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Report by the Special Rapporteur, Mr. S. Amos Wako, pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1990/51

          
          UNITED
          NATIONS
          C .
          Economic and Social
          Distr.
          Council VCN .4 1 1991136
          February 1991
          ENGLISH
          Original: ENGLISHIFRENC}t/
          S PA NISH
          COttlISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
          Fourty—sevenII session
          Agenda item 12
          QUESTION OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND
          FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN ANY PART OF TUE WORLD,
          WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COLONIAL AND OTHER
          DEPENDENT COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES
          I
          . -
          .
          .
          Suzmna.ry or arbitrary execution8
          Report by the Specisi Rapporteur. Mr. S. Amos Wako . nurpuant
          to Conniasion on Human Ri hts resolution 1990/51
          GE. 91—10314/2827 1 3
        
          
          r
          E/cN.4/ 1991/36
          page ii
          CONTENTS
          Introduction ................
          Chapter
          Paragraphs
          1— 5
          1
          I
          I. ACTIVITIES OF T UE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR .........,.... 6 — 20
          A • Consultations . .... 6
          B • Corwnunications .•.••••...•.•,••........ 7 19
          C. Joint hearings on southern Africa 20
          SITUATIONS
          A General . 21.
          B. Country situations 22—567
          . Afghanistan
          . Bangladesh
          . Brazil
          . Bulgaria
          . Burkina Faso
          . Cameroon
          . Chad
          . Chile
          . China
          . Colombia
          . El Salvador .
          . Ethiopia
          . Ghana
          . Guatemala
          . Haiti
          . Honduras .
          . India
          . Indonesia
          . Iran (Islamic Republic of)
          . Iraq
          . Israel
          . Malawi
          . Mali
          . Mauritania
          . Mexico
          . Morocco
          * Myanniar
          . epa1
          . NLger .....
          22— 24 4
          25— 28 4
          29— 63 6
          64— 66 14
          67— 70 14
          71— 74 15
          75— 80 15
          81 16
          — 99 19
          —138 22
          —149 34
          — 157 37
          —160 39
          —193 39
          —196 48
          —206 49
          —215 52
          —227 56
          —268 60
          —289 68
          —296 74
          —298 76
          —301 77
          —309 77
          — 329 79
          —331 85
          — 336 85
          ‘ - 241 86
          —346 86
          II .
          2
          2
          2
          3
          4
          4
          4
          21 — 567
          82
          100
          139
          150
          158
          161
          194
          197
          207
          216
          228
          269
          290
          297
          299
          302
          310
          330
          332
          342
          —
          . Nigeria ...
          3t 7 — 355 37
        
          
          CONTENTS ( continued )
          E/CN.4/1991/36
          page ii ].
          , —
          Chapter
          Parazraphs
          III .
          IV.
          LEGAL AND ANALYTICAL FRANEWORK WITHIN WHICH THE
          MANDATE OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR IS IMPLEMENTED ..
          CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
          A. Conclusions
          B. Recommendations
          Annex
          568 — 575
          576 — 599
          576 — 596
          597 — 599
          163
          146
          146
          150
          Basic Principles on the use of force and firearms
          by Law Enforcement Officials
          II.
          (cont'd)
          .PapuaNew cuinea
          . Paraguay .....
          . Peru. . .
          356—358
          359—361
          362—390
          89
          89
          90
          .
          .
          Philippines
          Romania .
          391 — 422
          , .. ,
          423— 432.
          95
          104
          .
          .
          Senegal
          Somalia
          432—433
          434 — 439
          105
          106
          .
          South Africa . .
          440 — 464
          108
          .
          Sri Lanka
          465 — 484
          114
          .
          Sudan ..
          485—493
          121
          .
          Suriname
          494 — 495
          124
          .
          ;
          Syrian Arab Republic
          Tunisia •,..,,..,,,.,...,,,,,,,,,,.,,
          496 — 498
          699—500
          124
          125
          .
          .
          .
          Turkey
          Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
          United States of America . ,. ,.
          501—504
          505 — 513
          514 — 520
          125
          128
          130
          .
          Venezuela
          521 — 537
          131
          .
          Yugoslavia
          538 — 564
          136
          .
          Zaire . ..
          565 —567
          142
          152
        
          
          E/CN.4/ 1991/36
          page 1
          INTRODUCTION
          1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights
          resolution 1990/51 of 6 March 1990 entitled ‘ t Sunnary or arbitrary
          executions”. This is the ninth report of the Special Rapporteur to the
          Commission on Human Rights on the subject.
          2. In his eight previous reports (E/CN.41l983'1l6 and Add.1, E/CN.4 11984/29 ,
          E/CN.4/1985/17, E/cN.4/l986/z]., E/CN.4/i987/20, E/CN.411988122 and
          Add.l and 2, E/CN.4/1989/25 and E/CN.4/1990/22 and Add.1), the Special
          Rapporteur dealt with and examined the various aspects of the phenomenon
          of swmnary executions, including legal and theoretical issues.
          3. The present report opens in chapter I with a sutanary of the activities
          undertaken by the Special Rapporteur over the past year. Chapter II describes
          country—specific situations in which the Special Rapporteur has invoked his
          mandate: in part B thereof, the Special Rapporteur describes urgent appeals
          and other coonnunications transmitted to Governments, together with any replies
          or observations received from them. OEe Special Rapporteur hopes that he has
          presented a comprehensive picture of the situation in each country.
          4, In chapter III, the Special Rapporteur sets forth the legal and
          analytical framework within which he carried out his mandate. Finally, in
          chapter IV the Special Rapporteur sets forth his conclusions, highlighting
          four issues: (1) death threats, (2) deaths in custody, (3) executions
          following inadequate trial or judicial procedures, and (4) extra—legal
          executions within the context of situations of internal conflict.
          5. Based upon his analysis of the information received, the Special
          Rapporteur closes his report with a number of recorr*nendations designed to more
          effectively ensure, in future, respect for the international instruments and
          standards to which his mandate refers.
          .
        
          
          ‘ ; : -
          E/cN.4/1991/36
          page 2
          I. ACTIVITIES OF TUE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR
          A. Consultations ‘
          .
          6. OEe Special Rapporteur visited the Centre for Human Rights,
          United Nations Office at Geneva, in 3u17 and October/November 1990 for
          conaultationa with the Secretariat and again in January 1991 to finalize
          his report.
          B. Corimitmications
          1. Information received
          7. In the course of his present mandate, the Special Rapporteur received
          communications containing information concerning summary or arbitrary
          executions from Governments, non—governmental organizations and individuals.
          OEe amount of communications has increased every year.
          8. Information of a general nature was received from the Governments of
          Zrune Darussalam, Colombia, Cuba, China, El Salvador, Kenya, Mauritania,
          Myanmar, Pakistan, Romania, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, United Republic of Tanzania and
          Yugoslavia.
          9. Information of a general nature and/or concerning specific allegations
          of sunary or arbitrary executions was received from the following
          non—governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and
          Social Council: Amnesty International, Andean Commission of Jurists,
          Anti—Anartheid Movement, Arab Lawyers Union, Commission of the Churches on
          International Affairs of the World Council of Churches, International
          Association of Democratic Lawyers, International Commission of Jurists,
          International Commission of Health Professionals, International Committee of
          the Red Cross, International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, International
          Defence and Aid Fund for South Africa, International Federation of Human
          Rights, International Federation Terre des Hommes, International League for
          Human Rights, International Organization of Journalists, Pax Christi —
          International Catholic Peace Movement, Pax Romana — International Catholic
          Movement for Intellectual and Cultural Affairs, Regional Council on Human
          Rights in Asia, Union of Arab Jurists, Women's International Democratic
          Federation.
          10. In addition, information concerning alleged cases of summary or arbitrary
          executions was received from a number of regional, national and local
          non—governmental organizations, groups and individuals in various parts of the
          world.
          2. Alle2at!ons of sun nar'p or prb!tr2ry exeeut png :
          11. In the course of his mandate, the Special Rapporteur sent cables and
          letters to Governments concerning allegations of imminent or actual summary
          or arbitrary executions in their countries.
          12. In reply to the Special Rapporteur's cables and letters, a number of
          Governments provLded him with information and observations concerning the
          allegations. For the sake of the preparation in time of the present report,
          the Special Rapporteur was obliged to leave the Government replies which
          reached him after 15 January 1991 to his next report.
        
          
          flLr
          -
          EICN.4/l99l 136
          : page 3
          (a) Unent appeals
          13 , In response to information containing allegations of ixr ninent or
          threatened summary or arbitrary executions which appeared prima fade relevant
          to his mandate, the Special Rapporteur addressed 64 urgent messages by cable
          to 25 Governments, appealing for the Government's protection of the right to
          ‘ life of the individuals concerned and requesting information concerning those
          ‘ allegations. OEeaa Governments are: Afghanistan, Brazil , Bulgaria, China,
          Colombia, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran
          (Inlamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Mexico, Nepal, Nigeria, Peru,
          Philippines, Romania, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, the Union of Soviet
          Socialist Republics and the United States of America.
          14. Replies were received from the following Governments:
          Brazil, China, Colombia, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic
          of), Iraq, Israel, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Sudan and the
          United States of America.
          15. In addition, replies were received from the following six Governments
          concerning the cables sent by the Special Rapporteur during 1989:
          Brazil, China, Mexico, Sri Lanka, Sudan and the Union of Soviet Socialist
          Republics.
          16. OEese messages and the replies received are su.'noearized in chapter II;
          the full texts are available for consultation in the Secretariat files.
          I I) Requests for information concerning alleged summary or arbitrary
          executions
          17. The Special Rapporteur also sent 61 letters to 45 Governments concerning
          alleged sunmiary or arbitrary executions in their countries, as follows:
          Bangladesh, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, China, Colombia,
          El Salvador, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia,
          iran (Islam ic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico,
          Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
          Philippines, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname,
          Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Venezuela,
          Yugoslavia and Zaire.
          18. Replies ware received from the following Governments:
          Bangladesh, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Honduras, Indonesia, Iraq, Malawi,
          Mauritania, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Turkey,
          the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Yugoslavia.
          19. In addition, replies were received from the following 10 Governments
          concerning the allegations transmitted by the Special Rapporteur during 1989:
          Brazil, Chile, Colomb!a, Indonesia , Philippines, Sri Lanka, Venezuela and
          Yu gosl. via ,
          C. Joint hearing s on southern Afr ica
          20. The Special Rapporteur joined the Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts
          on southern Africa for hearings held n London, United Kingdom, from 20 to
          24 August 1990 The information obtained at the joInt hearinga s reflected
          In chapter II, eect on B (paragraphs 454ff3
        
          
          E/CN.4/1991 136
          page 4
          II. SITUATIONS
          A. General
          21. OEe information received by the Special Rapporteur in the course of his
          present mandate includes allegations of executions or deaths which may have
          taken place in the absence of the safeguards designed to protect the right to
          life embodied in various international instruments, such as the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (arts. 4, 6, 7, 9, 14 and 15), the
          Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, the Code of Conduct for
          Law Enforcement Officials, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel,
          Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and Safeguards guaranteeing
          protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty adopted by the
          Economic and Social Council in resolution 1984/50 of 25 May 1984 and the
          effective prevention and investigation of extra—legal, arbitrary and summary
          executions, adopted by the Economic and Social Council in resolution 1989/65
          of 24 May 1989.
          B. Country situations
          Afghan is tan
          22. On 7 hay 1990, a cable was sent to the Government of Afghanistan
          concerning Seyed framra, son of Seyed Mahboob, who had reportedly been
          sentenced to death by a Special Revolutionary Court in April/May 1988 for his
          alleged involvement in an armed confrontation with the Government. It was
          reported that there was no judicial review of sentences passed by the Spec!al
          Revolutionary Courts, and concern was expressed that his execution might be
          imminent.
          23. OEe Special Rapporteur, referring to articles 6 and 14 of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to which Afghanistan was
          a party and also to safeguards 5 and 6 of the annex to Economic and Social
          Council resolution 1984/SO of 25 Nay 1984 entitled “Safeguards guaranteeing
          protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty”, appealed to the
          Government to make every effort to guarantee the right to life of Seyed Hamza
          and requested information on the above—mentioned case and, in particular, on
          the legal proceedings according to which this person had been sentenced to
          death.
          24. At the time of preparation of the present report no reply had been
          received from the Government of Afghanistan.
          Bangladesh
          25. On 9 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Bangladesh
          tranamittLng allegations that n 1988 and 1989 a number of persons died in
          police custody as a result of torture. It ias saLd to bc rare that i part!a1
          invest fgations were carried out by the authorities and that criminal charges
          were brought against security forces personnel.
        
          
          — . . . . .. . . .- . . - er2t i . , . . .
          E/CN.4 1l991/36
          page 5
          26. OEe Special Rapporteur received information on alleged cases of death in
          detention as follows:
          (a) On 2 June 1989, in Jessore District, Shahidul Islam died at the
          district hospital shortly after he was admitted to the emergency ward.
          Reportedly, Shahidul Islam was arrested from hi] home in Bare Bail flange
          village on 31 May 1989 by the Kotwali police, Jeasore district and was
          tortured at the Kotwali district police station by a police sub—inspector
          and other police personnel before being taken to hospital. According to a
          post—mortem report, his death wan caused by “trauma in different parts of the
          body”; .
          (b) On 7 February 1990, in Jessore District, Wazed Ali died at Kotwali
          police station as a result of torture. According to thu official explanation,
          he connitted suicide while he was in police custody;
          (c) In late June 1989, a person named Ofazuddin, from Laduakunda
          village, Dhamrai District, was arrested and detained at the Dhamrai police
          station where he was tortured by a police sub—inspector during the
          interrogation. Ofazuddin died in Dhaka Medical College hospital a month
          later. A jud icial inquiry was reportedly held on 27 September 1989, but the
          outcome was not yet made public;
          (d) In June 1909, Khoka Mia, from Mukuddapur village, Kaharol
          sub—division, was arrested, together with several others, and detained at
          Kaharol police station, where he died as a result of torture. It was reported
          that eight policemen were charged for assault and murder at the Kaharol
          Sub—Divisional Magistrate': Court. OEe outcome of the trial was not known at
          the tiixie of the receipt of the allegations;
          (e) On 17 July 1988, in Kughtia, Kushtia district, Kumaresh Ghosh died
          at the Kushtia Sadar Hospital. According to the report received, he was
          apprehended and beaten by two policemen and a night watchman on 15 July 1988
          while on his way home from a hotel where he had worked and was again beaten
          nd kicked at the local police station before being taken to the main police
          station. OEe result of the post—mortem conducted on 17 July 1988 was not made
          public, According to the police, Kumaresh Chosh died as a result of heavy
          beating by the night watchman, who had absconded.
          27. On 16 July 1990, a reply was received from the Government of Bangladesh
          to the Special Rapporteur's above—mentioned coirmication, stating that the
          allegations were baseless. The reply gave the Government's account of each
          case as follows;
          (a) Shahidul 1515141: The deceased Shahidul Islam wag arrested
          on 30 May 1989 in a criminal case for illegal possession of weapons (guns).
          During the detention, Shahidul Islam told the law—enforcement officials that
          he had been sufferIng from tuberculosis for some time and accordingly was sent
          to th ho;pltal In Jt crt for medIcal treatment; He died in hospital on
          2 June. His father and his brother corroborated this fact. OEe post—mortem
          report said “theta was no Injury or trauna on h I s body” and the report wag
          submItted to the judicIal magistrate who confirmed the veracity of the
          post— mortem report. Though there was no evidence of misbehaviour on the part
          of the police officer, Faruqul Islam, he was, transferred from the Kotwali
          police station by the police adm nLatratLon; .
        
          
          E/CN.6/199l 136
          page 6
          (b) Ofazuddin: Ofazuddin wan arrested on a charge of murder on
          30 June 1989. During the time of his arrest, he tried to escape but the angry
          public caught him. An a result of violence Ofazuddin was injured. OEe police
          sub—inspector sent him to the sub—divisional hospital for medical treatment
          on 1 July 1989. OEe medical officer recommended Ofazuddin to be sent to Dhaka
          Medical College hospital for adequate medical treatment. He was in the
          Medical College hospital from 1 July to 17 July. On the submission of a
          written application by his father, Ofazuddin was granted bail and released.
          He died on 7 August 1989 under the care and attention of his father and close
          relations;
          (c) Khoka Mia: OEere was a robbery at the homestead of Mr. Afazuddin
          in Mukandapur of Kaharol nub—division. After a lapse of several days, the
          police, on secret Information, arrested on 6 June 1969 !IIoka Mia along with
          six others. OEe police officials were rather rough and manhandled the
          accused, including Khoka Mia. Since Khoka Mia was suffering from high blood
          pressure, he was not feeling well and was sent to Kaharol hospital for
          treatment. On 7 June, he was again transferred to Dinajpur district hospital
          for further treatment. He died on 9 June in the hospital while undergoing
          treatment. The incident was reported to the higher police authorities and
          they inmiediately suspended and released all police officials — five officers
          and eight others — from service and constituted a judicial Inquiry under
          section 176 of the Penal Code. OEe case is under investigation by the
          judicial magistrate;
          (d) Wazed Ali: Wazed Ali was arrested on charges of robbery. During
          the time of his arrest, the public got very emotional and violence took place
          which caused injury to Wazed Ali. He died a few days after he had been sent
          to Jessore hospital for medical treatment;
          (e) tumaresh Chosh: Kumaresh Chosh, accused of theft, was caught
          on 15 July 1988 by an angry mob. As a result, Mr. Ghosh was injured and was
          sent to Kunhtia Sadar hospital for treatment on the same day. He died on
          17 July 1988 in hospital. The suspected culprit who had injured Mr. Ghosh has
          since absconded.
          28. It was stated that the above clarifications would clearly show that none
          of them died in custody as a result of torture. It was further stated that in
          spite of the beat intentions and the conmiitment of the Government, there were
          unavoidable situations which would arise due to the emotions of an angry
          public towards offenders, particularly in a developing country, where poverty
          often results in social tensions accompanied by violence and
          counter—violence. OEe Government, to the extent possible, would try its best
          to spread consciousness about basic human rights and fundamental freedoms
          among its citizens, many of whom were illiterate.
          29. On 23 May 1990, a cable was sent to the Government of Brazil concerning
          two priests, working in the south of Pa M state, who had allegedly been
          threatened wLth death. AccordIng to the InformatIon, Fr. Robert Vallecourt,
          French pariah priest of Nova Maraba, had been threatened on 30 Apr Il 1990 by
          the secretary of public works for Maraba municipality that he would be killed
          by the end of the year. Fr. Paulo Joanil, another priest and co—ordinator of
          the church land corruniasion for Maraba region, had allegedly left the region
        
          
          E/CN. 6 1l99l 136
          page 7
          temporarily in December 1988 after the assassination of a state deputy in
          Parai. He had reportedly been under death threats because of his efforts to
          bring to trial those responsible for the killing of a 42—year—old man and his
          S three—year—old son in a land dispute in Goianesia, Pars, in October 1987. It
          was further alleged that many of those appearing on “death lists”, drawn up by
          landowners, had subsequently been killed, without the authorities having taken
          steps to investigate the death threats or protect those threatened. Many of
          these killings were said to have been carried out with the acquiescence of the
          local authorities. Recent examples of such killings allegedly included
          Altenir Carvaiho, aged 31, a trade unionist leader of the Piquia estate,
          Maraba, shot dead on 24 March 1990 and a posseido named Domingos shot dead
          on the Jandais Estate, in Curionopolis municipality 1 in April 1990.
          30. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur, having taken note of the
          position of the Government of Brazil expressed in its previous conanunicationa
          addressed to him that only those cases in which Government officials were
          actually involved were considered as suimnary or arbitrary executions ,
          reiterated his view in this regard that the Etate hs the primary
          responsibility to ensure that the right to life of those under its
          jurisdiction is protected in every possible manner. OEerefore, he appealed
          to the Government to take all necessary measures to protect the safety of the
          persons concerned, and requested information on the measures taken to protect
          the above—mentioned priests and also on the investigation carried out by the
          authorities on these cases.
          31. On 14 June 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of Brazil
          concerning four persons who had allegedly been threatened with death since
          March 1990 in Zapuri, Acre state. OEey were said to be: Ilzaxnar Mendes and
          Jos Alves Mendes Neto, respectively widow and brother of Francisco Mendes;
          Jorge Gomes Pinheiro, President of Xapuri rural workers trade union; and
          Francisco de Assis Monteiro de Oliveira, President of the Kapuri
          rubbertappers' co—operative.
          32. According to the information, two persons had been indicted for the
          murder of Francisco Mendes and were awaiting the jury trial scheduled to
          take place in Xapuri in June 1990. Since March 1990 when relatives of the
          accused persons had arrived in Xapuri, the number of threats against the
          above—mentioned four persons and others, including witnesses and potential
          jurors in the trial, had allegedly increased.
          33. OEe Special. Rapporteur also referred to information he had received
          regarding trade unionists from several towns in Acre state, including
          Brazileis, Xapuri and Rio Branco, who had been threatened with death for the
          attempt by the rural workers union to prevent deforestation in areas decreed
          to be under special Government protection. OEe names of nine persons among
          those trade unionists who had been threatened with death were transmitted.
          34. In this connection, the Speciil R pporteur, emphasizing the fact that the
          State has the primary responsibility to ensure that the right to life of those
          under !ts Jur!sdLct!on !s protected in every possible manners therefore
          appealed to the Government of Brazil to take all necessary measures to protect
          the safety of the persons concerted and requested information on the measures
          taken by the Government to protect the above—mentioned persona and also on the
          investigation carried out by the competent authorities in this regard.
        
