
          the legal instruments and the practical measures aimed at protecting human
          rights under the Islamic law (Shari'a) , it recalled the fact that the Kingdom
          of Saudi Arabia was not a State party to the International Covenant on Civil
          and Political Rights, nor to its Optional Protocol.
          7. According to the Government Dr. Abdullah al-Hamed, Tuyan al-Tuyan and
          Ahmad bin Saleh al-Sa'wi “ are not at present time under arrest in
          Saudi Arabia” “and the other five persons” had been charged in due form.
          8. Under article 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
          article 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights the
          right to freedom of association may be subjected to restrictions only on two
          conditions: That such restrictions be prescribed by law, and that they be
          necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or
          public safety, public order, the protection of public health or morals or the
          protection of the rights and freedoms of others. The restriction placed on
          the right to freedom of association which consists of the obligation to obtain
          an authorization beforehand does not meet, in this particular case, these two
          conditions and cannot therefore be considered as admissible in terms of the
          aforementioned articles 20 and 22.
          9. While it appears from the information provided by the Government that
          the restriction in question was indeed prescribed by law, it does not appear
          from the facts submitted to the Working Group's appreciation that the persons
          concerned had exercised their rights to freedom of opinion and expression and
          to freedom of association by resorting or by inciting to violence.
          10. In the absence of any comments provided subsequently by the source, the
          Working Group notes the information provided by the Government according to
          which Tuyan al-Tuyan, Ahmad bin Saleh al-Sa'wi and Dr. Abdullah al-Hamed
          “are not at present time under arrest in Saudi Arabia”. The Group
          nevertheless regrets not being informed about the circumstances of their
          possible release, and in particular whether it was accompanied by measures
          such as expulsion or extradition, or whether the fact that they were “not at
          present time under arrest” could imply that they were no longer alive.
        
          
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          11. In the light of the above, the Working Group decides as follows:
          (a) The detention of Dr. Abdullah al-Hamed, Tuyan al-Tuyan and Ahmad
          bin Saleh al-Sa'wi is declared to be arbitrary, notwithstanding the fact that
          they are no longer under detention, being in contravention of articles 19
          and 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articles 19, 21 and 22
          of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and falling within
          category II of the principles applicable in the consideration of the cases
          submitted to the Working Group.
          (b) The detention of Sheikh Salman bin Fahd al-Awda, Sheikh Safr
          Abdul-Rahman al-Hawali, Sulaiman al Rushudi, Dr. Khalid al-Duwaish and
          Dr. Muhsin al-Awaji, is declared to be arbitrary being in contravention of
          articles 19 and 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
          articles 19, 21 and 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights and falling within category II of the principles applicable in the
          consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group.
          12. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the above-mentioned persons to be arbitrary, the Working Group
          requests the Government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to take the necessary
          steps to remedy the situation in order to bring it into conformity with the
          provisions and principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights and in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          Adopted on 1 December 1995.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 49/1995 (REPUBLIC OF KOREA)
          Communication addressed to the Government of the Republic of Korea
          on 15 May 1995.
          Concerning : Kim Sam-sok, Ki Seh-moon and Lee Kyung-ryol, on the
          one hand and the Republic of Korea, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the methods
          of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with discretion,
          objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government concerned the
          above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be admissible, in
          respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the cases in question within 90 days of
          the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made the Working Group welcomes the
          cooperation of the Government of the Republic of Korea. The Working Group
          transmitted the reply provided by the Government to the source but, to date,
          the latter has not provided the Working Group with its comments. The Working
          Group believes that it is in a position to take a decision on the facts and
          circumstances of the cases, in the context of the allegations made and the
          response of the Government thereto.
          5. The communication submitted by the source, a summary of which was
          forwarded to the Government, concerned the following persons:
          (a) Kim Sam-sok, aged 28, a writer and a peace and human rights
          activist, was arrested on 8 September 1993 by some 15 men who did not have
          warrants of arrest and did not identify themselves (together with his sister
          who was later tried with him, but was acquitted on most of the charges and
          released) . He was held and interrogated by the Agency for National Security
          Planning (ANSP, the main intelligence agency in the country) from 8 to
          24 September, and was later transferred to Youngdungpo and Seoul Prisons for
          further interrogation. During his interrogation he was allegedly ill-treated,
          including by being subjected to sleep deprivation and beating, in order to
          force him to sign “confessions” of his alleged links with “anti-State” groups.
          On 23 October 1993 he was charged under article 4 of the National Security Law
          (NSL) for meeting and passing “State secrets” to “agents” in Japan. He denied
          the charges and said that during his 45-day interrogation he had been forced
          to make confessions. Kim Sam-sok was tried before Seoul District Court. On
          28 February 1994 Kim Sam-sok was sentenced to seven years' imprisonment.
          According to the source the group with whom Kim Sam-sok was accused of having
          links, Hantongnyon, is a group of Korean residents of Japan working on human
          rights and democracy issues. It was further reported that, during the trial,
          Kim Sam-sok told the Court that he had not been informed of the accusations
          against him at the time of his arrest and that throughout his 45-day
          interrogation he had never been informed of his right to remain silent.
        
          
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          (b) Ki Seh-moon, a former political prisoner, and Lee Kyung-ryol, the
          Vice-President of the Korean Youth Federation, were arrested on 11 and
          12 March 1995 and accused under article 7 of the NSL of preparing a pamphlet
          condoning the activities of a former political prisoner, loon Ki-nam, who died
          in February 1995 after serving a 28-year prison sentence during which he
          refused to renounce his alleged communist views. The pamphlet in question was
          alleged to have called loon Ki-nam a “patriotic fighter” and a “fighter for
          national reunification”, in violation of article 7 of the NSL which punishes
          the act of “praising”, “encouraging” or “benefiting” North Korea. The two men
          were taken, after their arrest, to Chonnam Police Station for questioning.
          The source alleged that the two men were being held for the non-violent
          exercise of their right to freedom of expression.
          6. With regard to Kim Sam-sok, the Government, in its reply, reported that
          on 7 July 1994, Kim Sam-sok was sentenced to 4 years in prison and to
          “suspension of qualification” for 4 years. As regards the criminal charges
          against Kim Sam-sok, the Government informed the Working Group that he was
          charged with having met in February 1992, in Japan, with the president of
          Hantongnyon” (described by the Government as an “anti-State organization”);
          having been in contact in Japan with a leading member of that North Korean
          organization and having received from him the sum of 500,000 yen for
          collecting information which he had to provide to him.
          7. The Government stressed in its reply that the money received by
          Kim Sam-sok originated from “North Korea, a country whose ultimate objective
          is to overthrow the Republic of Korea to unify both countries under the flag
          of its own kind of communism”, and that Kim Sam-sok had “collected and passed
          information on military information and State secrets to North Korea, causing
          harm to national Security” . He was indicted under the National Security Law,
          but denied at his trial having collected and spied out State secrets.
          8. The Government rejected the allegation that Kim Sam-sok had been
          tortured or ill-treated during his interrogation, but informed the Working
          Group that an investigation was under way by the Seoul District Public
          Prosecutors Office into the torture allegations, following a complaint by
          Kim Sam-sok's wife.
          9. As regards Ki Seh-moon, the Government reported that the main criminal
          charges against him were that, in May 1993, he produced, published and
          distributed the memoires of Kim Se-won, a member of a North Korean armed
          unit, and that, in February 1995, he organized the funeral ceremony of
          loon Ki-nam, the commander of the same armed unit who was described by the
          Government as “an unconverted radical leftist political prisoner”.
          Ki Seh-moon was also accused of having praised the North Korean regime. On
          30 May 1995 he was convicted on these charges and sentenced to two years in
          prison and to a “suspension of qualifications” for two years.
          10. As for Lee Kyung-ryol, he also participated, according to the
          Government, in organizing the above-mentioned funeral. During the period
          June 1994 to March 1995 he “organized and led four unlawful assemblies with
          the motive to praise North Korean radical communist ideology” . He was
          arrested on 12 March 1995 and his trial had not yet taken place. The
          Government stressed that he had taken part in violent unlawful demonstrations,
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1997/4/Add.1
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          and that his actions clearly denied basic order of a free and democratic
          society and could not be accepted as one's exercise of the right to freedom of
          expression. Both Ki Seh-moon and Lee Kyung-ryol had been arrested and
          prosecuted on grounds of violating the National Security Law.
          11. It appears from the above that Kim Sam-sok, Ki Seh-moon and
          Lee Kyung-ryol, in their activities, had merely exercised their rights to
          freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of
          association, guaranteed by articles 19 and 20 of the Universal Declaration of
          Human Rights, and articles 19, 21 and 22 of the International Covenant on
          Civil and Political Rights, to which the Republic of Korea is a party.
          Furthermore, the Working Group considers that it does not appear from the
          analysis of the facts submitted to its appreciation that the persons concerned
          had exercised their above-mentioned rights by resorting or by inciting to
          violence, or that, in their activities, they had harmed the rights or
          reputations of others, national security, public order or public health or
          morals.
          12. As regards the allegations made by the Government that these persons
          were involved in spying activities, the Working Group is of the opinion that
          these allegations are formulated in vague and general terms and that they do
          not appear clearly from the facts, as described.
          13. The Working Group therefore believes that the detention of Kim Sam-sok,
          Ki Seh-moon and Lee Kyung-ryol, since the day of their arrest, is solely
          motivated by their activities undertaken in free exercise of their rights to
          freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of
          association, guaranteed by articles 19 and 20 of the Universal Declaration of
          Human Rights, and articles 19, 21 and 22 of the International Covenant on
          Civil and Political Rights, respectively.
          14. In the light of the above, the Working Group decides:
          (a) The detention of Kim Sam-sok, Ki Seh-moon and Lee Kyung-ryol is
          declared to be arbitrary being in contravention of articles 19 and 20 of the
          Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articles 19, 21 and 22 of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and falling within
          category II of the principles applicable in the consideration of the cases
          submitted to the Working Group.
          (b) The Working Group decides, furthermore, to transmit the
          information concerning the alleged torture to the Special Rapporteur on the
          question of torture.
          15. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of Kim Sam-sok, Ki Seh-moon and Lee Kyung-ryol to be arbitrary, the
          Working Group requests the Government of the Republic of Korea to take the
          necessary steps to remedy the situation in order to bring it into conformity
          with the provisions and principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration
          of Human Rights and in the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights.
          Adopted on 1 December 1995.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 1/1996 (SRI LANKA)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Sri Lanka on
          26 August 1994.
          Concerning : 36 persons (whose names are given in para. 5 below)
          on the one hand and the Socialist Democratic Republic of Sri Lanka, on
          the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the cases in question within 90 days of
          the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made the Working Group welcomes the
          cooperation of the Government of Sri Lanka. The Working Group transmitted
          the reply provided by the Government to the source by letter dated
          20 September 1995 but, to date, the latter has not provided the Working Group
          with its comments. The Working Group believes that it is in a position to
          take a decision on the facts and circumstances of the cases, in the context of
          the allegations made and the response of the Government thereto.
          5. The facts as alleged and the Government reply thereto, are as follows:
          1. Mr. S. Sellathurai , was allegedly arrested at his working place on
          5 April 1994 by Sri Lankan Crime Investigation Bureau in Colombo, for inquiry,
          on suspicion of terrorism. He is still under their custody, without having
          been brought to any court, being detained at the Prison of Colombo - 12 (known
          as 4th floor Bureau) . He was reportedly arrested without any charge.
          According to the Government he was produced in the Magistrate Court, Fort, in
          Case No. B 34032 and discharged on 24 August 1994.
          2. Mr. K.A.J. Arachchige , was reportedly arrested on 11 February 1991
          and was brought to the army camp at Panagoda, as a suspect of
          anti-governmental activities. According to the Government he is charged in
          High Court, Kalutara Case Nos. 272, 274, 282 and 289/93.
          3. Mr. T.W. Privantha Vithanachchi , was reportedly arrested at his
          home on 19 December 1992 by S.C.D. Colombo; he is now reportedly at Boossa
          detention camp. According to the Government he was produced in the Magistrate
          Court, Balapitiya, in case Nos. 10 and 11/94 and was released on bail on
          6 December 1994.
        
          
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          4. Mr. H.M.P.G. Gunaratne Banda , was allegedly arrested on
          3 July 1992, as a suspect of JVP activities, at Pettah by the Pettah Police
          and was taken to the Ruttota Police on the night of the same day. According
          to the source, he is now at the Magazine Prison, under the number B-2763. He
          is allegedly suspected of 3 1 /P activities only because he was a student at
          Kalani University. According to the Government he was discharged in High
          Court, Kandy, Case No. 95/93, on 21 October 1994.
          S. Mr. D.D.T.S. Divadalage , was reportedly arrested on
          21 February 1991 at Kalutara by the Kalutara Police S.C.U. According to the
          Government he is charged in High Court, Colombo, Case No. 5069. The case is
          pending.
          6. Mr. D.P.N. Javawardena , was allegedly arrested on 7 February 1991
          at his working place in Maradhagahamula by the Gampaha Police. According to
          the source, the authorities did not give any reason for the arrest and for the
          detention. According to the Government he is charged in High Court, Gampaha,
          Case No. 57/93. He is on bail.
          7. Mr. J.L. De Silva , Sri Lanka Army soldier, was reportedly arrested
          on 31 October 1989 by the Sri Lanka Army at Z/SLLI Headquarters in Colombo.
          According to the source, he was brought to Walanwatta army camp on
          17 November 1989, day on which he was allegedly severely beaten; on
          25 November 1989, he was taken away to Ambalangoda army camp, where he was
          allegedly hanged and hit with clubs and small arms: he was severely wounded
          (his right leg was broken) and got no medical treatment. On 11 February 1990,
          he was allegedly brought to Galle Police and again ill-treated during a
          questioning about his “anti-governmental activities” which he denied;
          nevertheless, he was forced to sign a declaration. On 21 February 1990, he
          was taken away to Boossa detention camp, where he is still being detained.
          According to the Government he was charged in High Court, Galle, Case
          No. 13/93 and discharged on 7 July 1994.
          8. Mr. L.P.D.M. Kankanamge , was allegedly arrested on 20 July 1991 at
          Ginimeblagaha by the Baddegama Police. According to the source, he is
          detained for no fair reason since 26 September 1991 at the Boossa army camp,
          under the emergency regulations. According to the Government he was charged
          in High Court, Galle, Case Nos. 1397, 1399 and 1404/94 and was discharged as
          the charges were withdrawn.
          9. Mr. W.P.C. Fonseka , was reportedly arrested on 22 December 1993 at
          Old Pier, Thalaimannar, by the Pesalai Police. According to the source, he
          was arrested only on suspicion and has since been detained at the Magazine
          Jail in Colombo. According to the Government he was produced in Magistrate
          Court, Mannar, on 31 October 1994 and discharged on the advice of the
          Attorney General.
          10. Mr. K.C.S. Perera , was allegedly arrested on 18 February 1990 in
          Chandana, by a group of unknown people coming out of a van, who covered his
          eyes and took him away. He was arrested because of suspected 3 1 /P activities.
          According to the Government he was charged in High Court, Colombo (6), Case
          No. 47779/91. The case is pending.
        
          
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          11. Mr. D.M. Karunaratne , was reportedly arrested on 17 September 1990
          by the Mahakalugolla Police. According to the Government he was released
          after rehabilitation on 11 July 1992.
          12. Mr. D.M. Wijedasa , was allegedly arrested on S March 1991 by the
          police. First, he had been brought to Badulla Police Station, then to Boossa
          Camp. According to the Government he was discharged in High Court, Badulla,
          Case No. 180/92 on 22 August 1994.
          13. Mr. C.K. Sudda Hewaga (or Sudasinghe) , was reportedly arrested on
          10 August 1991 at Gold Nagoda Mapala Gama by the Kalutara Police. He was
          allegedly arrested as a result of a false petition against him. According to
          the Government he was charged in High Court, Kalutara, Case No. 240/92. The
          case is pending.
          14. Mr. A.J. Mudiyansalage , was reportedly arrested on
          21 February 1992 at Attempitiya by the Bandarawela Police (G.O.C. Branch)
          accused of murder (which, according to the source, is a groundless
          accusation) . According to the Government he was charged in High Court,
          Badulla, Case No. 93/92 and discharged on 28 June 1994, due to insufficient
          evidence.
          15. Mr. G.S. Thail , was reportedly arrested on 27 May 1990, probably
          by the police, in Colombo. According to the Government he was released on
          21 September 1994.
          16. Mr. E.M.H. Banda , was allegedly arrested on 27 July 1991 by police
          forces at his house. He was arrested after the villagers had spread the
          rumour that he was a 3 1 /P helper. The authorities reportedly accused him of
          3 1 /P activism and of murder. According to the Government he was released on
          26 November 1991.
          17. Mr. B.R. Chandradasa , was allegedly arrested on 2 January 1990 by
          the Kuliyapitiya Police at Kurunagala town, suspected of JVP activities.
          According to the Government he was charged in High Court, Kuliyapitiya, Case
          No. 154/93 and discharged on 7 June 1993.
          (No. 18 same as No. 14)
          19. Mr. T.M. Senaviratne Banda , was allegedly arrested on 15 July 1991
          at 5.30 pm by the Polonnaruwa S.C.U. and taken to Aralaganwila Police Station.
          According to the source, he was accompanied the next day to Polonnaruwa S.C.U.
          where he was allegedly severely assaulted during three days. According to the
          Government he was charged in High Court, Kalutara, Case No. 264/93 and
          sentenced to two years rigorous imprisonment, suspended for seven years,
          on 13 December 1994.
          20. Mr. K.P.G. Javasiri , was allegedly arrested on 5 April 1989 at
          his home by unknown forces. According to the Government he is charged in
          High Court, Case No. 626/91. The case is pending. He is presently an inmate
          of the Angoda Mental Hospital.
        
