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Iran: Imprisonment, Torture and Execution of Political Opponents
Author: Amnesty International
Publisher: Amnesty International
Published: January 13, 1992
Type: Report
Amnesty international
IRAN
Imprisonment, Torture and Execution of Political Opponents
January 1992
Al Index: MDE 13/01/92
Amnesty international
IRAN
Imprisonment, Torture and Execution of Political Opponents
JANUARY 1992 SUMMARY AL INDEX; MDE 13 /01 /92
Serious violations of human rights continue in Iran despite the release of many political prisoners during the year.
Amnesty International recorded more than 750 executions, political detainees were held in prolonged
incommunicado detention and were subjected to physical and psychological torture to force them to give
information and to sign statements or give video-recorded interviews repenting their past activities. Physical
torture included blindfolding the detainees and suspending them in contorted positions, severe beating and sleep
deprivation.
Political prisoners, including prisoners of conscience, were sentenced to prison terms after unfair trials, held in
secret, and were denied lawyers for their defence. Proceedings were summary, lasting only minutes in some
cases, and prison terms began only from the date of sentencing - the amount of time spent in pre-trial detention,
frequently over a year, is not subtracted from prisoners sentences. Current prisoners of conscience include men
aged in their seventies sentenced to up to three years in prison and 30 lashes. Some are frail and in extremely
poor health.
While a number of political prisoners were released in 1991 many of them remain subject to physical restrictions,
and those who fail to present themselves when summoned risk their own or their relatives' detention.
Amnesty International has called repeatedly for the implementation in both law and practice of basic safeguards
for human rights, as contained in the International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights, to which Iran is a
state party.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE
3. UNFAIR TRIALS
4. TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT OF POLITICAL PRISONERS
5. RELEASES
6. EXECUTIONS
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7. ALLEGED EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTION OF OPPOSITION ACTIVISTS ABROAD
8. ABUSES BY POLITICAL OPPOSITION GROUPS
IRAN
Imprisonment, Torture and Execution of Political Opponents
1. INTRODUCTION
Serious violations of human rights continued in the Islamic Republic of Iran during 1991, with hundreds of
political arrests, unfair trials, torture and more than 750 executions. Escalating economic difficulties led to
demonstrations and sometimes clashes between the police or Revolutionary Guards and demonstrators in Tehran,
and elsewhere in the country such as Sonja, Seaman and Alvin, reportedly resulting in hundreds of arrests in the
second half o the year. In December the Tehran military prosecutor was quoted as saying that 300 political
arrests, including members of monarchist organizations and the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI)
had taken place.
Detailed information on human rights violations in the Islamic Republic of Iran remains difficult to gather and
verify. Amnesty International welcomes the fact that the United Nations' Special Representative on the situation
of human rights in Iran has been able to visit the country, and that an agreement has been reached to allow the
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) access to prisoners. However, Amnesty International has not
been allowed access to the country to research or discuss its human rights concerns for more than ten years.
There are no independent human rights or other concerned organizations in Iran to gather and assess human
rights data, or assist those whose rights are violated to seek redress. The media and means of private
communication are subject to strict controls, and individuals who bring human rights abuses to the attention of
Amnesty International and other international human rights abuses to the attention of Amnesty International and
other international human rights organizations do so in fear of possible reprisals against themselves or their
families.
Parts of this document are based on first-hand testimonies given to amnesty International by former political
prisoners from a variety of opposition groups. The experiences these people describe prisoners from a variety of
opposition groups. The experiences these people describe took place in different prisons, over a period of nearly
ten years, from the early 1980s to 1991. The many similarities, the consistency of allegations made in different
words by individuals of different backgrounds and beliefs, provide compelling evidence of a pattern of torture and
cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment of political prisoners in Iran which continues to the present day.
Amnesty International has repeatedly conveyed its concerns to the Iranian authorities, and submitted reports for
clarification and memoranda for comment and discussion. It is a matter of some regret that for many years the
authorities chose not to respond to the substance of Amnesty International's communications. During 1991,
however, the organization received a number of letters from the authorities offering some clarification, and
information on certain cases, and many meetings took place between Amnesty International representatives and
Iranian diplomatic officials, including delegates visiting the country in May to conduct interviews with Iraqi Shi'a
and Kurds.