          
          EICN .411991 136
          page 8
          35. On 6 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Ooverrment of Brazil
          transmitting the following allegations:
          (a) During the past year several persons were killed in incidents
          implicating the direct or indirect involvement of the police force. The
          following case was reported:
          Ci) On 14 October 1989, Francisco Ecliodo Bezzera da Silva, aged 24, and
          his brother Francisco Berminio Bezzera, aged 21, rubbertappers in
          Manuel Urbana, Acre state, were taken Lnto custody by five police
          officers. OEe two were then taken by the police officers by canoe
          down the river Purus. The two men had not been seen since and the
          police reportedly gave contradictory explanations, first saying that
          the two men had committed suicide by throwing themselves into the
          river, and later that the canoe overturned and the two had drowned.
          However, witnesses reported that they saw the police rowing
          downstream in the canoe claimed to have been lost. Another witness
          reportedly saw a body floating in the river. OEe authorities were
          said to have opened civil police and military police inquiries into
          the alleged incident and related allegations of ill—treatment by the
          police, but the outcome of the inquiries had not been made public;
          (b) Several persons were killed or threatened by gunmen hired by
          landowners in connivance with the local authorities. No effective measures
          were taken by the authorities to protect the life of those under threat or to
          arrest the perpetrators, and local police gave support to or tolerated the
          activitiec of groups known as lusticeiros to the extent that the groups used
          official police vehicles for their operations. Several examples of such cases
          were reported as follows:
          Ci) On 22 April 1990, in Rio Maria, Pars state, four armed men in plain
          clothes claiming to belong to federal police abducted three
          brothers, Orlando Canuto Pereira, aged 25, Jos& Canuto Oliveira,
          aged 27, and Paulo Canuto Oliveira, aged 19. Having been
          handcuffed, the three brothers were driven 60 kilometres north
          of Rio Maria. The kidnappers then shot at them, injuring
          Orlando Canuto Pereira who managed to escape and killing on the spot
          Jos6 Catuto Oliveira and Paulo Canuto Oliveira whose bodies were
          found on 23 April 1990. Prior to the above incident, on
          3 April 1990, also in Rio Maria, Pard state, Brat Antonio de
          Oliveira and Ronar Rafael Centura were killed in the same manner
          after having been kidnapped by gunmen using the same car;
          (ii) On 30 April 1990 in Vfia Alice in Diadema, a town on the outskirts
          of Sa' Paulo, Marcello Rosa de Oliveira, aged 17, was stopped by a
          group of armed men in civilian clothes and was shot dead along with
          his older brother, t4arcos Rosa de Oliveira, aged 18. One hour later
          the same day and four kilometres away from the place of the above
          killings, Alexandre de Oliveira, aged 21, Andre de Oliveira,
          aged 18, Marcello Conceive de Oliveira, aged 15, Osmar Zago Fiiho,
          aged 15, En1iliano Fig?iereido de Souza, aged 21, and Edilson dos
          Santos were forced by a group of four or five men to lie face down
          on the ground and were shot. Five of them were instantly killed and
          Edilson dos Santos was badly wounded;
        
          
          El CN .4/1991/36
          page 9
          (iii) On 2 June 1990, in Santa Fe, near Maraba, Pad state,
          Sebastiao Francisco da Buys, aged 51, leader of the Union of Rural
          Workers of Maraba, was shot dead by two men in civilian clothes
          outside his home. Pa Silva had played an important part in
          defending the rights of a group of 85 peasant families to remain on
          the land inside the jazent Ponrada. INCRA, the government land
          agency, had granted the families permission to stay on the land in
          question. The manager of the ja.teud.a Donrada was taken into custody
          by police and questioned about the killing, but the outcome of the
          investigation by the local police was not known.
          36. On 13 July 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of Brazil
          concerning Raimundo Barros de Oliveira, a peasant, and Father Martin Murray,
          parish priest of Colinas, who had been threatened with death in Tocantins
          state. According to the information, a local landowner accused of having
          killed Raimundo Barros de Oliveira's brother, Jos , on 2 February 1990, was
          alleged to have publicly stated that he would kill the two men. Although the
          landowner was said to have confessed to having killed Jos Sarros de Oliveira
          and to have threatened other peasants, he had been released front custody and
          was reported to move freely about the locality. Father Martin Murray was said
          to have been threatened in 1987 by a gunman and a military polIce sergeant for
          the help and advice he had given peasants in regard to a land dispute.
          37. The Special Rapporteur added that since April 1990, armed gunmen
          allegedly contracted by the above—mentioned landowner had been threatening
          members of Raimundo flarros de Olive!ra's community in the municipality of
          Guarai, in connection with a land dispute which the State appeals court had
          ruled in favour of the peasants. Despite complaints to the local authorities
          regarding these threats, there appeared to have been no action taken to
          prevent further assaults on the peasants.
          38. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government of
          Brazil to take all, necessary measures to protect the safety of the persons
          concerned and requested information on the measures taken by the Government as
          well as on the investigation carried out by the competent authorities in this
          regard.
          39, On 10 August 1990, a cable waa.aent to the Government of Brazil
          concerning Jocimar Borjes Pa Silva, aged 18, who had reportedly been arrested
          on 20 June 1990 by two officials of the civil police in Ipatinga, State of
          r4inas Gerais. lie had been accused of theft but had denied the charge, as a
          tesult of which he had allegedly been brutally ill—treated. l ie had been
          released the next day, but the two officials had allegedly been threatening to
          kill him since his release.
          40. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to
          S take all necessary measures to protect Jocimar Borjes Pa Silva and requested
          any information on the measures taken by the Government to protect the
          above—mentioned person and, in particular, on the investigation carried out
          by the authorities on this case,
        
          
          
          E/CN.4/ 19 91 136
          page 10
          41. On 5 November 1990, a letter was sent to the Government Qf Brazil
          transmitting the following allegations:
          (a) It was reported that a recent study by the Brazilian Institute for
          Social and Economic Analysis revealed that death squads were responsible for
          most of the violent deaths of 457 children or adolescents killed in three
          Brazilian cities in 1989. In April 1990 the Rio de Janeiro police department
          reportedly admitted that half the city's identified squad members were police
          off!cere. Furthermore, members of the police on duty reportedly shot dead in
          a swmnary manner suspected petty criminals, often destitute street children or
          adolescents. rt was also reported that during the period of 45 days up to
          15 June 1990, in the “ABCD” region in Sa Paulo, 37 killings by vigilante
          groups, known an justi eiros , were registered. In Recife, in the first three
          months of 1990, 144 cases of killings by death squads were reported. The
          following examples are illustrative of the allegations received:
          (i) On 5 December 1989, Simone Aiuaral Cerqueira, aged 17, and
          Disney Erwin Rodrigue, aged 18, were found dead with sign s of
          torture on a waste—tip on the outskirts of Nova Friburgo, Rio de
          Janeiro state, after hav ing been abducted by five men in
          plainclothes, four of whom were later identified as members of the
          military police. Criminal proceedings were reportedly initiated
          against two military police officers, but the trial is allegedly
          not foreseen before 1991;
          (ii) In February 1988, in the shanty town of Corto Oito in
          Duque de Ca3cias, Rio de Janeiro state, two teenage brothers,
          Aldenir Calisto Mendes and Magno Fernando Mendes, were abducted from
          their home by armed men claiming to be police. OEey were found shot
          dead next morning. It was alleged that the police was reluctant and
          slow to act, although their mother contacted the police immediately
          after the abduction. Their brother, Evandro Sergio Mendes, aged 19,
          allegedly implicated in the shooting of a military police officer,
          was shot dead on 2 January 1989;
          (iii) On 23 November 1989, in saa Paulo, Marcelos Domingos de Jesus,
          aged 19, was shot dead in the metro by two military police
          officers. Although the police reportedly claimed that he had
          touched his belt in such a way as reaching for a gun, the boys who
          had been with him at the time of the killing claimed that one of the
          military police officers entered the metro carriage firing his
          revolver and that Marcelos Domingos de Jesus was hit in the head by
          a bullet;
          (iv) On 22 March 1990, in s S Paulo, Tchai da Silva Ferreira, aged 14,
          was shot in the head when the police fired from an unmarked
          police patrol car which had been following the car carrying
          Tchai da Silva Ferreira and his friends. He died in hospital
          three hours later;
          Cv) On 25 March 1990, in Rio de Janeiro, Adriana Ones Zago Buenes,
          aged 17, was shot dead by a police officer while she was riding
          pillion on a motor cycle. It was reported that when the driver did
          not stop at the police officer's signal, the police officer drew his
          gun, took aim and fired, hitting Adriana in the back;
        
          
          E / N. 4 / 1991 / 36
          page 11
          (vi) On 25 October 1989, in Bel tn, Par state, Jeremias de Souza Santos,
          aged 17, a mentally retarded deaf—mute, died in hospital after
          having been found suffering from convulsions. He bad allegedly been
          arrested one month earlier by military police in Muan , Pard state,
          and tortured with electric shocks in the police station for
          suspected membership in a youth gang which had been robbing local
          shops and businesses;
          (viL) In May 1990, in the Greater Sa Paulo area, seven youths were killed
          by justiceiros . The seven were named as:
          t'larcello Roffia de Oliveira, Marcos Rosa de Oliveira,
          Alexandre de Oliveira, Andre de Oliveira, tiarcello Goacalvo
          do Oliveira, Osmar Zago Filbo, Emiliano Figueiredo de Souza;
          I I) On 25 June 1990, Mario Davis, aged 19, and Daini o Mendes, aged 39,
          two Macuxi Indians from Jib6ia mztOE a, in the village of Santa Cru :, Roraima
          state, were allegedly killed by two hired gunmen while they were herdIng
          pigs. Before the killing, it was reported that the Macuxi community warned
          the authorities that gunmen had been threatening Indians with violence but
          that no action had been taken by the authorities. It was alleged that during
          the past years Macuxi Indians had been harrassed, threatened, arrested and
          beaten by police and employees of a landowner in the context of land disputes.
          42. On 16 November 1990, a cable was sent to the Government of BrazIl
          concerning Manoel Pereira da Silva, Director of the Rubbertappera,
          Smallholders and Rural Workers Union (SINPASA) of Rio Branco and other
          rubbertapper leaders in Acre state who had continuously been receiving death
          threats which had intensified as the trial approached of two men accused of
          murdering rubbertapper leader Chico Mendes on 22 December 1988.
          43. According to the information received, Manoel Pereira da Silva had been
          receiving threats since July 1990 for his leadership role in attempting to
          stop deforestation by large ranch owners and lumbermen in and around the
          Figueira extractive reserve near Rio Branco. Requests for protection to the
          Governor's office and the State Secretary of Public Security wore said to
          have been denied on the grounds that there was no proof of any crime being
          committed, It wn a1 o reported that in mi d—Sept ember , after informing the
          federal police of the thrnta, titnoel. Pireira da Bilva went into hiding in
          Rio Branco.
          4t, Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur referred to the information he had
          received according to which Wolmer do Nascimiento, Rio co—ordinator of the
          Movimiento Nacional DOS Meninos e Meninas da Rua (National Street Children's
          Movement), and his two children, Ana Teresa do Nascimiento, aged 2, and
          Wolmer do Nascimiento Filho, aged 3, had received death threats since
          October 1990. On 5 November 1990, an unidentified man in plainclothes had
          reportedly approached him on Duque de Cazias Street and put a gun to his back,
          warning him to stop his activities on behalf of Street children and to stop
          denouncing death—squad killing of minors in the Rio de Janelro metropolitan
          region. It has also been reported that activities of the death squads were
          supported or particIpated in by local police and that local and state
          authorities had been slow to InvestIgate or prosecute suspected death squads
          crimes.
        
          
          ,
          2 / CN.4 / 1991136
          page 12
          45. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government of
          Brazil to take all necessary measures to protect the safety of the persons
          concerned and requested information on the measures taken by the Government to
          protect the above—mentioned persons as well as on the investigation carried
          out by the competent authorities on these eases.
          46. On 29 November 1990, further to the above—mentioned communication, a ot ter
          cable was sent to the Government of Brazil stating that accordin.r n the
          info matlon received, a the trial of the accused assassins of rubo3rtap i
          leader Chico Mendes was scheduled to begin on 12 December 1990, death
          threats against rubbertapper leaders in Acre state had intensified,
          including those against Osmarino Amancio Rodrigues, Jos6 Pereira d i i Sliva,
          Abraao dos Santos Cardoso and Amarildo Simedon. In the ease of
          Osmarino Amanclo Rodrigues, president of the Rural Workers Trade Union of
          Brasilela and secretary of the National Rubbertappers Council, who had been
          receiving death threats for more than a year, state authorities had reportedly
          refused to pay daily costs of police guards assigned to protect him.
          47, In this connection, the Special Rapporteur reiterated his appeal to
          the Government of Brazil to take all necessary meaeures to protect the
          above—mentioned persons and requested information on the measures taken by the
          Government to protect the persons concerned as well as on the investigation
          carried out by the authorities on these cases.
          49. On 8 January 1990, a reply Was received from the Government of Brazil
          to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 30 October 1989 (see E/CN.4/1990/Z2,
          paras. 43 to 46) on the cases concerned.
          49. According to the reply, those allegations continue to be under the
          consideration of the competent Brazilian authorities. OEe reply reiterated
          the Government's understanding that, notwithstanding the truth of the
          allegations and without prejudice to the findings of the Brazilian
          authorities, it considered as an alleged summary or arbitrary execution only
          those cases in which there was actual involvement of a Government official.
          SO. On 22 August 1990, a reply was received from the Government of Brazil to
          the Special Rapporteur's cable of 13 July 1990, stating that with regard to
          the situation of Mr. Raimundo Barros de Oliveira and Father Martin Murray,
          both of whose lives had allegedly been threatened in the town of Guarai, State
          of Tocantins, the Minister of Justice had sent a communication to the
          Secretary for Public Security of the State of Tocantins calling for the
          inmiediate adoption of measures to ensure the protection of the life and
          physical integrity of the two individuals.
          51. On 8 November 1990, a reply was received from the Government of . .... F
          to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 5 November 1990 stating that th. .:.
          transmitted had been brought to the attention of Brazilian authoritiet.
          52. Wtth regard to the case of Simone Cerqueira Amaral, aged 17, the rapt )
          stated that the four military police involved in her killing were brought
          individually to trLal and two were sentenced to three and a half years' and
          two and a half years' imprisonment.
        
          
          E/CN.4/199l/36
          page 13
          53. On 28 November a further reply was received from the Government of Brazil
          to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 5 November 1990 and his cable of
          16 November 1990, referring particularly to cases of killing of minors or
          those working for their protection. The letter stated that in the case of
          Wo lmer do Nascimento, co—ordinator of the Movimiento National do g Meninos e
          Meninas da Rua (National Street Children's Movement) and his family, the
          Ministry of Justice and the authorities of the State of Rio de Janeiro were
          requested to provide protection for Mr. Nascimento and his family.
          51;. It was also stated that following an extraordinary session of the
          Brazilian Council for the Defence of the Rights of the Ruman Person (CDDPR)
          on 21 November 1990, a conunission was net up, entrusted with studying and
          proposing within 30 days ways to better integrate and co—ordinate activities
          of official governmental bodies and non—governmental entities with a view to
          adopting concrete measures to combat violence against Brazilian minors.
          55. On 29 November 1990, a reply was received from the Government of Brazil
          to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 16 November 1990 regarding alleged
          death threats received by members of the Rubbertapper's Union of Rio Branco,
          Acre state, Manoel Pereira da Silva, Osmarino Amancio Rodrigues,
          Jos6 Pereira da Silva, Abraao don Santos Cardoso and Amarildo Simedon. It was
          stated that the Minister of External Relationa had requested the Ministry of
          Justice to provide information and to take all necessary action by the Federal
          Government to ensure their protection.
          56. On 7 December 1990, a reply was received from the Government of Brazil to
          the Special Rapporteur t s cables of 16 and 29 November 1990, in addition to the
          information transmitted by the Government, stating that the Ministry of
          Justice had asked competent authorities in the State of Acre to provide
          information on the steps taken to ensure the physical integrity of the members
          of the rubbertappera union allegedly under threat of death and to take the
          necessary measures to provide protection.
          57. On the same day, a further reply was received from the Government of
          Brazil to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 5 November 1990 transmitting
          information on two of the cases communicated in that letter.
          58. According to the reply, the Council for the Defence of the Rights of the
          Ruman Person (CDDPH) had made inquiries into alt the cases and at the same
          time had requested state Governors and other authorities to provide
          information on any investigations made at the state level into these cases.
          59. With regard to the case of Jeremias de Souza Santes, the Secretary of
          Public Security of Pars state reported that investigations conducted by the
          ParA State Civil Police had proven the allegations of death as a result of
          torture by military police in Muan&, ParA state, to be groundless.
          50. As regards the cases of M&rio Davis and DainiTo Mendes, indigenous people
          of the Macucf from Jiboira, Roraima state, $.t was stated that the Fundacro
          Nacional do Indio — FUNAI (National FoundatIon for the Indian) had confirmed
          the allegatSons and that the case was under investigatIon by the Federal
          Police;
        
          
          E/GN.4/199 1/36
          page 14
          61. On 12 December 1990, another reply was received from the Government of
          Bratil to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 29 November 1990 transmitting
          information regarding efforts made by the Acre state authorities to protect
          the life of Osmarino Amancio Rodrigues, Secretary of the National
          Rubbertappers Council.
          62. It was stated that authorities of Brasil6ia had requested Mr. Rodrigues
          to hold talks on measures to protect his life, but that he had left the region
          without informing the authorities. Police were instructed to look for him
          with a view to reaching with him an understanding regarding his security.
          63. It wae also stated that the Ministry of Justice again requested Acre
          state authorities to take all necessary steps to protect Mr. Rodrigues.
          Bulgaria
          64. On 16 !larch 1990, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government
          of Bulgaria concerning persons named Elm Madzharov, Altsek Chakarov and
          Says Georgiev who had reportedly been sentenced to death on 25 April 1988 by
          the Supreme Court of Bulgaria for their involvement in bomb explosions in 1984
          and 1985 which resulted in the death of eight persons, and who had allegedly
          not been allowed to appeal to a higher tribunal against their conviction or
          sentences.
          65. OEe Special Rapporteur, having received new information that the three
          above—mentioned persons might be facing inuninent execution, referred to his
          previous cable of 11 May 1988 concerning the above—wentioned persons and
          expressed his concern for their life and appealed to the Government to take
          all, possible measures to ensure that their right to life was protected. l ie
          also referred to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to
          which Bulgaria was a party, in particular article 14, paragraph 5 of the
          covenant providing that “Everyone convicted of a crime shall have the right to
          his conviction and sentence being reviewed by a higher tribunal according to
          law”, and requested any information on those cases.
          66. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Bulgaria.
          krkina Faso
          67. On 11 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Burkina Paso
          transmitting allegations that following a coup attempt on l B September 1989,
          four persons accused of being the leaders of the coup plot were suninarily
          executed. OEe four were named as follows: Conunander Jean—Baptiste Lingani,
          Minister for Popular Defence and Security and First Vice—President of the
          Popular Front, Captain Henri Zongo, Captain Koundaba, Chief of the Military
          Transmission Service, and Sergeant Gningni, aide—de—camp of Coimiander Lingani.
          68. On 5 November 1990, another letter wee sent to the Government of
          Burkina Paso transmittIng a1lcgat ons that in early January 1990,
          Gu llaenie Sessowna, a teacher at the University of Ouagadougou and director
          of the Institut du D ve1oppement Rural 1st Burkina Paso, died as a result of
          torture in unacknowledged detention after having been arrested on
          21 December 1989. Guillaume Sessouma was reportedly among a group of
          31 people arrented in December 1989 in connection with an alteged conspiracy
        
          
          E/CN.4/1991 136
          page 15
          against the Government. Although the Government reportedly claimed that four,
          including Guillauxne Sessouma, had escaped from detention, unofficial reports
          claimed that Seseourns's body was not taken by security officials to a hospital
          in Ouagadougou in early January 1990, but taken away to the Conseil de
          l'Entente building in the capital.
          69. Ott 19 December 1990, a reply was received from the Government of
          Burkina Faso to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 11 July 1990, stating
          that the aim of thote who had undertaken the coup on 18 September 1989 was
          to overturn the national consensus that had been established since
          15 October 1987 and to obstruct the constitutional order of the country. It
          was also stated that Comander Lingani and Captain Henri Zongo, instead of
          expressing their dissenting views, had resorted to a military operation which
          was unsuccessful ,
          70. It was further stated that in so far as the army was concerned, a
          competent court martial was seized with the case and that thc court martial
          had made a judgement and delivered the sentences, which were eventually
          executed.
          Came roan
          71. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Cameroon
          transmitting allegations that in previous years, several prisoners had died
          due to harsh conditions in the central prison of Yaound6, such as malnutrition
          and denial of medical treatment.
          72. OEe Special Rapporteur referred to the information received according to
          which in December 1989, Captain Madam Dogo Aboubakar and Adjutant Pagor6, both
          imprisoned in connection with a coup attempt in 1984, had died in Nkondengui
          prison after ill—treatment and subsequent denial of medical treatment. OEeir
          bodies allegedly were not returned to their families.
          73. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur transmitted allegations that three
          persona, Ryacinthe Ebod6, Raymond Menga and Dialer Onana, were sentenced to
          death by the Nilitary Court for attempted murder and aggravated theft. The
          date of their conviction was said to be unknown. The military courts did not
          recognize the right to appeal to a higher tribunal.
          74. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Cameroon.
          Chad
          75. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Chad transmitting
          allegations that during the past eight years, a considerable number of
          prisoners, who had been accused of opposing the Government, died in custody as
          a result of torture, malnutrition or lack of hygIene and medIcal attention or
          were executed secretly wIthout any legal proceedIngs.
          16. OEe Special Rapporteur gave reported cases as follows:
          (a) Saleh Gaza, a journalist, who was arrested in June 1987 and detained
          at the camp des martyrs , died in early 1988 in custody at another location as
          a result of ill—treatment;
        