          
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          21. Mr. A.K. Kankanamage , was allegedly arrested on 14 December 1988
          at his home by the C.I.D. on the ground of preventing JVP troubles. According
          to the Government he is charged in High Court, Colombo, case No. 4509/90. The
          case is pending. He is in remand.
          22. Mr. C.S.R. Pathirennehalage , was reportedly arrested on
          10 August 1990 by the Gampana Police. According to the source, he was
          detained at the Pelawatta camp, then at the Magazine Prison and is now being
          detained at Boossa Camp. He is allegedly accused of JVP activism, but the
          source denies these allegations. According to the Government he was charged
          in High Court, Gampana, Case No. 57/91 and sentenced to three years rigorous
          imprisonment 1 February 1994.
          23. Mr. P.B. Gampola , was reportedly arrested on 11 October 1989 at
          his home by the O.I.C. and the Talangama Police. According to the Government
          he was charged in High Court, Colombo, case Nos. 5020/92 and 5100/92 and was
          acquitted in both cases.
          24. Mr. R.D.A. Rajapakse , was allegedly arrested on 10 October 1992 by
          the Kirulapana Police. According to the Government Magistrate Court, Fort,
          case No. 71162 is pending against him. He is on bail.
          25. Mr. Ruchiratne Ratnayake Mudiyanselage , was reportedly arrested on
          2 January 1991 at Mahawatta, Narahenpita, by the Narahenpita Police.
          According to the Government High Court, Badulla, Case No. 70/93 is pending
          against him. He is on bail from 14 September 1994.
          26. Mr. S.W.R. Asama A uth Bandara , was allegedly arrested on
          1 November 1989 in Ehiligoda town. According to the Government he was charged
          in High Court, Ratnapura, case No. 142/93 and discharged on 21 November 1994.
          27. Mr. Premathilaka Gardiahewage , was reportedly arrested on
          27 May 1990 in Colombo-Kandana by the Colombo Divisional Security Coordination
          Office. According to the Government he was charged in High Court, Badulla,
          Case Nos. 226/93 and 351/93. He was discharged on 21 September 1994 due to
          insufficient evidence.
          28. Mr. D.W. Weerasinghe , was allegedly arrested on 5 March 1989 next
          to the boutique of the village. According to the Government he was charged in
          High Court, Badulla, Case No. 120/92. The case is pending. He is on bail.
          29. Mr. M.J.S. Hameed , was reportedly arrested on 14 September 1992
          by the Maradana Police. According to the Government Magistrate Court,
          Mt. Lavinia, Case No. 836/8 is pending against him. He is detained at the
          Mahara Prison.
          30. Mr. Chandrapala alias Siripala Ambepitiyage Don , was allegedly
          arrested on 13 March 1992 at #274/3 Makola South, Makola, by the police.
          According to the Government High Court, Colombo, case Nos. 6626 and 6629 are
          pending against him.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1997/4/Add. 1
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          31. Mr. Poojyasoma Perera Moraherage , was reportedly arrested on
          17 August 1992 by the police, at his home. According to the Government he is
          charged in High Court, Colombo, Case No. 6629. The case is pending.
          32. Mr. Gunasena Geemunige , was reportedly arrested on 2 March 1994 at
          Thundula by the Meegahatenna Police. He is allegedly suspected of JVP
          activities. According to the Government he was produced in Magistrate Court,
          Mathugama, Case No. BR 378/94. The case is pending.
          33. Mr. L.M. Udayaruwan , was reportedly arrested on 10 May 1993 as he
          was presenting himself before the Military Police. He is allegedly charged
          under the emergency law because of a petition made by enemies. According to
          the Government that person, a member of the security forces, has been
          discharged from the Sri Lankan army, but no prosecution has been initiated
          against him by the authorities.
          34. Mr. K.D.J. Wijeratne , was reportedly arrested on 22 August 1988 at
          Waththegama by the Kandy Police. He was allegedly arrested as a suspect in
          connection with the robbery of the People Bank of Digana. According to the
          Government he is indicted in High Court, Colombo No. 4, Case No. 4091/89 in
          connection with the above-mentioned robbery.
          35. Mr. M. Sunil Mendis , was reportedly arrested on 11 March 1990 at
          Nayakolawatte, Yahalabedde, Haputale, by the Haputale Police, accused of
          involvement in 3 1 /P poster propaganda. He was allegedly charged with murder:
          the case is pending before the Supreme Court. According to the source the
          charges against him are false and baseless. According to the Government he
          was charged in High Court, Badulla, Case No. 240/93 and was discharged on
          21 September 1994.
          36. Mrs. S. Ponnammah , was reportedly arrested on 2 December 1989
          by the Sri Lankan army at Dambatenne Estate, Bandara Eliya Division,
          Dambatenne R.O., Via Haputale, on suspicion of JVP activities. According to
          the Government this person was not arrested by the security forces or the
          police.
          37. Mr. Rohana Gallage , was allegedly arrested on 9 September 1993
          at his home. According to the Government he is charged in High Court,
          Balapitiya, Case No. 15/94. The case is pending.
          6. It appears from the above information that 22 persons among those
          concerned are no longer being detained, either since they were discharged,
          acquitted, finished serving their sentence, or released on bail pending their
          trial. They are the following:
          S. Sellathurai, T.W. Priyantha Vithanachchi, H.M.P.G. Gunaratne Banda,
          D.P.N. Jayawardena, J.L. De Silva, L.P.D.M. Kankanamge, W.P.C. Fonseka,
          D.M. Karunaratne, D.M. Wijedasa, A.J. Mudiynasalage, G.S. Thail,
          E.M.H. Banda, B.R. Chandradasa, T.M. Senaviratne Banda, P.B. Gampola,
          R.D.A. Rajapakse, Ruchiraratne Ratnayake Mudiyanselage,
          S.W.R. Asama Ajith Bandara, Premathilaka Gardiahewage, D.W. Weerasinghe,
          L.M. Udayaruwan and M. Sunil Mendis.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1997/4/Add.1
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          7. Since the above-mentioned persons are said by the Government not to be
          in detention, and since that affirmation was not challenged by the source,
          the Working Group considers that it may apply to them the rule set up by
          paragraph 14.1 (a) of its revised methods of work and file their cases.
          8. Mr. C.S.R. Pathirennehalage (No. 22 in the above list) was sentenced
          on 1 February 1994 to three years' rigorous imprisonment. Since he was
          arrested on 10 August 1990, the Working Group presumes that at present he is
          no longer under detention, and his case is therefore also filed in keeping
          with paragraph 14.1 (a).
          9. According to the Government Mrs. S. Ponnammah (No. 36 in the list), has
          never been detained. This has not been refuted by the source. Her case is
          therefore also filed.
          10. Eleven persons among those concerned have been charged, but neither the
          source nor the Government indicated the facts motivating their imprisonment;
          on the other hand no violations to their right to fair trial have been
          indicated to the Working Group, that would have conferred on their deprivation
          of freedom an arbitrary character. The persons concerned are the following:
          K.A.J. Arachchige, D.D.T.S. Divadalage, K.C.S. Perera, C.K. Sudasinghe,
          K.P.G. Jayasiri, A.K. Kankanamage (since 1998), M.J.S. Hameed,
          Chandrapala alias Siripala Ambepitiyage Don, Poojyasoma Perera
          Moraharage, Gunasena Geemunige and Rohana Gallage.
          11. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) Having examined the available information and without prejudging
          the nature of the detention, the Working Group decides to file the cases of
          S. Sellathurai, T.W. Priyantha Vithanachchi, H.M.P.G. Gunaratne Banda,
          D.P.N. Jayawardena, J.L. De Silva, L.P.D.M. Kankanamge, W.P.C. Fonseka,
          D.M. Karunaratne, D.M. Wijedasa, A.J. Mudiynasalage, G.S. Thail, E.M.H. Banda,
          B.R. Chandradasa, T.M. Senaviratne Banda, P.B. Gampola, R.D.A. Rajapakse,
          Ruchiraratne Ratnayake Mudiyanselage, S.W.R. Asama Ajith Bandara,
          Premathilaka Gardiahewage, D.W. Weerasinghe, L.M. Udayaruwan, M. Sunil Mendis,
          C.S.R. Pathirennehalage and Mrs. S. Ponnammah, in terms of paragraph 14.1 (a)
          of its revised methods of work.
          (b) The cases of K.A.J. Arachchige, D.D.T.S. Divadalage,
          K.C.S. Perera, C.K. Sudasinghe, K.P.G. Jayasiri, A.K. Kankanamage
          (since 1998), M.J.S. Hameed, Chandrapala alias Siripala Ambepitiyage Don,
          Poojyasoma Perera Moraharage, Gunasena Geemunige and Rohana Gallage are
          maintained pending for further information, in terms of paragraph 14.1 (c) of
          the revised methods of work of the Working Group.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1997/4/Add. 1
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          DECISION No. 2/1996 (NIGERIA)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Nigeria on
          3 October 1995.
          Concerning : Karanwi Meschack, Mitee Batom and Loolo Lekue, on the
          one hand, and the Federal Republic of Nigeria, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the cases in
          question. With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but
          to proceed to render its decision in respect of each of the cases of alleged
          arbitrary detention brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of Nigeria. In the absence of any
          information from the Government, the Working Group believes that it is in a
          position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of the cases,
          especially since the facts and allegations contained in the communication have
          not been challenged by the Government.
          5. The communication, a summary of which has been transmitted to the
          Government, concerns the following persons:
          (a) Karanwi Meschack, aged 39, lecturer at the University of Port
          Harcourt and an official of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
          (MOSOP)
          (b) Mitee Batom, aged 36, estate management expert and member of
          MOSOP;
          (c) Loolo Lekue, aged 53, self-employed, member of MOSOP.
          The above-named individuals were reportedly arrested on 4 August 1995 in
          Port Harcourt Rivers State, following their appearance before the Commonwealth
          Human Rights Committee that toured Nigeria in July 1995. The warrantless
          arrests were alleged to have been carried out by the Nigeria Police Mobile
          Force, Rivers State Command, under the order of the Commissioner of Police,
          Rivers State Command. The forces holding the defendants in detention at a
          Special Military Camp, AFAM, near Port Harcourt, were said to be those of the
          State Intelligence and Investigations Bureau (S IIB) . The source reported that
          the detainees were not formally charged and that their arrests constituted
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1997/4/Add.1
          page 47
          part of a scheme on the part of the military authorities to muzzle MOSOP and
          to force the Ogoni to abandon their legitimate campaign for social justice and
          respect for the rights of the minority Ogoni people. Decree No. 2 of 1984 as
          amended by Decree No. 11 of 1994 (State Security/Detention of Persons Decree),
          was reported to be the relevant legislation which authorized the security
          forces to detain for three months without trial, individuals whom they
          consider to pose a security threat. The source also claimed that the initial
          three months period could be extended by the military Head of State, and that
          the right to apply for habeas corpus has been abrogated by Decree No. 14
          of 1994.
          6. It appears from the above allegations which, it may be recalled, were
          not refuted by the Government despite the opportunity given to it to do so,
          that the detention of the above-mentioned persons is solely motivated by their
          appearance before the Commonwealth Human Rights Committee during its visit to
          Nigeria in July 1995, in order to peacefully defend the rights of the Ogoni
          minority in that country. Decree No. 2 of 1984 as amended by Decree No. 11 of
          1994 which authorized their arrest without warrant and their detention for
          three months without charge or trial for the sole reason of constituting a
          threat to the State security, is in itself incompatible with international
          human rights instruments, including the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights to which Nigeria is a party. This is all the more so since
          the abrogation, by Decree No. 14 of 1994, of the possibility to apply for
          habeas corpus. The Working Group therefore considers that the detention of
          Karanwi Meschack, Mitee Batom and Loolo Lekue constitutes a violation of
          articles 8, 9, 10 and 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
          articles 9 and 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
          guaranteeing the right to fair trial, and that the violation is of such
          gravity that it confers on the deprivation of freedom an arbitrary character.
          7. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) The detention of Karanwi Meschack, Mitee Batom and Loolo Lekue is
          declared to be arbitrary being in contravention of articles 8, 9, 10, 11 and
          19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and articles 9, 14 and 19 of
          the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to which Nigeria is a
          party and falling within categories II and III of the principles applicable in
          the consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group.
          (b) To transmit the present decision to the Secretary-General, in
          conformity with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1996/70 entitled
          “Cooperation with representatives of United Nations human rights bodies”.
          8. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the above-mentioned persons to be arbitrary, the Working Group
          requests the Government of Nigeria to take the necessary steps to remedy the
          situation in order to bring it into conformity with the provisions and
          principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in
          the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          Adopted on 22 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 3/1996 (VIET NAM)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Viet Nam on
          3 October 1995.
          Concerning : Do Trung Hieu and Tran Ngoc Nghiem, on the one hand,
          and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the cases in question within 90 days of
          the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made the Working Group welcomes the
          cooperation of the Government of Viet Nam. The Working Group transmitted the
          reply provided by the Government to the source but, to date, the latter has
          not provided the Working Group with its comments. The Working Group believes
          that it is in a position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of
          the cases, in the context of the allegations made and the response of the
          Government thereto.
          5. According to the communication Do Trung Hieu, a founder member of the
          Club of Former Resistance Fighters, was arrested on 13 June 1995 at his
          residence in Ho Chi Minh City. The authorities reportedly brought him home on
          14 June, showed him an arrest warrant and again took him into custody. Hieu
          is the author of an essay concerning the policy and line of action of the
          Vietnamese Communist Party, within which he had been in charge of religious
          affairs. The source further states that Hieu was held in a centre for
          interrogation in Ho Chi Minh City, on the charge of having committed acts of
          propaganda against the socialist regime.
          6. Tran Ngoc Nghiem, known under the pseudonym of Hoang Minh Chinh, aged 76
          and former director of the Institute of Marxist-Leninist Philosophy, is
          reported to have been arrested on 14 June 1995 and accused of “anti-socialist
          propaganda” . The source states that Nghiem had already been imprisoned from
          1967 to 1973 and from 1981 to 1987 and that those periods of detention were
          linked to accusations of “revisionism”. Since his release, he is said to have
          written and issued several appeals to the Vietnamese Communist Party for his
          name to be cleared. In a recent article, he urges the deletion from the
          Vietnamese Constitution of article 4, relating to the predominant role of the
          Vietnamese Communist Party.
          7. According to the source of the communication, the above-mentioned
          persons were arrested and taken into custody for the non-violent exercise of
          their right to freedom of expression.
        
          
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          8. In its reply, the Government of Viet Nam states that the two persons in
          question were arrested on 14 June 1995 and tried in a public hearing by the
          People's Court of the City of Hanoi, which sentenced them to 15 and 12 months'
          imprisonment, respectively, for defamation of State bodies and social
          organizations, under article 205 of the Vietnamese Penal Code, which punishes
          any person who “abuses democratic freedoms to jeopardize the interests of the
          State and social organizations”
          9. As the Working Group has had occasion to emphasize in several decisions
          concerning Viet Nam and in the report it prepared following its visit to that
          country, the major defect of vague and imprecise charges of the kind provided
          for the above-cited article 205 is that they do not distinguish between armed
          and violent acts capable of threatening national security, on the one hand,
          and the peaceful exercise of the rights to freedom of opinion and of
          expression, on the other. The Working Group is once again convinced,
          therefore, that the above-mentioned persons were arrested and taken into
          custody solely on account of their opinions, in violation of the rights
          guaranteed by article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and by
          article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to
          which the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam is a party.
          10. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          The detention of Do Trung Hieu and Tran Ngoc Nghiem is declared to
          be arbitrary being in contravention of article 19 of the Universal
          Declaration of Human Rights and of article 19 of the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which the Socialist Republic
          of Viet Nam is a party, and falling within category II of the principles
          applicable in the consideration of the cases submitted to the Working
          Group.
          11. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the above-mentioned persons to be arbitrary, the Working Group
          requests the Government of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam to take the
          necessary steps to remedy the situation in order to bring it into conformity
          with the provisions and principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration
          of Human Rights and in the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 4/1996 (MOROCCO)
          Communication addressed to the Government of the Kingdom of
          Morocco on 3 October 1995.
          Concerning : Saaba Bent Ahmed, El Mokhtar Ould Saheb, El Ansari
          Mohamed Salem, Khadidjatou Bent Aij and Malaenin Ould Abdenabi, on the
          one hand, and the Kingdom of Morocco, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the
          revised methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the cases in
          question. With the expiration of more than 90 days of the transmittal of the
          letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but to proceed to
          render its decision in respect of each of the cases of alleged arbitrary
          detention brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Moroccan Government. In the absence of any
          information from the Government, the Working Group believes that it is in a
          position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of the cases,
          especially since the facts and allegations contained in the communication have
          not been challenged by the Government.
          5. According to the communication, the above-mentioned persons were
          arrested and taken into custody for having organized a demonstration in
          support of the Polisario Front on 11 May 1995 in Laayoune in western Sahara.
          They are said to have been prosecuted for “jeopardizing the external security
          of the State and the territorial unity of Morocco”, for having demonstrated,
          distributed leaflets and shouted slogans in favour of an independent Sahrawi
          State. It is alleged that one of the detainees, Malaenin Ould Abdenabi, died
          as a result of torture inflicted during his imprisonment. In view of that
          death, fears have been expressed concerning the fate of the other detainees.
          6. From the facts as described in the previous paragraph, it appears that
          the persons in question have been held without charge since May 1995.
          Furthermore, they do not seem to have been brought promptly before a judge, as
          provided for in article 9, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant on Civil
          and Political Rights, or to have been tried within a reasonable time by an
          independent and impartial tribunal, in accordance with article 14,
          paragraph 3 (c) , of the Covenant. In various documents attached to the
          communication, several human rights organizations report various similar
          arrests which are alleged to have occurred for the same reasons in Laayoune in
          May and June 1995 and to have led to summary proceedings before special
          courts, such as the Permanent Tribunal of the Royal Armed Forces, resulting in
        
          
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          the imposition of 15- to 20-year sentences. Those organizations believe the
          sentences to be unjustified, not being commensurate with the acts for which
          the persons concerned were prosecuted and which at most constituted the
          offence of undeclared demonstration, all the more so as the persons in
          question are said merely to have been engaged in the peaceful exercise of
          their right to freedom of opinion. It is furthermore alleged that most of
          them were subjected to torture and ill-treatment, as appears to have been the
          case with Malaenin Ould Abdenabi, who is said to have died from torture during
          his imprisonment.
          7. The Working Group is thus of the opinion that the detention of
          Saaba Bent Ahmed, El Mokhtar Ould Saheb, El Jthsari Mohamed Salem,
          Khadidjatou Bent Aij and Malaenin Ould Abdenabi took place in contravention of
          articles 8 and 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and of
          articles 9, paragraph 3, and 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights, to which the Kingdom of Morocco is a party, relating to the
          right to a fair trial, and that the gravity of this contravention is such that
          it confers on the detention an arbitrary character.
          8. In the light of the above, the Working Group decides:
          (a) The detention of the above-mentioned persons is declared to be
          arbitrary being in contravention of articles 8 and 10 of the Universal
          Declaration of Human Rights and of articles 9, paragraph 3 and 14 of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which the Kingdom of
          Morocco is a party, and falling within category III of the principles
          applicable in the consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group.
          (b) The Working Group furthermore decides to transmit this decision
          to the Special Rapporteur on the question of torture and to the Special
          Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions.
          9. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the above-mentioned persons to be arbitrary, the Working Group
          requests the Government of Morocco to take the necessary steps to remedy the
          situation in order to bring it into conformity with the provisions and
          principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in
          the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 5/1996 (TUNISIA)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Tunisia on
          3 October 1996.
          Concerning : AIcha Dhaouadi, Tourkia Hamadi, Mahfoudhi Abderrazak
          and Najib Hosni, on the one hand, and Tunisia, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the cases in question within 90 days of
          the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group welcomes the
          cooperation of the Tunisian Government. The Working Group transmitted the
          reply provided by the Government to the source but, to date, the latter has
          not provided the Working Group with its comments. The Working Group believes
          that it is in a position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of
          the cases, in the context of the allegations made and the response of the
          Government thereto.
          5. The communication, a summary of which was forwarded to the Government,
          concerned the following persons:
          (a) AIcha Dhaouadi, a primary school teacher in Bizerte, who is said
          to have been taken into custody on 4 November 1993, questioned for the whole
          day and then released in the evening. This form of detention is alleged to
          have continued for several consecutive days. In early 1994 AIcha Dhaouadi was
          reportedly tried and sentenced to imprisonment for two years and three months
          for having supported a political party ( al-Nahda) , and for the unauthorized
          collection of donations, but was released on bail. In early 1995, her
          sentence was reduced on appeal to nine months, and on 19 May 1995 she was
          arrested in order to serve that sentence. According to the source, her
          conviction was based on a misapplication of the law of 8 May 1922 on the
          unauthorized collection of funds and donations. The source reports
          AIcha Dhaouadi as saying that she was forced to sign a self-incriminating
          statement by the police without having been allowed to read it beforehand.
          (b) Tourkia Hamadi, aged 29 and a mother of two children, has
          reportedly been held since 10 July 1995 in the Tunis prison, a very long way
          from her family home in Gabes. Mrs. Hamadi was tried on S May 1995 on charges
          of having helped her husband to flee from Tunisia and of belonging to
          al-Nahda , in contravention of the Organization of Associations Act of
          7 November 1959, and sentenced to six months' imprisonment. She was arrested
          on 10 July after confirmation of her sentence on appeal by the Gabes court.
        
          
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          According to the source, from 1992 onwards, and especially as of October 1994,
          Tourkia Hamadi had frequently been taken into custody and questioned about the
          activities of her husband (who had left for France in 1991 to request
          political asylum) . The source further states that relatives and especially
          the wives of al-Nahda sympathizers in prison or exile are often being taken
          into custody for questioning on the whereabouts of their husbands and sources
          of income. The source affirms that Tourkia Hamadi has neither advocated nor
          used violence, and that her detention is due solely to her participation in
          non-violent political activities.
          (c) Mahfoudhi Abderrazak, aged 52 and an anaesthetist at the
          Menzel Bourguiba hospital, was reportedly arrested at his home on 4 July 1995
          by four inspectors. Following a search of his home, the inspectors are said
          to have seized the detainee's telephone. Mahfoudhi was reportedly questioned
          about and asked to explain two recent journeys, one to Mecca and the other to
          France. Other persons working in the same hospital were reportedly also
          arrested at the same time. According to the source, the family has no news of
          Mahfoudhi. It would appear that the arrest was made not by the police but by
          the services of the Ministry of the Interior. Mahfoudhi was reportedly being
          detained without charge or trial.
          (d) Najib Hosni, a lawyer known for his human rights activities, was
          reportedly arrested on 15 June 1994. He is said to have been held in custody
          since then, for a period exceeding the 14 months authorized by article 85 of
          the Tunisian Code of Penal Procedure. The source states that the complaints
          made against Hosni are of a civil character not justifying detention. With
          the exception of one visit from the former head of the Tunisian Bar
          Association, Hosni has reportedly not been allowed to meet his lawyers since
          January 1995, following his refusal to agree to the conditions for such
          visits, which would entail degrading body searches.
          6. In its reply, the Tunisian Government essentially states that all the
          above-mentioned persons were formally arrested, prosecuted and sentenced for
          offences under the Tunisian Penal Code and, particularly as regards the first
          two persons, for their membership of an unrecognized extremist movement called
          “Ennahda”, which promotes hatred and racial and religious fanaticism, and for
          the assistance they gave to that movement either by collecting money on its
          behalf (case of AIcha Dhaouadi) , or by helping a member of the movement to
          escape (case of Tourkia Hamadi, who is said to have given her husband
          the passport of a deceased student to enable him to flee to France)
          Abderrazak Mahfoudhi was arrested on 17 July, and was charged and then
          committed to the Bizerte prison on 24 July 1995 for association with criminals
          and membership of a clandestine organization inciting to hatred and racial and
          religious fanaticism. Thus, contrary to the allegations of the source, the
          Government states that he had not been detained without charge. Concerning
          Najib Hosni, the Government points out that his inculpation for forgery and
          use of forged instruments was effected under ordinary law and therefore not
          related at all to his human rights activities. The Tunisian Government
          further states that all the said persons throughout the judicial proceedings
          enjoyed full guarantees of a fair trial and of the observance of the rights to
          defence. They were also allowed visits from their families during custody and
          were able to appeal against their convictions in first instance. Thus, the
          Court of Appeal reduced from two years to eight months the sentence imposed on
        
          
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          Mrs. Dhaouadi for membership of an unrecognized movement and upheld the
          sentence against Mrs. Tourkia Hamadi. Likewise, Najib Hosni applied for
          judicial review of the decision of the Indictment Divisions, which referred
          him to the Criminal Chamber of the Court of Appeal at Kef, for a hearing on
          11 October 1995. On 8 November 1995 the Court of Cassation rejected the
          appeal and the case was enrolled at a hearing on 27 December 1995 of the
          Criminal Chamber.
          7. A consideration of the facts as they emerge from the communication from
          the source and, from the reply of the Tunisian Government enabled the Working
          Group to make the following observations:
          (a) The persons in question were prosecuted and sentenced under
          provisions of Tunisian criminal law. The offences of which they are accused,
          such as membership of an illegal or unauthorized movement, are not in
          themselves incompatible with the relevant international human rights
          instruments.
          (b) The source alleges only that the courts before which they appeared
          or were tried were not independent and impartial and that they were not
          assisted by counsel of their won choosing.
          (c) They had access to remedies which proved to be effective in the
          case of Mrs. AIcha Dhaouadi.
          8. In the light of the above, the Working Group decides that the detention
          of the above-mentioned persons is not arbitrary.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 6/1996 (NIGERIA)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Nigeria on
          3 October 1995.
          Concerning : General Olusegun Obasanjo, former Head of State
          of Nigeria and 19 other persons, as well as Dr. Beko Kuti,
          Dr. Tunji Abayomi and Chima Ubani, on the one hand, and the Federal
          Republic of Nigeria, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the cases in
          question. With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but
          to proceed to render its decision in respect of each of the cases of alleged
          arbitrary detention brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of Nigeria. In the absence of any
          information from the Government, the Working Group believes that it is in a
          position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of the cases,
          especially since the facts and allegations contained in the communication have
          not been challenged by the Government.
          5. The communication, a summary of which has been transmitted to the
          Government, concerns the following persons:
          (a) General Olusegun Obasanjo (former Head of State); Captain
          U.S. Suleiman; Captain A.A. Ogunsunyi; Captain M.A. Ibrahim;
          Lieutenant-Colonel Peter Ijaola; Second Lieutenant Richard Emonvhe; State
          Security Office Julius Abajo; Kunle Ajibade, Journalist of The News magazine;
          C.P. Izuorgu; Alhaji Sanusi Mato; and Felix Ndamaigida. (All the above have
          been reportedly sentenced to life imprisonment.) Colonel D. Usman; Staff
          Sergeant Patrick Usikpeko; Shehu Sani, vice-chairman of Campaign for
          Democracy; Christine Anyanwu, Editor-in-Chief of The Sunday Magazine;
          Ben Charles Obi, editor of Classique magazine; and Queenett Allogoa, female
          companion of Colonel Gwadabe. (All the above have reportedly been sentenced
          to prison terms ranging from 2-25 years). Lieutenant-Colonel I. Shaibu;
          Colonel Emanuel Ndubueze; and Akinloye Akinyemi. (The three above-mentioned
          have reportedly also been convicted, but their sentence was not known to the
          source.) The above-named defendants, in addition to 40 unidentified
          detainees, were reported to have been convicted by the Special Military
          Tribunal, on charges ranging from treason to the publishing of articles deemed
          critical of the Government. Their trials by the Special Military Tribunal
        