Nonetheless, as serious violations continue, Amnesty International believes that the introduction of basic
safeguards in both law and practice to protect human rights is long overdue.
2. Prisoners of Conscience
Amnesty International has, on many occasions, raised with the Iranian authorities the cases of prisoners of
conscience held in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and has urged their immediate and unconditional release. Such
prisoners of conscience currently include a group of men, held since June 1990, apparently in connection with
their activities for the Association for the Defence of Freedom and Sovereignty of the Iranian Nation (ADFSIN),
dissolved shortly after their arrest, and writing a critical open letter addressed to President Ali Akbar Hashemi
Rafsanjani. Their names are: Ali Ardalan [ fl. Abdolali Bazargan, Habibollah Davaran, Khosrow Mansourian,
Nezameddin Movahed, Hashem Sabbaghian, Abolfaz l Mir Shams Shahshahani, Mohammad Tavassoli Hojati and
Akbar Zarinehbaf. Some held office in the first government of the Islamic Republic, led by Mehdi Bazargan, and a
number of them are elderly and in poor health.
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Other prisoners of conscience include a number of women imprisoned for many years in connection with their
alleged activities for organizations such as the Tudeh Party and People's Fedaiyan Organization of Iran, some of
whose sentences expired several years ago, and others apparently held on account of their religious beliefs, such
as Mehdi Dibaj, who reportedly converted from Islam to Christianity many years ago.
Amnesty International remains cautious in publicizing the cases of prisoners of conscience in Iran, doing so only
where it believes that such initiatives will not put the individuals at risk.
3. Unfair Trials
Amnesty International has followed with interest official statements and reports regarding detainees' access to
defence counsel. In particular, Amnesty International notes the assurance by Ayatollah Yazdi, quoted in the
November 1990 reportfi] of the Un Special Representative on the situation of human rights in the Islamic
Republic of Iran that “Everyone was entitled to defence counsel and when the accused could not obtain it, the
court provided it. “In a letter to the Special Representative dated 16 January 1991 quoted in his subsequent
report [ J the government stated that provisions regarding the right to legal counsel had been adopted by the
Iranian Parliament. The law was reported to have been passed on 31 December 1990 by the Islamic Consultative
Assembly. According to subsequent reports, however, the law was not approved by the Council of Guardians, and
was not therefore put into effect.
Amnesty International wrote to the Iranian authorities seeking clarification of the status of this law, and
requesting a copy of the text on 26 March 1991 and 12 July 1991. On 9 October 1991 Amnesty International
received a response from the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in London, which stated, among other
things, that
“On 19th September 1991, a Parliamentary Bill stressing the necessity of attorneys being appointed in all
judicial procedures was ratified by the Islamic Republic of Iran's Advisory Assembly.”
The text which was finally approved is as follows:
Article 1 - The parties to a lawsuit have the right to appoint a legal counsel and all the courts are obliged
to receive counsel in all stages of interrogation and court proceedings;
Sub-article 1 - The parties to a lawsuit in the Special Courts for the clergy also have the right to appoint a
legal counsel. Courts will provide a number of qualified members of the clergy as a lawyer; the defendant will
choose his own counsel from among them;
Sub-article 2 - Failure to comply with the provisions of the above article for the first time shall be
punishable according to the third degree of disciplinary punishment and for the second time, by dismissal from
the judicial post held. If a court denies the right of a party to appoint a counsel, and without the presence of the
latter issues its verdict, it shall be considered null and void;
Sub-article 3 - A legal counsel in his position of defending a case enjoys all the honours and privileges
which are accorded to other judicial authorities,
As of December 1991 no information had reached Amnesty International regarding cases where political prisoners
had been allowed access to lawyers for their defence. The organization is particularly interested to know to what
extent Sub-article 2 applies to current political prisoners, all of whom have been tried and sentenced in the
absence of defence counsel, and whose trials should therefore be considered “null and void”.
Reliable information received by the organization indicates that the nine prisoners of conscience referred to above,
held since June 1990 in connection with their activities for ADFSIN and an open letter addressed to President
Hashemi Rafsanjani were given unfair trials in May and June 1991.