          
          E/CN.4/l991/36
          page 16
          (b) Asseila Ibrahim died in November 1998 due to a miscarriage which was
          said to be the consequence of torture inflicted upon her during detention at
          the Direction de is Documentation et de la s4curit6 (DDS) in N'Djamena;
          (c) 8ichara ChaOEo, former Deputy Director of the DDS, who had fled the
          country in late 1986, was executed without trial in September 1988, 10 days
          after he was forcibly repatriated from Togo.
          77. In addition it was alleged that following an attempted . jjg by Zaghawa
          army officers in April 1989, Zaghawa villagers were au inarily killed by
          Government troops during military operations in the north—eastern part of the
          country. It was further alleged that 100 members of the Zaghawa conununity
          were arrested during these operations and that a number of persons were
          executed secretly and without any legal proceedings, shortly after their
          arrest.
          78.' Furthermore, in the same north—eastern part of the country where armed
          oppositlon groups belonging to the Froht Patriotique du Salut du Tchad (FPST)
          were active, in particular since October 1989, both civilians and Government
          soldiers were reportedly killed in March and April 1990 by Government forces
          in the border areas close to Sudan.
          79. OEe Special Rapporteur described the following incidents:
          (a) On 27 March 1990, when Government forces recaptured the towns of
          Saha and Tine from the rebel forces, many of the several hundred soldiers,
          who had been captured and left behind when the rebel forces retreated, were
          executed by Government forces, because of their alleged surrender without
          fighting;
          (b) On 29 March 1990, in the town of Kouttoum in Sudan, Government
          forces executed seven injured men, suspected members of the rebel forces,
          in the courtyard of the hospital where the seven had been treated;
          (c) On about 6 April 1990, in the town of Iriba, some 24 civilians were
          sumarily executed after Government forces recaptured the town from the rebel
          forces. OEose killed included Take Hussein and Noura Markoli, two
          sisters—in—law of Idriss D6by, the FPST's leader; Taille Ejamous and
          Fatimi Haroun, the sister and niece of Ha ns en Djamous, a Zaghawa leader
          killed in April 1989; Mahamat Haroun tasa and Hussein Zakaria.
          80. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Chad.
          Chile
          81, On 28 February 1990, a reply was received from the Government of Chile
          to the Special Rapporteur's letters of 24 July and 30 October 1989 (see
          respectively E/CN.4/1990/22, paras. 76 and 77) transmitting the following
          infonnation on the casea submitted:
          (a) Antonio Oviedo Sandoval Cares: At approximately 9.00 p.m. on
          30 August 1988, at the corner of Avenida Santa Rosa and Venancio Leiva Street,
          unidentified passengers in a bus shot at a group of persons gathered around a
        
          
          .
          E/CN. 6/199 1/35
          page 17
          barricade and a bonfire at the Junction. One of the shots hit Antonio Oviedo
          Sandoval Cares in the head. lie was taken to S6tero del Rio hospital where he
          died at 9 a.m. on 31 August. In view of the circumstances, the forty—first
          “La Pintaja” carabineros station filed a report on the incident with the
          eleventh criminal court in San Miguel, and carried out investigations. As a
          result, the driver of the bus from which the shots which killed Sandoval Cares
          were fired, was placedat the disposal of the above court, It had not so far
          been possible to identify the persons who fired the shot;. Consequently; the
          version received by the Special Rapporteur did not correspond to the actual
          facts of the case, as no police personnel were present at the scene of the
          incident;
          I I) Enrique Abelardo Moraga Mi floz: At approximately 14.30 a,m, on
          10 December 1988, a corporal of the Directorate—General of earabineros was the
          victim of a theft conmiitted by Hariano Antonio Espinoza NCdlez, who snatched
          his wristwatch from his left hand. The corporal fired two shots into the air
          in order to stop the thief and managed to detain him. The detainee shouted
          f or help and a group of persona came out of a nearby house and attacked the
          police officer, who identified himself as a carabinero and fired further
          shots into the air in a vain attempt to deter his aggressors. In view of
          the immediate physical threat he again fired in self—defence and hit
          Enrique Abelardo Horaga M (zi oz, who died on the spot. OEe circumstances of
          1*. Noraga M oz's death were being investigated by the eighteenth criminal
          court; the case was at the pre.-trial stage;
          (c) Jaime Qui1 n Cabezas: On 29 December 1988, three carabineros went
          to the Eatrella do Chile settlement, Pudahuel municipality, in response to a
          radio message from the local police station. On arrival they found the corpse
          of Jaime Antonio QuiOEn Cabezas , who had died from a wound in his back, caused
          by a bullet which had lodged in his body. OEe identity of the person who
          fired the shot is unknown. arabineros were not present when the incident
          took place, as alleged in the Special Rapporteur's letter;
          (d) Cuillermo Eugenio Rodriguez SolS.s: On 20 December 1988 an armed
          skirmish took place in front of No. 369 Manuel Rodriguez Street in Santiago
          between two groups of persons, one of which included Rodriguez Solis, who died
          from gunshot wounds in his thorax and abdomen. When the nrabineros were
          informed of the incident, they immediately reported it to the second military
          court in Santiago on the same date;
          (e) Jorge GerS.n Maldonado Vel&zquez: On 20 January 1989 two
          carabiner from the Pablo Silva Pizarro local police station were patrolling
          in the Nuevo Amanecer settlement, where tension was particularly high, when
          they came upon a group of persons who started to throw atones at them, while
          simultaneously fleeing from the spot. The carabineros gave chase but were not
          able to apprehend them. Subsequently, on the orders of the unit covering the
          sector, the earab lneros went to a home where they found Jorge CeriIIn Maldonado
          Vel izquez, suffering from a bullet wound, Mr. Maldonado Vel zquez died while
          be!n taken to hospital. This incident led to a complaint being lodged with
          Santiago Nilitary Court alleging that the two carabineros employed unnecessary
          violence. liewever , .t has been established that at no time did they use their
          firearms, although it had so far not been possible to identify the person
          responsible for the crime. The carabineros in question made statements in
          connection with the proceedings before the fourth military proaecutor'a
          department, and no evidence had been found to implicate them;
        
          
          E/GN.4/1991/36
          page 18
          (f) Jecar Neghme: At 9.40 pan. on 4 September 1989 personnel from
          P2—466 (radio patrol car), under the orders of a sergeant of the No. 30 radio
          patrol station went to investigate gunshots in the block between Bulnes Street
          and Alameda Bernardo O'Biggins. OEey found a person lying on his back on the
          pavement. An identity card showing the name of Jecar Antonio Neghnie Cristi
          was found on the corpse. OEere were 19 gunshot wounds in different parts of
          the body, and according to information provided by the murder squad of the
          Chilean Police Department, 12 of the gunshot wounds had been made by
          7,65—ems bullets and the remainder wero exit holes made by the same bullets,
          which had been the cause of death. Pamphlets bearing the inscription ]
          “Par traici6n a is. hicha revolucionarip v al vueblo amar i l lo bunt” (For
          betraying the revolutionary struggle and tha yellow bourgeois people), were
          found next to the corpse, whose clothes contained several documents notifying ]
          the victim of meetings of his political, group. Accordingly, the 3rd central
          police station reported the murder by shooting to the 4th criminal court in
          Santiago which was investigating the case. OEe radio patrol officers who went
          to the scene of the crime only reported the death of Neghme Cristi and the
          fact that the scene of the crime was deserted. Consequently, the cirab lneroc
          had no evidence that the “surrounding buildings were under the control of
          armed men in civilian clothing”, as alleged in the letter sent by the Special ]
          Rapporteur;
          (g) Salvador Fidel Cautivo Ahumada: At approximately 10.20 p.m
          on 31 December 1988, carabineros personnel went to the Tucapel roundabout in
          Arica, where a group of 10 individuals were painting Connuniat Party slogans.
          When they arrived the persons in question fled, while another unidentified
          group of individuals opened fire on the policemen from the upper part of
          the roundabout. OEe arnh.iner i returned fire with their own weapons in
          self—defence, and shot at their aggressors although they failed to hit them.
          As a result of this incident, a sergeant of the 3rd Arica a intj station
          suffered serious gunshot wounds. Subsequently, the 22—year—old sister of
          Salvador Fidel Cautivo Ahumada, 26 years of age, brought him to the local
          ] emergency unit. Mr. Salvador Fidel's chest had been pierced by a gunshot
          wound from which he died in hospital. It was ascertained that Salvador Fidel
          And his two sisters had been painting the slogans mentioned above when,
          according to their own statements, shots were fired at them as they fled from
          the AkijzQI, from a coffee—coloured Sports Wagon pickup, which was passing
          by. OEe brother was hit by one of the shots;
          I I) Edison Freddy Palma Coronado: This person died at approximately
          8.30 p.m. on 30 August 1989 on Avenue Grecia at the Ictinos intersection,
          during a street demonstration, as a result of gunshots fired by unidentified
          civilians from a private vehicle. The complaint filed with the 4th military
          prosecutor's department was lodged against persons responsible, and no
          accusation has been made against the carabineros in connection with the
          crime. OEe incident was connected with an attempt by a crowd to storoe a
          local house, and when carabineros arrived at the scene they merely took down
          a complaint that a person had been killed as a result of the incident.
          Consequently 3 the allegatIon made in the Special Rapporteur's letter that the
          person in question “was mortally wounded by a police offLer”, i not a true
          reflection of the facts,
        
          
          - - - — - --
          - - -
          EICN.41 1991/36
          page 19
          2hin
          82. On 27 February 1990, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the
          ‘ Government of China referring to his cable of 10 June 1988 (see
          E/CN.4/1990/22, parse. 68 and 69) and to his letter of 26 April 1989 (see
          Z/CN.4/1990/22, paras. 83 and 84), in which he mentioned the case of a person
          named Lobsang Tenzin, who- had reportedly been arrested in connection with the
          killing of a Chinese policeman during the demonatrat on on 5 March 1988, and
          who was said to have been sentenced to death on 19 January 1989, with
          suspension of execution for two years.
          83. As the two—year period of suspension ended on 5 March 1990, two years
          after his alleged crime, the Special Rapporteur received expressions of
          concern that Lobsang Tenzin might be facing irtuninent execution. He also
          reiterated his previous appeal to the Government to take all measures to
          protect the right to liE a of tobcang Tenzin 1 in view of the allegation that
          before and during the trial the defendant had not been provided with the
          safeguards intended to ensure the tights of the defendant including the right
          to be presumed innocent until proved guilty, the right to a fair and public
          trial by an independent and impartial tribunal, the right to have adequate
          time and facilities for the preparation of his defence and the right to
          examine or have examined the witnesses againn him.
          84. On 28 May 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of China
          concerning three Tibetans named Migmar Tashi, Dama and Dhundup Tsering who,
          according to an official announcement on 18 May 1990, had been sentenced to
          death on 17 May 1990 by the Lhasa City Intermediate People's Court for
          “organizing a prison escape scheme in a planned way”. It was also reported
          that while the death sentence on Dhundup Isering had been suspended for
          two years, the death sentences on the other two had been to be executed
          Jsaediately, and that articles 96 and 103 of the Chinese criminal code
          provided that those who conunit the counter—revolutionary offence of organizing
          a jailbreak may be sentenced to death when the harm to the State was
          especially serious and the circumstances especially odious.
          85. According to the allegations received by the Special Rapporteur, the
          proceedings in the court had not guaranteed the rights of the defendants
          as provided for in article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights, although the Chinese criminal procedure might have been
          strictly followed. OEese rights included: the tight to a fair and public
          hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law,
          the right to legal counsel, the right to examine, or have examined, the
          witness against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses
          on his behalf under the seine conditions as witnesses against him, the right
          not to be compelled to testify against himself or to confess guilt, and the
          right to his conviction and sentence being reviewed by a higher tribunal
          according to law.
          86, In th!a connection, the Special Rapporteur, having received express ions
          of concern about the fate of the above—mentioned two persons, requested
          information concen!ng the two and in particular regarding the trial
          proceedings by which the three Tibetans might have been sentenced to death.
          87. On 1 November 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of China
          transmitting the allegatSons contained in the following paragraphs ,
        
          
          E ICN .4/1991/36
          page 20
          88. On the basis of Chinese media reports it was alleged that over 720 death
          sentences were imposed between January and August 1990 and in 650 cases stay
          of execution was not granted. A total of 350 death sentences without stay of
          execution were reportedly given in June and July shortly after the start of an
          anti—crime campaign. Over 270 executions were reported to have seen carried
          out. Official statistics on the death penalty and the exact number of
          executions reportedly have not been made public. Some of those sentenced to
          death were said to have been paraded around cities in the back of trucks. In
          this connection reference was made to a Circular of 24 July 1984 of the
          Supreme People's Court entitled “On the Strict Interdiction to Parade in the
          Streets When Carrying Out Death Sentences”. It was also reported that death
          sentences were announced at mass rallies and that the convicted persons were
          often executed immediately afterwards.
          89. According to some reports, the criminal code provides for the death
          : penalty for 38 offences, including those which do not necessarily involve the
          use of violence, such as smuggling, theft and embezzlement. In July 1990, new
          regulations reportedly added as capital offences the production, distribution,
          smuggling or selling of “obscene products” in quantity.
          90. It was alleged that the judicial procedure did not ensure the guarantees
          for a fair trial and the protection of the rights of the defendant. OEm was
          said to include the practice known as “verdict first, trial second” which
          consisted in “adjudication committees”, set up in each court to supervise
          judicial work, examining cases and taking a “decision” before a formal trial
          was held. OEe adjudication committees were reportedly made up of judicial
          officials and Party members. OEe principle of the presumption of innocence
          as provided for in article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights allegedly was not ensured in thin practice. In addition,
          political considerations were reported to have interfered in the activities of
          courts which were said to have little discretion in deciding on punishment,
          once charges against a defendant are formulated. Reference was made, by way
          of example, to a sentencing guideline in robbery cases, issued by central
          institutions including the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's
          Procuratorate, making the death penalty mandatory, whereas under the
          Criminal Law, the death penalty is not a mandatory punishment.
          91. It was further alleged that defence lawyers were not made available in
          the majority of criminal canes and that in death penalty canes, lawyers were
          constrained by the strict time limit set under the 1983 decision amending the
          Criminal Procedure Law, concerning the delivery of the bill of prosecution,
          sununons and notices and also for appeals against a judgement. In practice,
          lawyers reportedly had no more than one or two days to study the details of a
          case and to meet the defendant. OEe lack of independent status of lawyers was
          allegedly also a factor contributing to the lack of fair trial proceedings;
          92. Further to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 26 April 1989 and its annex
          conta n ng a summary of allegations concerning the incidents in March 1989 in
          Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, additional information was received concerning
          the same incident. Accord Ing to the informat cn, a report of 11 March 1990
          from the Public Security Bureau and the TIbet ililItary District Command to the
          Autonomous Party Committee indicated that over 450 T lbetana were kIlled as
          of 10 March, the majority of them as a result of bullet wounds. It wan
          alleged that the authorities deliberately created condItIons conducive to the
        
          
          El CN . 41 1991/ 36
          page 21
          punitive exercise of armed force by the security forces, in particular by the
          People's Armed Police, that on the morning of 5 March 1989, the Armed Police
          were instructed to arrange for agitators to burn down named buildings and that
          on the morning of 6 March, the Armed Police were instructed to kill anyone
          resisting arrest without further consideration.
          93. On 16 January 1990, a reply was received from the Government of China
          to the Spec Ial Rapporteur's cable of 2 November 1989 (see ElcN.4119901Z2,
          paras. 98 and 99) stating that the Decision regarding the procedure for prompt
          adjudication of cases involving criminals who seriously endanger public
          security, a law passed at the second meeting of the Standing Committee of the
          Sixth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on
          2 September 1983, was a supplement to the Criminal Procedure Law, It provided
          that in cases of criminals who cause explosions or conunit murder, rape,
          robbery or other crimes seriously endangering public security and who are
          punishable by death, where the main facts of the crimes are clear, the
          evidence is conclusive and the popular indignation is exceedIngly great, the
          restrictions provided in article 110 of the Criminal Procedure Law regarding
          the time limit for the delivery of a copy of the bill of prosecution and the
          time limit for the delivery of the auxmnons and notices may be overstepped, and
          that the time limit for an appeal or a protest against a judgement shall be
          changed to 3 days from 10 days. It was also stated that it was so decided
          because the main facts of the crimes committed by the aforementioned criminals
          could be easily and quickly verified and ascertained and some criminals were
          caught red—handed, hence the unlikelihood of misjudgement; it was therefore
          possible to have such cases tried promptly. According to the reply, this
          procedure was not applicable to cases which are complicated and where the main
          facts of the crimes are not yet entirely clear. It was stated that criminal
          cases, other than those provided for by the Decision, were still to be handled
          in line with the procedure stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Law and that
          while shortening the time—limit for the delivery of the bill of prosecution,
          sununons and notices as well as the time limit for appeal and protest, the
          Decision by no means deprived the defendants of their rights to defence,
          appeal and all other rights of litigation which they would enjoy according to
          law during the criminal proceedings.
          94. It was further stated that In mid—June last year, in handling the two
          vicious cases which took place in Beijing and Shanghai, the Procedure of
          Prompt Adjudication was adopted, because the accused in both cases had
          committed crimes in broad daylight and also because their crimes were serious
          and evidence was conclusive, that the adjudication of the two cases was in
          full conformity with the lawn in China, and that the legal procedure was
          strictly followed. It concluded that the problem of “interference from
          political bodies” simply did not arise.
          95. On 17 January 1990, another reply was received from the Government of
          China concerning the unrest in March 1989 in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region,
          stating that the aim of the rioters was to use violent means to break up China
          and to destroy its ethnic harmony. It was alic stated that after quelling the
          riot, the judicial authorItIes of Tibet arrested and brought to trial some
          400 people, that over 300 were released after re—educatIon and that
          63 criminal elements were given sentences. However, according to the letter,
          not one wan executed and the claim that some Tibetans were suimnarily executed
          for taking part .n poitttcal activities was absolutely groundless.
          . —
        
          
          — — - — -
          E/GN.4/199 1/36
          page 22
          96. On 20 March 1990, a reply was received from the Government of China
          to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 27 February 1990, stating that
          Lobsang Tenzin who participated in the Lhasa riot on 5 March 1988 was the
          chief murderer of Tibetan policeman Yuan Shisheng and was thus sentenced to
          death with a two—year reprieve by the Lhasa People's Court of the Tibetan
          Autonomous Region on 19 January 1989 and that the trial was carried out
          strictly according to the Judicial procedure of the country. It was stated
          that the allegation that Lobsang Tenzin might be facing inmtinent execution was
          groundless.
          97. On 1 August 1990, a reply was received from the Government of China to
          the Special Rapporteur's cable of 28 May 1990, stating that Migoear Tashi and
          Dama were sentenced to death with a twa—year suspension of execution for
          intentional homicide in August 1987 and April 1988 respectively by the
          Intermediate People's Court of the Lhasa Municipality of the Tibet Autonomous
          Region, that Dhundup Teering was sentenced to death for rape and homicide in
          September 1983 by the Intermediate People's Court of the thasa tunicipa1ity
          of the Tibet Autonomous Region, and was later resentenced to death with a
          two—year reprieve and that in January 1986, his sentence was changed to life
          imprisonment according to a criminal Judgement by the Righer People's Court of
          the Tibet Autonomous Region.
          98. It was stated that while serving prison terms for suspension of execution
          or life imprisonment, Miginar Tashi, Dama and Dhtmdup Tsering, in collusion
          with other criminals, organized clandestine jailbrealcs on a number of
          occasions, that following trials by the Higher People's Court of the Tibet
          Autonomous Region, a criminal judgement was made on 7 May 1990 in accordance
          with the provisions of article 46 of the Chinese Cr i minal Procedure Law and
          paragraph 2, article 133 of the Chinese Criminal Procedure Law, and that
          Migmar Tashi and Dama were executed. It was also stated that according to the
          provisions of articles 23, 53, 63, 96 and 103, the Intermediate People's Court
          of Lhasa municipality of the Tibet Autonomous Region sentenced Dhundup Tsering
          to death with a two—year suspeniion of execution for committing the crime of
          organizing jailbreaks on 14 May 1990.
          9. It was stated that China had not yet acceded to the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and was not bound by the provisions
          of the Covenant. However, according to the reply, the rights of criminal
          defendants under the Covenant are fully embodied in China's criminal law and
          criminal procedure law and related laws. It wes stated that the trials of the
          above—mentioned three cases were conducted strictly in accordance with the
          procedure process as provided in the Chinese criminal law and criminal
          procedure law, fully ensuring the rights of procedure of the defendants.
          Colombia
          100. On 1 March 1990, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government of
          Colombia concerning death threats against Father Guillermo Correa, a priest at
          El Charco, Nari o department, and leader of the local civic movement, and the
          journalIst Jim Preston, also a leader of the movement, secretary of the
          fluenaventura Human Rights Committee and candidate in the March 1990 municipal
          elections, whose names were reported to have appeared in a list of persons to
          be murdered in mid—February 1990. AccordIng to the information, in the
          preceding few months, several members of the civic movement had been
          threatened and one of them, Segundo Olaya, was murdered on 15 Febr u ary 1990.
        