          
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          have allegedly been riddled with unfair practices. The Military Tribunal,
          which was reportedly composed of military officers exclusively, allegedly
          failed to meet the standards of independence and impartiality guaranteed in
          the provisions of various international legal instruments. The source claimed
          that the rights connected with a fair trial were denied to the detainees.
          They were allegedly denied the right to counsel of their choice; they were not
          allowed to address the court in regard to their defence; they were denied the
          opportunity to call witnesses on their behalf; they were denied access to the
          details concerning the charges against them, and were tried in a closed court
          room. The Tribunal in question was reported to have the power to impose death
          sentences, order public executions and issue life prison terms. It was
          alleged by the source that the Military Tribunal has supplanted the civilian
          judicial process in trials involving human rights and pro-democracy
          activities. The source alleged further that the right to appeal has also been
          suppressed by the Military Tribunal.
          (b) Dr. Beko Kuti, the Chairman of the Campaign for Democracy;
          Dr. Tunji Abayomi, the Chairman of Human Rights Africa and Chima Ubani, the
          Head of the Civil Liberties Organization's Human Rights Education Program were
          arrested without warrants and were being held incommunicado.
          6. It appears from the above allegations which, it may be recalled, were
          not refuted by the Government despite the opportunity given to it to do so,
          that in the case of General Obasanjo and the other 19 persons mentioned in
          paragraph S (a) above, several articles of the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which
          the Federal Republic of Nigeria is a party, relating to the right to fair
          trial have been violated, and that these violations are of such gravity as to
          confer to the deprivation of freedom an arbitrary character. Not only have
          these persons been produced before a military tribunal which, according to the
          source, failed to meet the standards of independence and impartiality, they
          were also denied their rights to counsel of their choice, to address the court
          in their defence, to call witnesses on their behalf and to have access to the
          details concerning the charges against them. Furthermore, they were
          reportedly tried in a closed court room and the right to appeal was suppressed
          by the Military Tribunal.
          7. As regards the cases of Dr. Beko Kuti, Dr. Tunji Abayomi and
          Chima Ubani, their arrest without warrant and the fact that they are being
          held incommunicado appears to equally confer on their deprivation of freedom
          an arbitrary character.
          8. Finally, according to the source, the above-mentioned persons were
          apparently convicted of charges ranging from treason to the publishing of
          articles critical of the Government, while by doing so they merely exercised
          their right to freedom of opinion and expression in the framework of their
          activities as defenders of democracy and human rights.
          9. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          The detention of General Olusegun Obasanjo and 19 other persons,
          as well as Dr. Beko Kuti, Dr. Tunji Abayomi and Chima Ubani, is declared
          to be arbitrary being in contravention of articles 10, 11 and 19 of the
        
          
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          Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and articles 9, 14 and 19 of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which the
          Federal Republic of Nigeria is a Party, and falling within categories II
          and III of the principles applicable in the consideration of the cases
          submitted to the Working Group.
          10. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the above-mentioned persons to be arbitrary, the Working Group
          requests the Government of Nigeria to take the necessary steps to remedy the
          situation in order to bring it into conformity with the provisions and
          principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in
          the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 7/1996 (ZAIRE)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Zaire on
          3 October 1995.
          Concerning : Lieutenant-Colonel Sylvestre Ningaba,
          Major Déo Bugewgene and Sergeant-Major Dominique Domero, on the
          one hand, and the Republic of Zaire, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the cases in
          question. With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but
          to proceed to render its decision in respect of each of the cases of alleged
          arbitrary detention brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of Zaire. In the absence of any
          information from the Government, the Working Group believes that it is in a
          position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of the cases,
          especially since the facts and allegations contained in the communication have
          not been challenged by the Government.
          5. According to the communication, the above-mentioned persons, all three
          of whom are Burundian officers, were detained in Zaire in October 1993
          apparently for illegal entry into the country and complicity in an
          assassination (whose alleged victim was President Ndadaye of Burundi)
          The three officers were allegedly being held pending an application for
          extradition by the Burundian Government in office. It has been reported that
          under the extradition agreement between the two countries, dated 21 June 1975,
          the Government with which the application is lodged may order the accused to
          be remanded in custody while the requesting Government formalizes the
          application within the specified three-month deadline. As the Government of
          Burundi requested extradition and remand in custody in April 1994, the
          deadline for formalization of the application expired in July of the same
          year. It was also reported that the Advocate-General of the Republic
          responsible for the Public Prosecutor's Office ordered the release of the
          persons concerned on 19 August 1994, although his decision was not carried out
          and the three officers continued to be held in prison, apparently without
          cause, since none of them had committed an offence in Zaire.
          6. The facts as described above are referred to in the report of the
          Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Zaire (E/CN.4/1995/67,
          paras. 195-198) . According to the Special Rapporteur, the detention of the
        
          
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          three persons in question from April 1994 for the purpose of their extradition
          could not exceed three months, in conformity with the Extradition Treaty
          signed by Zaire and Burundi on 21 June 1975. They should thus have been
          released in July 1994 at the latest. This is confirmed by the fact that on
          10 August 1994 the Public Prosecutor's Office decided, albeit somewhat
          belatedly, to order their release. Their continued detention cannot,
          therefore, be linked to any legal basis other than mere “reason of State”, to
          use the words of the Special Rapporteur, and is thus arbitrary. It should,
          however, be recalled that, according to the Special Rapporteur, the
          aforementioned Sylvestre Ningaba and Dominique Domero were eventually
          extradited to Burundi, while Déo Bugewgene was released.
          7. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) The case of Déo Bugewgene is filed under the terms of
          paragraph 14.1 (a) of the Working Group's revised methods of work.
          (b) The detention of Sylvestre Ningaba and Dominique Domero between
          July 1994 and 2 September 1995, when they were handed over to the Burundian
          authorities, is declared to be arbitrary being manifestly no longer linked to
          any legal basis and falling within category I of the principles applicable in
          the consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 8/1996 (CUBA)
          Communication addressed to the Government of the Republic of Cuba
          on 3 October 1995.
          Concerning : Carmen Julia Arias Iglesias, on the one hand, and the
          Republic of Cuba, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the case in question.
          With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the transmittal of the
          letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but to proceed to
          render its decision in respect of the case of alleged arbitrary detention
          brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of Cuba. In the absence of any
          information from the Government, the Working Group believes that it is in a
          position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of the case,
          especially since the facts and allegations contained in the communication have
          not been challenged by the Government.
          5. In rendering its decision, the Working Group, in a spirit of cooperation
          and coordination, has also taken into account the report of the Special
          Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights pursuant to Commission
          resolution 1995/56 (E/CN.4/1996/60)
          6. The Working Group considers that:
          (a) According to the communication, Carmen Julia Arias Iglesias is the
          public relations officer of a human rights organization called Luchadores por
          la libertId y la independencia de Cuba. She was detained on 19 April 1992 in
          connection with the group's activities and for possessing cassettes describing
          human rights violations - which motivated the charge that she had been
          gathering secret or confidential information - and a copy of the Universal
          Declaration of Human Rights. She received a sentence of nine years'
          imprisonment which she is currently serving in the Havana Women's Prison.
          (b) The Government has not forwarded a reply in the more than seven
          months that have passed since the request for information was made, and has
          not therefore challenged any of the facts referred to by the source.
        
          
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          (c) The detention of Carmen Julia Arias Iglesias resulted from the
          exercise of the rights set forth in articles 9, 19 and 20 of the Universal
          Declaration of Human Rights, including the rights to freedom of assembly and
          association and to freedom of expression and opinion. Accordingly, under the
          terms of the Working Group's methods of work, the deprivation of liberty is
          arbitrary, falling within category II of the applicable principles.
          7. In the light of the above, the Working Group decides:
          The detention of Carmen Julia Arias Iglesias is declared to be
          arbitrary being in contravention of articles 9, 11 and 19 of the
          Universal Declaration of Human Rights and falling within category II of
          the principles applicable in the consideration of the cases submitted to
          the Working Group.
          8. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the above-mentioned person to be arbitrary, the Working Group
          requests the Government of Cuba to take the necessary steps to remedy the
          situation in order to bring it into conformity with the provisions and
          principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 9/1996 (CUBA)
          Communication addressed to the Government of the Republic of Cuba
          on 14 August 1995.
          Concerning : Orson Vila Santoyo, on the one hand, and the Republic
          of Cuba, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the case in question within 90 days of
          the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. The Working Group also notes that the source has informed the Working
          Group that the above-mentioned person is no longer in detention.
          4. In the context of the information received and having examined the
          available information, the Working Group, without prejudging the nature of the
          detention, decides to file the case of Orson Vila Santoyo under the terms of
          paragraph 14.1 (a) of its methods of work.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 10/1996 (PAKISTAN)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Pakistan on
          7 February 1995.
          Concerning : Mr. Habibullah, Mr. Khan Mohammad, Mr. Rafiq
          Ahmad Naeem, Mrs. Farida Rahat, Mrs. Sheikh Muhammad Aslam and
          Mrs. Amtullah Sallam, on the one hand, and the Islamic Republic of
          Pakistan, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the cases in
          question. With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but
          to proceed to render its decision in respect of each of the cases of alleged
          arbitrary detention brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of the Islamic Republic of
          Pakistan. In the absence of any information from the Government, the Working
          Group believes that it is in a position to take a decision on the facts and
          circumstances of the cases, especially since the facts and allegations
          contained in the communication have not been challenged by the Government.
          5. The Working Group considers that:
          (a) According to the communication Mr. Habibullah, a social
          security officer from Shahdara town, Lahore, was reportedly arrested on
          29 October 1991, after being accused of blasphemy by an opponent of the Ahmadi
          faith. He was charged under Section 295 C of the Pakistan Penal Code which
          reportedly carried the death penalty. He was reportedly denied release on
          bail on 25 March 1992. Mr. Khan Mohammad, President of the Ahmadi community
          in Dera Ghazi Khan, and Mr. Rafiq Ahmad Naeem were arrested on 5 December 1991
          and charged on 30 January 1992 with offences under Sections 295 A, B and C for
          translating the Koran into the Surayeke language. Mrs. Farida Rahat, wife of
          Sheikh Muhammad lusuf Zuhr, Mrs. Sheikh Muhammad Aslam and Amtullah Salam were
          among several women members of the Abmadi community who were arrested in 1993
          and charged with offences under Section 295 C.
          (b) All the above-mentioned persons, in addition to 125 others, are
          members of the Abmadi religious community in Pakistan who are currently under
          detention, accused of blasphemy under Section 295 C of the Pakistan Penal
          Code. The Ahmadi religion was declared in 1974 as non-Muslim, for proclaiming
          their faith in a prophet after Muhammad, and its followers have suffered
        
          
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          physical attacks and discrimination without being protected by the
          authorities. The Supreme Court of Pakistan reportedly declared the Jthmadi
          faith to be blasphemous, in keeping with Ordinance XX (under which Ahmadis are
          prohibited from practising or calling their faith Islam)
          (c) Even though over a year has passed since the transmission of the
          cases by the Working Group to the Government of Pakistan, the latter has not
          responded to the Working Group's request for information.
          (d) In these circumstances, and since the Working Group has to adopt a
          decision, it must do so on the basis of the allegations made by the source.
          (e) The above-mentioned persons are deprived of their freedom merely
          for exercising their legitimate right to freedom of religion and conscience,
          guaranteed by article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
          6. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          The detention of Mr. Habibullah, Mr. Khan Mohammad, Mr. Rafiq
          Ahmad Naeem, Mrs. Farida Rahat, Mrs. Sheikh Muhammad Aslam and
          Mrs. Amtullah Sallam, is declared to be arbitrary being in contravention
          of article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and falling
          within category II of the principles applicable in the consideration of
          the cases submitted to the Working Group.
          7. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the above-mentioned persons to be arbitrary, the Working Group
          requests the Government of Pakistan to take the necessary steps to remedy the
          situation in order to bring it into conformity with the provisions and
          principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 11/1996 (AZERBAIJAN)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Azerbaijan on
          3 October 1995.
          Concerning : Malik Bayramov and Asgar Ahmed, on the one hand and
          the Azerbaijan Republic, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it, and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the cases in question within 90 days of
          the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. The Working Group further notes that the Government concerned has
          informed the Group that the above-mentioned persons are no longer in
          detention.
          4. Having examined the available information and without prejudging the
          nature of the detention, the Working Group decides to file the cases of
          Malik Bayramov and Asgar Ahmed in terms of paragraph 14.1 (a) of its revised
          methods of work.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 12/1996 (TURKEY)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Turkey on
          3 October 1995.
          Concerning : Atilay Aycin, Eren Keskin and Ekber Kaya, on the one
          hand and the Republic of Turkey, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the case(s) in
          question. With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but
          to proceed to render its decision in respect of each of the cases of alleged
          arbitrary detention brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of Turkey. In the absence of any
          information from the Government, the Working Group believes that it is in a
          position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of the cases,
          especially since the facts and allegations contained in the communication have
          not been challenged by the Government although it was given the opportunity to
          do so.
          5. The communication submitted by the source, a summary of which was
          forwarded to the Government, concerned the following persons:
          (a) Atilay Aycin, general president of Hava-Is trade union, was
          reported to have been arrested on 15 May 1995, upon his return to Turkey, at
          the Ataturk International Airport in Istanbul, and taken to Sagmalcilar Prison
          near Istanbul. He was reportedly convicted under Article 8 of the Anti-Terror
          Law (Law 3713) and was currently being held in Saray Prison, near Tekirdag.
          The source reported that Aycin was previously prosecuted in 1994 under
          Article 8, for spreading “separatist propaganda”, in a speech he made on
          8 September 1991 at a meeting organized by the Turkish Human Rights
          Association at the Abide-i Hurriet (Freedom Memorial) Square in Istanbul. In
          the course of his trial, the prosecution reportedly alleged that Aycin in his
          speech uttered the phrase, “we must oppose those who obstruct the struggle of
          the Kurdish people for independence”. The judgment was said to be based on
          the reasoning that, since the group which was “struggling for the independence
          of the Kurdish people” was the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK), consequently,
          Aycin's statement demonstrated support for the PKK. He was convicted and
          sentenced to a prison term of one year and eight months. The decision was
          quashed on 2 February 1995 by the Ninth Chamber of the Appeal Court, but the
          General Council of the Appeal Court on 3 April 1995 confirmed the sentence.
        
          
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          (b) Eren Keskin, a female lawyer and executive board member of TOHAV
          (Foundation for Legal and Social Research) , and secretary of the Istanbul
          Human Rights Association (HRA) branch (regarding whom an urgent appeal was
          addressed to the Turkish authorities on 31 July 1995) , was reportedly arrested
          without a warrant, and charged on 10 March 1995 under Article 8 of the
          Jthti-Terror Law of spreading “separatist propaganda” following the writing of
          a press article in September 1994. It was alleged that Keskin was targeted
          solely on account of her human rights activities and had previously been the
          object of arrests, beatings and general ill-treatment at the hands of the
          police. The source reported that this time, Cowskin was sentenced to two and
          a half years imprisonment and was taken on 2 June 1995 to Bayrampasa prison in
          Istanbul to serve that sentence.
          (c) Ekber Kaya, an employee of the local council and a board member of
          the Tunceli Human Rights Association (HRA) was reported to have been detained
          in Tunceli, on 23 March 1995, following an order to report to the police
          headquarters in Tunceli to give a statement. The source affirmed that no
          charges were brought against Kaya and that he remained under arbitrary
          detention.
          6. It appears from the above allegations that the detention of the three
          aforementioned persons and the conviction and imprisonment of two of them, is
          based solely on the fact that, as non-violent members of human rights
          associations, they peacefully exercised their right to freedom of expression,
          guaranteed by article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
          7. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) The detention of Atilay Aycin, Eren Kaskin and Egber Kaya, is
          declared to be arbitrary being in contravention of articles 19 and 20 of the
          Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and falling within category II of the
          principles applicable in the consideration of the cases submitted to the
          Working Group.
          (b) To transmit the present decision to the Secretary General, in
          conformity with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1996/70 entitled
          “Cooperation with representatives of United Nations human rights bodies”.
          8. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of Atilay Aycin, Eren Kaskin and Egber Kaya to be arbitrary, the
          Working Group requests the Government of Turkey to take the necessary steps to
          remedy the situation in order to bring it into conformity with the provisions
          and principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 13/1996 (SUDAN)
          Communication addressed to the Government of the Sudan on
          3 October 1995.
          Concerning : Tebira Indris Habani, Ali al-Umda Abdel Majid,
          Abdel Rasoul al-Nour, Fadal Allah Burma, Abdel Mahmoud Haj Salih,
          Sarra Nuqd Allah, Dr. Abdel Nabi Ali Ahmed, Dr. Ali Hasan Taj al-Din,
          Abdel Mahmoud Abu, Tirab Tendle, Hussein Adam Salama, Abdallah Musa,
          Haj Musa Abd al-Rahim, Ali el-Khattib, Suliman Khalaf Allah,
          Abdul Rahman al-Amin, Sa'eed Ashaiqir, Faqiri Abdallah, Galal Ismail,
          Khalil Osman Khalil, Mahjoub al-Zubair, Immad Ali Dahab, Mahir Mekki,
          Muatasim Siam, Hassan Hussain and Abdul Azim Abdallah, on the one hand
          and the Republic of the Sudan, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of seven of the cases in question within
          90 days of the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group. However, as
          regards the other 19 persons the Working Group notes with concern that till
          date no information has been forwarded by the Government. With the expiration
          of more than ninety (90) days of the transmittal of the letter by the Working
          Group, it is left with no option but to proceed to render its decision in
          respect of each of the cases of alleged arbitrary detention brought to its
          knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made the Working Group welcomes the
          cooperation of the Government of the Sudan regarding seven of the persons in
          question. The Working Group would also have welcomed the cooperation of the
          Government as regards the other 19 persons concerned. The Working Group
          transmitted the reply provided by the Government to the source but, to date,
          the latter has not provided the Working Group with its comments. The Working
          Group believes that it is in a position to take a decision on the facts and
          circumstances of the cases, in the context of the allegations made and the
          response of the Government thereto.
          5. In rendering its decision, the Working Group, in a spirit of cooperation
          and coordination, has also taken into account the report of the Special
          Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, Mr. G. Biro, pursuant to
          Commission resolution 1995/77.
          6. According to the communication submitted by the source, a summary of
          which was forwarded to the Government: Since the detention, in mid-May 1995,
          of Mr. Sadiq al-Mahdi, leader of the Umma Party and the last elected
          Prime Minister of Sudan, more than one hundred suspected political opponents
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1997/4/Add.1
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          were detained, allegedly without charge or trial. Fifty-five of these
          detainees were reported to have been transferred on 26 May 1995 from Kober
          Prison to the prisons of Obied, Kosti and Medeni. According to the source the
          detentions took place in Khartoum, Kosti and Qadarif. Those detained included
          the following: Tebira Indris Habani (ex MP), Ali al-Umda Abdel Majid (ex MP),
          Abdel Rasoul al-Nour (former Governor of Kordfan) , Fadal Allah Burma (former
          State Minister for Defence), Abdel Mahmoud Haj Salih (ex MP and former
          Attorney General) , Sarra Nuqd Allah (University Lecturer and Secretary of
          Women's Affairs in the Umma Party), Dr. Abdel Nabi Ali Ahmed (former Governor
          of Dar Fur), Dr. Ali Hasan Taj al-Din (former member of the State's Supreme
          Council) , Abdel Mahmoud Abu (Secretary General of ASPC), Tirab Tendle
          (prominent member of Arisar Sect) , Hussein Adam Salama (Secretary of the
          Umma Party Headquarters)
          7. According to the reports, a new wave of detentions took place at the end
          of May, principally of members of the Communist Party, trade unionists, and
          members of the Umma Party and Ansar Sect. According to the source, at least
          21 persons have been arrested in that wave of detentions, which was taking
          place mainly in Khartoum and Port Sudan. Those detained reportedly included
          the following: Abdallah Musa (trade unionist) , Haj Musa Abd al-Rahim (trade
          unionist) , Ali el-Khattib (trade unionist) , Suliman Khalaf Allah (engineer)
          Abdul Rahman al-Amin (director of an insurance company), Saa'eed Ashaiqir
          (teacher) , Faqiri Abdallah (employee of the Sudan Ports Corporation)
          Galal Ismail (businessman) , Khalil Osman Khalil (businessman),
          Mahjoub al-Zubair (worker, trade unionist) , Immad Ali Dahab (director of
          Bohain Hotel), Mahir Mekki (employee of the Sudan Ports Corporation, and
          journalist) , Muatasim Siam (engineer) , Hassan Hussain (merchant and football
          coach) , Abdul Azim Abdallah (employee of the Sudan Ports Corporation)
          8. It was alleged that these detentions were arbitrary because they were
          based solely on the political opinions of the detainees, and that none of them
          has been charged or tried.
          9. According to the Government's reply of 10 October 1995, seven of
          the persons in question, Tebira Indris Habani, Ali al-Umda Abdel Majid,
          Fadal Allah Burma, Dr. Abdel Nabi Ali Ahmed, Abdel Mahmoud Abu, Tirab Tendle
          and Hussein Adam Salama, were amnestied and released on 14 August 1995. As
          regards the other 19 persons concerned, the Government did not provide any
          information.
          10. It appears from the allegations as described above, which, it may be
          recalled, have not been refuted by the Government despite the fact that it was
          given an opportunity to do so, that the other above-named 19 persons were, on
          the one hand, arrested and then detained without charge or trial, in violation
          of their right to fair trial guaranteed by article 10 of the Universal
          Declaration of Human Rights and by articles 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5 and 14.3 (a)
          and (c) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and that
          the non-observance of these international standards is of such gravity that it
          confers on the deprivation of liberty an arbitrary character. On the other
          hand, that these persons are being detained solely on the grounds of having
          freely exercised their right to freedom of opinion and expression guaranteed
          by article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and by article 19
          of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
        
          
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          11. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) Having examined the available information and without prejudging
          the nature of the detention, the Working Group decides to file the cases of
          Tebira Indris Habani, Ali al-Umda Abdel Majid, Fadal Allah Burma, Dr. Abdel
          Nabi Ali Ahmed, Abdel Mahmoud Abu, Tirab Tendle and Hussein Adam Salama in
          terms of paragraph 14.1 (a) of its revised methods of work.
          (b) The detention of Abdel Rasoul al-Nour, Abdel Mahmoud Haj Salih,
          Sarra Nuqd Allah, Dr. Ali Hasan Taj al-Din, Abdallah Musa, Haj Musa Abd
          al-Rahim, Ali el-Khattib, Suliman Khalaf Allah, Abdul Rahman al-Amin,
          Sa'eed Ashaiqir, Faqiri Abdallah, Galal Ismail, Khalil Osman Khalil,
          Mahjoub al-Zubair, Immad Ali Dahab, Mahir Mekki, Muatasim Siam, Hassan Hussain
          and Abdul Azim Abdallah, is declared to be arbitrary being in contravention
          of articles 10 and 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and
          articles 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 14.3 (a) and (c) and 19 of the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which the Republic of the Sudan is
          a party, and falling within categories II and III of the principles applicable
          in the consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group.
          12. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the 19 persons mentioned above in paragraph 11 (b) to be
          arbitrary, the Working Group requests the Government of the Sudan to take the
          necessary steps to remedy the situation in order to bring it into conformity
          with the provisions and principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration
          of Human Rights and in the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 14/1996 (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN)
          Communication addressed to the Government of the Islamic Republic
          of Iran on 7 February 1995.
          Concerning : Ali-Akbar Saidi-Sirjani, Said Niazi Karmani and
          Abbas Amir-Entezam, on the one hand and the Islamic Republic of Iran,
          on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the cases in
          question. With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but
          to proceed to render its decision in respect of each of the cases of alleged
          arbitrary detention brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
          In the absence of any information from the Government, the Working Group
          believes that it is in a position to take a decision on the facts and
          circumstances of the cases, especially since the facts and allegations
          contained in the communication have not been challenged by the Government
          although it was given the opportunity to do so.
          5. In rendering its decision, the Working Group, in a spirit of cooperation
          and coordination, has also taken into account the report of the Special
          Representative of the Commission on Human Rights, Mr. M. Copithorne, pursuant
          to Commission resolution 1995/68.
          6. The communication submitted by the source, a summary of which was
          forwarded to the Government, concerned the following persons:
          (a) Ali-Akbar Saidi-Sirjani, aged 63, a writer, was reportedly
          arrested on 14 March 1994 in Tehran by agents of the Anti-Vice Department of
          the Revolutionary Prosecutor's Office, and has since been held in the “special
          sector” of the Evin prison in Tehran. No charges have reportedly been filed
          against him, but the Director-General of National Security at the Iranian
          Ministry of Intelligence was reported to have said in an interview published
          in the Iranian press in April 1994 that Saidi-Sirjani had “confessed” to using
          drugs, making alcoholic drinks, homosexual acts, links with espionage networks
          and receiving money from “counter-revolutionary” circles based in the West.
          All these charges reportedly carry the death penalty in the Islamic Republic
        