In his November 1990 report, the UN Special Representative stated that “the trial of these people will be a test
case for the application of the rules of due process”.4] This case was, unfortunately, no different from the reports
of political trials which Amnesty International has received for years: the defendants were, first of all, held in
prolonged incommunicado detention where they were subjected to physical and/or psychological coercion to give
confessions or information. They were not informed promptly of the charges or evidence against them, and they
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had no access to a lawyer at nay stage whatsoever, in spite of their repeated requests, and were given neither
time nor facilities in which to prepare their defence. Trial hearings were held in secret, inside the prison, and
proceedings were summary. They were not permitted to bring witnesses. Other people were at the trial, but were
seated behind the defendants and could not be seen by them, and their identity was not made known by the
court. Nevertheless, these persons, reportedly made accusations to which the defendants were required to
respond.
Some months after their trial, the nine were told that they had been sentenced to up to three years in prison and
30 lashes. Their prison terms commenced on the day the judgment was pronounced, so that the 15 months spent
in pre-trial detention was not subtracted from their sentences. The sentences of lashes had not been inflicted b
December 1991.
As long ago as 14 August ‘990 Amnesty International had asked the authorities to inform it of the date of the
trial in order to send a delegate to observe the trial. This request and proposal were repeated in a second letter
sent on 26 March 1991 and the matter was also raised in direct talks with authorities in May 1991 and the matter
was also raised in direct talks with authorities in May 1991. After receiving information that the trials had taken
place, Amnesty International wrote to the Iranian authorities in September 1991, proposing to send a delegated
to observe any appeal proceedings which might follow. In November Iranian officials informed, Amnesty
International that the sentence passed on Ali Ardalan, who is about 76 years' old, had been suspended after he
became seriously ill and was hospitalized for urgent treatment. Subsequently, reports were received that the
prisoners' appeal against their conviction and sentence had been rejected, and in some cases new charges had
apparently been added. All proceedings took place in their absence and at no stage did they have access to a
lawyer.
Other political prisoners currently held following unfair trials include alleged members of Forgan, PMOI and Rah
Kargar, as well as followers of Ayatollah Shariati, in addition to members of Kurdish and Baluchi organizations
witch seek various degrees of autonomy. Some have already been in prison for many years and are serving
sentences of life imprisonment.
4. Torture and Ill-treatment of Political Prisoners
Amnesty International has interviewed many former political prisoners who had suffered physical and
psychological torture. Some of those interviewed were released during 1991. they still bear physical and mental
scars of their treatment, and in recounting details of their own suffering have also have also informed Amnesty
International of a number of political prisoners who committed suicide in prison as a result of their treatment.
In 1991, as torture continues, the most basic safeguards for the protection of detainees have yet to be put in
place, even though Iran is a state party to the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights, which forbids
the use of torture. Iran's own Constitution states:
“Any form of torture for the purpose of extracting confessions or gaining information is forbidden. It is not
permissible to compel individuals to give testimony, make confessions, or swear oaths, and any testimony,
confession, or oath obtained in this fashion is worthless and invalid. Punishments for the infringement of these
principles will be determined by law.”
Political prisoners are usually tortured in the period immediately following arrest, but may be subjected to torture
at any time during their imprisonment, both before and after trial, particularly if other members of their political
group are arrested who give more information on their political activities or the names of other activists. Torture
and other forms, of physical or psychological ill-treatment are applied not only to obtain information, but also to
extract statements, sometimes recorded on film, in which the prisoner condemns the organization to which he or
she belonged, repents of their previous political beliefs and activities and pledges support for the Islamic
Republic. Information reaching Amnesty International suggests that as a result of such pressures some of those
arrested in June 1990 in connection with ADFSIN and the open letter to President Hashemi Rafsanjani, agreed to
give televised interviews or sign statements.
Common methods of physical torture include suspension for long periods in contorted positions, burns from
cigarettes, and, most frequently, severe and repeated beating with cables or other instruments on the back and
the soles of the feet.
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Most former prisoners interviewed by Amnesty International have recounted being beaten on the back or the soles
of the feet on numerous occasions, generally with cables. Beatings can last for hours at a time, with guards taking
turns to inflict the lashes. Sometimes, a blanket o cloth is stuffed into the victims mouths to stop them
screaming, making it hard to breathe properly. Usually the victims have been blindfolded, and strapped to a kind
of bedstead, or held down by guards sitting on their backs.