          
          - -——
          E/CN.4/1991/36
          page 23
          101. OEe Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take all measures at
          its disposal both to protect the lives of the above—mentioned persona and to
          ensure that the killing was investigated, and requested information in that
          regard.
          102. On 26 March 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of
          Colomb Ia concerning the allegation of the murder by hired killers of
          Dr. Jarainillo Ossa, Patriotic Union Senator and candidate for the office of
          President of the Republic, and of about 70 members of this Party during the
          first three months of 1990. According to the information, in the case of
          Dr. Jaramillo, the hired killers had entered the airport in Bogota carrying
          weapons, despite the searches to which passengers had been subjected by the
          security forces.
          103. In his cable, the Special Rapporteur also referred to the information
          that over 1,000 members of the Patriotic Union had been killed since its
          establishment.
          104. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to
          make every possible effort to protect the life of the members of this Party,
          and asked for any information on the investigations into the case of
          Er. Jaramillo.
          105. On 29 March 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of Colombia
          concerning death threats against Jorge Alberto Restrepo P&rez, Mayor of
          Segovia, Antioquia, and the other inhabitants of this town. According to the
          information, on 28 February 1990, municipal employees had caught a person in
          civilian clothes as he had been writing out one of these death threats. He
          had also been carrying documents which had identified him as a soldier in the
          Bombona battalion stationed outside the city. OEat night, uniformed soldiers
          had allegedly been seen painting the walls with slogans that threatened the
          inhabitants with a repetition of the November 1988 massacre if they voted for
          Patriotic Union candidates in the congressional and municipal elections.
          Local authorities were said to have requested the Government attorney to send
          a conm ission to Segovia to investigate these threats.
          106. OEe Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take all measures at
          its disposal to protect the lives of the above—mentioned persons and requested
          information in this regard.
          107. On 17 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Colombia
          transmitting allegations that in the grave situation of violence in the
          country during the first six months of the year a large number of parsons were
          killed, including members of leftist political groups, unions, peasant and
          indigenous leaders. The responsiblity for a majority of the killings was
          attributed to the Government, either for having directly participated or for
          not having taken the necessary measures to prevent such killings or sanction
          those responsible.
          * 108. The phenomenon of kIllLngs by hIred assassIns paid by drug traffickers
          continued to be reported, particularly in heavily militarized zones where
          traffickers allegedly counted on military acquiescence.
          .
          .
          .
          .
        
          
          E/CN.4/ 1991/36
          page 24
          109. During the first three months of the year no fewer than 112 persons were
          victims of political assassinations. Cases were reported as follows:
          (a) Carlos Pizarro Leong6mez, presidential. candidate, was assassinated
          at 9.15 a.m. on 26 April 1990 by an individual with a machine gun minutes
          after his plane took off from the Bogot& airport. The was on a campaign trip,
          and waned of a possible attack, had taken a flight two hours later than
          originally scheduled;
          (b) Father Tiberlo Fernandez, aged 40, priest in Trujillo, disappeared
          on 17 April 1990 with three other persons on his way to mass in Tulua. On
          23 April his body was found, decapitated and with signs of torture. He had
          previously received death threats for his activities in support of peasant
          families of detainees/disappeared by the military;
          Cc) Bernardino Prieto, aged 55, member of the Patriotic Union (UP)
          Eugenio Prieto; Roracic Prieto; Jacinto Zea, aged 60, member of the UP;
          Jos Antonio Zea; Ornery Montoya, member of the UP, inhabitants Ariari,
          department of Meta, were detained on 24 February 1990 in their homes by
          approximately 15 men dressed in military uniforms and two dressed in civilian
          clothes and assassinated. Eyewitnesses claimed to have seen the assassins
          leaving the Twenty—first Battalion Vargas attached to the Seventh Army Brigade
          based in Villavicencio, Neta;
          Cd) Fredy P rez, aged 15; Jaime Eeltr n, aged 17; Etiecer Suarez,
          aged 20; Sa ul Ortiz, aged 22, four members of the indigenous community
          Patio Bonito on the San Andr&s de Sotavento, C6rdoba reservation, were
          detained on 24 January 1990 by 10 uniformed policemen in the presence of
          eyewitnesses. OEe following day their bodies were found with signs of torture
          in the community of Cacaotal on the road between San Andr6s and ChirII. The
          cane was reported to the Attorney—General;
          Ce) Diana Cardona Saldarriaga, lawyer, member of the Patriotic Union,
          mayor of the Apartado municipality, was abducted on 26 February 1990 from her
          parents' home in Medellin by armed men who claimed to be her bodyguards who
          had come to escort her to the plane to return to Apartado. The true
          bodyguards of the DAS arrived shortly after. Her body was found the same day
          on the road outside Medellin. She had previously received death threats from
          paramilitary groups from Urab& region;
          CE) Mauricio Ramirez, Camilo flotero and Nohra Ituiz Fi6rez, three members
          of the Patriotic Union, were killed on 28 February 1990 at a funeral for
          Diana Cardona Saldarriaga in Unguia City, department of Choc6, only metres
          away from the regional military base where soldiers took no action to avoid
          the killings or detain those responsible;
          (g) Silvia MargarLta DuIIn Saenz, journalist, correspondent for the BBC;
          Jos Var aa tiateus, peasant leader, member of the Peasant Association of
          Carare; Miguel Barajas, peasant leader, member of the Peasant Msociation of
          Carare; Sa l Casta eda, peasant leader, member of the Peasant Association of
          Carare were killed on 26 February 1990 by armed men believed to belong to a
          paramilitary organization who shot them in a restaurant In La IndIa, Cimitarra
          municipality, Santander. Ms. Duz n was interviewing the peasant leaders at
          the time;
        
          
          F E/CN.4/l99 1/36
          page 25
          (h) Marisela Margarita Cuello Villamil , aged 17, Venezuelan citizen
          and Jos Julio Tehenin, aged 24 were killed on 10 November 1989 by armed men
          dressed in civil4an clothes in Caceri. municipality in the El Bagre militarized
          region of Antioquia department. Military authorities claimed they were killed
          in an armed confrontation. Mrs. Cuello had been detained on 23 January 1989
          by army members who accused her of belonging to a guerrilla group and later
          released her without charges;
          Ci) Domingo Galu n Jim4nez, Juan Bautista Diaz Ortiz, Edgar flenitez
          and Osvaldo Enrique Osuna were killed on 7 January 1990 by approximately
          15 members of a paramilitary group in the Pueblo Nuevo Plaza, Necoc l.
          municipality, UraiM, who opened fire on a group of Popular Front Party members
          campaigning for the municipal elections;
          (j) Leriberto Espinoca, member of the Uni6n Sindical Obreva of
          Antioqu ia, member of the Popular Front, was assassinated on 15 December 1989
          as he was leaving the union offices in tiedellin. He had been an active
          negotiator for the banana workers of Urib region in the National Union of
          Agro—indus try Workers.
          110. On 25 July 1990, a cable was sent to the Government of Colombia
          concerning Mrs. Elvia Urdn, aged 60, and Mrs. Martha Luz Saldarriaga V6lez, a
          lawyer, both members of the “H&ctor Abed G6mez” Permanent Committee for the
          Defence of Human Rights (CPDDH) of Medellin, Antioquia, who were alleged to
          have received anonymous telephone calls threatening them with death if they
          continued their human rights activities. Serious concern was upressed for
          the lives and the security of these people since, according to the reports,
          three successive presidents and one member of the CPPDH had been assassinated
          in 1987 and 1988, while another had disappeared and 15 had received death
          threats.
          111. OEe Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take all measures at
          its disposal to protect the right to life of the two persona threatened with
          death, and requested information in this regard.
          112. On 13 August 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of Colombia
          concerning Nelson Pinz6n Guevara, a 26—year—old farm worker, who had been
          arrested on 17 July 1990 at La Colorada peasant community, municipality of
          Simocota, department of Santander, by members of the army's Nueva Granada
          battalion based in Barrancaberineja. According to the information, three days
          later he was shot and wounded and then taken to San Rafael de Barrancabermeja
          hospital, where he was held incommunicado and under military guard, and was
          not permitted to see his relatives or other persons.
          113. It was further reported that this man's brother, Alonso Pinz6n Guevara,
          was arrested and killed on 16 July 1990 at La Colorada by members of the
          above—mentioned battalion.
          114. Fears were expressed for the lLfe and safety of Nelson P nz6n Guevara
          owing to the executIon of his brother, and also because he had received
          several reports from members of the rural conununities that they had been
          forced by the army to take part n armed operations as guides and that some
          of them had been killed in clashes with guerrilla groups.
        
          
          E IrJN.4/199l 136
          page 26
          115. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government
          to take all measures at its disposal to protect the life and the security of
          Nelson Pinz6n Guevara and requested any information on the investigations
          carried out by the competent authorities in this regard, and La particular on
          the killing of Alonso Pinz6n Guevara.
          116. On 9 November 1990, another letter was sent to the Government of Colombia
          transmitting allegations of 67 killings and one attempted killing since
          April 1990. The victims were reported to be mainly union members; peasant and
          indigenous leaders and other unarmed civilians in regions where guerrilla
          groups were act&ve.
          117. OEe following cases were alleged to be attributable to paramilitary
          groups acting under orders of or with the connivance of the military.
          (a) Union members
          (i) John Jairo Galindo and John Edward Fandiflo Correa, members of the
          National Union of Farmworkers (SINTRAINAGRO), who had been seen in
          a restaurant in BogotA on 16 May 1990, found dead on 17 May 1990;
          (ii) Julio C6sar Arias Castaflo, director of the Centro de Servicios
          Docentes del Municipio de Bolivar (Centre of Educational Association
          Services in the municipality of Bolivar) and member of the
          Asociaci6n de Institutores de Antioquia, Central Unitaria de
          Trabajadores de Colombia (AIDA—CUT) Teachers t Association of
          Antioquia, Confederation of Colombian Workers, killed on 6 June 1990
          on a public bus en route to Medellin;
          (iii) Am&rico Torres Ibargu n and Claudio Benitez; members of
          SINTRAINAGRO—CUT and farm workers on the La Caridad plantation,
          separated from the other farmworlcers and shot dead on 6 June 1990;
          (iv) Pedro Pablo Ospina, member of the Uni6n Sindical Obrera (USO—CUT)
          and labourer on the Eznpresa Colombiana de Petr6leos (ECOPETROL)
          (Colombian Petroleum Industries), killed on 6 June 1990 by a hired
          killer in Cali Valle as he boarded public transport. He had
          survived a previous attempt on his life in 1988;
          (v) Silvio Valencia Medina, member of the Asociaci6n de Institutores
          del Cauca (ASOINCA—CUT) (Teachers Association of Cauca), killed
          on 7 June 1990 in PopayAn, Cauca;
          (vi) Joaquin Galindo Orozco, member of the Movimiento Frente Popular,
          (Popular Front Movement), and Eugenio Galindo Orotco, Also a member
          of the Popular Front Movement and secretary of education of a
          chapter of SINTRAINAGRO—CUT, killed on 6 June 1990 by hired killers
          in their home in the municipality of Apartado, Antioquia;
          (vii) H ctor Mario L6pez, Secretary—General of the Sindicato de
          Trabajadores de las Empresas EtOElicas de Call, (SINTRAENCALI—CUT),
          (Union of Public Sector Workers of Call), killed on 18 June 1990 in
          his home in Cali;
        
          
          EJCN.4/ 199 1/36
          page 27
          (viii) Apolinar Fabra, secretary of solidarity of SINTRAINAGRO—CUT,
          Carepa chapter, killed on 8 July 1990, killed in the workers'
          encampment of the Calicia Plantation in Carepa, Antioquia;
          (ix) Jorge Alberto Echeverry and Emilio Copete, members of the Asociaci6n
          de Institutores de Antioqule (ADIDA—CUT) (Teacher's Association of
          : Ant loqula), killed on 15 July 1990 in Medellin;
          (x) Alvaro G6mez Padilla, superintendent of education for the Monteria
          district, member of the Sindicato de Meestros (ADEMACOR—CUT)
          (Teachers' Union), killed on 15 July 1990 in his home in Monteria,
          C6rdoba;
          (xi) Bani6n Rern&nde and Fredy Enrique Mejia, members of
          SINTRAINAGRO—CUT, Puerto Wilches chapter , labourers at the
          Palmas Bucareli Company, taken by hired kLllers on 17 July 1990
          from the company building;
          (xii) H&ctor Castro, Rogue Jim&nez and Leonel Sumaque, farmworkers on the
          La Alameda Plantation and members of SINTR.AXNACRO—CUT, ambushed on
          24 August on their way to work in Chigorod6 , Antioquia;
          (xiii) Roel Alvis, member of SINTRAVLORES—CUT, detained by members of
          the F—2 Sn August 1990 in Ibagu6, Tolima. His body was found in
          Espinal, Tolima;
          (xiv) Esteban Palmet Dominguez, director of the Middle School Institute
          in Apartado , Antioquis, killed on 26 October 1990 by hired killers
          while on his way home;
          (xv) Luis Eduardo Calder6n, member of the Sindicato de Trabajadores
          Agricolas Cundinamarca, (Farmworkere Union of Cundinantarca)
          Ricaurte chapter, and member of the Uni6n Patri6tica (UP),
          (Patriotic Union Party), killed on 27 October 1990 by hired killers
          art a street in Apartado, Antioqu ia;
          (xvi) Pablo kttonio Gonzflez, member of SINTRAINDUPAI.NA—CUT, and his
          driver, John Jairo Gdmez, killed on 25 October 1990 in San Alberto,
          C6aar;
          (xvii) An attempt was made on the life of Leopoldo Calder6n, labourer
          at the Centro de Producci6n de Ecopetrol, (Production Centre of
          ECOPETROL) and member of the Central Unitaria de Trabajadores de
          Colombia (CUT) (Confederation of Colombian Workers), on
          9 September 1990 tn El Llanito, after his name had appeared on a
          : blacklist known as “La Cots Negra' t .
          (b) Other caaes of kflhin
          ( !) Henry Delgado, Luis Antonio Meza and Beatriz Elena M ndez, peasants,
          residents of Magdalena Medto; Santander, had been detained on
          4 September 1990 and interrogated cancernLng their political
          actSvItiea. Meza was released but Delgado's body was found, with
        
          
          E/CN.4/1991/36
          page 30
          120. Furthermore, again in October and in the same region, several persons
          were reported to have been threatened and/or murdered by suspected members
          of the police or groups acting with the connivance of the armed forces. In
          particular, the bodies of Francesco Sapizabal, Luis Ciaskier and Jorge Ocaxnpo
          from CalL had reportedly been found on 16 October 1990 in the Rio Cauca with
          signs of torture. Walter Jaramillo Gonzalez, the doctor who had participated
          in the search and examination of the bodies, had also received threats. ‘
          121. Lastly, information was received about the attack on
          Mr. Antonio Rico Morales, president of the board of the Cocicoinpa
          co—operative, on 25 October 1990 at a village near Tulua.
          122. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government
          to take all measures at its disposal to investigate these cases and, in
          particular, to protect the life and the security of
          Father Rafael Martinez Mora, and requested any information on the
          measures taken as well as on the investigations carried out by the
          competent authorities in this regard.
          123. On 5 January 1990, a reply was received from the Government of Colombia
          to the Special Rapporteur's letters dated 13 March 1989, 24 July 1989 and
          6 October 1989 (see document E/CN.4/1990/22, paras. 116 to 120, para. 125 and
          para. 128, respectively) concerning the following cases:
          (a) Francisco Mantilla Ojeda and Benjamin Sotelo: OEe case continued in
          the Fourth Court of Criminal instruction of Ibagu6 to determine the possible
          responsibility of the two individuals detained;
          (b) Jos Ivan Muflos and Fidel Rojas: Proceedings were initiated and the
          investigation continued in Court No. 68 of Criminal Instruction of Chigorod6;
          Cc) Alejandro Cardona Villa: The First Prosecutor of Medellin initiated
          an initial inquiry;
          (d) Luis Eduardo Yaga Cr stancho: The case continued in the Fourth
          Court of Public Order of Villavicencio, where the First Prosecutor informed
          the Attorney Delegate for Human Rights that William Gdngora, who had confessed
          to the killing, was assassinated after having been released. A number of
          suspects in the killing of G6ngora were detained;
          Ce) Libardo Antonio Rengifo Vargas: The First Court of Public Order
          found that the killing of Rengifo Vargas was motivated by personal matters and
          was therefore not a political killing, and remitted the case on 19 June 1989
          to the Sixth Court of Criminal instruction in Chinchi II where the
          investigation continued.
          l2t., On 11 January 1990, another reply was received from the Government
          of Colomb Ia to the Special Rapporteur's letters dated 24 July 1989 and
          6 October 1989 (see document E/CN.A/1990/2, para. 125 and pan. us,
          respectively) concerning the following cases:
          (a) Josh Joaquin Vergara Bohorquez: The judge of the Fourteenth Court
          of Criminal Instruction of Barrancabermeja, Santander, closed the
          investigation following the indictmcn . of one individual in the case;
        
          
          El C I I .411991 / 36
          page 32
          128. In the Government's opinion, if cases such as the murder of Judge Diaz
          are characterized as a violation of human rights, then the criterion used is
          a subjective one and is mistaken. It therefore came as a surprise to the
          Government of Colombia that a death resulting from terrorist acts committed
          by drug dealers against the country's institutional stability could even be
          regarded as political honiicide.
          129. On 19 March 1990, another reply was received from the Government
          of Colombia to the Special Rapporteur's letters dated 24 July 1989,
          6 October 1989 and 20 October 1989 (see document E/CN.4/l990/22, paras. 125,
          128 and 129, respectively) concerning the following cases:
          (a) Henry raite and Iv An Cdmez Ariza: An investigation was carried
          out by the Magda lena section of the Intelligence Group of the Administrative
          Security Department (DAS). According to the investigation, the death threats
          were carried out on 4 April 1989 by way of a note left at CUT union
          headquarters by members of a paramilitary group known as “Los Chanizos” or
          “Amigos de Santa Narta”. The investigation led to the capture of the head of
          the paramilitary group;
          (b) Omar Nieblea: Due to the death threats received by Mr. Niebles, a
          unit of the Government security services was offered for protection, but was
          withdrawn at the request of the union itself. Several units of the Magdalena
          section of the security forces were dispatched to provide protection for the
          various unions;
          Cc) Jorge Luis Garc&s Castillo: On 27 May 1989 the case was remitted
          to the Unit of Preliminary Inquiry of Bel6n, t rmbria where the investigation
          continued;
          Cd) Twenty—six street children killed in BogoU: A preliminary
          investigation was undertaken by the Attorney Delegate for Human Rights;
          Ce) Miguel Cardona and Gonzalo Casta o: OEe Attorney Delegate for Human
          Rights solicited the required protection for the lives of Messrs. Cardona and
          Castai o from DAS;
          (f) Omar G6mez Mann and Manuel Jos6 Zapata Carinona: OEe cases were
          before the ninety—eighth Court of Criminal Instruction of Belle, Antioquia,
          and subsequently were remitted to the Technical Corps of the Judicial Police
          for further investigation;
          (g) Gustavo de Jesus Mira Ramirez: In accordance with the information
          provided by the Attorney Delegate for Human Rights, the Fourth Court of Public
          Order of Medellin was proceeding with the investigation;
          ( i i ) Juan R Ivera: The Attorney General was informed that local
          authorities in Puerto Nan, Antioquia, had no knowledge of the death of
          Mr. Rivera and has thus directed inqu Iries to the author tLes of Puerto Berria
          and Cimitarra, where his death allegedly occurred;
          (i) Manuel Libardo Mat Navas, Wilson Mantilla and Arturo Salgado
          Car:6n: The Attorney Delegate for Human RIghts requested the National
          Directorate for Cr Iminal InstructIon for information regarding steps taken
          to ensure their safety;
        