          
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          of Iran. According to the source Mr. Saidi-Sirjani is well known for his
          public opposition to censorship, since 17 of his books were banned in 1989.
          Earlier on the day of his arrest, his home had been raided by police who
          produced a search warrant and proceeded to inspect his apartment. It was
          further reported that Mr. Said Niazi Karmani, a poet and publisher, was
          detained together with Mr. Saidi-Sirjani, and was held together with him in
          the “special section” of Evin. Government sources reported in June 1994 that
          both men would be tried in public court after completion of the charge sheets
          against them.
          (b) Abbas Amir-Entezam, engineer, deputy-Prime Minister in the Cabinet
          of Dr. Mehdi Bazargan, was arrested on 19 September 1979, after he had been
          recalled from abroad by the Iranian Foreign Ministry. Allegedly, he was
          summarily tried inside the Evin prison in Tehran in December 1980. His trial
          allegedly lasted a few minutes and he had no access to a defence lawyer.
          He was charged with espionage for the United States and sentenced to life
          imprisonment. Although he appealed the verdict, no judicial appeal hearing
          took place. He was denied visits by his family for the first three and a half
          years of his prison term. He was kept in solitary confinement for 550 days,
          without access to fresh air.
          7. It appears from the above allegations, which, it may be recalled,
          the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran did not refute despite
          the opportunity given to it to do so, that the detention of Ali-Akbar
          Saidi-Sirjani and of Said Niazi Karmani is based solely on the grounds that,
          in the framework of their literary activity, they peacefully exercised their
          right to freedom of expression, guaranteed by article 19 of the Universal
          Declaration of Human Rights and article 19 of the International Covenant on
          Civil and Political Rights. As for Abbas Amir-Entezam, he is detained since
          1979 and sentenced in 1980 to life imprisonment following a trial which lasted
          only a few minutes, and during which he was denied the right to defend
          himself, the right to legal assistance and the right to appeal. This
          constitutes a violation of articles 9 and 10 of the Universal Declaration of
          Human Rights and articles 9.3, 9.4 and 14 of the International Covenant on
          Civil and Political Rights. The denial of these rights to the defence
          constitutes a violation of international standards of such gravity that it
          confers on the deprivation of liberty an arbitrary character.
          8. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) The detention of Ali-Akbar Saidi-Sirjani and of Said Niazi Karmani
          is declared to be arbitrary being in contravention of article 19 of the
          Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 19 of the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which the Islamic Republic of Iran
          is a party, and falling within category II of the principles applicable in the
          consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group.
          (b) The detention of Abbas Amir-Entezam is declared to be arbitrary
          being in contravention of articles 9 and 10 of the Universal Declaration of
          Human Rights and articles 9.3, 9.4 and 14 of the International Covenant on
        
          
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          Civil and Political Rights, to which the Islamic Republic of Iran is a party,
          and falling within category III of the principles applicable in the
          consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group.
          9. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the above-mentioned to be arbitrary, the Working Group requests
          the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran to take the necessary steps to
          remedy the situation in order to bring it into conformity with the provisions
          and principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
          in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 15/1996 (PERU)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Peru
          on 3 October 1995.
          Concerning : Walter Ledesma Rebaza and Luis Mellet, on the one
          hand and the Republic of Peru, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the case of Walter Ledesma within
          90 days of the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the situation of
          Luis Mellet Castillo. With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of
          the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option
          but to proceed to render its decision in respect of the case of the alleged
          arbitrary detention of Luis Mellet.
          4. The Working Group also notes that the Government concerned has informed
          the Group (and the source has confirmed) that Walter Ledesma has been
          released.
          5. The Working Group further notes that the source has confirmed that
          Luis Mellet has been released.
          6. In the context of the information received and having examined the
          available information, the Working Group is of the opinion that no special
          circumstances warrant consideration by the Group of the nature of the
          detention of Walter Ledesma and Luis Mellet.
          7. The Working Group, without prejudging the nature of the detention,
          decides to file the cases of Walter Ledesma and Luis Mellet under the terms of
          paragraph 14.1 (a) of its revised methods of work.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 16/1996 (ISRAEL)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Israel
          on 7 February 1995.
          Concerning : Ghassan Attamleh, on the one hand and the State
          of Israel, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the
          revised methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task
          with discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the case in question.
          With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the transmittal of the
          letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but to proceed to
          render its decision in respect of the case of alleged arbitrary detention
          brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of Israel. In the absence of any
          information from the Government, the Working Group believes that it is in a
          position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of the case,
          especially since the facts and allegations contained in the communication have
          not been challenged by the Government although it was given the opportunity to
          do so.
          5. According to the communication submitted by the source, a summary
          of which was forwarded to the Government, Ghassan Attamleh, born
          on 23 September 1963, resident of Reineh, near Nazareth, was reportedly
          arrested on 27 November 1994 at his house by a group of about 10 people
          combined of General Security Services (GSS) , Police officers and IDF.
          Following a thorough search a warrant of arrest was produced and Mr. Attamleh
          was taken to the HaSharon prison, near Haifa, and then transferred to
          Nitzan prison, near Ramla, where he is still reportedly detained. According
          to the source, Mr. Attamleh has not been charged with any offence.
          On 18 December 1994, 21 days after his arrest, he was informed that he had
          been placed under administrative detention for three months. It was further
          reported that at a hearing before a district court judge, it was stated that
          Attamleh was suspected of membership of a terrorist organization. On order of
          the judge, the submission of evidence to support the allegation was done
          without the presence of the detainee or his legal counsel. The source added
          that the administrative detention order was reviewed by the President of the
          Nazareth District Court, who approved the order on 10 January 1995. An appeal
          to the Supreme Court was submitted by Mr. Attamleh's lawyer, but has
          reportedly not yet been considered. According to the source, if the
          authorities had substantial evidence that Mr. Attamleh had committed criminal
          offences, they should charge him and bring him to trial. The use of
        
          
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          administrative detention in this case allegedly aimed at denying Mr. Attamleh
          the guarantees contained in article 14 (3) of the International Covenant on
          Civil and Political Rights, to which Israel is a party.
          6. It appears from the above allegations that the detention of
          Ghassan Attamleh during 21 days following his arrest and during the following
          three-month term of administrative detention, was approved by a judge. The
          Working Group further notes that since January 1995, date of the transmission
          of the case by the source, the Working Group has not received any further
          information concerning the case.
          7. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          The case of Ghassan Attamleh is maintained pending for further
          information, in keeping with paragraph 14.1 (c) of the revised methods
          of work of the Working Group.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 17/1996 (ISRAEL)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Israel
          on 14 August 1995.
          Concerning : Wissam Rafeedie and Majid Isma'il Al-Talahmeh, on the
          one hand and the State of Israel, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the cases in
          question. With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but
          to proceed to render its decision in respect of each of the cases of alleged
          arbitrary detention brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of Israel. In the absence of any
          information from the Government, the Working Group believes that it is in a
          position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of the cases,
          especially since the facts and allegations contained in the communication have
          not been challenged by the Government although it was given the opportunity to
          do so.
          5. In rendering its decision, the Working Group, in a spirit of cooperation
          and coordination, has also taken into account the report of the Special
          Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, Mr. H. Halinen, pursuant to
          Commission resolution 1993/2 A.
          6. The communication submitted by the source, a summary of which was
          forwarded to the Government, concerned the following persons:
          (a) Wissan Rafeedie, aged 36, journalist, resident of El Bireh in
          the West Bank, was reportedly arrested without a warrant, at his home,
          on 11 August 1994 by several IDF soldiers and GSS agents, and placed under a
          five-months administrative detention order. On 19 December 1994 the
          administrative detention was extended for six months, until 8 July 1995 and
          has recently again been extended until November 1995. According to the
          source, Rafeedie had been previously sentenced to 34 months' imprisonment for
          running a publishing house for the Popular Front for the Liberation of
          Palestine (PFLP), and was released in June 1994. The source affirmed that
          although Rafeedie was an opponent of the current peace process between Israel
          and the PLO, he has never engaged in any violent activity.
        
          
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          (b) Majid Isma'il Al-Talahmeh, aged 27, resident of Dhahiriya, Hebron
          district, a student at Birzeit University. He was reportedly arrested by the
          IDF on 29 October 1994 at a military checkpoint north of Ramallah, without a
          warrant, and was placed under a six-months administrative detention order. On
          27 April 1995 the detention order has been extended by another six months. No
          charges have been brought against him and the reasons for his arrest were not
          known.
          7. The sources alleged that detention under an administrative detention
          order was arbitrary for the following reasons: (a) no judicial or other
          procedures existed to challenge the legality of the arrest or detention;
          (b) even though there was an appeals committee consisting of a military judge
          who was a qualified lawyer, the relevant rules of evidence and procedure made
          it extremely difficult to effectively challenge an order of administrative
          detention. In particular, the appeals were always held in camera; the
          committee examined evidence in the absence of the detainee and his lawyer and
          it did not disclose the evidence to them if it was satisfied that such
          disclosure could endanger State security or public safety.
          8. It appears from the above allegations, which, it may be recalled, the
          Government of Israel did not refute despite the opportunity given to it to do
          so, that Wissam Rafeedie and Majid Isma'il Al-Talahmeh, irrespective of the
          nature and motives of the accusations against them, are being denied their
          right to take proceedings before a court, in order that that court may decide
          without delay on the lawfulness of their detention. They are also denied
          their right to be tried without undue delay. These rights are guaranteed by
          articles 10 and 11.1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and by
          articles 9.4 and 14.3 (c) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights, to which the State of Israel is a party. The absence of an effective
          possibility to appeal against the administrative detention order, and the
          excessive duration of the detention - over 21 months in the case of
          Wissam Rafeedie and 19 months in the case of Majid Isma'il Al-Talahmeh -
          constitute a violation of the right to fair trial of such gravity that they
          confer on the deprivation of liberty an arbitrary character.
          9. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          The detention of Wissam Rafeedie and Majid Isma'il Al-Talahmeh
          is declared to be arbitrary being in contravention of articles 10
          and 11.1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and articles 9.4
          and 14.3 (c) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights, to which the State of Israel is a party, and falling within
          category III of the principles applicable in the consideration of the
          cases submitted to the Working Group.
          10. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of Wissam Rafeedie and Majid Isma'il Al-Talahmeh to be arbitrary,
          the Working Group requests the Government of Israel to take the necessary
          steps to remedy the situation in order to bring it into conformity with the
          provisions and principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights and in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 18/1996 (ISRAEL)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Israel
          on 3 October 1995.
          Concerning : Ali Abd-al-Rahman Mahmoud Jaradat,
          Muhammad Jthd-al-Halim Muhammad Rajoub and Abdel Raziq Yassin Farraj,
          on the one hand and the State of Israel, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the
          revised methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task
          with discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the cases in
          question. With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but
          to proceed to render its decision in respect of each of the cases of alleged
          arbitrary detention brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of Israel. In the absence of any
          information from the Government, the Working Group believes that it is in a
          position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of the cases,
          especially since the facts and allegations contained in the communication have
          not been challenged by the Government although it was given the opportunity to
          do so.
          5. In rendering its decision, the Working Group, in a spirit of cooperation
          and coordination, has also taken into account the report of the Special
          Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, Mr. H. Halinen, pursuant to
          Commission resolution 1993/2 A.
          6. The communication submitted by the source, a summary of which was
          forwarded to the Government, concerned the following persons:
          (a) Ali Abd-al-Rahman Mahmoud Jaradat, a 40-year-old researcher,
          resident of the Ramallah district in the West Bank, was reportedly arrested at
          his home on 10 August 1994 by the IDF and the GSS without a warrant. Jaradat
          was first detained in Ramallah prison, then transferred to al-Fara'a Military
          Detention Centre where he reportedly spent two weeks in an isolation cell, and
          moved again to Ketziot Military Detention Centre. It was alleged by the
          source that Mr. Jaradat has not been charged of any crime. Reportedly, he has
          been placed under administrative detention for six months, a period which was
          later renewed by another six-month detention order.
        
          
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          (b) Muhammad Jthd-al-Halim Muhammad Rajoub, a 35-year-old mechanical
          engineer, resident of the Hebron district of the West Bank. Rajoub was
          allegedly arrested on 30 May 1994 at a military checkpoint on the road between
          Hebron and Idna in the southern part of the West Bank while he was travelling
          to work. The arrest was reportedly carried out by the IDF without a warrant.
          According to the source Rajoub has been the subject of three consecutive
          six-month administrative detentions. It has been alleged further that Rajoub
          appealed against the imposition of each of the administrative detention orders
          before a military judge who rejected his appeals on the basis that the Israeli
          authorities were in possession of evidence which supported his detention. The
          source also claimed that neither Rajoub nor his lawyer have had access to the
          evidence in question.
          (c) Abdel Raziq Yassin Farraj, a student at Birzeit University,
          aged 31, resident of the Jalazun Refugee Camp in the Ramallah district.
          The source alleged that IDF and GSS soldiers arrived at Farraj ‘s home
          on 29 May 1994 at approximately midnight, forced their way into the house,
          carried out a search and arrested Farraj at his home. It has been reported
          that Faraj was detained at the Ramallah prison for one night and was
          thereafter taken to al-Fara'a Military Detention Centre to await a further
          transfer to Ketsiot Military Detention Centre in the Negev (southern Israel)
          The source affirmed that a six-month administrative detention order was issued
          against Farraj on 30 May 1994. The detention order which stated that Rajad
          was being detained because he was an activist in the Popular Front was renewed
          on 28 November 1994, and was followed by a third consecutive detention order
          on 27 May 1995. It was also alleged that the authorities who conducted the
          search and the arrest did not show a warrant nor an administrative detention
          order, nor did they state any reason for the search or the arrest. The source
          also reported that Faraj was not afforded the opportunity to be presented
          before a judge, nor any other magistrate until the time of the appeal of his
          first detention order, when he was presented before a judge.
          7. On 18 August 1995 the source informed the Working Group that Abdel Raziq
          Yassin Farraj has been released.
          8. It appears from the above allegations, which, it may be recalled, the
          Government of Israel did not refute despite the opportunity given to it to do
          so, that Ali Abd-al-Rahman Mahmoud Jaradat and Muhammad Jthd-al-Halim Muhammad
          Rajoub, irrespective of the nature and motives of the accusations against
          them, are being denied their fundamental right to fair trial; in particular,
          they are being denied the right to be informed of the reasons for their
          arrest, the right to be brought promptly before a judge and to be entitled
          to trial within a reasonable time or to release and the right to take
          proceedings before a court, in order that that court may decide without
          delay on the lawfulness of their detention. These rights are guaranteed by
          articles 10 and 11.1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and by
          articles 9.2, 9.3, 9.4 and 14.3 (a) of the International Covenant on Civil
          and Political Rights, to which the State of Israel is a party. The absence
          of an effective possibility to appeal against the administrative detention
          order, and the excessive duration of the detention - over 21 months in the
          case of Ali Abd-al-Rahman Mahmoud Jaradat and two years in the case of
          Muhammad Jthd-al-Halim Muhammad Rajoub - constitute a violation of the right to
        
          
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          fair trial of such gravity that they confer on the deprivation of liberty an
          arbitrary character. It further appears from the above that Abdel Raziq
          Yassin Farraj is no longer in detention.
          9. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) Having examined the available information and without prejudging
          the nature of the detention, the Working Group decides to file the case of
          Abdel Raziq Yassin Farraj in terms of paragraph 14.1 (a) of its revised
          methods of work.
          (b) The detention of Ali Abd-al-Rahman Mahmoud Jaradat and
          Muhammad Jthd-al-Halim Muhammad Rajoub is declared to be arbitrary being in
          contravention of articles 10 and 11.1 of the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights, and articles 9.2, 9.3, 9.4 and 14.3 (a) of the International Covenant
          on Civil and Political Rights, to which the State of Israel is a party, and
          falling within category III of the principles applicable in the consideration
          of the cases submitted to the Working Group.
          10. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of Ali Abd-al-Rahman Mahmoud Jaradat and Muhammad Abd-al-Halim
          Muhammad Rajoub to be arbitrary, the Working Group requests the Government of
          Israel to take the necessary steps to remedy the situation in order to bring
          it into conformity with the provisions and principles incorporated in the
          Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenant on
          Civil and Political Rights.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 19/1996 (PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA)
          Communication addressed to the Government of the People's Republic
          of China on 23 August 1994.
          Concerning : Jiang Qisheng, Wang Zhongqiu, Zhang Lin and Bao Ge,
          on the one hand and the People's Republic of China, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the cases in question within 90 days of
          the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made the Working Group welcomes the
          cooperation of the Government of the People's Republic of China. The Working
          Group transmitted the reply provided by the Government to the source but, to
          date, the latter has not provided the Working Group with its comments. The
          Working Group believes that it is in a position to take a decision on the
          facts and circumstances of the cases, in the context of the allegations made
          and the response of the Government thereto.
          5. The communication submitted by the source, a summary of which was
          forwarded to the Government, concerned the following persons:
          (a) Jiang Qisheng, 46-year-old, aeronautics graduate, was reportedly
          arrested in Beijing on 28 May 1994, a day after giving an interview to the
          British newspaper “The Sunday Times”. According to the source, Jiang Qisheng
          worked as an interpreter for an interview of Ding Zilin, a philosophy
          professor, whose son was killed in Beijing on 4 June 1989 during the military
          crackdown on the 1989 pro-democracy protests. Jiang Qisheng had allegedly
          told the newspaper that he knew he was putting himself at risk for his
          association with Ding Zilin, who was under police surveillance. According to
          the source, Jiang Qisheng's wife, Mrs. Chen Hong, said she only found out that
          her husband had been arrested when she phoned the police to report him
          missing; when she went to the police station where he was held, she was not
          allowed to see him and was not told why he was being held. Jiang Qisheng was
          allegedly first arrested in June 1989 and detained for 18 months for his
          involvement in the 1989 pro-democracy protests when he was a member of the
          People's University Student's Autonomous Federation.
          (b) Wang Zhongqiu, a postgraduate law student from Beijing University,
          was reportedly arrested at the end of May 1994 in Beijing in the days
          leading up to the fifth anniversary of Tiananmen. According to the source,
          Wang Zhongqiu was one of the organizers of a recently formed independent
        
          
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          labour rights group, the League for the Protection of the Rights of the
          Working People, whose registration had been refused by the Beijing authorities
          in March.
          (c) Zhang Lin, a former pro-democracy activist who had been detained
          in 1989, was reportedly arrested on 2 June 1994 in Beijing also in the days
          leading up to the fifth anniversary of Tiananmen. According to the source, he
          has been sent back to his home town in Anhui province. No reasons for his
          arrest and current status were given.
          (d) Bao Ge, a leading dissident, was reportedly arrested on
          3 June 1994 in Shanghai. According to the source Bao Ge was arrested after
          sending an open letter to the Chinese Government asking for a national human
          rights organization to be set up. The organization reportedly planned to
          investigate issues such as free labour unions, freedom of religion and the
          protection of the rights of women and children.
          6. The Government, in its reply, gave the following information:
          (a) As regards Jiang Qisheng, the public security organs abandoned
          their investigation of Jiang on 29 June 1994.
          (b) As regards Wang Zhongqiu, the public security authorities
          abandoned their watch on Wang's home on 17 September 1994. The Government did
          not react, in its reply, to the allegations that the two above-mentioned
          persons had been detained.
          (c) As regards Zhang Lin, the Government refers to an earlier
          communication, dated October 1994, by which it had already informed the
          Working Group of the situation of that person. That communication, dated
          17 October 1994, was a reply to an urgent appeal sent by the Working Group
          on behalf of Zhang Lin, who had allegedly gone on hunger strike while in
          detention. The Government reported that Zhang Lin had been sentenced to
          two years' imprisonment in 1989 for sedition. In 1991 he was released. His
          present imprisonment had nothing to do with the punishment referred to above.
          Since 1993 he engaged in promiscuous sexual relations with many young women,
          by using menaces and deceit, behaving in a criminally indecent manner and
          perturbing normal social order. On 19 August 1994, the Bengbu Municipal
          Re-education through Labour Committee in Anhui decided to assign him to three
          years' re-education through labour. On 29 August 1994, Zhang Lin signed his
          re-education through labour order. The Government did not react to the
          allegations that Zhang Lin was arrested on 2 June 1994 in Beijing also in
          connection with the fifth anniversary of Tiananmen.
          (d) As regards Bao Ge, the Government, which did not react to the
          allegations concerning that person, affirmed that Bao Ge was involved in
          fomenting disturbances and other activities seriously disruptive of public
          order and security. The Shanghai Municipal Re-education through Labour
          Committee assigned him on 19 September 1994 to three years' re-education
          through labour in accordance with articles 10.4 and 13 of the Provisional
          Procedures governing Re-education through Labour.
        