Prisoners have described how their legs would be swollen, and their clothing bloodstained, from the feet up to the
thighs as a result of such beatings. Some were unable to walk at all when the beating ended, and had to drag
themselves back to their cells along the floor. Some still bear scars on their feet years after these beatings took
place Beatings on the back have often resulted in serious kidney problems.
A prisoner released in October 1991 described to Amnesty International how he was blindfolded and subjected to
prolonged suspension in a contorted position with his hands bound diagonally behind his back, which resulted in a
dislocated collarbone. A woman prisoner described the agony of being beaten while suspended in the same
position:
The position my hands were in was exhausting, it affects the bodys entire nervous system. After a while
even if they dont beat you hard you feel it acutely. If they tap you with a pencil it feels like a hammer.
Similar reports of the torture of political detainees continued to be received by Amnesty International during
1991.
For political prisoners held in Iran stress and uncertainty are constant pressures. Prisoners have been kept
blindfolded for hours or days at a time, so that they became disoriented and insecure. Torture and arbitrary
punishment may occur at any time, without warning. Uncertainty extends to the future as well as the present.
Prisoners have no way of being sure how long they will remain in prison. Those who are tried may not be informed
of their sentence for weeks or months. The sentence itself begins only on the day of the judgment and so lengthy
periods of pre-trial detention are not subtracted from the prison term. Even when the sentence expires, prisoners
may not be released unless they have repented.
Other arbitrary punishments include being kicked or punched, made to stand without moving for hours or days at
a time, cancellation of family visits or food being reduced.
Prisoners attempts to organize group activities have led to harsh punishment. This has applied not only to actions
such as protests against prison conditions, but even to organizing a study group or physical exercise.
Several former prisoners interviewed by Amnesty International described how they survived the massacre of
political prisoners in 1988. The first one group of prisoners knew of their companions fate was when through a
window they caught sight of a pile of plastic sandals the prisoners had worn lying in the courtyard. Prisoners held
at that time have recounted how they were interviewed by a panel of clerics regarding their religious beliefs and
their performance of prayers, apparently after a fatwa was issued sanctioning the execution of those who failed to
fulfil their religious obligations. After the first mass execution took place in Gohardasht, prisoners in one block
were able to communicate messages to other prisoners about the interviews, the identity of the panel members,
the questions asked and the executions, through a series of morse signals communicated at great risk using the
electric light switches. Another prisoner interviewed subsequently by Amnesty International said that he owed his
life to those warning signals.
Some women political prisoners who refused to perform their prayers in 1988 were subjected to five lashes every
prayer-time (i.e. 25 lashes a day); they were told this would continue until they died or agreed to pray. One
former female prisoner told Amnesty International:
We were aware of the massacre of the men prisoners and assumed that the Mojahedin women prisoners
had also been executed. We discussed this among ourselves and decided to stick it out to the end . . . We could
not see the future clearly. We thought at that time that we were in a world of death. There was no contact with
the world of the living .
Amnesty International has repeatedly made detailed recommendations to the authorities for safeguards to prevent
torture, including allowing prisoners regular access to relatives, lawyers and doctors, establishing procedures for
prisoners to make complaints, ensuring such complaints are properly investigated and bringing anyone found
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responsible for inflicting torture to justice. Amnesty International knows of no steps taken by the Iranian
authorities to bring torture to an end and prevent it from occurring in the future.
5. Releases
Amnesty International welcomes the release of many political prisoners during 1991, and the fact that an
increasing number of these prisoners have been allowed leave of absence for varying periods. However, it
continues to call for the immediate and unconditional release of all prisoners of conscience in Iran, as well as for
the release of those political prisoners whose prison terms have expired and whose release appears conditional on
their agreeing to sign a statement of repentance.
Some political prisoners have been released only after agreeing to give video-recorded interviews, sometimes
lasting several hours, in which they “confess” at length to their alleged wrongdoings, denounce their political
organization and pledge support for the Islamic Republic. These “confessions” may then be shown on television.