          
          El CN .4/1991 / 36
          page 33
          (j) Massacres of flonduras, La Negra and Punta Coquitos: Criminal
          proceedings were before the First Court of Public Order of Bogota and a
          special agent from the Office of the Attorney General was designated. Five
          individuals were in detention, and were char' ed as material authors of the
          crime. OEe substantial link between narcotics traffickers and crimes such as
          the present cases was established. Meanwhile, on 7 December 1989, an order
          was issued for the release from preventive detention of an army major and a
          lieutenant initially detained in connection with these cases.
          130. On 27 March 1990, a communIcation was received front the Government of
          Colombia stating that on 2.2 March 1990, at 8.05 a.m., an attempt on the life
          of presidential candidate Bernardo Jaramillo Ossa took place as he was
          entering the domestic airline terminal at the El Dorado Airport of Bo&ot to
          board a flight to Santa Marts: Mr. Jaraniillio died two hours later at the
          police hosp ta1 where he had been taken.
          131. It was also stated that the attempt on Mr. Jaramillo's l Ife was
          perpetrated by an unknown number of hired assassins, one of whom used a
          mini— Ingra m machine gun, and that Mr. Jaramillo's body guards reacted
          Immediately and opened fire on the assailants, one of whom was wounded,
          arrested and taken to the Fontib6n police station.
          132. According to the communication, the arrested assailant from Medellin,
          Antioquia, had false identity papers and the State security agencies had
          preliminary information that would indicate that the Medellin drug cartel was
          responsible for the assassination. The Technical Intelligence Unit had some
          proof that would suggest that at least four persons took part in the shooting
          and that the plan had originated in Medellin. The hired assassins seemingly
          travelled from that city to carry out their plan against the leader of the
          Patriotic Union. It was stated that information gathered also suggested other
          planned attempts on the lives of certain public officials and well—known
          political figures, and that the use of hired assassins with a suicidal bent,
          the technique repeatedly used by drug—traffickers, would mean a greater risk
          to potential victims.
          133. It was stated that the Government had ordered an Immediate investigation
          of the circumstances surrounding this hideous crime, which caused great
          dismay, and was determined that those responsible would receive the maximum
          penalty .
          134. On 10 July 1990 a reply was received from the Government of Colombia to
          the Special Rapporteur's cable of 1 March 1990 stating that, in the case of
          Jim Preston and Father Guillermo Correa, according to an investigation carried
          out by the Administrative Security Department (DAS), no facts existed
          indicating that death threats had been made. It further stated that
          Father Correa himself affirmed that while he had been verbally attacked by
          several people, no concrete death threats had been made. It stated that,
          nevertheless, the investigation would contInue.
          135. On 18 September 1990 another reply was received to the Special
          Rapporteur's letter dated 24 July 1989 (see E/CN.411990/Z2, pan. 125) stating
          that the case of C6sar Arcadio Cer6n was under Investigation by the judicIal
          authorItIes.
        
          
          s/cu .4/ 1991 / 3 &
          page 34
          136. The letter also replied to the Special Rapporteur's cable of
          13 August 1990 stating that on lB July 1990, Nelson Pinz6n Guevara, alleged
          by the military to be a member of the opposition group called Fuerzas
          Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARe) (Revolutionary Forces of Colombia), took
          part in an ambush of a patrol of the Nueva Granada military battalion in
          Santander department and was wounded. According to the reply, he was taken to
          the battalion where he received medical care. It also stated that Nt. Pinz6n
          voluntarily offered to lead the military troop; to the hiding place of the
          guerrilla groOp which had ambushed them, and during a subsequent armed
          confrontation was again wounded when he tried to escape military vigilance.
          It was further stated that Mr. Pinz6n was treated at the San Rafael hospital
          in Barrancabenneja under military guard, and that as of 30 July 1990, per
          order of a habeas cornus petition, he remains under the responsibility of
          judge Octavo Superior of Barrancaberineja.
          137. With regard to Alonso Plnz6n Guevara, it was stated that he was killed
          on 16 July 1990 in an armed confrontation between the military battalion
          Nueva Grands and the Twelfth Front of the FARC to which Mr. Pinz6n belonged.
          138, It was further stated that the Attorney Delegate for the Defence of
          Euman Rights ordered a preliminary investigatIon into these cases,
          demonstrating the Colombian authorities will to support human rights and
          fundamental freedoms.
          El Salvador
          139. On 30 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of El Salvador
          stating that in 1989 and the first months of 1990 a considerable number of
          cases of killings were reported within the context of the internal armed
          conflict. Allegations transmitted were as follows:
          (a) Conejo flrtolo had been detained on 23 January 1989 by the Infantry
          Brigade of Marina and was found dead on 6 February 1989 with signs of torture;
          (b) Joa6 Joaquin V squez Gonz&lez, a member of the Agricultural
          Co—operative of La Esperanza, had been detained on 5 June by soldiers of the
          Third Infantry Brigade in Canton Las Lomitas and died on 20 June 1989 while in
          the custody of the I{ational Police of San Miguel. His body bore signs of
          torture. OEe National Commission for Human Rights informed his wife he had
          coimnitted suicide by hanging;
          (c) Lucia Cea Parada, had been detained between I and 2 July 1989 by a
          patrol of the Atlacat l battalion and soldiers from the Second Infantry Brigade
          in Siete Jovenes de Tres Ceibas and Camorepeque, Apopa, and was found dead
          after having secretly been buried by soldiers on 2 July;
          (d) lMctor Marroquin Miranda had been detained between 1 and 2 July 1990
          by a patrol of the &tlacatl battalton and soldiers from the Second Infantry
          flrigade in Sine Jovenes de Tres Ceibas and Camorepeque, Apopa, held
          incommunicado between 3 and 11 July at the Second Brtgade barracks and died
          in a hospital on 13 July from internal injuries caused by the soldLers;
        
          
          E/CNJ/1991/36
          page 35
          (a) Julio Bonito Escalante, a member of the El Tigre Co—operative
          affiliate of the Federation of Associations of Agricultural Production
          Co—operatives of El Salvador (FEDECOOPADES), was killed on 1 November 1989
          by soldiers from the seventh military detachment (DM7) who opened fire on
          co—operative members;
          (f) Cecilia Rodriguez Rivera and Apolinario Miranda, both members of the
          Popular Movement of Chr st1tn Socialism, had been detained on 6 November 1989
          by soldiers from the sixth military detachment (DM6) based in Sonsonate and
          were found dead on 7 November in Colonia Buenos Aires, Sonsonate;
          (g) Aparicic Campos Yuri Egson, a student at the University of
          El Salvador, had been detained on 8 November 1989 by the Nationai. Police and
          died in the Rosales hospital on 25 November 1989 as a result of beatings by
          members of the National Police;
          I I) Maria Angel Florea and Julia del Carmen Ponce, both members of
          the FEDECOOPADES, had been detained on 31 December 1989 near Ahuachap n by
          four armed men dressed in civilian clothes, who abducted them in an unmarked
          car with shaded windows, and were found dead bearing signs of torture an
          11 Janaury 1990, on the highway between Santa Ana and San Salvador;
          Ci) Julian Rosales L6pez had been detained in February 1990 by soldiers
          from the Atlacatl battalion in Canton San Jos6 Cone:, Delgado City, San
          Salvador, and died as a result of torture while in the custody of the National
          Police. On 8 February his family was informed that his body was at the Isidro
          Men ndez police headquarters in San Salvador;
          (j) Armando Vladimir S&nchez, a four—month—old baby who had been
          detained with his parents by the National Police from 4 January 1990 until
          12 February 1990, died on 18 February 1990 as a result of treatment received
          while in police custody;
          (10 Efrain Cabrera Quintanilla and Cristina Alvarez de Cabrera, both
          members of the National Organization of Indigenous Salvadorians (ANtS), were
          killed on 10 March 1990 by soldiers of the DM7 in their residence in Canton
          La Hachadura, San Francisco ?1en ndez, Ahuach&pan;
          (1) Samuel J&rez P&rez, a member of AflIS, was killed on 10 March 1990 by
          an armed individual dressed in civilian clothing in El Rosario, Jujutla,
          AhuacMpan, after repeated death threats to members of ANtS;
          Cm) Roberto Vdzquez, President of the El Carmen Co—operative, was killed
          on 20 April 1990 by soldiers of the detachment of military engineers in the
          canton Despoblado, Zacateluca, department of La Paz.
          140. Cases of unarmed c vI1ians killed as a result of indiscriminate air
          bombardments by the Salvadorian air force were reported as follows:
          (a) Carmen Rivera, aged 3; Valeriana Br gida Rivera, aged 2;
          Lorenzo Rivera, aged 11; Baudillo Hernkide:, aged 51; on 8 March 1989,
          in MoraMn province;
        
          
          E/CN.4/ 199 1/36
          page 36
          (b) Dolores Maria Miranda, aged 10; Isabel L6pez, aged 10;
          Eeatriz L6pez, aged 2; Blanca Lidia L6pez Guardado, aged 3; Anibal Cuardado,
          aged 28, tt 11 February 1990, in the Corral de Piedra resettlement village i t t
          Lagunita, Chalatenango.
          141. On 21 September 1990, a cable was sent to the Government of El Salvador
          stating that 73 political prisoners in Mariona prison allegedly feared for
          their lives and physical integrity because they had received a number of death
          threats since July 1990. OEese threats mentioned an alleged plan for the
          collective murder of political prisoners and for individual attacks. OEe
          death threats were reported to have been made by fattier soldiers who were
          serving sentences for ordinary offences, and by members of the security forces
          who came to the prison on visiting days.
          142. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government
          to protect the right to life, security and physical integrity of those who
          received death threats, and requested that the Government provide information
          on the measures taken in this regard.
          143. On 9 November 1990 another letter was sent to the Government of
          El Salvador transmitting cases of 11.ings during the first eight months
          of 1990. Information indicatad an increase of incidents of killings compared
          to the number of killings during the previous year. The following are such
          cases reported to the Special Rapporteur:
          (a) Oswaldo Antonio Alfaro Estev6z, found on Zoulevard del Ej&rcito in
          San Salvador after having been detained in November 1990 by the Folicia de la
          Hacienda (civilian police);
          (b) Carton Lainez, aged 40, a union member, killed on 20 March 1990 by
          individuals identifying themselves as members of the air force as he carried
          out his construction work in Tonacatepeque, San Salvador;
          (c) Francisco S&tchez, a day worker, killed on the night of 22 May 1990
          by soldiers of the 4th military detachment (DM4). OEe following day, an
          officer of the DM4 was said to have gone to his house with a group of soldi.ers
          to express regrets for the killing. No investigation of the case is known to
          have been initiated;
          (d) Jos& Luis L6pez L6pez, aged 2 and Manuel Angel Ldpez L6pez, aged 2,
          killed when indiscriminately launched military grenades hit their home in
          Los Fardos, Chalatenango, during a confrontation between the batall6n
          Chayguanca of the 4th infantry brigade, based in El Paraiso, Chalatenango,
          and the FMLM.
          144. OEe letter also stated, in regard to the 16 November 1989 killings of the
          six Jesuit priests, their cook and her daughter (E/CN.411990/2, para 156 (c),
          that further information indicated a lack of co—operation on the part of the
          military in the investigation into the case by the 4th criminal court in
          San Salvador. It was further stated that the log—book regiatertng all entries
          and exits from the milItary school in San Salvador, considered crucial
          evidence in the case, had been burned on the orders of the lieutenant colonel
          of the military school, and that after h Is arrest he was freed on bail. Some
          high—level officers summoned by the court reportedly refused to testify while
        
          
          E/CN.4/ 1991136
          page 37
          others allegedly falsified testimony. It was finally stated that a group
          known as the Alto Mando de los Escuadrones de Muerte (High Command of the
          Death Squads), allegedly threatened with death, in an April 1990 communiqu ,
          all religious and civilian persons involved in the case if the members oE the
          armed forces implicated were not immediately released.
          145. On 10 April 1990, the Special Rapporteur received a communication from
          the armed forces of El Salvador concerning the killing of second lieutenant
          Salvador Enrique Salazar Hern&ndez, on 6 April 1990, near the Coatepeque lake
          in Santa Ana province. It was stated that the assailants followed him,
          abducted him and killed him, and that he was completely disarmed when he was
          killed. It was further stated that the killers identified themselves as
          elements of the F74LN (Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front) after having
          riddled him with bullets ,
          146. On 11 April 1990, another conmiunication wa received from the armed
          forces of El Salvador describing the following further incidents of killings:
          (a) OEe murder of two members of the National Police while on duty, at a
          gas station in the capital city;
          I I) A car—bomb attack in Santa Tecla city on 2 April 1990 left six
          military and one civilian dead;
          (c) Indiscriminate attacks on civilians left several dead and injured,
          including Otto Sorto Mills, son—in—law of the air force commander;
          (d) OEe killing of Mrs. Mixima Adelaida Cotto, who was pregnant, during
          an FMLN attack on the Infantry First Brigade.
          147. On 13 July 1990, a cormnunication was received from the Government of
          El Salvador relating the killing of Major Carlos Figueroa Morales by the group
          ‘flodesto Ramire&' belonging to the FNLN.
          148. On 9 November 1990, a letter was received from the Government of
          El Salvador transmitting a press release dated 27 October 1990 which denounced
          an explosives attack by the FNLN on the armed forces high command in which two
          minors, aged S and 17, were allegedly killed.
          149. On 26 November 1990, a letter was received from the Government of
          El Salvador transmitting a bulletin of the Office for Eurnan Rights of the
          Armed Forces dated 23 November 1990, stating that 13 civilians were killed
          between 19 and 20 November 1990 by the irregular forces of the FMII during
          their offensive launched on 19 November.
          Ethiooia
          150. On 10 AprLl 1990, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government
          of. Ethiopia regarding the information received that six civilians had been
          killed in March 1990 in the village of Akhrur, AktleguzaL province. during an
          atr raid by Ethiopian halicopter gunsh pa which had sprayed cannon fire on the
          village, and that on 3 April 1990, in the town of Afabet and in the port city
          of Massawa, 16 and 30 civilians respectIvely had been killed in bombardments
          by Ethiopian fighter planes using cluster bombs and demolition bombs
        
          
          E/CN.4/ 199 1/36
          page 38
          destroying residential buildings. The names of 13 identified victims among
          the 16 killed in Afabet and of 28 identified victims among the 30 killed in
          Massaws were also transmitted.
          fli. In vieit of the continuing tense situation of armed conflict in Eritrea,
          the Special Rapporteur, seriously concerned for the lives of innocent
          civilians and in particular those of women and children, appealed to the
          Govenunent to take all necessary measures to protect the lives of civilians
          who might be trapped in armed confrontations in the region, and requested
          information on the above—mentioned incidents and the measures taken by the
          Government to protect the lives of the civilian population.
          152. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Ethiopia
          transmitting allegations that during the past several months, in the Eritrea
          region, a considerable number of civilians were killed during air raids over
          towns and villages carried out by Ethiopian fighter planes and helicopter
          gunships, indiscriminately dropping cluster and demolition bombs over
          residential and commercial districts.
          153. In addition to the allegations already communicated to the Government,
          the following alleged incidents were described:
          (a) On 21 April 1990, in Afabet, six civilians were killed in an air
          raid by Ethiopian ?‘IIG fighter planes;
          (b) On 22 April 1990, in Massawa, 55 civilians were killed in an air
          raid by Ethiopian MIG fighter planes;
          (c) On 9 June 1990, in Asmara, a special army squad dispatched from the
          army base in Kagnew, Asmara, attacked a group of youths watching World Cup
          football matches on television in Kidane Mehret near the city centre, causing
          the death of 30 persons. OEe army reportedly stated that the youths had
          violated the curfew.
          154. Furthermore, on 19 May 1990, 12 persons, former senior members of the
          armed forces who had been arrested following a attempt in May 1989, were
          reportedly executed after a trial by the military division of the Supreme
          Court. The names of the 12 were given. It was alleged that the accused were
          not given the right to appeal to a higher tribunal against their conviction
          and sentences nor the right to seek pardon.
          155. On 4 December 1990, a reply was received from the Government of Ethiopia
          to the Special Rapporteur t s letter of 26 July 1990, stating that the
          allegations transmitted of indiscriminate attacks on the civilian population
          by Government forces were totally groundless and fabricated. According to the
          reply, with regard to the trial of the 12 senior officers, the proceedings
          were conducted fairly and in accordance with due process of law. It was
          stated that these officers, charged with the most serious crimes under the
          country's special penal code, were provided with a 11 legal protections
          essential for their defense.
          156. It was also stated that apart from ensuring the legal rights of those
          officers who chose to engage defence counsels of their own, the Government,
          upon request from the others who - re ututh le to do so, had also provided
          competent lawyers to present rhei arcs al& defend them in Court.
        
          
          - -———S- - - - - - - -
          E/CN.4t/1991 I36
          page 39
          157. It was stated that during the trial, which took over a year , the Court i t t
          the 26 sessions it held made painstaking investigations into the charges, and
          that its decision was based on 92 witnesses and 65 documents for the
          prosecution and 130 witnesses and 12 documents for the accused; furthermore,
          the trial was conducted in public. The execution was carried our pursuant to
          a final judgernent rendered by the First Military Bench of the Supreme Court
          and, as there was no higher tribunal than the Supreme Court, the accusation of
          denial at the right to appeal was incorrect.
          158. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Ghana
          transmitting allegations that during the past year a number of persons were
          sentenced to death by the public tribunals for convictions of murder, of
          conspiracy to murder or of armed rubbery. OEe public tribunals, special
          courts, established in 1982 under the public tribunals law reportedly may
          impose the death penalty for of fences specified by the Provisional NationaL
          I7efence Council (PNDC) and in cases where the tribunal is satisfied that very
          grave circumstances meriting such a penalty have been revealed. Under the
          public tribunal law as amended in 1984, the national public tribunal tries
          cases itself and also can hear appeals agaInst its own decisions sitting as a
          national appeals tribunal, thus violating the requirement of art independent
          appeal procedure. Among those sentenced to death, nine persons were
          reportedly executed on 3 February 1990. The nine, whose names were not made
          public, had been sentenced to death in 1989 for their involvement in armed
          robberies and murders around Accra.
          159. In addition, between January and March 1990, eight persons were
          reportedly sentenced to death by regional public tribunals. OEe eight
          allegedly included:
          (a) David Agudu, aged 26, sentenced to death by the Greater Accra
          regional public tribunal;
          (b) Azutey Tetegah, Raniani Abubakari end Abmed Drarnani sentenced to
          death by the national public tribunal in Aecra;
          Cc) Adriano Beu, a police corporal, sentenced to death by the regional
          public tribunal in the kong;
          (tO Two persons whose names were not made known, sentenced to death
          i. xai by the regional public tribunal in March 1990.
          160. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Ghana.
          Guatemala
          161. On 30 Januar r 1990, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government
          of Guatemala concerning Mgr. Jos Mercedes Carrera, vicar—general of the
          San t iarcos department d Iocese, who was reportedly threatened with death on
          31 December 1989 by several armed men who burst into the presbytery, making
          a show of theIr weapons, while Mgr. Carrera was distributing food to needy
          children .
          1
        
          
          E / ON. 141199 136
          pag.. 40
          162. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take the necessary
          measures to protect the life of Mgr. Carrera and requested information on the
          case.
          163. On 7 February 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of Guatemala
          concerning Juan Luis Coy Monz6n, organization and media secretary of the
          Electrical Worker's Union (SflNDE), and his family. According to the
          information, on 22 January 1990, several men in civilian clothing visited
          Juan Luis Coy's home and, not finding him there, warned h!e w Ife “either he
          leaves the country or he will have to face the consequences”. Earlier, on
          7 April 1989, the same persons had tried to kidnap his 12—year—old daughter
          who, thanks to her mother's help, managed to escape.
          164. OEe Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take the necessary
          measures to protect the life of Juan Luis Coy tlonz6n and his family and
          requested information on the case.
          165. On 9 February 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of Guatemala
          concerning the deputy Mr. fl ctor Luna Troccoli who, in the week from
          29 January to 4 February, had been threatened over the telephone. Me had
          allegedly been told “if you continue to talk about the debt and its
          repercussions in ... the country, you'll have to be careful because in
          Guatemala it is very easy to kill a deputy”.
          166. OEe Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take the necessary
          measures to protect the life of Mr. H&ctor Luna Troccoli and requested
          information on the case.
          167. On 28 February 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of
          Guatemala concerning the persecution, often in the form of death threats and
          extrajudicial killings, suffered by persons who had refused to Join, or who
          had left, the civil self—defence patrols. According to the information
          received, these persons were described as “subversives”. OEis was reportedly
          the case of the residents of Sacpulup canton who, in the course of the month,
          had been seriously harassed by the army, and of Domingo Ventura, an indigenous
          farmer, member of the “Runujel Junsm” Council of Ethnic Connunities (CERJ) and
          a resident of the village of Pachalam in the municipality of San Andres
          Sajcabaja, El Quich6 department.
          168. OEe Special Rapporteur also referred to the case of
          Factor t Mndez Donineili, director of the Centre for Luman Rights
          Research, Studies and Promotion (CIEPRODEL), and several members of his
          family who had reportedly been threatened with death. It was alleged that,
          in June 1989, a number of armed men in civilian clothing had threatened to
          kill the son of his brother Antonio and of Ana Graciela del Valle, and that,
          on 5 February 1990, a number of men who identified themselves as members of
          the National Police had searched the home of his brother Antonio in
          Guatemala CIty. On the same day various individuals had reportedly followed
          hIs wife in the street in a red vehicle with registration plate 2—156907, and
          on 19 February 1990, a number of persons had stolen the vehicle owned by
          Factor ittdez and regularly used by CIEPRODER.
          169. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take the necessary
          measures to protect the lives of the above—mentioned persons and requested
          inform 2t ion on the cci es.
        