          
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          7. It appears from the above that:
          (a) The Working Group does not have sufficient information at its
          disposal in order to take a decision on the alleged detention of Jiang Qisheng
          and Wang Zhongqiu.
          (b) Zhang Lin, irrespective of the nature and motives of the
          accusations against him, is being denied his right to have his cause examined
          in full equality before an independent and impartial court, in order that that
          court may determine any criminal charges brought against him. The absence of
          such legal proceedings constitutes a violation of the right to fair trial of
          such gravity that it confers on the deprivation of liberty an arbitrary
          character.
          (c) The detention of Bao Ge is motivated by the fact that he
          peacefully exercised his right to freedom of expression by, inter alia ,
          sending an open letter to the Chinese authorities asking that a national human
          rights organization be set up. This constitutes a violation of his rights to
          freedom of expression and to freedom of peaceful assembly and association,
          guaranteed by articles 19 and 20, respectively, of the Universal Declaration
          of Human Rights. Furthermore, Bao Ge is being denied his right to have his
          cause examined in full equality before an independent and impartial court, in
          order that that court may determine any criminal charges brought against him.
          The absence of such legal proceedings constitutes a violation of the right to
          fair trial of such gravity that it confers on the deprivation of liberty an
          arbitrary character.
          8. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) The cases of Jiang Qisheng and Wang Zhongqiu are maintained
          pending for further information, in keeping with paragraph 14.1 (c) of the
          revised methods of work of the Working Group.
          (b) The detention of Zhang Lin is declared to be arbitrary being in
          contravention of articles 10 and 11.1 of the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights and falling within category III of the principles applicable in the
          consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group.
          (c) The detention of Bao Ge is declared to be arbitrary being in
          contravention of articles 10, 11.1, 19 and 20 of the Universal Declaration of
          Human Rights and falling within categories II and III of the principles
          applicable in the consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group.
          9. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of Zhang Lin and Bao Ge to be arbitrary, the Working Group requests
          the Government of the People's Republic of China to take the necessary steps
          to remedy the situation in order to bring it into conformity with the
          provisions and principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 20/1996 (ALBANIA)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Albania on
          4 March 1996.
          Concerning : Sulejman Rrahman Mekollari, Dilaver Ibrahim Dauti,
          Liriam Servet Veliu and Gani Korro, on the one hand, and the Republic of
          Albania, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the methods
          of work adopted by it, and in order to carry out its task with discretion,
          objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government concerned the
          above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be admissible, in
          respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the cases in
          question. With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but
          to proceed to render its decision in respect of each of the cases of alleged
          arbitrary detention brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of Albania. In the absence of any
          information from the Government, the Working Group believes that it is in a
          position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of the case,
          especially since the facts and allegations contained in the communication have
          not been challenged by the Government although it was given the opportunity to
          do so.
          5. The communication received from the source concerned the following
          persons: Sulejman Rrahman Mekollari, Dilaver Ibrahim Dauti, Liriam Servet
          Veliu and Gani Korro, all members of the Albanian Socialist Party and
          sympathizers of the former communist regime. According to the source, the
          four persons in question were arrested for having distributed pamphlets on
          10 September 1995 in the district of Saranda. The pamphlets, which according
          to the source bore the slogan “Down with the United States”, were described by
          the authorities as anti-American, anti-national and anti-constitutional. The
          above-mentioned four persons were to be tried by the Saranda district court
          under article 225 of the Penal Code on the charge of “distributing
          anti-constitutional publications”, an offence which carries a three-year
          prison sentence. The source states that the pamphlets in question did not
          advocate violence and that the detention, charges against and trial of the
          above-mentioned four persons for having distributed such pamphlets are
          consequently a violation of the international provisions guaranteeing the
          right to freedom of expression and opinion.
          6. In a subsequent communication, the source indicated that Sulejman
          Rrahman Mekollari, Dilaver Ibrahim Dauti, Liriam Servet Veliu and Gani Korro
          were tried on 17 March 1995 by the Saranda district court. They were all
          found guilty of anti-constitutional activity and sentenced as follows:
        
          
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          Sulejman Rrahman Mekollari to four years' imprisonment, Dilaver Ibrahim Dauti
          to two and half years' imprisonment, Liriam Servet Veliu to two years'
          imprisonment and Gani Korro to three years' imprisonment, 18 months of which
          were suspended. The verdict was confirmed by the Court of Appeal. According
          to the source, Sulejman Rrahman Mekollari and Liriam Servet Veliu are still in
          prison, Gani Korro has been released and Dilaver Ibrahim Dauti has escaped.
          7. It follows from the above that the allegations that the above-mentioned
          four persons were detained for having distributed pamphlets have not been
          challenged. By distributing pamphlets in a non-violent manner they were
          merely engaging in the free exercise of their right to freedom of opinion and
          expression, guaranteed by article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights and article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights, to which the Republic of Albania is a party.
          8. In the light of the above, the Working Group decides:
          The detention of Sulejman Rrahman Mekollari, Dilaver Ibrahim Dauti
          (notwithstanding his escape), Liriam Servet Veliu and Gani Korro
          (notwithstanding his release) is declared to be arbitrary being in
          contravention of article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
          and article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights, to which the Republic of Albania is a party, and falling within
          category II of the principles applicable in the consideration of the
          cases submitted to the Working Group.
          9. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the above-mentioned four persons to be arbitrary, the Working
          Group requests the Government of Albania to take the necessary measures to
          remedy the situation in order to bring it into conformity with the provisions
          and principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
          the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          Adopted on 16 September 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 21/1996 (BAHRAIN)
          Communication addressed to the Government of the State of Bahrain
          on 20 February 1996.
          Concerning : Hassan Au Fadhel, Issa Saleh Issa and Ahmad Abdulla
          Fadhel, on the one hand and the State of Bahrain, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group takes note of the information forwarded by the
          Government concerned in respect of the cases in question within 90 days of the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made the Working Group welcomes the
          cooperation of the Government of the State of Bahrain. The Working Group
          transmitted the reply provided by the Government to the source and received
          its comments. The Working Group believes that it is in a position to take a
          decision on the facts and circumstances of the cases, in the context of the
          allegations made and the response of the Government thereto.
          S. According to the communication submitted by the source, a summary of
          which was forwarded to the Government, scores of minors, including Hassan Ali
          Fadhel and Issa Saleh Issa, both aged 12, and Ahmad Abdulla Fadhel, aged 13;
          all three pupils from Jedhafs, were reported to have been arrested in
          November 1995. The three above-mentioned were reportedly arrested on
          15 November. The source added that 200 pupils were arrested on
          28 November 1995 at Al-Jabria secondary school, following their protest of
          the death sentence allegedly pronounced against the 27-year-old prisoner
          Issa Qambar. It was further reported that the pupils were taken by the police
          in five buses to an unknown place. The source alleged that scores of
          citizens, including children between 12-16 years of age were arbitrarily
          detained during the month of November. The authorities have allegedly refused
          to reveal the names and the whereabouts of the detainees who were allegedly
          also denied access to their families.
          6. The Government in its reply dated 21 May 1996 categorically refuted the
          allegation by the source which it described as a “recognisable product of
          terrorist propaganda which should be viewed against the background of the
          continuing unrest in Bahrain and therefore treated with extreme caution”.
          7. As to the facts alleged, the Government says, in reference to the three
          children allegedly detained on 15 November 1995, that no one was detained
          arbitrarily. All the persons arrested in November 1995 following violent
          disturbances were either released or tried by tribunals in keeping with the
          law.
        
          
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          8. The Working Group regrets to note that the Government's reply does not
          make it possible to ascertain what persons were tried and who was released.
          No details are given as to the legal situation of those who were tried and the
          charges brought against them. Nor does the Government inform the Group about
          the sentences meted out to those convicted. Furthermore, the Government does
          not deny that among those arrested and detained there were children.
          9. The source in its observations to the Government's reply challenges the
          Government's affirmation that all those arrested in November 1995 in relation
          to the unrest were either tried or released. The source claims that it has
          documented many cases of people held for more than one year without being
          charged or tried, apparently under administrative detention. The Bahraini
          Information Minister admitted in February 1996, according to the source, that
          about 200 of those arrested in 1994-1995 were “still under interrogation”.
          The Decree Law of State Security Measures of October 1974 permitted
          administrative detention at the discretion of the Minister of Interior for
          renewable periods of three years. In addition, although the law allowed for a
          petition to the Attorney General challenging the detention every three months,
          lawyers have told the source that many of those arrested since November 1995
          were held without an official order and thus could be detained for months
          without any possibility of review.
          10. It appears from the facts as described above that the detention since
          15 November 1995 of the three aforementioned children is solely motivated by
          the fact that they protested against the death sentence pronounced against
          Issa Qambar. There is nothing to indicate that by doing so they had resorted
          or incited to violence. Their detention is therefore motivated by activities
          which they had exercised in their right to freedom of opinion and expression,
          as well as their right to freedom of peaceful assembly, rights which are
          guaranteed by articles 19 and 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
          11. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) The detention of Hassan Ali Fadhel, Issa Saleh Issa and
          Ahmad Abdulla Fadhel is declared to be arbitrary being in contravention of
          articles 19 and 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and falling
          within category II of the principles applicable in the consideration of the
          cases submitted to the Working Group.
          (b) To transmit the present decision to the Committee established by
          the United Nations to monitor the implementation of the Convention on the
          Rights of the Child, to which the State of Bahrain is a party.
          12. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the three above-mentioned children to be arbitrary, the Working
          Group requests the Government of the State of Bahrain to take the necessary
          steps to remedy the situation in order to bring it into conformity with the
          provisions and principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights.
          Adopted on 17 September 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 22/1996 (BAHRAIN)
          Communication addressed to the Government of the State of Bahrain
          on 20 February 1996.
          Concerning : Sadeq Abdulla Ebrahim, Jaf far Ahmad Yaquob, Abbas
          Jawad Sarhan, Abdul-Hamid J. Sarhan, Abbas Ali Saleh, Abbas Abdulla
          Sarhan, Habid Hussain Yousif, Au Abdulla Mattar, Issa A. Hassan Mattar,
          Majeb Ebrahim Radhi, and Abdulla Habid Mattar, on the one hand and the
          State of Bahrain, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group takes note of the information forwarded by the
          Government concerned in respect of the cases in question within 90 days of the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made the Working Group welcomes the
          cooperation of the Government of the State of Bahrain. The Working Group
          transmitted the reply provided by the Government to the source and received
          its comments. The Working Group believes that it is in a position to take a
          decision on the facts and circumstances of the cases, in the context of the
          allegations made and the response of the Government thereto.
          S. According to the communication submitted by the source, a summary of
          which was forwarded to the Government, the following students were reportedly
          arrested on 30 October 1995 in Maamir: Sadeq Abdulla Ebrahim, aged 14;
          Jaffar Ahmad Yaquob, aged 15; Abbas Jawad Sarhan, aged 15; Jamil A. Hassan
          Mattar, aged 15; Abdul-Hamid J. Sarhan, aged 15; Abbas Ali Saleh, aged 15;
          Abbas Abdulla Sarhan, aged 16; Habid Hussain Yousif, aged 17; Ali Abdulla
          Mattar, aged 18; and Issa A. Hassan Mattar, aged 21. Majeb Ebrahim Radhi,
          aged 23, a carpenter and Abdulla Habid Mattar, aged 27, a farmer, were also
          reported to have been arrested in Maamir on the same date. The arrest on
          30 October of the above-named persons was reportedly connected with a hunger
          strike staged in protest against the Government by a member of the dissolved
          Parliament and six former detainees. It has been reported that during the
          hunger strike, thousands of people had gathered to show their support to the
          strikers and that although no acts of violence were reported, many citizens,
          among them children, were allegedly detained.
          6. The Government in its reply dated 21 May 1996 categorically refuted the
          allegation by the source which it described as a “recognisable product of
          terrorist propaganda which should be viewed against the background of the
          continuing unrest in Bahrain and therefore treated with extreme caution”.
        
          
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          7. As to the facts alleged, the Government says, in reference to the
          children and the youths allegedly detained on 30 October 1995, that no one was
          detained arbitrarily. All the persons arrested in 1995 following violent
          disturbances were either released or tried by tribunals in keeping with the
          law.
          8. The Working Group regrets to note that the Government's reply does not
          make it possible to verify the names of persons who were reportedly tried or
          released. No details are given as to the number of persons in each category,
          the legal situation of those who were tried and the charges brought against
          them. Nor does the Government inform the Group about the sentences meted out
          to those convicted. Furthermore, the Government does not deny that among
          those arrested and detained there were children, as may be seen in the above
          list which includes a child aged 14 and five children aged 15.
          9. The source in its observations to the Government's reply challenges the
          Government's affirmation that all those arrested in November 1995 in relation
          to the unrest were either tried or released. The source claims that it has
          documented many cases of people held for more than one year without being
          charged or tried, apparently under administrative detention. The Bahraini
          Information Minister admitted in February 1996, according to the source, that
          about 200 of those arrested in 1994-95 were “still under interrogation”. The
          Decree Law of State Security Measures of October 1974 permitted administrative
          detention at the discretion of the Minister of Interior for renewable periods
          of three years. In addition, although the law allowed for a petition to the
          Attorney General challenging the detention every three months, lawyers have
          told the source that many of those arrested since November 1995 were held
          without an official order and thus could be detained for months without any
          possibility of review.
          10. It appears from the facts as described above that the detention
          since 30 October 1995 of the aforementioned eight children and four youths
          solely motivated by the fact that they protested in support of a hunger
          strike undertaken by a member of the dissolved Parliament and six former
          detainees. There is nothing to indicate that by doing so they had resorted or
          incited to violence. Their detention is therefore motivated by activities
          which they had exercised in their right to freedom of opinion and expression,
          as well as their right to freedom of peaceful assembly, rights which are
          guaranteed by articles 19 and 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights.
          11. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) The detention of Sadeq Abdulla Ebrahim, Jaffar Ahmad Yaquob,
          Abbas Jawad Sarhan, Abdul-Hamid J. Sarhan, Abbas Ali Saleh, Abbas Abdulla
          Sarhan, Habid Hussain Yousif, Ali Abdulla Mattar, Issa A. Hassan Mattar,
          Majeb Ebrahim Radhi, and Abdulla Habid Mattar is declared to be arbitrary
          being in contravention of articles 19 and 20 of the Universal Declaration of
          Human Rights and falling within category II of the principles applicable in
          the consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group.
        
          
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          (b) To transmit the present decision to the Committee established by
          the United Nations to monitor the implementation of the Convention on the
          Rights of the Child, to which the State of Bahrain is a party.
          12. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the above-mentioned children and youths to be arbitrary, the
          Working Group requests the Government of the State of Bahrain to take the
          necessary steps to remedy the situation in order to bring it into conformity
          with the provisions and principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration
          of Human Rights.
          Adopted on 17 September 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 23/1996 (BAHRAIN)
          Communication addressed to the Government of the State of Bahrain
          on 20 February 1996.
          Concerning : Shaikh Abd al-Amir Mansour al-Jamri, Shaikh Hassan
          Sultan, Shaikh Hussein el-Deihi, Shaikh Ali bin Ahmed al-Jeddhafsi,
          Shaikh Ali Ashour, Sayyed Ibrahim Adnan al-Alawi, Hassan Meshma'a,
          Salah Abdallah Ahmed al-Khawaja and Abdel Wahab Hussein, on the one hand
          and the State of Bahrain, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group takes note of the information forwarded by the
          Government concerned in respect of the cases in question within 90 days of the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made the Working Group welcomes the
          cooperation of the Government of the State of Bahrain. The Working Group
          transmitted the reply provided by the Government to the source and received
          its comments. The Working Group believes that it is in a position to take a
          decision on the facts and circumstances of the cases, in the context of the
          allegations made and the response of the Government thereto.
          S. According to the communication submitted by the source, a summary of
          which was forwarded to the Government, scores of people were arrested by
          security forces since the beginning of January 1996. The arrests were
          reportedly made in connection with peaceful demonstrations protesting
          the continued detention of some 500 persons arrested during unrests in
          December 1994 to April 1995, or following clashes with security forces in the
          wake of the bomb explosions which occurred in Manama during the first two
          weeks of January, and the closure of some mosques during the same month. The
          arrests were made between 21 and 22 January 1996. The majority of the
          detainees were said to be held incommunicado and to include prominent Muslim
          clerics such as Shaikh Abd al-Amir Mansour al-Jamri and Shaikh Hassan Sultan
          in addition to the following persons: Shaikh Hussein el-Deihi, Shaikh Ali bin
          Ahmed al-Jeddhafsi, Shaikh Ali Ashour, Sayyed Ibrahim Adnan al-Alawi,
          Hassan Meshma'a, Salah Abdallah Ahmed al-Khawaja and Abdel Wahab Hussein.
          6. The Government in its reply dated 21 May 1996 categorically refuted the
          allegation by the source which it described as a “recognisable product of
          terrorist propaganda which should be viewed against the background of the
          continuing unrest in Bahrain and therefore treated with extreme caution”.
          7. As to the facts alleged, the Government says, in reference to the
          persons arrested in January 1996 that no one was detained arbitrarily.
          “Many have been released and those still in custody are held strictly
          according to the law for their violence-related activities contrary to
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1997/4/Add.1
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          specific provisions of the 1976 Penal Code. Their trials or release will be
          determined by due process of law and in the meantime they are well treated,
          their conditions are humane and they are afforded all their rights of
          visitation, representation, welfare and medicare strictly according to the
          law”.
          8. The Working Group regrets to note that the Government's reply does not
          provide specific information on the list of persons who were allegedly
          detained. No details are given as to the legal situation of those who are
          still in custody and the charges brought against them. Nor does the
          Government inform the Group as to whether any of the persons figuring on the
          above list have been released.
          9. The source in its observations to the Government's reply indicates the
          following: “The first eight men mentioned above have been held in
          incommunicado detention since their arrest on 22 January 1996. Lawyers and
          relatives confirmed in July 1996 that they did not know where the men were
          being held, that they have been unable to visit or contact them. Neither
          lawyers nor families got any response from the Interior Ministry when they
          requested visitation permits and information on their whereabouts. This
          contradicts the Government's claim that the detainees are afforded visitation
          rights. The above-mentioned detainees' state of health also remains unknown,
          although there have been reports that a number of them were moved temporarily
          to the Military Hospital for unknown reasons . . . . In addition, the detainees
          have not been granted their right to challenge their detention, according to
          lawyers assigned by the men's families to follow their cases
          10. It appears from the facts as described above that the nine
          above-mentioned persons were arrested on 22 January 1996 and have since
          that date been detained without charge or trial. The failure to bring charges
          against them and put them on trial for such a long period constitutes a
          violation of the rights guaranteed by article 9 of the Universal Declaration
          of Human Rights and by principles 11, 12 and 38 of the Body of Principles for
          the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment.
          The non-observance of the above-mentioned provisions relating to the right to
          fair trial is such that it confers on the detention an arbitrary character.
          11. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          The detention of Shaikh Abd al-Amir Mansour al-Jamri, Shaikh Hassan
          Sultan, Shaikh Hussein el-Deihi, Shaikh Ali bin Ahmed al-Jeddhafsi,
          Shaikh Ali Ashour, Sayyed Ibrahim Adnan al-Alawi, Hassan Meshma'a,
          Salah Abdallah Ahmed al-Khawaja and Abdel Wahab Hussein is declared to be
          arbitrary being in contravention of article 9 of the Universal Declaration of
          Human Rights and falling within category III of the principles applicable in
          the consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group.
          12. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the above-mentioned persons to be arbitrary, the Working Group
          requests the Government of the State of Bahrain to take the necessary steps to
          remedy the situation in order to bring it into conformity with the provisions
          and principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
          Adopted on 17 September 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 24/1996 (ISRAEL)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Israel on
          20 February 1996.
          Concerning : Othman Irsan al-Qadi Abdul-Mahdi, on the one hand and
          the State of Israel, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the case in question.
          With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the transmittal of the
          letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but to proceed to
          render its decision in respect (of each of the cases) of alleged arbitrary
          detention brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of Israel. In the absence of any
          information from the Government, the Working Group believes that it is in a
          position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of the case,
          especially since the facts and allegations contained in the communication have
          not been challenged by the Government although it was given the opportunity to
          do so.
          5. In rendering its decision, the Working Group, in a spirit of cooperation
          and coordination, has also taken into account the report of the Special
          Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, Mr. H. Halinen, pursuant to
          Commission resolution 1993/2 A.
          6. The communication submitted by the source, a summary of which was
          forwarded to the Government, concerned Othman Irsan al-Qadi Abdul-Mahdi,
          aged 28, a Palestinian sociology student at Birzeit University.
          Mr. Abdul-Mahdi was reportedly arrested at his home in Beit Liqya, on
          12 March 1995, by Israeli soldiers and undercover agents. Following his
          arrest, Mr. Jthdul-Mahdi was issued a six-month administrative detention order
          for the period 28 February-30 August 1995. He was first detained at
          Ramallah prison, then transferred to al-Fara'a military detention centre
          and again transferred to the Ketsiot military detention centre in the Negev,
          in southern Israel. At the termination of the first six-month order
          in August 1995, a second six-month administrative detention order
          (7 September 1995-6 March 1996) was issued against Mr. Abdul-Mahdi,
          at which time he was transferred to the Meggido prison in Israel where he was
          held at the time the communication was received. He has not been charged with
          any offence. The source feared that the second administrative detention order
          could be once again renewed since the Military order legislation authorizes a
        
          
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          Military Commander to issue an order of administrative detention for a period
          of up to 12 months, and permits their renewal for indefinite lengths of time.
          Mr. Abdul-Mahdi was, at the time the communication was received, appealing
          against the second administrative detention order to an appeals committee
          consisting of a military judge who is a qualified lawyer, but according to the
          source, the relevant rules of evidence and procedure made it extremely
          difficult to effectively challenge orders of administrative detention.
          Furthermore, the appeals are always held in camera, the committee examines
          evidence in the absence of the detainee and his lawyer and it does not
          disclose the evidence to them if it is satisfied that such disclosure could
          endanger State security or public safety.
          7. It appears from the facts as described above that Othman Irsan al-Qadi
          Jthdul-Mahdi, irrespective of the nature and the motives of the accusations
          against him, has been denied his right to a fair trial, and in particular of
          the rights that any person deprived of his freedom must have, to be promptly
          informed of the reasons for his arrest and of any charges against him, to be
          brought promptly before a judge or other judicial authority, to take
          proceedings before a court so that the latter may decide on the lawfulness of
          his detention, and the right to be tried within a reasonable time or be
          released. These rights are guaranteed by articles 10 and 11.1 of the
          Universal Declaration of Human Rights and by articles 9.2, 9.3, 9.4 and
          14.3 (a), (c) and (d) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights to which Israel is a party. As regards administrative detention, it
          appears that the authority given to the Executive power, by law, to place a
          person in an administrative detention for a six-month period which may be
          renewed indefinitely, constitutes in itself an abuse of power conferring on
          the detention an arbitrary character. The possibility given to the detained
          person to appeal against this measure cannot attenuate its arbitrary
          character, since the appeals are heard by a military judge sitting in camera,
          who examines evidence in the absence of the detainee or his lawyer. This
          constitutes a violation of the right to a fair trial of such gravity that it
          confers on the detention, once again, an arbitrary character.
          8. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          The detention of Othman Irsan al-Qadi Jthdul-Mahdi is declared to
          be arbitrary being in contravention of articles 10 and 11.1 of the
          Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articles 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
          and 14.3 (a), (c) and (d) of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights to which the State of Israel is a party and falling
          within category III of the principles applicable in the consideration of
          the cases submitted to the Working Group.
          9. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of Othman Irsan al-Qadi Abdul-Mahdi to be arbitrary, the Working
          Group requests the Government of Israel to take the necessary steps to remedy
          the situation in order to bring it into conformity with the provisions and
          principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in
          the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          Adopted on 17 September 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 25/1996 (REPUBLIC OF KOREA)
          Communication addressed to the Government of the Republic of Korea
          on 5 March 1996.
          Concerning : Kwon Young-Kil and Yang Kyu-hun, on the one hand and
          the Republic of Korea, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the cases in question within 90 days of
          the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made the Working Group welcomes the
          cooperation of the Government of the Republic of Korea. The Working Group
          transmitted the reply provided by the Government to the source and received
          its comments. The Working Group believes that it is in a position to take a
          decision on the facts and circumstances of the cases, in the context of the
          allegations made, the response of the Government thereto and the comments by
          the source.
          5. The communication submitted by the source, a summary of which was
          forwarded to the Government, concerned the following persons:
          (a) Kwon Young-kil, President of Minju Nochong (Korean Federation of
          Trade Unions, KCTU) , who was reportedly arrested on 23 November 1995 and was
          allegedly charged on 16 December of the same year with “third party
          intervention” in labour disputes. These charges reportedly related to the
          contents of speeches he made at a series of rallies in May and June 1994 in
          which he advised workers about industrial action, expressed support for
          workers and criticized government policy. It was reported that the
          prohibition on “third party intervention” is contained in article 13-2 of the
          Labour Dispute Mediation Act which prohibits a “third person”, that is anyone
          who has no immediate connection with a workplace where a dispute is taking
          place, from intervening in the dispute. The authorities allegedly regard as
          “third party intervention”, advice given to trade union members on their
          rights, and the conduct of industrial disputes. Three additional minor
          charges were reportedly brought against Kwon Young-kil in regard to two
          demonstrations organized by the KCTU in November 1994. These charges included
          interference with traffic flow, raising funds for the KCTU without government
          permission and his connection with the violence which erupted during both
          rallies. The source argued that there was no evidence that Kwon Young-kil had
          used or advocated violence.
        