In other cases prisoners are required to sign statements condemning their organizations and pledging that they
will not take part in political activities in the future. In almost all cases they are obliged to pledge property and
have a relative stand as guarantor for them. Should the released prisoner not return to prison when summoned,
the guarantor may be called in his or her place as a substitute prisoner. Prisoners may also be required to sign
statements that they will not speak to anyone about their experiences of imprisonment.
As recently as October 1991 Amnesty International was informed of the arrest of three relatives of a political
prisoner released on leave of absence after spending more than seven years in prison, who failed to present
himself to the authorities when required. The prisoner's mother, sister and brother were subsequently released,
but were threatened with re-arrested if the former prisoner failed to surrender himself within a certain time.
An increasingly common practice is to allow political prisoners, including prisoners of conscience, to go home on
leave of absence. While on leave prisoners must register at designated Islamic Revolutionary Committees, and
must also keep in contact with the prison authorities. Such leave may be either for a specific period of days,
weeks or months, or may be indefinite. However, even if the leave is for an unspecified period, no one is left in
any doubt that their files remain open at the prison, that they are still considered as prisoners and may be
recalled to the prison at any time for interrogation or to complete their prison terms.
6. Executions
Amnesty International has repeatedly expressed concern about the many thousands of executions which have
taken place in the Islamic Republic of Iran during the last ten years and remains deeply concerned about the
continuing high number of executions.
The Iranian authorities have never responded to Amnesty International's repeated appeals to account for the fate
of the thousands of political prisoners executed during the second half of 1988, and no new safeguards are in
place to prevent further mass killings from taking place.
During 1991 Amnesty International recorded more than 750 executions. According to press reports published in
Iran, the majority of these death sentences were passed for drug smuggling offences, although available evidence
shows that the death penalty carries no special deterrent effect in such cases. Other sources have reported the
execution of approximately 50 people for their political activities.
Amnesty International believes that the minimum standards for fair trial in all the above cases were not applied.
7. Alleged Extrajudicial Execution of Opposition Activists Abroad
Amnesty International opposes unconditionally the extrajudicial execution of any individual on political grounds by
governments, or by others with the knowledge and acquiescence of a government. The most recent victims in a
series of such killings of opposition activists abroad were Dr Abdorahman Boroumand in Paris in April 1991, and
Shapour Bakhtiar and his personal secretary, in Suresnes, France, in August 1991.
Investigations into these most recent killings are still underway. However, according to reports, at least one of the
suspects has implicated the direct involvement of Tehran officials in the killing of Shapour Bakhtiar.
In certain previous extrajudicial executions evidence has come to light indicating the direct involvement of one or
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more official Iranian services, specifically the killing of Dr Abdorahman Gahssemlou, leader of the Kurdish
Democratic Party of Iran, together with his two companions in Vienna on 13 July 1989 and that of Dr Kazem
Rajavi, representative of the National Council of Resistance, who was killed in Geneva in April 1990. In both these
cases police investigations revealed evidence pointing to the involvement of the Government of the Islamic
Republic of Iran.
Amnesty International has urged the competent authorities once again to condemn publicly the practice of
extrajudicial killings and to cooperate in identifying those who may have perpetrated such acts, while making it
clear to all government officials and representatives in Iran and abroad that such killings will not be tolerated.
8. Abuses by Political Opposition Groups
Until September 1991 Amnesty International's policy with regard to human rights violations committed by
political opposition groups was limited to condemnation of the torture or killing of prisoners. However, this was
extended by the organization's International Council Meeting held in September 1991 to oppose, among other
things, deliberate and arbitrary killings committed by opposition groups. Such violations have been committed in
the past by political opposition movements inside Iran. Amnesty International has no recent information regarding
similar abuses committed by such groups inside Iran, but calls on all Iranian opposition groups to respect and
apply basic humanitarian standards.
11J In November 1991 the Iranian authorities informed Amnesty International that his sentence was suspended
121 UN document reference A/45/697 dated 6 November 1990, paragraph 202
[ 3J UN document reference E/CN.4?1991/35 dated 13 February 1991, paragraph 148
[ 4J UN document reference A/45/697 dated 6 November 1990, paragraph 284
Copyright © 2010, Abdorrahman Boroumand Foundation I Back to top
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