          
          E / CN. 411991 / 36
          page 41
          170. On 6 April 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of Guatemala
          concerning Pedro Castro Tojin, a resident of Centro Segundo Parraxtut canton,
          Sacapulas, El Quich , whose life might be in danger.
          171. According to the information received, on 17 March 1990, a group of men
          in civilian clothing had attacked the dwelling of Mr. Castro, a member of
          CERJ, killing his wife and injuring him. The attackers included two military
          officers who had previously threatened the family. The officers had also made
          death threats against other residents of the town, causing 19 of them to
          flee. Complaints concerning these incidents were submitted to the justice
          of the peace of the town and the office of the attorney for human rights.
          Subsequently, these persons, accompanied by Mr. Amilcar M6ndez Urizar,
          president of CELl, and the deputy attorney for human rights of the region,
          tried to return to the community; they were unsuccessful an a group of about
          25 armed men (apparently civilian patrol members led by military officers)
          fired shots at and threatened them.
          172. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take the necessary
          measures to protect the life of the above—mentioned persons and requested
          information in this regard.
          173. On 5 June 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of Guatemala
          concerning death threats against Edgar Ren6 de Le6n Vega, a merchant, and
          Jos6 Eduardo Davila Rivera, a secondary—school student. According to the
          information, at 11.30 p.m. on 14 May 1990, men armed with machine—guns and
          suspected of belonging to the military command of the eastern zone were
          reported to have threatened these two individuals with death, giving them
          72 hours to leave the country. OEe incident took place in the presence of
          witnesses, as the two left a cafeteria in calle 12, tone 1 of Guatemala City.
          It was also reported that, as soon as the men had left, Mr. de Le6n Vega and
          Mr. D vila Rivera asked national police patrol No. 144 for assistance, but
          their request was rejected. On the following day, they reportedly took refuge
          in the headquarters of the Guatemalan Red Cross and asked for asylum in the
          Canadian Embassy.
          174. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take the
          necessary measures to protect the lives of Edgar Ren& de Le6n Vega and
          Josh Eduardo lMvila Rivera and requested information on these cases.
          175. On 11 July 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of Guatemala
          concerning a number of persons, most of them members of the National
          Association of Widows of Guatemala (CONAVIGUA) in the locality of Pacoc,
          municipality of Zacualpa, El Quich , who had reportedly received death threats
          on 14 June 1990 from a group of armed men believed to be members of the armed
          forces. According to the information, these men had been in possession of
          : what appeared to be a list of names that had been handed over earlier to the
          armed forces by the commander of the Pacoc civilian self—defence patrols. The
          cable transmitted the names of 16 persons allegedly threatened among whom one,
          Juana Calachij M6nde was reported to have been threatened earlier and to
          have been the victim of kidnapping attempts.
          176. The SpecLal Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take the necessary
          measures to protect the life of the above—mentioned persons and requested
          information in this regard.
        
          
          E/CN.41 1991/36
          page 42
          177. On 17 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Guatemala
          transmitting allegations that during the first six months of the year a large
          number of trade unionists, human rights defenders, peasant and student leaders
          received death threats or were killed, Reports attributed these actions to . .
          the security forces, paramilitary groups linked to security forces or to the
          civil self—defence patrols. Many of the killings naulted from the refusal of
          peasants and members of the indigenous communities to be inducted into the .
          civil patrols, despite article 34 of the Constitution which guaranteeD the
          voluntary nature of such recruitment.
          178. Allegations of death threats were described as follows:
          (a) Juan Sales received death threats from a member of the cIvIl patrol
          reportedly for denouncing the destruction of several honies by the civil patrol
          in Cerro Phisphis; La Cumbre, San Ildefonso IxtahuaSu, fluehuetenango;
          (b) Juan Tan Meji , aged 22, member of CERJ; Domingo Tan Meji&, aged 17
          and Diego Yat Us, aged 15 were threatened with death by the military for
          allegedly refusing induction into the civil patrol;
          Cc) Victoria Tojin Chu was threatened by a member of the Sacapulas,
          El Quich& military detachment, reportedly for denouncing attacks on civilians
          by the local civil patrol;
          (d) Gaspard Lux flu, aged 7; Giberto Lux Tiu, aged 10; Basillo Lax Tiu,
          aged 12; Margarita Lux, aged 15; Maria Pu, aged 52; and Josefa Tojin Imul,
          aged 55, all, residents of Parraxtut, Sacapulas, El Quich6, were threatened
          with death by soldiers for reportedly denouncing the death of a relative by
          the military;
          Ce) Aria Graciela Del Valle, a relative of Factor M&ndez Doninelli,
          president of the Centre of Investigation, Study and Promotion of Human Rights
          in Guatemala (CIEPRODH), who has reportedly received numerous death threats,
          was also threatened with death by members of the National Police;
          (f) Domingo Ventura, aged 35, member of CERJ, was threatened with
          death on 24 January 1990 when the commander of the San Andr s de Sajcabaj ,
          El Quich6 military detachment and 30 soldiera entered his home by force and
          detained him for several hours for reportedly refusing to co—operate with the
          military;
          (g) Milhen Chavez, district director of CIEPRODR, went into exile due
          to death threats reportedly received for providing the press with information
          regarding Involvement of the G—2 military intelligence service in a human
          rights case;
          (h) Juan Luls Coy tlonz6n, member of the Union of Workers of the National :
          Institute of Electricity Workers (STINDE), was threatened with death and was
          told to stop union activities and leave the country. Prior to this incident,
          there wag an attempted kidnapping of his daughter and in January and
          February 1990, his wife was abducted and qucattoned regarding his union
          activities;
          I
        
          
          . . .. :.. :::: : ; .. . : ___
          E / C11 .4/1991/36
          page 43
          (i) Luis Fernando Hern nde :, Jos& L6pez P&rez, Abraham Santizo,
          C&sar Augusto Franc e de Le6n, Roberto Mair n Jacobo Abrego, Luis L6pez
          Cifuentes, Osberto Hugo Rodas, Alfonso Colop y Colop, Benaro Soberanis, and
          H&ctor Alvarado Cho, members of the executive committee of the union of CAUTSA
          (Central American Class Company) workers, were threatened with death by the
          anti—riot squad of the National Police when they were forcefully removed from
          the factory site on 3 June 1990;
          (j) Ram6n Ja come Pinto, leader of the Union of Workers of the Cuatemalan
          Social Security Institute (STIGSS), and his family were threatened with death
          on 8 May 1990 and were told to give up their union activities.
          179. Deaths were described as follows:
          (a) MIguel Pu Lope:, aged 25 and Francisco Pucmach, aged 30 were
          killed by 20 members of the self—defence civil patrol on 16 May 1990 in
          San Sebastihn, Sacapulas, department of El QuIch . According to the police
          they died in an attack on the patrol. Eye—witness accounts contradict this
          explanation;
          (b) Pedro P&rez, aged 10 and Gaspar Callego, aged 15 were reportedly
          tortured and then killed on 28 April 1990 by soldiers from the military base
          in San Gaspar, Chajul, department of El Quich&;
          Cc) Jos6 Cuyuch Raymundo, aged 25, was killed in May 1990 in Cab ,
          Chajul, department of El Quich6, when army members searched and then destroyed
          homes as well as cultivated fields;
          Cd) Fidelino RaW. Tobias Aparicio, aged 41; Miguel Angel Rianca Sicay,
          aged 44; Gregorio Ramires y Ramires, aged 42; Juan Pablo Quietuy, aged 48 were
          detained on 22 May 1990 by the military in Xexhiboy, Pamajoj Achichoy and
          Cheritay in Santiago Atitl&n in Solol& department. OEeir bodies were found
          on 24 May 1990 in Cerro Oro, Santiago Atitlti;
          Ce) Josh Maria Ixcayat, a leader of CERJ, was killed on 1 May 1990 by
          three masked and armed men dressed in civilian clothes in Caserio de la Fe.
          Reports attributed his death to the security forces or civilians who acted
          with their acquiescence or connivance, noting that he had previously received
          numerous death threats from the military and the civil patrols for his role in
          opposing forced conscription in the civil patrols;
          (f) Jos4 Vicente Garcia, a leader of CERJ, was killed on 10 April 1990
          in La Montai a, El Quich6, by armed men dressed in civilian clothes. Re had on
          previous occasions been threatened with death and detained by members of the
          self—defence civil patrol;
          (g) Pedro Callege de Ledn was killed after being tortured on
          10 March 1990 in El Quich by members of the army who attacked several
          towns in this department;
          (h) OEe bodies of Juan Gustavo Herrera ConIIlez, aged 23; Fernando
          Rivera orti :, aged 23; and Oscar Emilio Echeverri , aged 24 were found on
          31. March 1990 in Escuintla department after having been detained days before
          in zone 1 In Guatemala City by members of the security forces and taken away
          in a blue jeep with polarized windows;
        
          
          E/CN.4/1991/36
          page 44
          (i) Nestor Ren6 Osorio Sandoval, aged 41, member of the Union of Workers
          of the National Institute of Electricity (STINDE) in Chiquimula department,
          was killed on 2 March 1990 by three members of the security forces in the
          company plant;
          (j) C spar Lainez, aged 38 and Pablo Escobar, aged 32 were killed by
          members of the Second Infantry Battalion of the Nariscal Zavala brigade after
          having been detained on 13 February 1990;
          ( Ic) Manuel Lula y Luis, a member of CERJ, was killed on 15 January 1990
          in Portrero Viejo, Zainalpa, El Guich . His body showed signs of beatings.
          Authorities refused to investigate his death or to hold en autopsy.
          180. On 24 August 1990, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government
          of Guatemala concerning Jos Garcia Bauer, Deputy for the Central District of
          Guatemala, who reportedly received death threats on 31 July 1990 when his
          family had received a telephone call giving Mr. Garcia Batter 48 hours to leave
          the country. Eight other members of Congress had apparently also received
          death threats recently.
          181. OEe Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take the necessary
          measures to protect the life of Jos& Garcia Batter and requested information on
          the case.
          182. On 23 October 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of Guatemala
          concerning Jos Vicente Soto, Education Secretary of the Training
          Institute (INTECAP) Union, and Carmen Rubenia Zepeda, aged 33, his fianc e,
          who were being watched and had received death threats. On 13 October 1990,
          Carmen Zepeda was said to have been kidnapped in zone 7 of Guatemala City
          by armed men wearing civilian clothes and travelling in a cream—coloured jeep
          with one—way windows. OEe kidnappers were said to have beaten her, questioned
          her about Mr. Soto's trade union activities and threatened him if he did not
          ismnediatedly leave the country. Miss Zepeda wan said to have been released
          next day. Since then, both persona concerned had reportedly continued to
          receive anonymous telephone calls.
          183. OEe Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take the necessary
          measures to protect the right to life of the above—mentioned persons
          threatened with death and requested information on the case.
          184. On 9 November 1990 another letter was sent to the Government of Guatemala
          transmitting allegations of a marked increase in killings in Guatemala
          particularly in the months preceding the November presidential elections. Of
          the 500 killings reported through September, approximately 55 per cent were
          said to have occurred between July and September. OEe victims were said to be
          members of unions, human rights organizations, opposition political groups and
          indigenous conununLt es.
          185. AccordIng to information receIved, many of the killings had been preceded
          by death threats and many occurred when peasant and indigenouc men refused to
          serve in the self—defence patrols. OEese deaths were said to be attrIbutable
          to the security forces, to paramilitary groups linked to these and to the
          self—defence patrols which function with the connivance of the author tLen.
        
          
          EICN.4/ 199 1f36
          page 45
          186. OEe following cases were described:
          (a) Killings
          (i) H&ctor Anibal Zufliga, aged 45, peasant, who was abducted by men
          driving a pickup truck with polarized windows, was found dead
          on 5 March 1990 in Villa Nueva, Ruta San Miguel Petapa, A].dea
          el Frutal;
          (ii) Jorge Anal Castro Carnillo, aged 24, a student of the national
          university (USAC) law school 1 wan abducted by four unidentified
          individuals on 1 October 1990 and his body dumped in front of
          the law school. OEe Minister of the Interior reportedly
          qualified his death as a con non crime;
          (iii) David Guti&rrez Morales, Everardo Botec Morales, Juan Jos&
          Orellana Chacdn and Israel Chac6n Aquino, peasant labourers
          in the Flor do la Esperanza co—operative who had disappeared
          in May 1990 from the co—operative in the municipality of
          La L bertad, department of El Pet n, were found dead on
          27 September 1990 floating in the Usvmacinta River in
          El Pet&n. OEeir deaths were reported to the El Pet&n court
          and to the prosecutor for human rights on 26 September 1990;
          (iv) Refugio Aracely Villanueva was shot dead on 26 October 1990 in
          Calzada Aguilar Batres, Guatemala City, by two men riding a
          motocycle as she was driving with her husband, Byron Barrera,
          Vice—President of the Association of Journalists of
          Guatemala (APG) who had continued receiving death threats after
          having returned to Guatemala in 1986 following several years of
          exile. Her husband was seriously wounded in the same attack;
          (v) Ana Guadalupe HeriIIndez Leonardo, aged 17, taken from her
          home by heavily armed men in civilian clothes in zone 3 in
          Guatemala City on 7 September 1990, was found dead on
          12 September 1990 under the El Incienso Bridge in Guatemala
          City. Her abduction had been reported to the National Police
          but an investigation was never initiated;
          (vi) Ilumberto Gonz .1ez Gamarra, Secretary—General of the
          Revolutionary Democratic Union (IJRD), was killed on
          15 October 1990 at 4.10 p.m. in zone 11 in Guatemala City
          by heavily armed men in civilian clothes;
          (vii) Petronilo Nern&ndez Basi lio, Secretary of the Independent
          Agricultural Syndicate of Barrio La Reformita, an affiliate of
          the Trade Union Confederation of Guatemala (CUSG) was killed
          on 1 July 1990 in his home in the municipality of Moyuta,
          department of Jutlapa, by a group of men;
          (viii) Orlando Estuardo Alvarado Morales, a teacher, who had been
          kidnapped on 20 october 1990 in Guatemala City, was found
          dead on 1 November 1990;
        
          
          E/GN.4/1991/36
          page 46
          (b) Attempted killings
          (i) Juan Jos4 Rodil Peralta, a congressional candidate for
          the National Centre Union Party (UCN), was ambushed on
          5 October 1990 by a group of men in three cars as he returned
          from a political campaign trip;
          (c) Killings of human rights workers
          (i) tiyrna Mackchang, aged 40, director of the Institute for the
          Advancement of Social Sciences (AVANSCO), was stabbed to death
          on 11 September 1990 by unidentified men as she left her office
          at 7.00 p.m on 12th Street, zone 1 in Guatemala City;
          (ii) Maria Mejia, aged 67, member of CERJ, was killed on
          19 March 1990 in her home when two military persons broke in
          searching for her son. Her husband, Pedro Lastro Tojin, was
          seriously wounded. OEe family had reportedly denounced
          continuing death threats from the military to the prosecutor
          for human rights;
          (iii) Pedro flu Cat, member of CEL l, after having been kidnapped
          on 2 July 1990 from his residence in Chajob by individuals
          identifying themselves as police, was found dead on 4 July 1990
          in a neighbouring town;
          (iv) Joa Pedro Tiu Chival&n, aged 35, son of Pedro flu Gao, who had
          been kidnapped from his home on 2 October 1990, was found dead
          on 5 October 1990 in the department of Totonicap n;
          Cd) Death threats
          (i) Manuel Tumax Aguilar, a journalist, has been receiving death
          threats since 10 August 1990 and was being watched by
          unidentified individuals;
          (ii) Amilcar M6ndez Urizar, president of CERJ, received a death
          threat on 30 July 1990 and was given 72 hours to leave the
          country;
          (iii) Mario Polanco, aged 17, a member of the Crupo de Apoyo
          Mutuo (CAN) (Mutual Aid Group), was followed on
          5 September 1990 by soldiers in a military jeep who then
          chased him on foot;
          Ce) Deaths in the course of military operations
          (I) Magdalena Efranin Fray Santos, aged 12, was killed between 22
          and 30 August 1990 when army troops based in Amacehel, AxcIIz,
          department of El Quich , fired on inhabitants of that
          municipality wounding two other youths and capturing 37
          civilians;
        
          
          E/CN.4/1991/36
          page 47
          (ii) Gregor io Chevaj, an indigenous peasant, who had been detained
          in Cerro de Ojo, Santiago Atitlin, department of Sacatep&quez,
          was found dead on a public road after army soldiers marched
          into the indigenous community forcing out the inhabitants;
          (iii) Jos Cuyuch Ralymundo was killed between 9 and 15 May 1990
          when soldiers from Txiaj&, El Quich4, carried out military
          operations in Cab municLpal ty of Chacul, El Quich6.
          Mr. Cuyuch was ill in his home when the military broke in and
          searched the residence. His body was later found in the Caba
          river with signs of torture;
          (iv) Pedro Villa, a peasant, had been detained on 22 June 1990
          by members of the army based in Sulin, municipality of
          La Libertad, department of El Pet&n, while he was working
          in the field and was subsequently found dead.
          187. OEe letter of 9 November 1990 further transmitted allegations of
          death threats and killings of street children involved in petty crIme
          or glue—sniffing by agents of the police in Guatemala City:
          (a) Deaths of minors
          (i) Naham&n Carmona L6pez, aged 13, died on 14 March 1990 as a
          result of serious injuries after reportedly being attacked on
          4 March 1990 by members of the National Police on 12th Street
          . and 6th Avenue, zone 1 of Guatemala City, while he and other
          minors were sniffing glue. OEe other minors, who served as
          eye—witnesses, were said to continue to receive death threats.
          Four police agents had been charged with his death and held
          while the case was being considered in the lower court of the
          1st crixainal court;
          (ii) Mann Oswaldo de la Cruz Almengor, aged 12, was shot dead
          on 18 May 1990 at 1.15 p.m. by a police agent while robbing a
          motorist of sunglasses. An eye—witness was said to have been
          detained and threatened at the scene;
          (iii) Walter Villatoro, aged 17; Salvador Sandoval, aged 16; and
          Jonito Jos6 Castellanos, who had been abducted on 25 June 1990
          by heavily armed men driving a Blazer Jeep with polarized
          windo s on 20th Street, zone 1 in Guatemala CIty, were found
          dead with bullet wounds and signs of torture.
          188. On 5 December 1990 a cable was sent to the Government of Guatemala
          transmitting allegations that the following individuals were killed in a
          summary manner by army soldiers attached to the military base in Sant iago
          Atitldn, So1o1 department of Suchetepequez: Juan Carlos Pablo Sosod,
          aged 20; Pedro Mendoza Cotu, aged 18; Francisco Girdn Chicojau, aged 10; Juan
          Ajuch n Mes n, aged 15; Salvador Damion Yaqui, aged 50; Felipe Quieju CuHn,
          aged 53; N lcolas AjtuJal Sosof, aged 17; Pedro Cnista Mendoza, aged 14; Caspar
          Coo Sicay, aged 18; Pedro Mendoza Pablo, aged 29; Pedro Daman Visquez, aged 45.
        