          
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          (b) Yang Kyu-hun, Vice-President of the KCTU, was reportedly arrested
          on 1 February 1996 after having been in hiding since June 1994, when warrants
          were issued for his arrest and that of Kwon Young-kil on charges of “third
          party intervention” in labour disputes. It was alleged that under the
          Republic of Korea's legislation, Yang Kyu-hun may be questioned by police and
          prosecution authorities for up to 30 days.
          (c) The source further noted that in March 1993, the International
          Labour Organization (ILO) Committee on Freedom of Association had called on
          the Republic of Korea to lift the ban on “third party intervention”, and that
          in July 1995, the United Nations Human Rights Committee had found that a
          trade-unionist, named Sohn Jong-kyu, sentenced to 18 months of imprisonment
          for “third party intervention” in a labour dispute, had been convicted for
          exercising his right to freedom of expression.
          6. In its reply dated 30 May 1996, the Government provides a detailed
          account of the pertinent legislation in force and the circumstances in which
          the law was allegedly violated by the two trade-unionists concerned. It also
          informs the Working Group of the release, on 13 March 1996, of Kwon Young-kil.
          As regards the legal basis for detention the Government mentions the following
          charges:
          (a) An unauthorized third party intervention in illegal acts of
          dispute, under articles 12 and 13 of the Labour Dispute Adjustment Act.
          Article 12 prohibits acts of dispute by public servants. Messrs. Kwon and
          Yang violated this article by instigating railway workers, who were public
          servants, to go on illegal strikes in June 1994. They also violated article
          13 of the same act, which prohibits unauthorized intervention by a third party
          in acts of dispute, twice in June 1994. Mr. Yang instigated workers of two
          companies to go on illegal strikes on four occasions in June and July 1994.
          (b) An obstruction of general traffic flow, by marching with
          10,000 workers and students and participating in sit-ins, on 12 November 1995,
          thus violating article 185 of the Criminal Law.
          (c) Intrusion into private premises during marches in
          Kyunghee University campus on 12 November 1994 and in Yonsei University
          campus on 11 November 1995, in violation of article 319, paragraph 1, of the
          Criminal Law.
          (d) An illegal collection of contributions, carried out by Mr. Kwon in
          October 1995 in violation of article 3 of the Law on Prohibiting Collection of
          Contribution in Cash or in Kind.
          7. The Government explains the prohibition of third party intervention and
          in what situations such an intervention is admissible. Following the
          recommendations made by the ILO Governing Body and the United Nations Human
          Rights Committee the Government is currently engaged in a process of
          revision of the labour laws prevailing in the country, in the spirit of
          “democratization through changes and reforms” pursued by the Government since
          its inauguration in 1993. Under the “Presidential Vision for New Industrial
          Relations” announced by President Kim Young-Sam on 24 April 1996 a
        
          
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          Presidential Commission (PCIR) was established on 9 May 1996, composed of
          30 members including representatives of the KCTU, of which Messrs. Kwon and
          Yang are President and Vice-President, respectively. The Government will
          initiate the revision of current labour laws on the basis of the PCIR report.
          In conclusion, the Government states that Messrs. Kwon and Yang's involvement
          in acts of dispute described above went considerably beyond simple advice
          given to trade union members on their rights, since they instigated violent
          acts of dispute in violation of the Criminal law and the relevant labour laws,
          which resulted in a serious threat to the public order. The Government adds
          that, as stipulated by article 19.3 of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights, the right to freedom of expression can be restricted by law
          for respect of rights or reputations of others and for protection of public
          order.
          8. The source, in its observations, confirmed the release of Mr. Kwon
          on 13 March 1996.
          9. It appears from the facts as described above that the detention of
          Mr. Yang Kyu-Hun is solely motivated by activities he carried out in the free
          exercise of his rights to freedom of opinion and expression and to freedom of
          peaceful assembly and association, guaranteed by articles 19 and 20,
          respectively, of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and by
          articles 19, 21 and 22, respectively, of the International Covenant on Civil
          and Political Rights to which the Republic of Korea is a Party. In view of
          the restrictions provided by the Korean law, under which the exercise of these
          rights is limited by the prohibition of a third party intervention in a labour
          dispute, it remains to be seen whether the activities carried out by Mr. Yang
          could have harmed the rights and reputations of others or could have harmed
          public order - which the Government claims they did. The Working Group
          acknowledges that Mr. Yang's interventions in the labour disputes and the
          organizing of workers' demonstrations could indeed have provoked traffic
          disruptions and intruded into private premises. But the harm caused to public
          order and to the rights of others by Mr. Yang's acts is, in the Working
          Group's opinion, insignificant, or in any case too small to justify the
          restriction of the aforementioned fundamental rights. Likewise, the Working
          Group deems there is nothing in Mr. Yang's acts which can be seen as harmful
          to the reputations of others. The Working Group believes that the activities
          carried out by Mr. Yang were not of a nature to justify the Government's
          resorting to the admissible restrictions, as laid down by the Korean law,
          which are necessary for the respect of rights or reputations of others, or for
          the protection of public order.
          10. The Labour Dispute Adjustment Act currently applied in the Republic of
          Korea is not in conformity with the provisions of the International Covenant
          on Civil and Political Rights and confers on the detention of persons held for
          having violated it an arbitrary character.
          11. The Working Group notes with satisfaction the release of Kwon Young-kil,
          on the one hand, and the preparations under way in the Republic of Korea for a
          new labour law, on the other. It is hoped that this new legislation would
          fully guarantee the right to freedom of association, in conformity with the
          aforementioned provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
        
          
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          12. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) The case of Kwon Young-kil is filed, without prejudging the nature
          of his detention, in terms of paragraph 14.1 (a) of the Working Group's
          revised methods of work which provide that “If the person has been released,
          for whatever reason, since the Working Group took up the case, it shall decide
          in principle to file the case”.
          (b) The detention of Yang Kyu-hun is declared to be arbitrary being in
          contravention of articles 19 and 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights and articles 19, 21 and 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights to which the Republic of Korea is a Party, and falling within
          category II of the principles applicable in the consideration of the cases
          submitted to the Working Group.
          13. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of Yang Kyu-hun to be arbitrary, the Working Group requests the
          Government of the Republic of Korea to take the necessary steps to remedy the
          situation in order to bring it into conformity with the provisions and
          principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in
          the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          Adopted on 17 September 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 26/1996 (VENEZUELA)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Venezuela
          on 20 February 1996.
          Concerning : Carlos Jose Gonzalez, Osmmn Jose Colina HernIndez,
          Guillermo Tamayo Rivas, Juan José Villamizar, Luis Gerônimo ValIsquez
          and José Vargas Perez, on the one hand, and the Republic of Venezuela,
          on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the cases in question within 90 days of
          the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. The Working Group further notes that the Government concerned has
          informed the Group and the source has confirmed, that the above-mentioned
          persons are no longer in detention.
          4. In the context of the information received and having examined the
          available information, the Working Group, without prejudging the nature of the
          detention, decides to file the cases of Carlos José Gonzalez, Osmán José
          Colina Hernández, Guillermo Tamayo Rivas, Juan José Villamizar, Luis Gerônimo
          Velasquez and José Vargas Perez under the terms of paragraph 14.1 (a) of its
          methods of work.
          Adopted on 17 September 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 27/1996 (TURKEY)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Turkey on
          20 February 1996.
          Concerning : Ibrahim Sahin, on the one hand and the Republic of
          Turkey, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it, and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the case in question within 90 days of
          the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. The Working Group further notes that the Government concerned has
          informed the Group, which fact has been confirmed by the source, that the
          above-mentioned person is no longer in detention, since he has been
          provisionally released on 17 November 1995.
          4. Having examined the available information and without prejudging the
          nature of the detention, the Working Group decides to file the case of
          Ibrahim Sahin in terms of paragraph 14.1 (a) of its revised methods of work.
          Nevertheless, the case will be re-opened should the Working Group be informed
          that Mr. Sahin has again been placed under detention.
          Adopted on 17 September 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 28/1996 (TURKEY)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Turkey on
          20 February 1996.
          Concerning : Ibrahim Aksoy, on the one hand and the Republic of
          Turkey, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the case in question within 90 days of
          the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made the Working Group welcomes the
          cooperation of the Government of Turkey. The Working Group transmitted the
          reply provided by the Government to the source and received its comments. The
          Working Group believes that it is in a position to take a decision on the
          facts and circumstances of the case, in the context of the allegations made
          and the response of the Government thereto.
          S. According to the communication submitted by the source, a summary of
          which was forwarded to the Government, Ibrahim Aksoy was arrested on
          14 October 1995 at Ankara airport, and is under detention in Ankara Central
          Prison. Aksoy is a former deputy and chairman of the Party for Democracy and
          Renewal. He was charged with having disseminated propaganda against the
          indivisibility of the State in a speech made in May 1991 at the party congress
          of the Popular Workers' Party (HEP) in Konya, a charge which was denied by the
          accused during his trial. For this he was given a cumulative prison sentence
          of four years and eight months, following his conviction by the District Court
          in Konya on 9 March 1994 and subsequently by the State Security Court in
          Istanbul. A later communication reports that that sentence was confirmed in
          May 1995 by the High Court of Appeals.
          6. The Government's reply confirms that Aksoy was convicted of
          disseminating separatist propaganda in a speech delivered on 18 May 1991
          in his capacity as HEP deputy at the Party conference in Konya. It adds that
          he was sentenced by the Konya State Security Court on 15 November 1994 to a
          prison term of one year and eight months and to a fine, a sentence confirmed
          on 21 March 1995. That sentence was commuted to one of 10 months'
          imprisonment and a fine on 17 November 1995, following an amendment to the
          Jthti-Terrorist Act.
          7. The Government further states that Aksoy was referred to the Istanbul
          State Security Court in 1994, charged with disseminating propaganda designed
          to destroy the indivisibility of the State, an offence for which he was
        
          
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          sentenced by the Fourth State Security Court on 12 June 1995. On
          1 December 1995, by virtue of an amendment to the Jthti-Terrorist Act, Aksoy
          received a sentence of one year and four months' imprisonment and a fine.
          8. According to the source, the two sentences handed down by two
          different courts would appear to be based on the same grounds: the speech
          given on 18 May 1991 at the congress of a political party of which the accused
          is leader. The Government's reply implicitly accepts these grounds, although
          it mentions very specifically the grounds for the first conviction - the
          speech referred to - and does not indicate any particular grounds for the
          second one.
          9. Under these circumstances, it has to be recognized that the detention is
          arbitrary because it is in violation of the general principle of criminal and
          procedural law non bis in ideni under category III of the principles approved
          by the Group for the consideration of cases; it involves such a serious breach
          of the norms governing due process of law as to make the detention arbitrary.
          10. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          The detention of Ibrahim Aksoy is declared to be arbitrary being
          in contravention of articles 9 and 11 of the Universal Declaration of
          Human Rights and falling within category III of the principles
          applicable in the consideration of the cases submitted to the Working
          Group.
          11. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of Ibrahim Aksoy to be arbitrary, the Working Group requests the
          Government of Turkey to take the necessary steps to remedy the situation in
          order to bring it into conformity with the provisions and principles
          incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
          Adopted on 17 September 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 29/1996 (SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC)
          Communication addressed to the Government of the Syrian Arab
          Republic on 22 February 1996.
          Concerning : Usama Ashur al-Askari, al-Hareth al-Nabham,
          Safwam Akkash, Taysir Hasun, Adib al-Jani, Ratib ShaThu,
          Hussain al-Subayrani, Azia Tassi, Bakri Fahmi Sidqi, Bassam Bedour
          and Ammar Rizq, on the one hand and the Syrian Arab Republic, on the
          other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the cases in
          question. With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but
          to proceed to render its decision in respect of each of the cases of alleged
          arbitrary detention brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic. In
          the absence of any information from the Government, the Working Group believes
          that it is in a position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of
          the cases, especially since the facts and allegations contained in the
          communication have not been challenged by the Government.
          5. The Working Group considers that:
          (a) Usama Ashur al-Askari, al-Hareth al-Nabham, Safwam Akkash,
          Taysir Hasun, Adib al-Jani, Ratib Sha'bu, Hussain al-Subayrani, Azia Tassi,
          Bakri Fahmi Sidqi, Bassam Bedour and Ammar Rizq were reportedly arrested on
          various dates between 1982 and 1990, on the sole charge of belonging to the
          Hizb-'al-Amal al Shuyu'i, the Party for Communist Action. The persons
          referred to were not brought to trial until 1994, when they were sentenced by
          the Supreme State Security Court to prison terms ranging from 8 to 15 years.
          (b) The Working Group deplores the Government's lack of cooperation,
          which makes it impossible for it to know what the latter's position is in
          respect of these cases. Moreover, the information provided by the source
          is clearly inadequate, so much so that no indication is given of each
          individual's date of arrest, what sentence was passed in each case, or why the
          detainees have not benefited from the 1995 amnesty. Most serious of all,
          neither the source nor the Government states whether or not the time that has
          elapsed between the day of arrest and the day of sentencing will be taken into
          account in the sentences handed down.
        
          
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          (c) Notwithstanding these shortcomings, the Working Group decides that
          the detention is to be declared arbitrary under category II above, in that the
          reason for the charge is the legitimate exercise of the right to freedom of
          opinion, expression and association enshrined in articles 19 and 20 of the
          Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in articles 19 and 22 of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          6. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          The detention of Usama Ashur al-Askari, al-Hareth al-Nabham,
          Safwam Akkash, Taysir Hasun, Adib al-Jani, Ratib Sha'bu,
          Hussain al-Subayrani, Azia Tassi, Bakri Fahmi Sidqi, Bassam Bedour
          and Ammar Rizq, is declared to be arbitrary being in contravention of
          articles 19 and 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and
          articles 19 and 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights to which the Syrian Arab Republic is a party and falling within
          category II of the principles applicable in the consideration of the
          cases submitted to the Working Group.
          7. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the above-mentioned persons to be arbitrary, the Working Group
          requests the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic to take the necessary
          steps to remedy the situation in order to bring it into conformity with the
          provisions and principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights and in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          Approved on 17 September 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 30/1996 (SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC)
          Communication addressed to the Government of the Syrian Arab
          Republic on 22 February 1996.
          Concerning : Mazim Shamsin and Firas Yunis, on the one hand and
          the Syrian Arab Republic, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the cases in
          question. With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but
          to proceed to render its decision in respect of each of the cases of alleged
          arbitrary detention brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic. In
          the absence of any information from the Government, the Working Group believes
          that it is in a position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of
          the cases, especially since the facts and allegations contained in the
          communication have not been challenged by the Government.
          5. The Working Group considers that:
          (a) Mazim Shamsin and Firas Yunis were reportedly arrested in 1990
          and 1981 respectively, on the sole charge of belonging to the Hizb-'al-Amal
          al Shuyu'i, the Party for Communist Action. The trial of these detainees
          began only in 1992. In 1994 they were sentenced to prison terms of 15 years.
          (b) The Working Group deplores the lack of cooperation on the part of
          the Government, which makes it impossible for it to know what the latter's
          position is in respect of this case. Moreover, the information provided by
          the source is clearly inadequate, so much so that no indication is given as to
          whether or not the time that has elapsed between the day of arrest and the day
          of sentencing will be taken into account in the sentence handed down.
          (c) Notwithstanding these shortcomings, the Working Group decides that
          the detention is to be declared arbitrary under category II above, in that the
          reason for the charge is the legitimate exercise of the right to freedom of
          opinion, expression and association enshrined in articles 19 and 20 of the
          Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in articles 19 and 22 of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Moreover, in the case
          of Firas Yunis, the detention is also arbitrary under category III, in that he
          was not brought before the court - which ought to have tried him without
        
          
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          delay, as required by articles 9, 10 and 11 of the Universal Declaration of
          Human Rights and articles 9 and 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights - until after he had been in prison for 11 years.
          6. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) The detention of Mazim Shamsin is declared to be arbitrary being
          in contravention of articles 19 and 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights, and articles 19 and 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights to which the Syrian Arab Republic is a party and falling
          within category II of the principles applicable in the consideration of the
          cases submitted to the Working Group.
          (b) The detention of Firas lunis is declared to be arbitrary being in
          contravention of articles 9, 10, 11, 19 and 20 of the Universal Declaration of
          Human Rights, and articles 9, 14, 19 and 22 of the International Covenant on
          Civil and Political Rights to which the Syrian Arab Republic is a party and
          falling within categories II and III of the principles applicable in the
          consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group.
          7. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the above-mentioned persons to be arbitrary, the Working Group
          requests the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic to take the necessary
          steps to remedy the situation in order to bring it into conformity with the
          provisions and principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights and in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          Approved on 17 September 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 31/1996 (SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC)
          Communication addressed to the Government of the Syrian Arab
          Republic on 22 February 1996.
          Concerning : Mustafa al-Hussain, Umar al-Kayak, Muhammad Kheir
          Khalaf, Abd al-Karim Issa, Abdalla Qabbara, Hikmat Mirjaneh, Yasin
          al-Haj Salih and Yusha al-Khatib, on the one hand and the Syrian Arab
          Republic, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the cases in
          question. With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but
          to proceed to render its decision in respect of each of the cases of alleged
          arbitrary detention brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic. In
          the absence of any information from the Government, the Working Group believes
          that it is in a position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of
          the cases, especially since the facts and allegations contained in the
          communication have not been challenged by the Government.
          S. The Working Group considers that:
          (a) Mustafa al-Hussain, Umar al-Kayak, Muhammad Kheir Khalaf,
          Abd al-Karim Issa, Abdalla Qabbara, Hikmat Mirjaneh, Yasin al-Haj Salih and
          Yusha al-Khatib were reportedly arrested on various dates between 1980
          and 1990, on the sole charge of belonging to the asl-Hizb al Shuyu'i al Maktab
          al Siyassi, the Communist Party Political Bureau. Over 100 people were
          involved in the arrests, all of whom - with the exception of the persons
          referred to - were released as a result of various amnesties. The
          aforementioned detainees, on the other hand, did not come to trial until 1992.
          In 1994 they were sentenced by the Supreme State Security Court to terms of
          imprisonment ranging from 12 to 15 years, and they have not benefited from
          the 1995 amnesty.
          (b) The Working Group deplores the Government's lack of cooperation,
          which makes it impossible to know what the latter's position is in respect of
          these cases. Moreover, the information provided by the source is clearly
          inadequate, so much so that no indication is given of each individual's date
          of arrest, what sentence was passed in each case, or why none of them have
          benefited from the 1995 amnesty. Most serious of all, neither the source nor
        
          
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          the Government states whether or not the time that has elapsed between the
          day of arrest and the day of sentencing will be taken into account in the
          sentences handed down.
          (c) Notwithstanding these shortcomings, the Working Group decides that
          the detention is to be declared arbitrary under categories II and III above.
          First, because the reason for the charge is the legitimate exercise of the
          right to freedom of opinion, expression and association enshrined in
          articles 19 and 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in
          articles 19 and 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights. Secondly, because the detainees were not brought before the trial
          court without delay, as required under articles 9, 10 and 11 of the Universal
          Declaration of Human Rights, and articles 9 (3) and 14 of the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          6. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          The detention of Mustafa al-Hussain, Umar al-Kayak, Muhammad
          Kheir Khalaf, Abd al-Karim Issa, Abdalla Qabbara, Hikmat Mirjaneh,
          Yasin al-Haj Salih, and Yushaal Khatib is declared to be arbitrary
          being in contravention of articles 9, 10, 11, 19 and 20 of the Universal
          Declaration of Human Rights, and articles 9.3, 14, 19 and 22 of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to which the
          Syrian Arab Republic is a party and falling within categories II and III
          of the principles applicable in the consideration of the cases submitted
          to the Working Group.
          7. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of the above-mentioned persons to be arbitrary, the Working Group
          requests the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic to take the necessary
          steps to remedy the situation in order to bring it into conformity with the
          provisions and principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights and in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          Adopted on 17 September 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 32/1996 (COLOMBIA)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Colombia on
          20 February 1996.
          Concerning : Gildardo Arias Valencia (or Carlos Enrique Guzmmn)
          on the one hand, and the Republic of Colombia, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with concern that till date no information has
          been forwarded by the Government concerned in respect of the case in question.
          With the expiration of more than ninety (90) days of the transmittal of the
          letter by the Working Group, it is left with no option but to proceed to
          render its decision in respect of the case of alleged arbitrary detention
          brought to its knowledge.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group would have
          welcomed the cooperation of the Government of Colombia. In the absence of any
          information from the Government, the Working Group believes that it is in a
          position to take a decision on the facts and circumstances of the case,
          especially since the facts and allegations contained in the communication have
          not been challenged by the Government.
          S. The Working Group considers that:
          (a) According to the communication, Gildardo Arias Valencia - also
          known as Carlos Enrique Guzmmn since a previous detention in 1975 on the
          charge of belonging to the Ejército Popular de Liberaciôn (EPL) - was detained
          on 7 June 1994 in the town of Ibagué, in Tolima, by officers of the Sixth Army
          Brigade and the Administrative Department for Security (DAS), under an arrest
          warrant dated 14 July 1993 and issued by the Office of the Regional Prosecutor
          attached to the Twentieth Brigade. He was charged with rebellion and false
          impersonation, and is being tried in case No. JR 2988 before the Regional
          Court, composed of faceless or unidentified judges.
          (b) The communication sets forth a number of complaints about the
          procedure applied to Arias Valencia, the following being taken as of
          particular importance for an appreciation of the arbitrary character of the
          detention:
          (i) Under article 415 of the Code of Penal Procedure, if pre-trial
          proceedings have not been completed and formal charges prepared
          within 240 days of the deprivation of liberty, the detainee is
          entitled to release on bail. This deadline expired on
          2 February 1995, but the detainee's release was not ordered.
        
          
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          (ii) Defence counsel protested against this omission and requested
          bail; the application should have been dealt with by the Regional
          Prosecutor within three days, but had not been processed by the
          statutory deadline.
          (iii) Negligence on the part of the Prosecutor was claimed in a
          habeas corpus petition lodged on 7 February with the 27th Circuit
          judge, who dismissed the action on the ground that the period of
          three days for the Prosecutor to decide on the application for
          release begins from the time the case file reaches his office, and
          not from the time of submission of the application.
          (iv) On 8 February the Prosecutor agreed to the detainee's release on
          high bail, which was paid on 10 February. Despite the release
          having been ordered and the bail paid, the court failed to issue
          the release warrant, making it necessary for the defence to lodge
          a second application for habeas corpus on account of the unlawful
          prolongation of the detention. The officiating judge granted the
          application for habeas corpus and ordered the immediate
          enforcement of the release warrant.
          (v) However, the prison authorities failed to comply with the court
          order. On the following day, 11 February, the Prosecutor
          hurriedly concluded the pre-trial steps, laid charges and revoked
          the release order. A complaint was lodged concerning a further
          irregularity: when the changes were laid, written submissions by
          the defence were not annexed to the file.
          (vi) On 13 February the prison authorities informed the prisoner of the
          warrant for his release, and of the Prosecutor's order revoking
          it.
          (c) The Government of Colombia neither challenged the facts alleged
          nor extended its cooperation to the Working Group within the 90-day deadline.
          Accordingly, the Working Group will take its decision solely on the merits of
          the information provided by the source and the accompanying documents.
          (d) In the view of the Working Group, the allegations contained in the
          communication, which have not been challenged, constitute serious violations
          of the provisions relating to due process of law which are of such gravity as
          to confer on the deprivation of liberty an arbitrary character, being in
          contravention both of the internal provisions of Colombian law and of the
          provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          Regarding the former, the requirement of article 415 of the Code of Penal
          Procedure that a detainee shall be released on bail if the pre-trial steps
          have not been completed within 240 days of his detention was not complied
          with. Moreover, Colombian legislation incorporates the principle of the
          separation of powers, and it is unlawful for the administrative or prison
          authorities to contest or fail to comply with court orders. There was also a
          violation of the rule in article 9.3 of the International Covenant on Civil
          and Political Rights embodying the right of anyone facing criminal charges to
          release, which may be subject to guarantees to appear for trial. The judge
        
          
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          set what he considered to be an appropriate, albeit rather large, amount of
          bail and it was unlawful for the Prosecutor not to give effect to the release
          order issued by him.
          6. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          The detention of Gildardo Arias Valencia is declared to be
          arbitrary being in contravention of articles 9, 10 and 11 of the
          Universal Declaration of Human Rights and of articles 9 and 14 of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which Colombia
          is a party, and falling within category III of the principles applicable
          in the consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group.
          7. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of Gildardo Arias Valencia to be arbitrary, the Working Group
          requests the Government of Colombia to take the necessary steps to remedy the
          situation in order to bring it into conformity with the provisions and
          principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. This is without
          prejudice to the execution of any sentence passed at the trial, once it
          becomes enforceable.
          Adopted on 17 September 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 33/1996 (PERU)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Peru on
          20 February 1996.
          Concerning : César Augusto Sosa Silupü, on the one hand, and the
          Republic of Peru, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the case in question within 90 days of
          the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group welcomes the
          cooperation of the Government of Peru. In the context of the information
          available to it, the Working Group believes that it is in a position to take a
          decision on the facts and circumstances of the case.
          S. The Working Group considers that:
          (a) According to the communication, César Augusto Sosa Silupü was
          detained on 16 November 1995 by members of the police at Piura National
          University, his place of work. He had already been detained between
          August 1992 and July 1993 on charges of terrorism, of which he was acquitted.
          However, on 6 June 1995 the Supreme Court quashed the judgement acquitting him
          and ordered a new trial, which is under way. The detainee denies any links
          with Sendero Luminoso.
          (b) The Government of Peru merely states that the judgement of
          acquittal was quashed on 6 June 1994.
          (c) Since, as may be noted, neither the complainant nor the Government
          provides any information whatsoever about the acts for which the person in
          question has been tried, it is impossible for the Working Group to reach a
          decision as to whether or not the detention is arbitrary.
          (d) The Working Group has received numerous communications alleging
          inconsistencies within Act No. 25,475, in respect of which it will make a
          determination after it visits Peru, as it has already been invited to do by
          the Government.
          6. In the light of the above, the Working Group decides to keep the case
          pending until it receives fuller and more up-to-date information, under the
          terms of paragraph 14.1 (c) of its methods of work.
          Adopted on 17 September 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 34/1996 (PERU)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Peru on
          20 February 1996.
          Concerning : Margarita M. Chuquiure Silva, on the one hand, and
          the Republic of Peru, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the case in question within 90 days of
          the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group welcomes the
          cooperation of the Government of Peru. In the context of the information
          available to it, the Working Group believes that it is in a position to take a
          decision on the facts and circumstances of the case.
          5. The Working Group considers that:
          (a) According to the communication, Margarita M. Chuquiure Silva, a
          lawyer, was detained on 28 February 1994 as she left her office, where she had
          gone on business. She was accused by a detainee who had benefited from the
          repentance law of having links with Sendero Luminoso.
          (b) The Government states that a decision by the Supreme Court is
          pending with regard to the 20-year prison sentence handed down against the
          lawyer for the crime of terrorism.
          (c) Since, as may be noted, neither the complainant nor the Government
          provides any information whatsoever about the acts for which the detainee has
          allegedly been convicted, it is impossible for the Working Group to reach a
          decision as to whether or not the detention is arbitrary.
          (d) Regarding the alleged procedural irregularities, the same
          complaint has been made to the Special Rapporteur on the independence of
          judges and lawyers.
          (e) The Working Group has received numerous communications alleging
          inconsistencies within Act No. 25,475, in respect of which it will make a
          determination after it visits Peru, as it has already been invited to do by
          the Government.
          6. In the light of the above, the Working Group decides to keep the case
          pending until it receives fuller and more up-to-date information, under the
          terms of paragraph 14.1 (c) of its methods of work.
          Adopted on 17 September 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 35/1996 (PERU)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Peru on 4 May 1994.
          Concerning : Mercedes Milagros Nüflez Chipana, on the one hand,
          and the Republic of Peru, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the revised
          methods of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with
          discretion, objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government
          concerned the above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be
          admissible, in respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have
          occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes the information forwarded by the Government
          concerned in respect of the case in question more than two years after the
          transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. The Working Group also notes that the Government concerned has informed
          the Group that the above-mentioned person is no longer in detention.
          4. In the context of the information received and having examined the
          available information, the Working Group, without prejudging the nature of the
          detention, decides to file the case of Mercedes Milagros Nüflez Chipana, under
          the terms of paragraph 14.1 (a) of its methods of work.
          Adopted on 17 September 1996.
        
          
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          DECISION No. 36/1996 (INDONESIA)
          Communication addressed to the Government of Indonesia on
          5 February 1995.
          Concerning : Francisco Miranda Branco, Isaac Soares,
          Miguel de Deus, Pantaleäo Amaral, Rosalino dos Santos, Pedro Fatima
          Tilman, Marcus de Araujo, Anibal, Nuno de Andrade Sarmento Corvelho,
          Octaviano, Rui Fernandez, Jose Antonio Neves and Munir, on the one
          hand, and the Republic of Indonesia, on the other.
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in accordance with the methods
          of work adopted by it and in order to carry out its task with discretion,
          objectivity and independence, forwarded to the Government concerned the
          above-mentioned communication received by it and found to be admissible, in
          respect of allegations of arbitrary detention reported to have occurred.
          2. The Working Group notes with appreciation the information forwarded by
          the Government concerned in respect of the cases in question within 90 days of
          the transmittal of the letter by the Working Group.
          3. (Same text as para. 3 of Decision No. 35/1995.)
          4. The Working Group welcomes the cooperation of the Government of
          Indonesia which forwarded its responses of 18 and 25 April 1995 to the
          allegations made concerning the above-mentioned persons. The Working Group
          transmitted the replies provided by the Government to the source but, to date,
          the latter has not provided the Working Group with its comments. The Working
          Group believes that it is in a position to take a decision on the facts and
          circumstances of the cases, in the context of the allegations made and the
          response of the Government thereto.
          5. According to the communication submitted by the source, a summary of
          which was forwarded to the Government, the persons concerned may be divided
          into five groups: (a) Miranda Branco; (b) Isaac Soares, Miguel de Deus,
          Pantaleäo Amaral, Rosalino dos Santos, Pedro Fatima Tilman, Marcus de Araujo
          and Nuno de Aridrade Sarmento Corvelho; (c) Jose Antonio Neves; (d) Munir and
          (e) Anibal, Octaviano and Rui Fernandez.
          6. Francisco Miranda Branco, born in 1952, was allegedly arrested
          on 6 December 1991 in Dili, East Timor by Indonesian security forces.
          Initially held in Comarca prison in Dili, he was on 11-12 June 1994
          allegedly transferred to Semerang prison in Central Java. Pursuant to a
          trial Miranda Branco was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment under the
          “Anti-Subversion Law” for allegedly being one of the organizers of a
          demonstration against the “Indonesian occupation of East Timor and for
          unjustly accusing Indonesia of violating human rights in East Timor”
          According to the source although Miranda Branco was a witness to the
          Santa Cruz incidents in Dili in November 1991 he neither helped organize nor
          participated in the above-mentioned demonstration. The Government, on the
          other hand, states that Branco was in fact the Secretary of the executive
          committee as well as the head of documentation and analysis of the
          “clandestine” branch of the anti-integration campaign. The Government further
        
          
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          alleges that Branco was one of the active organizers of the violent
          demonstration causing the incidents of 1991. Branco is further alleged to
          have played a leading role in organizing secret meetings to initiate
          strategies and plans leading to the disruption of law and order. The
          Government's position is that Branco was tried by independent and impartial
          courts and his activities having been substantially proven, resulting in
          compromising the territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia, the
          Dili Court of First Instance on 22 June 1992 sentenced him to 15 years'
          imprisonment. The Appellate Court, allegedly, affirmed the decision of the
          Trial Court. In 1994 Miranda Branco was granted a two-month remission on his
          sentence. On these grounds the Government challenges the allegations of
          arbitrary detention made by the source.
          7. Isaac Soares, Miguel de Deus, Pantaleäo Amaral and Rosalino dos Santos
          were reportedly sentenced to 20 months' imprisonment and Pedro Fatima Tilman
          to two years' imprisonment. Soares, de Deus and Amaral were allegedly tried
          at the Dili District Court and convicted of “expressing feelings of hostility
          to the Government” under article 54 of the Indonesian Criminal Code. None
          of the three were allegedly accompanied by legal counsel either during
          interrogation or during the trial. After the sentence they are believed to
          be held in Becora prison in Dili.
          8. The Government responded by stating that Amaral, Soares, de Deus and
          Santos were all accomplices of Pedro de Fatima Tilman. The Government's
          position is that Tilman was a member of the clandestine branch of the
          anti-integration group and that his main task was to help prepare propaganda
          material, identify the opportunities for the violation of the law and
          disruption of public order and create such opportunities when possible. The
          Government considers Tilman to be a political agent under the control and
          command of the “forsa”, the core armed groups. Tilman is alleged to have
          admitted of having organized a demonstration mainly targeted to attract
          foreign journalists residing at the Mahkota Hotel on 14 April 1994. The
          Government alleges that this task was basically ordered by the “forsa”, the
          core armed groups. Participation in this demonstration was planned to be
          enlarged to create a situation for a clash between pro-integration and
          anti-integration sympathizers before foreign journalists. The Government
          position is that Tilman's activities should be evaluated in their entirety
          that he was arrested not merely for shouting anti-integrating slogans but
          acting as a dangerous agent of the armed group seeking to compromise the
          territorial integrity of Indonesia. The Government states that Tilman and his
          accomplices were accorded due process of law and all rights guaranteed to them
          by the Indonesian Criminal Code. Tilman, the Government states, was afforded
          the assistance on 23 June 1994 of proper legal counsel. He was sentenced to
          one year eight months' imprisonment. His accomplices Amaral, Soares, de Deus
          and Santos were also sentenced to one year eight months' imprisonment.
          9. In respect of Marcus de Araujo and Nuno de Andrade Sarmento Corvelho,
          they were also arrested in May 1994 by Indonesian Military forces, according
          to the source, for their non-violent political activities. They were
          reportedly detained in Dili, East Timor. The source could not provide any
          details regarding the trial of these persons. The Government in its response
          of 25 April 1995 stated that Araujo was one of the accomplices of Tilman and
          that he was arrested for the same charges as Tilman and after having accorded
        
          
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          him due process of law as well as other rights guaranteed by the Indonesian
          Criminal Procedure Code, sentenced him to one year eight months' imprisonment,
          which he was due to complete on 4 December 1995. Corvelho, on the other hand
          was arrested from 18 to 22 April 1994 and he was found at the place where
          Tilman and his accomplices were arrested. The Government states that when it
          realized that he was not involved in the crime, he was released and that
          during his detention he was accorded due process of law.
          10. In respect of Jose Antonio Neves the source alleges that he is a leading
          member of the clandestine pro-independence East Timorese movement and a
          student of the theological institute in Malang. He was allegedly arrested on
          19 May 1994 in Malang by military intelligence authorities and was taken to a
          safe house of the military's intelligence unit (SGI) and later transferred to
          the custody of the Public Prosecutor. As of late July 1994 he was held in
          Lowokwaru prison in Malang. The Government denies that Neves was a student.
          It states that he was an employee in a private company. The Government,
          accepting the date of arrest as 19 May 1994, denies that he was arrested by
          military intelligence and detained in a military intelligence safe house.
          The Government's position is that Neves was arrested by the police and
          detained at the police detention centre in Malang. The Government further
          stated that Neves is one of the leaders of the “clandestine” branch of the
          anti-integration campaign which sought to compromise the territorial integrity
          of Indonesia. The Government charges that Neves was mainly required to
          produce propaganda and campaign material to be distributed to foreign tourists
          visiting Malang and other places and creating and spreading false reports on
          the situation of human rights in East Timor to be disseminated in western
          countries. It is also stated by the Government that Neves was ordered to
          muster logistic and financial support as well as armaments for the “forsa”
          or the core armed groups and that some of the money received by him as
          contributions was diverted by him for his personal use. The Government states
          that when arrested he was informed of the charges against him and denied all
          allegations of torture. The Government admitted that as on the date of its
          response he was still awaiting trial.
          11. In respect of Munir, a human rights lawyer at the Surabaya office of
          the Indonesian Legal Aid Institute (LBH) , he was allegedly arrested on
          19 August 1994 in Malang, East Java during a meeting with 14 workers from a
          company whose case LBH was assisting. Although he was released at the police
          station where he was taken, he was accused of organizing a public meeting
          without first obtaining police permission under article 510 of the Indonesian
          Criminal Code. The source alleges that such a law is repressive and prevents
          lawful dissent and political activities exposing those resorting to it to
          short-term interrogation in custody, imprisonment and detention and that the
          use of these laws are directed against human rights activists and lawyers.
          12. The Government, however, states that Munir practises general law and is
          not specifically a human rights lawyer. It further states that the labour
          dispute in question with reference to 14 workers was finally adjudicated upon
          by the Supreme Court on 16 July 1994 and that its verdict is final subject to
          review if fresh evidence comes to light. Contrary to the source, the
          Government alleges that Munir on 19 August 1994 organized a public gathering
          in his personal capacity and not on behalf of his law firm and that the said
          meeting had nothing to do with the labour dispute, that having been finally
        
          
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          settled. In this regard the Government refers to article 510 of the
          Indonesian Criminal Code which provision relates to authorization from the
          Government or police for public or mass gatherings and traffic violations
          resultant from the organization of such mass gatherings. In this context the
          Government states that these provisions are administrative in nature and do
          not deal with the question of freedom of expression. The provisions are
          aimed according to the Government to protect the privacy of others and are
          in public interest. Denying the arrest of Munir, the Government states
          that he was charged with a petty offence, questioned and two weeks later
          on 1 September 1994 tried by the First Instance Court of Malang and fined
          US$ 14.
          13. In respect of Anibal, Octaviano and Rui Fernandez, though the source
          alleged that they also were arrested by the Indonesian military forces in
          May 1994 in Dili, East Timor, nothing more is stated by the source. The
          Government responded by stating that their names do not correspond to the
          lists of prisoners and detainees or those of released detainees. The
          Government, therefore, maintained that these names were either pseudonymous,
          aliases or simply non-existent.
          14. Quite apart from the specific response of the Government with reference
          to the allegations made by the source on each person, the Government has made
          certain general comments which may be noticed. The Government maintains that
          Law No. 8, of 1981 concerning the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Law provides
          the relevant legal basis for the arrest and detention of those who violate the
          law. That arrest and detention can be affected only by police officers and
          that those arrested and the members of their family are informed of the
          reasons for their arrest and detention and that those who allege that they
          have been arbitrarily arrested can take recourse to legal remedies for their
          protection. The Government further refers to the independence of the
          Judiciary which ensures protection of a person's constitutional guarantees.
          Laws in Indonesia, claims the Government, are aimed at guaranteeing civil and
          political rights as well as the independence and impartiality of the
          judiciary. With specific reference to the case of East Timorese youths, the
          Government states that the anti-integration campaign in East Timor is composed
          of three arms, namely, the “forsa” or the core of armed groups, the “cellula”
          or supporting units of armed groups and the “clandestine” or the urban
          undercover groups. In this context the Government states that the activities
          of those involved in the anti-integration campaign violate two basic
          principles of human rights: first the exercise of the right to
          self-determination of the majority of the people in East Timor to integrate
          with Indonesia and second, the violation of international instruments
          guaranteeing the respect of Indonesian territorial integrity and national
          sovereignty. Those involved in the anti-integration campaign, claims the
          Government, should he considered as violators of both national and
          internationally recognized instruments.
          15. In the case of Francisco Miranda Branco, from the facts as disclosed, it
          may not be possible for the Working Group to come to any definitive conclusion
          in respect of the nature of Branco's detention. Branco is charged and
          convicted for actively organizing violent demonstrations and of actively
          planning disruption of law and order. The Indonesian courts, affirming the
          role of Branco, sentenced him to imprisonment and the Appellate Court has
        
          
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          apparently upheld the conviction. In these circumstances, the Working Group
          is not in a position to hold the detention of Branco to be arbitrary in the
          absence of further information. It decides to keep the case of Francisco
          Miranda Branco pending.
          16. In respect of Tilman, Soares, de Deus, Amaral and Do Santos, each of
          them seemed to have served their respective sentences which were completed on
          4 December 1995. The contentious nature of the facts, both in the case of
          Tilman and his alleged accomplices and given the fact that they have been
          convicted pursuant to a trial in which the Government states that their
          constitutional guarantees were fully respected, and there is no evidence to
          suggest that they were not, the Working Group considers it appropriate to file
          the case in the light of their release on 4 December 1995.
          17. In respect of Corvelho the Government admits its mistake and states that
          Corvelho was released as soon as it was realized that he was not involved in
          any crime. Though his detention cannot be justified, the Working Group is of
          the belief that as Corvelho was detained for only four days and released as
          soon as it was realized that he was not involved in any crime, it considers it
          appropriate to file the case of Corvelho also.
          18. In the case of Antonio Neves, the Working group considers his detention
          to be arbitrary. He was allegedly arrested on 19 May 1994 and was still
          awaiting trial when the Government last responded on 25 April 1995.
          Admittedly Neves was detained for being part of the anti-integration campaign
          in which his role was to produce propaganda and campaign material to be
          distributed to foreign tourists. Though the Government alleges that he was
          required to master logistic and financial support, as well as armaments for
          the ‘forsa' or the core armed groups, the Government has provided no evidence
          that this was in fact done, nor has a court of law found such evidence to be
          true. His detention clearly violates articles 9 and 19 of the Universal
          Declaration of Human Rights.
          19. In the case of Munir, the human rights lawyer, the Government has
          categorically stated that he was not detained. In terms of the mandate of
          this Working Group, it is not called upon to comment on the legality of the
          violation of articles 510 and 511 of the Indonesian Criminal Code preventing
          the holding of public or mass meetings. As Munir was never arrested and the
          source has not provided the Group with any convincing material that he was,
          the Working Group has no choice but to file his case.
          20. To similar effect is the decision of the Working Group in respect of
          Octaviano, Anibal and Rui Fernandez, though for different reasons. In their
          case the Government denies that their names were included either in the list
          of detainees or those released. In the absence of any definite information in
          this regard, their cases are also filed.
          21. In the light of the above the Working Group decides:
          (a) The detention of Jose Antonio Neves is declared to be arbitrary,
          being in contravention of articles 9 and 19 of the Universal Declaration of
          Human Rights and falling within category II of the principles applicable in
          the consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group.
        
          
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          (b) In the cases of Isaac Soares, Miguel de Deus, Pantaleäo Amaral,
          Rosalino dos Santos, Pedro Fatima Tilman, Marcus de Araujo, Nuno de Aridrade
          Sarmento Corvelho, the Working Group, having examined the available
          information and without prejudging the nature of their detention, decides to
          file these cases in terms of paragraph 14.1 (a) of its revised methods of
          work.
          (c) The cases of Octaviano, Ariibal, Rui Fernandez and Munir are also
          filed since these persons have apparently never been detained.
          (d) In the case of Francisco Miranda Branco, the Working Group
          decides, for the reasons mentioned in the main body of the decision, to
          keep it pending while awaiting further information under paragraph 14.1 (c)
          of its revised methods of work.
          22. Consequent upon the decision of the Working Group declaring the
          detention of Jose Antonio Neves to be arbitrary, the Working Group requests
          the Government of Indonesia to take the necessary steps to remedy the
          situation in order to bring it into conformity with the provisions and
          principles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
          Adopted on 19 September 1996.
        