          
          E/CN.4 1 1991/36
          page 48
          189. On 2 December 1990, a lieutenant from the Santiago detachment attempted
          to detain a member of the indigenous community and in the process, wounded a
          child with a bullet. OEe members of the community, as well as the incoming
          and outgoing mayors, went peacefully to the military base to protest the
          action and to speak to the commander. Soldiers then opened fire with
          machine—guns on the group, killing the above—mentioned persona.
          190. OEe Special Rapporteur expressed concern for the physical safety of this
          communLty n the l ;ht of thi death threats and killIngs reported throughout
          the year in this community by the army which caused a perpetual state of fear
          among the people.
          191. OEe Special Rapporteur requested information on this case and on any
          investigation made and particularly on the measures taken by the authorities
          to protect the lives and physical integrity of this cozanunity and to bring
          those responsible for the above—cited killings to justice.
          192. On 12 December 1990, a reply was received from the Government of
          Guatemala to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 5 December 1990 with regard to
          the alleged massacre in Santiago Atitl n on 2 December 1990, transmitting a
          press cormnuniqu from the President which stated that details of the incident
          indicated a possibility of errors in contro11in the situation at the moment
          when the incidents were triggered.
          193. It was also stated that the Government expressed its full intention to
          carry out an exhaustive investigation to determine the motives and development
          of the incidents as well as those responsible, and that the law would be
          strictly applied. In this regard, it was further stated that the Government
          would collaborate fully with the prosecutor for human rights and other
          competent authorities.
          Haiti
          194. On 5 November 1990, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the
          Government of Haiti mentioning that allegations to the effect that during the
          year 1989 civilians had been shot down by unidentified armed men, some of whom
          : were in military uniform, continued to be brought to his attention. It is
          alleged that the competent authorities have not conducted investigations into
          these murders which would have led to the arrest of the persons responsible.
          195. OEe Special Rapporteur was informed in particular of the following cases:
          (a) A group of armed men, including persons in military uniform,
          is alleged to have opened fire on members of the Council of State on
          21 June 1990, during a meeting with a group of private individuals. According
          to the source, Jean-4larie Montes, one of the persons attending the meeting was
          killed. Serve Villard, the representative of the private sector in the
          Council of State is said to have been seriously wounded and to have died on
          24 June 1990. A third person is reported to have been injured during the se ine
          incident;
          (b) During the bight of 1—2 July 1990, in the St. 1artin district of
          Port—au—Prince, Nariano Delaunay, a teacher and founder of evening classes for
          needy residents of the town is saId to have been shot down by an armed man at
          the wheel of a lorry. Witnesses are reported to have identified the killer as
          an army sergeant;
        
          
          E / ON . 4/ 1 991135
          page 49
          (c) On 3 August 1990, Merus Laroche is said to have died while in
          detention in Cap—Raitien prison. It is alleged that Laroche was arrested and
          detained in the army local headquarters where he was tortured before being
          transferred to the prison. It is said that there was no medical supervision
          of Laroche.
          196. At the time of preparation of the present report no reply had been
          received from the Government of Haiti.
          Honduras
          197. On 13 February 1990, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the
          Government of Honduras concerning death threats reportedly made against
          Mr. Oscar Anibal Puerto and Mr. Roberto Zelaya. According to this
          information, Mr. Puerto, a lawyer and vice—president of the Cormnittee for the
          Defence of Human Rights in Honduras (CODER), who received death threats over
          the telephone on 2 February 1990 at the CODER headquarters in Tegucigalpa, had
          already received threats of that kind in January and April 1989. In the case
          of Mr. Zelaya, who worked in the department of social sciences at the Teachers
          Training University, studied law at the Autonomous National University of
          Honduras, and was a member of the University Reform Front, three 0—2 agents
          had reportedly searched his home on the morning of 31 January 1990 and taken
          away books, and in the afternoon three armed men, members of the 3—16
          battalion, were reported to have come to his home again, warning him not to
          lodge a complaint about the incident and to leave the country.
          198. The Special Rapporteur, having received expressions of concern for the
          safety of the two above—mentioned persons, appealed to the Government to take
          the necessary measures to protect their lives and requested information on
          these cases.
          199. On 6 April 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of flonduras
          concerning an attack on Roberto Ze laya, teacher in the social sciences
          department of the Teachers Training College and student of law at the
          Autonomous National University of Honduras. Pkccording to the information
          received, Mr. Ze laya had been seriously wounded in the course of an attack
          that had been taking place at 6.30 p.m. on 19 March 1990, while he had been
          walking near his home in Colonia Villanueva, Tegucigalpa. OEoae responsible
          for the attack were allegedly three armed men, supposedly connected with the
          armed forces, who had been driving a blue car with tinted windows and without
          number plates. OEey had left Roberto Ze].aya before neighbours arrived and
          took him to hospital, where he was apparently in a very serious condition.
          200. Furthermore, the attackers were said to have threatened the victim and
          other people: Br. Ram6n Custodie, Oscar Anibal Puerto, Juan Almendares
          Bonilla and Hector Rern indez. OEese individuals had also recetved threats
          on various occasions during the previous year.
          201. According to the information receLved, the threats and IntimidatLcn
          directed during the last few years against trade union members and people
          active in the field of human rights suggested that they were the work of
          clandestine groups operating in collusion with the armed forces and in
          particular with Battalion 3—16.
        
          
          E/cN.4/1991/36
          30
          202. OEe Special Rapporteur had also noted with concern that in some
          recent cases the death threats had been carried out. On 4 July 1969,
          Edgardo Herrera, member of the Frente de Reforma Universitaria (flu), had
          been shot dead by two civilians. OEe most recent case was that of human
          rights activist Reynaldo Zuiliga who had been shot dead in San Pedro Sula
          in January 1990 ,
          203. In this connection, theSpecial Rapporteur appealed to the Government
          to take all necessary measures to protect the lives of the above—mentioned
          persons and requested any information in this regard.
          204. On 17 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Honduras
          transmitting allegations that during the first half of 1990, a large number of
          death threats were reported particularly against members of the Committee for
          the Defence of Human Rights in Honduras (CODER), university organizations and
          peasant unions. Many of these threats were followed by extra—judicial
          killings by unident Ified Ind IvIduals alleged to be linked to the armed forces
          3—16 and 0—2 (military security) battalions. In a number of cases, the
          victims were first illegally detained and tortured, their homes often
          ransacked. The following cases in particular were reported:
          (a) Roberto Zelaya, the attack on whom was referred to above. The
          individuals who threatened Roberto Zelaya with death told him to transmit
          the same threat to the following human rights and trade union activists:
          (i) Ramdn Custodio, president of the Committee for the Defence of Human
          Rights in Honduras;
          (ii) Juan Almendares Bonilla, head of the Co—ordinating Committee of
          Popular Organizations (CCOP);
          (iii) Hector Herndndez Fuente, president of the united Federation of
          Honduran Workers;
          (iv) Oscar Anibal Puerto, vice—president of the Committee for the Defence
          of Human Rights in Honduras;
          (b) Reynaldo Zufliga Cruz, regional president of the Committee for the
          Defence of Human Rights in Honduras (CODER) and leader of the National
          Committee of Farmworkers (CNTC), was shot in the back and killed by an
          individual dressed in civilian clothing in San Pedro Sula, department of
          Cortez, reportedly for his actIvities in favour of peasant land rights;
          Cc) Denis Hernz%n Rodriguez Garcia, member of the Farmworker Organization
          of Honduras, was detained on 20 March 1990 by mpmbers of the National
          Direction of Investigation (DNI) of La Hermita, Talaga, department of
          Moraz&n. He was then reportedly taken in an unmarked vehicle to the base of
          the First Special Forces Battalion. His body was found bearing gunshot wounds
          the following day near the Dulce river in OElaga.
          205. On 7 December 1990, a letter wa sent to the Government of Honduras
          transmitting allegations that in 1990 polItically motIvated death threats
          and killings had continued to occur affecting orimarily individuals connected
          to the Commission for the Defence of Human Rights in Honduras (CODEHL
        
          
          E / CN . 4/1991 / 36
          page 51
          According to reports, acts were attributed to the armed forces or civilian
          groups, made up in part of retired military personnel who operate with the
          acquiescence of the authorities. The Special Rapporteur described the
          following cases:
          (a) Cases of death threats
          Ci) AntoniA Ortega; Hilario Agufiera: Since 19 May 1990, AntonU
          Ortega, wife of Hilario Aguilera, Secretary for International
          Matters in the worker's union of the National Electric Energy
          Company (STENEE) had been ontinually harassed. On 19 May 1990
          a group of heavily armed men broke into their home,
          interrogated her about her husband's activities and threatened
          her with death. Again on 29 flay 1990, at about 12.30 p.m.,
          she was accosted and threatened with death by individuals
          travelling in unmarked vehicles and, according to reports,
          using the tactIcs of the counter—intelligence military units;
          (ii) Candelario Reyes Garc f i: On 26 June 1990, Mr. Reyes, director
          of the Peasant OEeatre Group Central Hibueras, received death
          threats from the high command of the Military Intelligence
          Unit (PROMITEC) based in Santa Barbara, department of Yoro. In
          addition, individuals reported to be members of the same
          military unit fired shots around his home;
          (b) Cases of killings
          Ci) Francisco livier Bonilla Medina: On 31 May 1990, Mr. Bonilla,
          a worker at the Honduran Institute of Social Security (hiss)
          and ex—president of the worker's union of the 11155 (SITRAIHSS),
          was killed in the Puente El Chile section of Tegucigalpa by an
          unknown individual following tensions between union members and
          management of the State—run institution, and after having been
          pursued by unknown individuals on a previous occasion and
          having escaped twice from a paramilitary group;
          (U) flam6n Antonio Bricei o: On 3 June 1990, Mr. Bricef o, a
          member of the University Reform Front (Frente de Ref orma
          Universitaria (FRU)), was found dead in the lCennedy—Llanos
          Section of Tegucigalpa after having been threatened on prior
          occasions by the Triple A of the United Democratic University
          Front (Frente Unido Universitario Democr&tico (FUUD)), a group
          alleged to be linked to State security forces;
          (iii) Ram6n de Jes us Ruiz Maradiaga: On 19 July 1990, Mr. Ruit,
          legal adviser for the Commission for the Defence of Human
          Rights in Honduras (CODER) and member of the Unity and
          Innovation Party (PINU), was killed in unclear circumstances
          at his home in La Celba, Atlantida by a weapon of 3.57 calibre
          reserved exclusively for official use, after having been
          threatened by the outgoing Cbmmander of the 10th Infantry
          Batallion of La Ceiba for his activities with CODER. His body
          was found with bullet wounds and signs of torture. Authorities
          concluded that he had committed suicide and no investigation
          was carried out into h Is death.
        
          
          E/ CN . /./1991/36
          page 51
          According to reports, acts were attributed to the armed forces or civilian
          groups, made up in part of retired military personnel who operate with the
          acqu!escence of the authorities. OEe Special Rapporteur described the
          following cases:
          (a) Cases of death threats
          Ci) Antoni& Ortega; Nularic Aguilera: Since 19 May 1990, Antoni
          Ortega, wife of Hulario Aguilera, Secretary for International
          Matters in the worker's union of the National Electric Energy
          Company (STENEE) had been continually harassed. On 19 May 1990
          a group of heavily armed men broke into their home,
          interrogated her about her husband's activities and threatened
          her with death. Again on 29 May 1990, at about 12.30 p.m.,
          she was accosted and threatened with death by individuals
          travelling in unmarked vehicles and, according to reports,
          using the tactics of the counter—intelligence military units;
          (ii) Candelario Reyes Carci&: On 26 June 1990, Mr. Reyes, director
          of the Peasant Theatre Group Central Hibueras, received death
          threats from the high command of the Military Intelligence
          Unit (PROMITEC) based in Santa Barbara, department of Yoro. In
          addition, individuals reported to be members of the same
          military unit fired shots around his home;
          (b) Cases of killings
          Ci) Francisco flvier Bonilla Medina: On 31 May 1990, Mr. Bonilla,
          a worker at the Honduran Inst Itute of Social Security (iHss)
          and ex—president of the worker's union of the IHSS (SITRAIHSS),
          was killed in the Puente El Chile section of Tegucigalpa by an
          unknown individual following tensions between union members and
          management of the State—run institution, and after having been
          pursued by unknown individuals on a previous occasion and
          having escaped twice from a paramilitary group;
          (ii) Ram6n Antonio Briceflo: On 3 June 1990, Mr. Briceflo, a
          member of the University Reform Front (Frente de Reforma
          Univernitaria (flu)), was found dead in the Kennedy—Llanos
          Section of Tegucigalpa after having been threatened on prior
          occasions by the Triple A of the United Democratic University
          Front (Frente Unido Universitario DemocIItico (FUUD)), a group
          alleged to be linked to State security forces;
          (iii) Ram6n de Jes6s Ruiz Maradiaga: On 19 July 1990, Mr. Ruiz,
          legal adviser for the Commission for the Defence of Human
          Rights in Honduras (CODE H) and member of the Unity and
          Innovation Party (PINLt), was killed in unclear circumstances
          at his home in La CeLba, Atlant da by a weapon of 3.57 calibre
          reserved exclusively for officIal use, after havIng beer.
          threatened by the outgoing Cbtmuander of the 10th Infantry
          Batallion of La Ceiba for his activities with CODEH, HIs body
          was found with bullet wounds and signs of torture. Authorities
          concluded that he had cormiiitted suicide and no investigation
          was carried out into his death.
        
          
          E/CN.4 /1991 / 36
          page 52
          206. On 2 October 1990 a reply was received from the Government of Honduras to
          the Special Rapporteur's letter of 17 July 1990 transmitting information into
          these cases communicated to the Government as follows:
          (a) Robert Zelaya; Ram6n Custodio; Juan Almendares Bonilla;
          Hector Hern&ndez Fuentes; Oscar Anibal Puerto: OEe courts conducted
          investigations but could not find any formal complaints filed by the
          aforementioned who claimed to have received death threats;
          (Ii) Reynaldo Zufliga Cruz: An investigation was stated to be in progress
          at the Third Criminal Court in San Pedro Sula. It also stated that no formal
          complaint had been lodged;
          Cc) Denis HernAn Rodriguez Garcia (NWiez): On 15 August 1990 the
          Criminal Court of the department of MorazLin decided to undertake a new
          investigation to correct procedural errors in the investigation by the
          magistrate of Talanga, MoraIIn.
          India
          207. On 30 March 1990, the SpecIal Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government
          of India regarding the information received that in the State of Janunu and
          Kashmir more than 50 persons had been killed by security forces during
          demonstrations in various towns between 21 and 30 January 1990, and on
          1 March 1990 at least 29 persons had been killed during demonstrations in
          Tenjura and Zakura in and near Srinagar. It was alleged that security forces
          had opened fire indiscriminately and without warning at the demonstrators
          including women and children.
          208. In view of the continuing tense situation In Jaxmnu and Kashmir, fears
          were expressed that further incidents of deaths might take place. In this
          connection, the Special Rapporteur, referrin to article 3 of the Code of
          Conduct for Law Enforcement Officiata, adopted by General Aae.mb ly
          resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979 and its commentary stating that: “Law
          enforcement officials may use force only when strictly necessary and to the
          extent required for the performance of their duty”, appealed to the Government
          to take all necessary measures in order to ensure that the right to life
          be protected in every ponsibla nrnnner, and requested infonnation on the
          bpye m .uUgne4 4 1agad ifi1cUr 4 gf 4caChi and sho ,on II . oenavtoi kon
          ft 6IWEOEILE+ f8 ‘Et '&M !& tifE
          209. On 6 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of India transmitting
          allegations that over the past year many incidents of arbitrary and
          Indiscriminate shooting by the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) or the army
          during demonstrations in Jammu and Kashmir State resulted In the death of a
          large number of unarmed civilians. The Special Rapporteur received a list
          of 48 persons allegedly killed in Srinagar and other towns by security forces
          up to 1. January 1990. According to some sources, the number of victIms had
          reached several hundred by May 1990. These incidents allegedly occurred in
          the context of a political campaign by a number of local groups for
          Independence or separation from India. Since January 1990, increasingly
          violent activities by several militant groups reporttdl'j also resulted in
          killings of civilians, particularly persons considered by the militants to
          be “traitors”.
        
          
          E l CN . 14/1991 / 36
          page 53
          210. The following were described as examples of incidents of killings by the
          security forces as reported to the Special Rapporteur:
          (a) On 8 January 1990, in Srinagar, security forces opened fire and shot
          at unarmed demonstrators of whom 16 were killed;
          (b) On 20 January 1990, 20 persons were killed during raids of security
          forces in the localities of Tankipona, Curubazan, Habbakadal, Fatehkadal,
          Zaiden Mohalla, Chotabazar, Kanikadal and Shaheed Cuni;
          (c) On 21 January 1990, in Srinagar, the Central Reserve Police
          Force (CRPF) killed demonstrators, including women and children. According to
          an official account 60 persons died, but unofficial reports put the number of
          deaths at over ZOO;
          (d) On 21 January 1990, in Srinagar, 15 persons were killed when
          military forces stormed a mosque;
          (e) On 22 January 1990, during demonstrations, security forces killed
          four persons in Shaheed Gani and Ichanyar and three persona in Anantnag;
          (f) On 22 January 1990, in Srinagar, some 100 demonstrators were killed
          by the C aP ?;
          (g) On 23 January 1990, in Sonwan, security forces killed four persons
          who reportedly were attempting to contact United Nations officials in order to
          report human rights violations;
          ( I i) On 26 January 1990, in Srinagar, over 400 persons were killed,
          including 12 children and five women, when over one million people
          demonstrated;
          Ci) On 1 March 1990, in Shalimar, Tengpura and Zakuna, 29 persons were
          killed by security forces firing into the crowd during demonstrations . Also
          at Tengpura, demonstrators returning home in buses were shot by the security
          fortes when they were ordered to get out of the buses;
          (j) On 21 May 1990, unarmed civilians were killed near the Islamic
          College in Srinagar when members of the GR IP opened fire indiscriminately on
          mourners accompanying the body of Naulana Nohammad Farooq, the head priest of
          Srinagar who had been shot dead by unidentified gunmen. Reportedly, official
          figures indicated that 20 persons had died immediately and 2.7 others later in
          hospital. Unofficial reports put the number of deaths as high as 154.
          211. Furthermore, it was alleged that in Punjab, in a situation of political
          violence, 4,000 to 5,000 persona have been killed since June 1984 by the
          police or armed forces during arrests or while in detention. It was also
          alleged that the Ptmjab police issued in August 1989 an instruction to all
          District Sen!or SuperIntendents of Police, sanctioning rewards for
          “arrest/liquidation of wanted extremfats/terrorists” with 53 names and
        
          
          E/CN.4/ 199 1/36
          page 54
          addresses of 0 terrorists” with the amounts of reward, thus granting members of
          the police a free hand to kill. In addition to those already transmitted to
          the Government, the following cases were received:
          (a) On 15 Nay 1989, in Mandamarri, Adilabad district, Ramaswamy was
          detained by the police, but his detention was denied in response to a
          habeas corpus petition filed in the High Court. Later the police reportedly
          stated that a dead body in the D davari river bed neat the village of Ludanani
          was identified as the corpse of Ramaswaxny;
          (b) On 21 June 1989, in Maniama, Jahanabad district, Ran Swaroop Choudhry
          end Vinay Yadab were killed by the police. OEe police reportedly stated that
          they were two extremists killed in an encounter;
          (c) On 6 July 1989, in Tihar prison, tJttam Singh died in his cell under
          unknown circumstances;
          (d) On 6 and 7 July 1989 respectively, lJttam Singhin and Manxnohan Siugh
          died in their cells in Tihar prison. Both men were arrested in 1988 by the
          Crime Branch, on charges of possessing contraband. Manmohan Singh was in good
          health the evening before his death when his wife visited him;
          (a) On 16 June 1989, in Bham village, Batala, Srihargobindpur, the
          bodies of Sarabjit, aged 14, and Salwinder, aged 13, were found in a
          water—filled drain. According to the report, the two girls were abducted by a
          member of the Punjab Armed Police and strangled to death after being raped;
          (f) On 23 July 1989, Kuljit Singh Dhatt, village chief of Ambala Jattan,
          in the district of Hoshiarpur, was arrested while visiting his relative in the
          village of Garhi, and was detained at the Tanda Police station. Her body was
          later found in the Bias River showing signs of torture;
          (g) On 16 June 1989, in Sharifpura, Amritsar, Jaswant Singh and his
          three brothers were arrested by some 30 policemen and detained. While two of
          his brothers were released 10 days later, Jaswant Singh who was produced in
          the court following his arrest in an alleged encounter with the police, was
          stated to have later escaped from police custody. Jaswant Singh was reported,
          on 15 August 1989, to have been killed in an ambush while being transported by
          the police in the area under the jurisdiction of Kathunangal police station.
          In the ambush no policeman was reportedly injured. OEe body of Jaswant Singh
          was not shown nor was it handed over to his family;
          (h) On 18 November 1989, in Aoeritsar, Parinjit Singh, aged 22, an
          assistant to a cloth merchant, was caught and beaten by six policemen while he
          was passing through Katra Abluwala Market where there had been a bomb blast.
          A furious mob then snatched Parmjit Singh from the policemen beating and
          setting him on fire with kerosene. During the incident, the police neither
          intervened to stop the assault nor sought reinforcements. Despite the piCA by
          the victim's family, autopsy was not held on the body of Parmjit Slngh.
        