          
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          REVISED DECISION No. 1/1996 (COLOMBIA)
          1. In its decision No. 15/1995 concerning Colombia, the Working Group
          declared the detention of Gerardo Bermüdez Smnchez to be arbitrary, being in
          contravention of articles 1, 7, 9, 10 and 11.1 of the Universal Declaration
          of Human Rights and articles 9, 14.1 and 14.3 (b), (d) and (e) of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and falling within
          category III of the principles applicable to the consideration of the cases
          submitted to the Working Group.
          2. The communication received by the Working Group alleges that Gerardo
          Bermüdez Smnchez, a member of the national leadership of the Uniôn Camilista
          Ejército de Liberaciôn Nacional (UC-ELN) , a politico-military organization,
          was detained on 3 December 1992 in Bucaramanga by soldiers from the Army's
          Fifth Brigade and members of the Anti-Kidnapping and Blackmail Unit (tJNASE)
          of the National Police. He was facing charges of rebellion, terrorism,
          kidnapping for ransom, forgery of an official document and possession of
          narcotics.
          3. The communication alleges that the detention of Gerardo Bermüdez Smnchez
          was arbitrary since he was: (1) given unequal treatment before the court at
          the pre-trial stage, on account of the refusal to allow evidence requested by
          the defence; (2) denied his own choice of counsel, pressure having been
          brought to bear on the lawyer appointed, forcing her later to leave the
          country; (3) prevented from engaging in confidential communication with
          counsel because microphones were installed in his cell; (4) held on military
          premises; and (5) subjected to torture.
          4. The Working Group found the facts indicated in (1), (2), (3) and (4) of
          paragraph 3 above to have been attended, and considered that the first three
          constituted violations of the international provisions relating to a fair
          trial of such gravity as to confer on the detention an arbitrary character,
          and that during subsequent proceedings the Government should remedy the
          irregularities committed in order to provide the accused with the guarantees
          of due process, as required by articles 1, 7, 9, 10 and 11.1 of the Universal
          Declaration of Human Rights and articles 9, 14.1 and 14.3 (b), (d) and (e) of
          the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          5. The Government of the Republic of Colombia, in a substantiated and
          documented submission, requested the Working Group to reconsider the
          above-mentioned decision.
          6. The Working Group agreed to the Government's request for a hearing,
          which was held on 14 September 1995, at its thirteenth session.
          7. The Working Group transmitted the contents of the Government's request
          to the source, thereby giving it an opportunity to be heard. At its fifteenth
          session the Group heard in person the individual who had submitted the
          communication.
          8. When it revised its methods of work at its fourteenth session to
          establish a procedure for dealing with requests for a review, the Working
          Group decided that:
        
          
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          “Very exceptionally, the Group may, at the request of the
          Government concerned or the source, reconsider its decisions on the
          following conditions:
          (a) If the facts on which the request is based are considered by
          the Group to be entirely new and such as would have caused the Group to
          alter its decision had it been aware of them;
          (b) If the facts had not been known or had not been accessible
          to the party originating the request;
          (c) In a case where the request comes from a Government, on
          condition that the latter has replied within 90 days as stipulated in
          the Working Group's revised methods of work.”
          9. Since the request for reconsideration of decision No. 15/1995 was made
          prior to the adoption of the aforementioned criteria, the Working Group
          decided, on the basis of the principle of non-retroactivity, that these
          criteria would be applied only to requests made after their adoption.
          Accordingly, the Working Group decided to consider the present request as
          admissible.
          First allegation as to the arbitrary nature of the detention : Gerardo
          Berinüdez Sanchez was given unequal treatment before the court, on account
          of the refusal to allow evidence requested by the defence.
          10. The Government of Colombia contends that the judge hearing the case did
          not refuse requests to produce evidence, but merely rejected immaterial
          evidence. The requests said by the source not to have been allowed related
          to: (a) testimony by the Minister of the Interior on the Government's
          position regarding political offences and the status of Bermüdez as viewed by
          the State; (b) an inspection of the premises where Bermüdez was held in order
          to evaluate his conditions of detention; (c) testimony by the prosecutor who
          issued the warrant to search the premises on which Bermüdez was present at the
          time of his arrest; by the official who arrested him; by the forensic
          physician who actually examined the detainee; and by the official of the
          Forensic Medicine Institute who should have carried out the medical
          examination; (d) the annulment of all the proceedings in view of the various
          irregularities described.
          11. The Government's contention regarding the complete irrelevance of the
          request for it to state its position as to what constitutes a political
          offence and its opinion of a prisoner is valid. Such a statement represents
          neither testimony by a witness nor expert testimony, and it has no bearing on
          the material facts at issue in the proceedings. A witness is required to
          testify on facts of which he has cognizance and not on opinions.
          12. The inspection of the place of detention may be important in order to
          determine whether any cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment occurred. Under
          the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
          or Punishment, any complaint concerning such acts must be investigated;
          moreover, statements obtained by such unlawful means are completely invalid.
        
          
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          Thus, refusal to conduct the inspection requested in principle constitutes a
          violation of the Convention. However, it is irrelevant in determining the
          arbitrary nature of the detention, since the place to have been inspected is
          not the place where the statements were made but one in which the detainee was
          held at a later point, when remanded in custody. Consequently, the refusal to
          allow the evidence in question may not be considered arbitrary.
          13. The same does not obtain for the third item of evidence that was
          requested and denied: the appearance as witnesses of the prosecutor who
          issued the search warrant and of those who carried it out.
          14. The Government itself recognizes that the Regional Prosecutor attached
          to the Judicial Police Department disregarded the instructions given by his
          superior, the Attorney-General, and failed to take part in person, as was his
          duty, in the search. The Regional Prosecutor entrusted the search to a
          military authority.
          15. Furthermore, there were irregularities in the search proceedings and in
          the official report of significance for the determination of at least one
          offence, that of the possession of drugs. The search report makes no mention
          of the fact, which the detainee denies, that three tubes of cocaine were found
          in his possession. As the Government itself observes, this irregularity is
          all the more important since it was precisely an officer of the Second Army
          Division who was entrusted with conducting the medical tests which gave
          positive results for cocaine and marijuana. It is still more suspicious that,
          even before the results of the examination were known, the Commander of the
          Fifth Brigade stated that at the time of his arrest Bermüdez was under the
          influence of drugs, and that the examination in question was carried out not
          by the Forensic Medicine Institute but by a doctor who was on holiday and who
          is a lieutenant in the army reserve.
          16. In view of the above, the refusal to take statements from the
          prosecutor, the commander who carried out the search and the doctor who
          performed the drug tests constitutes a denial of justice. Article 14.2 of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights sets forth the right of
          everyone charged with a criminal offence to examine, or have examined, the
          witnesses against him, in full equality.
          17. The fourth request by Bermüdez's defence was for the proceedings to be
          declared null and void on account of various irregularities. The fact of not
          granting this request does not, of course, imply a denial of justice or a lack
          of equality between the parties.
          Second allegation : Gerardo Bermüdez Sanchez was denied his own choice of
          counsel, pressure having been brought to bear on the lawyer appointed, forcing
          her later to leave the country.
          18. The Government contends that is had not been informed of the pressure
          and threats to which the lawyer Lourdes Castro Mendoza alleges she was
          subjected, forcing her to abandon Bermüdez's defence and leave the country,
          and that there are therefore no effective grounds for the complaint that he
          was denied counsel of his own choosing.
        
          
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          19. It appears from the information provided by the two parties that:
          (a) The report by the Representative for Human Rights on his visit to
          Bermüdez on 3 or 4 December 1992 (the Government's report does not give the
          date) states that the detainee expressed his concern to have access to a
          lawyer experienced in defending political prisoners; on 5 December, when
          informed of the next period of questioning, “the detainee expressed the
          wish to communicate with the Political Prisoners' Solidarity Committee
          in order to ask for a lawyer to be present for the questioning” (report
          dated 5 December 1992);
          (b) Nevertheless, the questioning took place in the presence not of a
          lawyer chosen by the accused, but of assigned counsel;
          (c) It was only on 14 December 1992 that “the collective secretariat
          of the unit specialized in trials on charges of terrorism approved Eduardo
          Umafla Mendoza to act as counsel appointed by Gerardo Bermüdez Sanchez”,
          thereby authorizing him to take up the defence; on 8 February 1993 Mr. Umafla
          designated Lourdes Castro as his substitute, under his responsibility; as of
          8 November, after Mr. Umafla had abandoned the case, Lourdes Castro was sole
          counsel; on 11 February 1994 Lourdes abandoned the case leaving Bermüdez
          without counsel until 21 April 1994, when he appointed the lawyer
          Valencia Rivera to defend him.
          (d) Thus, between 11 February and 21 April 1994 the prisoner was
          without counsel. The Government's assertion that the lawyer was notified in
          person of a decision on S May (page 30 of the relevant paper) is thus inexact.
          20. The lawyer gave up the case on account of the threats she received,
          which forced her to leave the country two days later. The threats took the
          form of suspicious surveillance of her office, telephone tapping, threatening
          messages via her paging system, in addition to earlier incidents such as the
          accusation made against her by the commander of the battalion where Bermüdez
          was held that her eagerness to defend him suggested that she was a guerilla
          and not just a lawyer.
          21. The Government contends with reason that these facts were not brought to
          its attention at the appropriate time. Nevertheless, the facts were broadly
          publicized through other channels. For example, the International Working
          Group, a Colombian NGO, organized a large-scale solidarity campaign and
          Amnesty International took urgent action on behalf of the lawyer.
          Furthermore, one year previously, in February 1993, lawyers belonging to the
          Ombudsman's Office had assisted her in legal proceedings relating to the case.
          22. The Government's claim that the failure of the lawyer to participate in
          her client's defence did not leave Bermüdez without counsel, as he had four
          lawyers, is unacceptable: under article 144 of the Code of Penal Procedure,
          an accused person is entitled to only one lawyer, who may designate an
          alternate under his responsibility. In actual fact, Bermüdez was without
          counsel for more than two months during the crucial phase of the completion of
          the investigation and the bringing of formal charges.
        
          
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          Third allegation : Gerardo Bermüdez Sanchez was prevented from engaging in
          confidential communication with counsel because microphones were installed in
          his cell.
          23. According to the communication, Bermüdez disconnected microphones
          installed in his cell - which was where he initially consulted his lawyer.
          The consultations subsequently took place in the visiting room, thus enabling
          the military personnel responsible for the regiment where he was being held to
          listen to the conversations and Bermüdez complained about this in due time.
          Decision No. 15 found that this circumstance constituted a ground for
          declaring his detention to be arbitrary. In its request for a review,
          the Government contends that the allegation has not been proved and that,
          on the contrary, such practices are prohibited by Colombian legislation.
          Nevertheless, the Working Group is convinced by the fact that on
          13 January 1994 the lawyer lodged a written complaint about the matter
          with the Special Investigations Department of the Attorney-General's
          Office and that the matter was also reported by the Congressional
          Peace-Coordinator on 17 January 1994.
          24. In the opinion of the Working Group, the irregularities referred to in
          paragraphs 13 to 16 and 19 to 23 constitute violations of the rules of due
          process which are of such gravity as to confer on the deprivation of liberty
          an arbitrary character and therefore decides that it cannot grant the request
          for reconsideration submitted by the Government of Colombia.
          Adopted on 22 May 1996.
        
          
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          REVISED DECISION No. 2/1996 (REPUBLIC OF KOREA)
          1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention adopted on 30 May 1995
          Decision No. 1/1995 by which it considered the detention of Lee Jang-hyong and
          Kim Sun-myung arbitrary, falling within category III of the principles
          applicable in the consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group,
          and the detention of Ahn Jae-ku, Ahn Young-mm, Ryu Nak-jin, Kim Sung-hwan,
          Kim Jin-bae, Jong Hwa-ryo, Jong Chang-soo, Hong Jong-hee and Park Rae-koon
          arbitrary, falling within category II of the same principles.
          2. By letter dated 27 July 1995, the Government of the Republic of Korea
          requested the Group to reconsider the above-mentioned decision.
          3. At its fourteenth session, in December 1995, the Working Group adopted
          criteria in order to decide on the admissibility on such requests. These
          criteria, which are reflected in the revised methods of work of the Group, are
          the following:
          “Very exceptionally, the Group may, at the request of the Government
          concerned or the source, reconsider its decisions on the following
          conditions:
          (a) If the facts on which the request is based are considered by
          the Group to be entirely new and such as to have caused the Group to
          alter its decision had it been aware of them;
          (b) If the facts had not been known or had not been accessible
          to the party originating the request;
          (c) In a case where the request comes from a Government, on
          condition that the latter has replied within 90 days as stipulated in
          the Working Group's revised methods of work”.
          4. Since the request for reconsideration of decision No. 1/1995 was made
          prior to the adoption of the aforementioned criteria, the Working Group
          decided, in application of the principle of non-retroactivity, that these
          criteria would only be applied to requests made after their adoption.
          Consequently, the Working Group decided to consider the present request as
          admissible.
          5. (a) After the Working Group had adopted decision No. 1/1995, the
          Government provided it with very detailed information concerning the
          conviction - after the decision had been adopted - of the persons referred to
          in the decision, as well as information concerning the freeing of two of those
          persons, which also took place after the adoption of the decision.
          (b) Concerning the convicted persons who are still being held, the
          Government has provided the Group with information concerning procedure and
          explanations relating to the nature of the activities of which the persons in
          question are accused.
        
          
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          (c) As far as the first category of information is concerned, that
          relating to procedure, the Group considers that even if it had been available
          to the Group before the adoption of its decision, it would not have been such
          as to modify its decision relating to the arbitrary nature of the detention of
          the above-mentioned persons.
          (d) As far as the second category of information is concerned, that
          relating to the explanations regarding the nature of the activities of the
          detained persons, the Working group considers that it constitutes no more than
          an interpretation of facts of which the Group was already aware and which it
          had examined on the basis of the criteria set out in its methods of work.
          Consequently, this information is also not such as to modify the Group's
          decision.
          (e) As regards the information concerning the freeing of two of the
          persons concerned, the Working Group welcomes this step. However, it
          emphasizes that, while this information does indeed constitute a new fact, it
          would have enabled the Group to modify its decision only if they had been
          freed before the Group adopted its decision.
          6. In the light of the above, the Working Group decides that it is not in a
          position to reconsider its decision.
          Adopted on 23 May 1996.
        
          
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          REVISED DECISION No. 3/1996 (BHtJTAN)
          1. On 1 December 1994, the Working Group adopted decision No. 48/1994
          (BHtJTAN) , deeming that the detention of Tek Nath Rizal following his
          conviction on 16 November 1993 could not be considered arbitrary.
          2. In a request for a review dated 19 May 1995, the source asked the Group
          to reconsider that decision.
          3. At its fourteenth session, in December 1995, the Group adopted criteria
          for determining the admissibility of such requests. Those criteria, which
          have been reflected in the Group's revised methods of work, are as follows:
          “Very exceptionally, the Group may, at the request of the Government
          concerned or the source, reconsider its decisions on the following
          conditions:
          (a) If the facts on which the request is based are considered by
          the Group to be entirely new and such as to have caused the Group to
          alter its decision had it been aware of them;
          (b) If the facts had not been known or had not been accessible
          to the party originating the request;
          (c) In a case where the request comes from a Government, on
          condition that the latter has replied within 90 days as stipulated in
          the Working Group's revised methods of work.”
          4. Considering that the request for a review of decision No. 48/1994 was
          made prior to the adoption of those criteria, the Group decided, on the basis
          of the principle of non-retroactivity, that the criteria should apply only to
          new cases, and accordingly declared the request admissible.
          5. The Working Group recalls that, in its decision No. 48/1994, it rendered
          its opinion on the period of detention imposed on Tek Nath Rizal between the
          time he was sentenced by the High Court (16 November 1993) and the date on
          which the decision was adopted (1 December 1994)
          6. With the source's agreement, the allegations supporting the request for
          a review were sent to the authorities in Ehutan for comment. The Government
          welcomed this adversary procedure, which gave it an opportunity to put forward
          its arguments to the Group on an informed basis.
          7. In the light of the various arguments, the Working Group has made the
          following assessments:
          First allegation : Tek Nath Rizal was arrested in Nepal and improperly
          extradited to Bliutan (no extradition order)
          In its memorandum, the Government states that Tek Nath Rizal was handed
          over to the Ehutanese authorities on the basis of border agreements on police
          cooperation between Ehutan and neighbouring countries. During its visit to
        
          
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          southern Ehutan, the Group noted from interviews with detainees that some of
          them, apprehended in India, had indeed been handed over to the Ehutanese
          authorities and imprisoned on the basis of those agreements.
          While not expressing a position on the nature of such agreements, the
          Group believes that if the allegations of irregularities proved to be true,
          the Nepalese authorities would be implicated.
          The Working Group therefore decided not to accept the allegation in the
          form in which it was presented.
          Second allegation : the family of Tek Nath Rizal was not informed of his
          arrest within a reasonable period of time.
          According to the Government, within 20 days of Tek Nath Rizal's arrest,
          a Ehutanese public official was dispatched to Nepal, to Tek Nath Rizal's home,
          to inform his wife of her husband's arrest and of where he was being held. As
          Tek Nath Rizal's wife was out, the official informed the persons who were at
          home, namely, the father and two servants. When questioned about that,
          Tek Nath Rizal confirmed that that was what had happened.
          The Working Group therefore considered that, given the distances
          involved, the delay was not so serious as to make the detention arbitrary.
          The allegation was therefore dismissed.
          Third allegation : the wife of Tek Nath Rizal was not given permission to
          visit him until the second year of his detention.
          The Government maintains that Mrs. Rizal did not ask to visit her
          husband until the second year of his imprisonment and that as soon as she sent
          a letter to the Minister for Foreign Affairs, on 5 July 1992, requesting such
          permission, he replied on 20 July 1992, as follows:
          The Royal Government of Ehutan is pleased to grant you permission
          to visit your husband, Mr. Tek Nath Rizal. Please let me know your date
          and time of arrival in Phuntsholing, so that the Dungpa may be
          instructed to issue your travel permit from Phuntsholing to Thimphu.
          Kindly contact me after your arrival in Thimphu so that I can make
          necessary arrangements for you to visit your husband. You may bring an
          escort with you, if you so wish.”
          In a letter dated 4 December 1992, Mrs. Rizal replied as follows:
          “I thank you very much for the letter dated 20 July 1992 which granted
          me an opportunity to see my husband, Tek Nath Rizal, who is in jail
          there. Although this kind gesture of yours gave me great pleasure for
          which I thank you, yet I wish to inform you that I need a little more
          time to take the journey. Since I am living here and my husband was
          taken away from me, I am in difficulty and am not in a financial
          position to take the trip immediately. I now hope to start it only
          after May 1993. When I am ready I shall write the date on which I shall
          reach Phuntsholing as your letter told me to do.”
        
          
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          A copy of the above correspondence was handed to the Working Group.
          According to some of the detainees the Group interviewed in Chamgang
          prison, where Tek Nath Rizal is being held, family visits, particularly by
          wives, are arranged by the Government on the initiative of the International
          Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) . It seems safe to assume that Mrs. Rizal
          did not ask to take advantage of this initiative. The Ehutanese authorities
          have reasserted that they would not turn down any request from Mrs. Rizal if
          one were made.
          The Working Group therefore decided not to accept the allegation in the
          form in which it was presented.
          Fourth allegation : Tek Nath Rizal was not authorized to correspond with his
          wife, either officially or unofficially.
          The Working Group has been unable to reach an opinion on this matter.
          It notes that Tek Nath Rizal supposedly received correspondence from his wife,
          at least from time to time, although, in the face of conflicting allegations,
          the Group was unable to determine whether the occasional nature of that
          correspondence was due to the sender or to the administration's unwillingness.
          The same applies, in the other direction, to Tek Nath Rizal's supposed
          entitlement to send mail to his wife. Given that uncertainty, the Group
          decided not to accept the allegation in the form in which it was presented.
          Fifth allegation : Tek Nath Rizal was not informed of his right to be assisted
          by a lawyer, nor was a lawyer provided for him during his prolonged prison
          custody.
          The Government recalled that the function of a lawyer, stricto sensu ,
          did not exist in Ehutan, as legal aid was traditionally provided by Jabmis ,
          i.e. people who also exercised their own professions but who were allowed to
          perform that function more because of their wisdom and experience than because
          of any legal competence acquired “on the job”.
          The Government then stated that, in accordance with current practice, a
          Jabmi was not normally appointed unless the accused asked for one, which was
          not the case of Tek Nath Rizal; furthermore, when it had been proposed that
          a lawyer be appointed for him during the proceedings before the High Court,
          he had declined the offer, preferring to present his own defence. When
          questioned on that specific point, Tek Nath Rizal confirmed that version.
          In the light of the above, the Working Group decided to dismiss the
          allegation.
          Sixth allegation : imprisoned in November 1989, according to the source, for
          acts committed in 1988/89, Tek Nath Rizal was charged under the National
          Security Act, which was not promulgated until October 1992.
          The Working Group considered that this allegation should be examined in
          the light of the principle of non-retroactivity of penal law, as laid down in
          article 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
        
          
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          According to the chronology prepared by the Group on that matter, at the
          time of Tek Nath Rizal's imprisonment in November 1989, capital punishment was
          mandatory for offences under the National Security Act then in force. The
          Government - according to information with which it duly provided the source -
          maintains that in order to avoid the risks of such an occurrence, before
          Tek Nath Rizal was brought to trial, the decision was taken to amend the
          National Security Act, in accordance with the source's wishes, by repealing
          the provision laying down the death penalty. Because this resulted in a law
          that reduced the gravity of the offence, it became possible to prosecute on
          the basis of the new law, by virtue of the principle of the retroactivity of
          less severe penal legislation.
          The Working Group consequently considered that there was no legal basis
          for the allegation.
          Seventh allegation : Tek Nath Rizal was handcuffed for two years. Moreover,
          he did not receive any medical care until one year after his imprisonment.
          In accordance with the Group's decision in pursuance of the
          recommendation made in Commission on Human Rights resolution 1996/28, which
          encouraged the Working Group to continue to avoid any unnecessary duplication
          of work, the Working Group transmitted the information to the competent
          Special Rapporteur.
          Eighth allegation : held incommunicado for two years, Tek Nath Rizal was
          detained for three years without being charged or tried.
          Regarding the first point, once again the Working Group was able only to
          take note of the contradictory versions it had received. While, according to
          the source, Tek Nath Rizal was held incommunicado, the Government maintains
          that this was not a case of solitary confinement but a specific situation, as
          Tek Nath Rizal had always asked to be kept in a cell without fellow prisoners.
          In any event, the Group believes that this matter has no decisive influence on
          its assessment of whether or not that period of detention was arbitrary, for
          the following reasons.
          8. Indeed, the Working Group could not but note that between
          17 November 1989, on which date he was imprisoned at Lhendupling Guest-House
          in Thimphu, and 29 November 1992, when his case was brought before the High
          Court, Tek Nath Rizal was imprisoned without being given an effective
          opportunity to be heard promptly by a judicial or other authority
          (principles 11.1 and 37 of the Body of Principles), and without being tried
          within a reasonable time (principle 38 of the Body of Principles) . The
          Government explains the length of that period, as stated in the paragraph on
          the seventh allegation, by its concern that Tek Nath Rizal should not be tried
          until after the amendment to the National Security Act had been adopted,
          thereby abolishing the death penalty, which, given the executive procedure
          (Cabinet) and the legislative procedure (National Assembly) , could not be
          promulgated until October 1992.
          9. While welcoming the abolition of the death penalty, the Group recalls
          that, however praiseworthy the Government's intentions might have been in that
          regard, that in no way relieved it of the obligation to bring the case of
        
          
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          Tek Nath Rizal before a judicial or other authority as promptly as possible,
          as required by law, so that that authority could decide without delay on the
          lawfulness of and need for the detention.
          10. The Working Group wishes to stress that, as it was able to note during
          its recent follow-up visit (May 1996) , such shortcomings had been eliminated
          from the administration of justice.
          11. In the light of the above, the Working Group decides:
          (a) To declare the detention of Tek Nath Rizal for the period
          from 17 November 1989 to 29 December 1992 arbitrary, being in contravention of
          principles 11, 37 and 38 of the Body of Principles for the Protection of All
          Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, and falling within
          category III of the principles applicable in the consideration of the cases
          submitted to the Group.
          (b) To state that the imprisonment of Tek Nath Rizal between his first
          appearance before the Court and his sentencing on 16 November 1993 cannot be
          deemed arbitrary.
          (c) To confirm its decision No. 48/1994 of 1 December 1994 in which it
          declared the detention of Tek Nath Rizal since his sentencing by the High
          Court of Justice on 16 November 1993 not to be arbitrary.
          Adopted on 24 May 1996.
        

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