          
          .‘
          E/CN.4 1 1991 /36
          page 55
          212. In addition, during the past year, in various parts of the country,
          several persons allegedly died in police custody as a result of torture.
          The following incidents were described:
          (a) On 13 February 1989, in Khopoli, Raigad district, Naharashtra state,
          Jaggu Lakshoean Chavan, aged 30, was arrested at his home by policemen from
          Palton Road police station, Bombay. Jaggu Lakahman Chavan died at Fanvel
          municipal hospital on 3 March1989 while in the custody of the Panvel police;
          he had been brought to the hospital from the police station the previous day. :
          This family was not informed of his death until 3 March when his relatives saw
          his body at the hospital, swollen and covered with weale and bruises;
          (b) On 2 Nay 1989, Ntihar Gazi, aged 50, an activist of the Connnunist
          Party of India from Khoronpur village, Bengal state, was arrested and taken
          to the Rasnabad police station. On 13 May 1989, his death was officially
          acknowledged. According to the report, he died as a result of torture in
          police custody;
          Cc) On 19 October 1989, in Uttar Pradesh state, Cm Prakesh, aged 25,
          died in police custody at Ceeta Colony police station. The police stated
          that Om Prakesh conmiitted suicide shortly after having been brought in for
          questioning. The body of Ow Prakesh was said to have been cremated hurriedly
          after a routine st mortem . No inquest into the circumstances of his death
          was known to have been held.
          213. On 5 November 1990, a letter was Bent to the Government of India
          transmitting allegations of incidents of killings in Jaxanu and Icashmir state
          by members of the Border Security Force, as follows:
          (a) On 7 August 1990, in Nashali Mohala Eawal, Srinagar, at least
          10 persona were shot by members of the Border Security Force (BSF) who
          forcibly entered seven private houses at around 10.30 p.m. Six persons died
          on the spot and four others died later. It was alleged that the members of
          the BSF carried out the killings in retaliation for an attack on one of their
          patrols in the area shortly before. OEe victims were said to include a
          70—year—old man and a 7—year—old boy. Although the Governor reportedly
          announced later that an investigation into the incident had been ordered and
          that charges of murder and arson had been brought against the Director General
          of the BSF in connection with the incident, the outconte of the investigation
          was not yet known to have been made public;
          (b) On 1 October 1990, in Bandwara, Kashmir, at least 15 civilians were
          killed by members of the BSF in retaliation for the murder of one of their
          colleagues by a group of armed men advocating the secession of Jwnmu and
          Kashmir State from India. OEe victims were said to include Gulan Rasool Nalik,
          a former legislator of Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly, who was dragged out
          of his house by members of the BSF and shot and also Culan Nabi Shapoo, who
          was killed in the s Imilar manner, In addItion, one policeman was reportedly
          killed when he tried to stop the BSF from setting fire to local buildIngs.
          214. On 28 November 1990, another letter was sent to the Government of IndIa
          transmitting allegations that during the 32 months of the presence of the
          Ind Ian Peace Keeping Forces (IPKF) in the north—eastern part of Sri Lanka
          under the Indo—SrI Lanka Accord signed in July 2987, a large number of unarmed
        
          
          E / CN • 14/1991/36
          page 56
          civilians were killed in a sunutary manner by members of the IPKF, or by Tamil
          groups allied to the IPKF and acting with their acquiescence. In addition to
          the alleged incidents of killings by the IPKF already transmitted to the
          Government, a report on the following incident was received:
          On 2 August 1989 in Valvettitturai, 52 persona were shot dead by
          IPKF soldiers when soldiers rampaged through the town, shot at residents
          and set fire to houses and other properties. The victims included ‘
          Vengadasalani Subramaniam, aged 60, 5. Illayaperumal, aged 70,
          Rajaguru Javanaraj, aged 11, Aathy Sundareawaran, aged 11. OEe attack
          was said to be the reprisal for the LTTE Vaivettitturai market ambush on
          an IPKF patrol in which nix soldiers were killed.
          215. On 23 July 1990, a reply was received from the Government of India to
          the Special Rapporteur's cable of 30 March 1990 transmitting information on
          the alleged killing of more than 50 persons by security forces during
          demonstrations in Jammu and Kashmir. It was stated that while some deaths had
          occurred in certain towns of Jamtnu and Kashmir when security forces opened
          fire against demonstrators, the action taken by security forces was a last
          resort in self—defence and to protect public property against heavy
          stone—pelting and even firing and bomb attacks. OEe actions taken were
          completely in accordance with article 3 of the Code of Conduct for Law
          Enforcement Officials since force was used only when it was strictly necessary
          and to the ectent required for the performance of their duty.
          Indonesia
          216. On 14 March 1990, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government
          of Indonesia regarding the information received that six persons who had been
          reportedly under sentence of death for their membership of the Coununist Party
          of Indonesia ( ct) and for their involvement in the attempted mi of
          October 1965 or the Blitar rebellion of 1967, might be facing izwiinent
          execution. It was further reported that those who had appealed for
          presidential clemency had been informed that their appeals had been rejected.
          OEeir names were given as follows: Ruslam Widjayasaotra, Sdlcatno, Iskandar
          Subekti, Asep Surysman, I. Bungkus, Mareudi.
          217. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur, referring to his cables
          dated 3 June 1985 and 7 November 1988 in which he had appealed to the
          Government for the life of those sentenced to death for their involvement in
          the above—mentioned couv attempt and rebellion and having taken note with
          appreciation of the replies received from the Government, repeated his earlier
          appeals to the Government to spare the lives of the above—mentioned
          six persons.
          218. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Indonesia
          transmitting allegations that during the past year in Acheh, Sumatra, several
          civilians were killed in a surruuary manner by Indonesian soldiers, for their
          suspected support and sympathy for the Acheh/Sumatra NatScnal LiberatIon Front
          219. OEe following cases were described:
          (a) On 20 January 1989, Yusuf Ahmad, a farmer in the vIllage of Truseb,
          provInce of Pidie, was shot dead at his home by members of the Indonesian army;
        
          
          E/CN.4/ 199 1/36
          page 57
          (b) On 14 February 1989, Yunus Abdu l lah, 53, a farmer in the village of
          Labo Adang, was arrested and tortured by the army at the Larnmeulo barracks.
          lie died a few dayi after h is release allegedly as a raault of torture;
          (c) On 2 May 1989, Zainuddin Faqih, 45, a businessman in the village
          of Truseb, province of Pidie, was shot dead in his house by members of the
          Indonesian army;
          (a) On 12 June 1989, Pawang Ibrahim Puteh, 51, a farmer in the village
          of Tjubo, province of Pidie, was arrested and tortured at the army barracks in
          Laxmneulo. On 15 June, he was brought to the village of Blang Keudah, where he
          was executed by the army;
          (e) On 20 November 1989, in the town of Ceulumpang Duwa, North Acheh,
          three young men were attacked and shot at their workplace by Indonesian
          soldiers in civilian clothes, resulting in the death of Zulkifli Hamid,
          aged 25, and Bakhtiar Ibrahim, aged 27;
          U) On 9 September 1989, I ladji Tjut, 63, a businessman from the town
          of Kru ng Geuku k, North Acheh, Sumatra, was arrested and tortured in the
          Jalan Gandhi jail in Medan. Later his family received his clothes: this
          was said to be a customary indication of his death;
          (g) On 15 January 1990, Muhammad Yusuf Sulaiman, aged 22, was shot dead
          at Lhok Seumai4 IndonesIan Military Prison;
          (h) On 20 January 1990, Bukhari Abdul Rahman, aged 26, was shot dead at
          Lhok Seumaw Military Prison;
          (i) On 5 February 1990, Zulkifli Abdul Gani, aged 24, was shot dead at
          Lhok Seumaw Military Prison;
          (3) On 5 February 1990, Zakaria Ibrahim, aged 23, was shot dead at
          Lhok Seumaw Military Prison;
          ( Ic) Hasbi Ismail, aged 25, was shot dead by the Indonesian army in the
          market—place of the town of Panton Labs;
          (1) On 15 February 1990, Anwar A. R. Mi , aged 24, was shot dead in
          Lhok Seumaw Military Prison;
          (m) On 20 February 1990, Ibrahim Gayo, aged 25, was killed by the
          Indonesian army by drowning him in the sea off Lhok Seumaw , after members of
          the Indonesian army put him in a sack with both of his hands and both of his
          feet being tied together with ropes. Reportedly he was thrown into the sea
          and then dragged by an Indonesian naval boat until he died of suffocation.
          220. In addition , it was alleged that in East Timor several persona were
          killed by army troops for their suspected sympathy for Fretilin (Frente
          Revoluclonarlo de Timor Lasts). OEe following two cases were reported:
          (a) In January 1959, Josefina Facungo was raped and killed by army
          troops near Poros after the troops had forced her to accompany them into the
          jungle In search of her husband, an alleged Fretilin supporter;
        
          
          EICN .4 1l99 1/36
          page 58
          (b) In June 1989, three unarmed young men were killed by Government
          forces while cutting wood outside the permitted timbering area near Ossu.
          The three were accused of being Fretilin spies, tied together and shot dead.
          221. Furthermore, it was alleged that during the past year a number of persons
          died in custody as a result of torture or due to harsh prison conditions.
          Following are some examples of such allegations:
          (a) In April 1989, twan Nirwana, a criminal suspect, died in police
          custody in Cianjur as a result of torture. In September 1989, another
          criminal suspect, Didin Tajudin, died in custody. His body reportedly was
          covered with open wounds and bruises. The police allegedly stated that he had
          committed suicide. No official inquiries into these deaths were known to have
          been conducted;
          (b) In January 1989, Gustav Tanawani, convicted in 1984 of subversion,
          died in custody at Madiun jail after his requests for medical treatment were
          repeatedly denied;
          (c) In September 1989, two prisoners died at the Kalimantan Timur prison
          due to harsh conditions.
          222. On & November 1990, another letter was sent to the Government of
          Indonesia, transmitting alleged cases of killings of villagers in East Tim er
          by Government forces as follows:
          (a) On 13 August 1989, in Leotelo, Nunumogue, Francisco Magno, son of
          Larmanu and Bemali was shot dead by soldiers;
          (b) On 29 March 1990, in Tua—Metan, Candido Amaral, aged 39, from
          Lalerek—Mutin was executed by firing squad. Allegedly he was arrested on
          28 March and tortured together with three others by members of the security
          forces for suspected links with Fretilin.
          223. On 29 May 1990, a reply was received from the Government of Indonesia
          to the Special Itapporteur t s cable of 14 (larch 1990 concerning the alleged
          imminent execution of six persons under sentence of death, stating that news
          about the purportedly imminent executions of the six persons convicted for
          their involvement in the abortive attempt in 1965 was based on inaccurate
          information and presumptions, and that the six persons in question were still
          in detention awaiting the finalization of due process of law in their
          respective cases.
          224. It was further stated that their guilt and direct involvement in the
          act of treason against the State and its lawful institutions had been proven
          beyond doubt through fair and public trials in full accordance with Indonesian
          criminal law and procedures, that all of them, regardless of their former
          professLcns had been given the right to appeal through the High Courts as
          well as the Supreme Court in accordance with existing legal procedures and
          that they had also been given subsequent opportunities to plea for clemency.
        
          
          E ICN.4/1991/36
          page 59
          225. It was also stated that, as clarified in the Government's reply
          of 4 January 1989 on a similar case, the seemingly long delay in the process
          of law should be sco tt in the light of the massive scale on which the abortive
          jzg attempt took place which involved several thousand people, and that the
          presence of those already convicted and sentenced was required as material
          witnesses in related trials held throughout the country.
          .
          226. On 9 July 1990, a letter was received from the Government of Indonesia,
          to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 15 December 1989, (see E IC}l.4/1990 122,
          para. 240) stating that due to a similarity of names, a mistake was made and
          that “Felix Ximenes” should read “Joaquim Ximenes”.
          227. On 27 September 1990 a reply was received from the Government of
          Indonesia to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 26 July 1990 transmitting
          information on cases as follows:
          (a) Civilians allegedly killed in a susmnary manner by Indonesian
          soldiers for suspected support and sympathy for the Acheh/Sumatra National
          Liberation Front: (i) Bukhari Abdul Rabman was currently under police custody
          for interrogation; (ii) Zulkif 11 was also currently under police custody;
          (iii) Ibrahim Gayo remained under police custody. Among those killed in
          shootouts during military operations to restore peace and public order in the
          Province of Acheh were the following criminal gang members: (iv) Tunuf Ab,
          believed to be a leader of a band, on 1 July 1990 as he defied arrest;
          (v) Tenku Iskandar, Muhaswnad Elyas Syahrul and N. Anwar who were killed in
          separate shootouta after they shot innocent civilians and refused to surrender
          to authorities;
          (b) Persona in East Timor alleged to have been killed by army troops for
          suspected sympathy for Fretilin (Frente Revolucionario de Timor Leste). OEe
          following information ott cases was transmitted:
          (i) Josephine Ximenes — not Josephine “Facungo”, aged 30, was found dead
          on 29 January 1990 at 12.00 p.m. in Poros, an area restricted for
          security reasons and where she was believed to have maintained
          contacts with elements creating disturbances;
          (ii) Uato Naha, aged 39, and Raul da Silva, aged 32, were killed on
          31 May 1989 at 10.00 san., in Ossu Liquimeta, by security personnel
          after defying arrest in a restricted area;
          (c) Persons ‘who allegedly died in custody as a result of torture or
          harsh prison conditions:
          (1.) Iwan Nirvana, aged 21, under police custody in Facet prison in
          West Java between 14 March 1989 and 9 April 1989, died as a result
          of a pre—existing illness. Reports of torture or maltreatment were
          groundless;
          ( Li) Dld!n Tajudin, aged 28, of Eampung frardjalaksana, the village of
          Neglasari, CtanJurvest Java, conunitted suicide on 17 September 1989
          in his prison cell. This was confirmed by the district physician
          who examined the body;
        
          
          E/CN.4/199 1/36
          page 60
          (iii) Gustav Tanawani, alias Harold Smith, aged 34, died on 8 January 1989
          from an inflammation of the lung tissue affecting the heart after
          having reported to the prison clinic on 4 January. While in custody
          his right to physical and mental integrity was protected in
          accordance with applicable rules and regulations; therefore
          allegations of denial of medical treatment were unfounded.
          Iran (Islamic Revublic ofi
          228. On 26 January 1990, the Special Rapporteur cent a cable to the Islamic
          Republic of Iran concerning the allegation that 0O persona among 14,000 said
          to have been arrested since Iarch 1989 for drug—trafficking were facing
          execution. According to the inforoeation, since the beginning of 1989, a large
          number of persons, said to have been convicted of non—political offences such
          as drug—trafficking, murder, rape and armed robbery had been executed after
          summary trials under instructions to the judiciary to speed up the punishment
          of crime. Defendants allegedly had no right to call witness in their defence,
          to legal representation nor had they had any effective right to appeal against
          the verdict or sentence, It was alleged that most recently, on
          10 January 1990, 31 drug—traffickers had been executed.
          229. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur referred to article 6 of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to which the Islamic
          Republic of Iran was a party, in particular to article 6, paragraph 1, stating
          that “every human being baa the inherent right to life”, that “this right
          shall be protected by law” and that “no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of
          his life”, and to article 14 of the same Covenant which provided for the
          rights of the defendant, including the right to obtain the attendance and
          examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses
          against him, the right to have legal assistance and the right to appeal to a
          higher tribunal. Be appealed to the Government to take all measures to ensure
          that the right to life of the 900 persons be protected.
          230. On 27 April 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of Iran
          concerning information received that according to a report by uREA, an Iranian
          News Agency, on 26 April 1990, “several people arrested for spying for the
          United States would be hanged in the next few days” and that these prisoners
          were 10 persons sentenced to death by an Islamic Revolutionary Court.
          231. According to the report, proceedings before the Islamic Revolutionary
          Court had not guaranteed the rights of the defendant as provided for in
          article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to
          which the Islamic Republic of Iran was a party. It was further alleged that
          prisoners had been held in indefinite incotmnunicado pre—trial detention where
          they had been often subjected to torture.
          232. The Special Rapporteur, expressing hIs serious concern with the
          above—mentioned reports of imminent execution of the 10 prisoners appealed
          to the Government to ensure that the r Ight to life and other rights of the
          defendants be protected In every possIble manner, and requested, urgently,
          information concerning the above—mentioned cases and In particular the trial
          proceedings in whIch they might have been sentenced to death.
        
          
          E/CN.4/199 1/36
          page 61
          233. On 11 May 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of Iran
          referring to the Special Rapporteur's appeal of 27 April 1990 concerning a
          group of persons who, according to a report by IRNA of 26 April 1990, “were
          arrested for spying for the United States of America and would be hanged in
          the next few days”, by which a list of 11 names was transmitted.
          234. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur brought to the attention of the
          Government that in the reports he had received in the last few days, it had
          been again asserted that the rights provided for in articles 6 and 14 of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and in safeguards S and 6
          of the annex to Economic and Social Council resolution 1984/50 entitled
          “Implementation of safeguards guaranteeing the rights of those facing the
          death penalty” had not been respected by the tribunals issuing the death
          sentences.
          235. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur addressed to the Government an
          urgent appeal to ensure that all rights of these persQns as stipulated in the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to which the Islamic
          Republic of Ir an was a party and, in particular, their right to life be fully
          protected, and to inform him of the measures taken in this regard. Should all
          legal remedies to which the defendants were entitled in accordance with the
          above—mentioned instruments be exhausted, he appealed to the Government to
          favourably consider granting clemency so as to spare the lives of these
          persons.
          236. On 12 May 1990 another cable was sent to the Oovarnment of the Islamic
          Republic of Iran concerning Mr. Rhalit Nahai, said to have been arrested one
          year before. Aoqordina to the intormetton, Mr, Nahet was SAid to be lacing
          execution shortly and it was alleged that due process of law 1 which would
          guarantee the rights of persons accused before an independent tribunal, might
          not have been respected.
          237i In this connection 1 the Special Rappotteur emphasind that the right
          to life i i a oeb t fundamental and crunial human right end appealed II the
          t oiMinihSnk b ensure Ehat no executdon would take place, especially if such an
          execution was the result of a sununary trial or any other procedure in which
          the rights of the individual were not fully protected. Be also referred to
          articles 3, 10 and 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and to ! /
          articles 6 and 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
          to which Iran is a party.
          238. On 14 June 1990, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Permanent
          Observer of Switzerland to the United Nations Office at Geneva referring to
          the assassination of Dr. Kazem Radjavi, an Iranian national residing in
          Switzerland, which took place on 24 April 1990 in the outskirts of Gen va.
          239. OEe Special Rapporteur, having received several allegations that
          Dr . Radjavi, a leading member of an organization opposing the Government of
          the Islamic Republic of Iran, might have been killed by agents acting under
          the orders of that Government, stated that, while the Swiss authorities assume
          the primary responsibility of carrying out investigat!cns into this case of
          killing which occurred within the territory under their jurisdiction, he,
          under the mandate entrusted to him by the Conunisaion on Human Rights, was
          obl Iged to examine the case in regard to the above—mentioned allegations.
        
          
          V/ON.4/ 199 1135
          page 62
          240. In this connection, he requested the Government of Switzerland to provide
          him with any pertinent information concerning the case in question.
          241. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of the Islamic
          Republic of Iran transmitting allegations that during the past year supporters
          and suspected supporters of the People's Mojahedin Organization, and other
          civilians were executed, often after having been tortured. In several cases
          no trial was allegedly held before the execution and even when there was a
          trial, the defendants were not granted the right to legal counsel, the right
          to call witnesses nor the right to appeal to a higher tribunal.
          242. Among those allegedly executed the following names were given:
          (a) At Evin prison in Tebran: Rahman Khodabakhsi, on 21 January 1990;
          Mansoun Bashiri, aged 25, on 20 February 1990; Sayyed All, on 19 January 1990 ;
          (b) In Rasht: Atta Nik—Bakhsh, in February 1990; flassoud Rouata,
          in February 1990; Moharnmad Raujbar, aged 29, on 20 February 1990;
          (c) In Adel—Abad: Mina Salati, aged 24, in September 1989;
          (d) In Tabriz Youssef Razavi, on 7 January 1990; Reza Rastegar,
          on 7 January 1990; Rahim Ghadaksaz, aged 21, on 7 January 1990;
          (a) At Gheze l Ressan prison in Tehran: Hossein Azar Zamzam, aged 21,
          in December 1989;
          (f) In Mashad: Hassan Saffaran, Aged 48, in January 1990;
          (g) In addition, on 19 February 1990, in Tehran and other cities,
          30 persons were reportedly executed in public.
          243. Furthermore, it was alleged that. on 24 April 1990, in the outskirts of
          Geneva, Switzerland, Dr. Kazem Radjavi, a leading member of the People's
          Mojahedin of Iran, was assassinated by agents acting under the orders of the
          Iranian Government.
          244. On 12 December 1990, another letter was sent to the Government of the
          I slamic Republic of Iran, stating that the Special Rapporteur had, during 1990,
          received numerous allegations of executions. During the period January to
          October 1990 some 550 executions were reported by non—governmental sources
          as officially announced executions. A list provided by the Government of
          executions carried out between 21 March and 8 October 1990, reproduced in
          Appendix X of the report of the Special Representative on the situation of
          human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran to the fatty—fifth session of the
          General Assembly (A/45/697), indicated 113 names of persons executed in Arak,
          Azarshahr, Balchtaran, Zorazjan, Boushehr, Eslamshahr, Lavasanat, Mashad,
          tlianeh, Najaf—Abad, Qom, Roudehen, Shiraz, rehran and Zahedan.
          245. It was also alleged that executiona for drug trafficking offences had
          increased greatly since January 1989. On 21 3anuary 1989 a new law on drug
          trafficking went into force, which provided for a mandatory death sentence for
          anyone found in possessIon of note than five kilograms of hashish or opium, or
        
          
          E/CN,4/ 199 1/36 111
          page 63
          more than 30 grams of codein, heroIn, methadone or morphine. Between
          January 1989 and July 1990 over 1,100 people were allegedly executed for drug
          trafficking, in some cases combined with other charges. It was alleged that
          this figure rose sharply following an announcement at the end of August 1990
          by the President of the Supreme Court that a special system was being set up
          to deal. rapidly with drug trafficking cases and to ensure that convicted
          traffickers would be hanged within 15 days of arrest. In Mashad alone at
          least 113 persons were said to have been executed since September 1990. In
          various other cities including Tabriz, Kermanshah, Zahedan, Zabol, Mashad and
          Corgan, more than 100 persons were reportedly executed during the last week of
          October 1990. It was alleged that among those executed for drug trafficking
          were a number of opponents or suspected opponents to the Government.
          246. It was also reported that as of January 1990 several persons have been
          executed for their homosexual or lesbian tendencies. At least five such
          executions were said to have taken place in 1990.
          247. The above—mentioned executions were reportedly accompanied by a number
          of executions for other off ences: activities against the security of the
          country, spying, co—operation with armed rebels as wel l, as cases of common
          crimes such as murder, armed robbery, kidnapping, rape and adultery. It was
          asserted that the death penalty was very broadly applied, frequently to
          vaguely defined off ences which did not involve murder or serious bodily harm
          constituting the “moat serious crimes” as referred to in article 6,
          paragraph 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          248. Executions of political opponents allegedly continued in 1990. However,
          the number of reported executions for political reasons were inferior to the
          numbers alleged in the three previous years. Some of the executed had been
          re—tried while serving prison sentences or had already completed their terms :
          of imprisonment at the time of their execution.
          249. OEe majority of executions were reportedly carried out by hanging, often
          in public. It was said that such executions took place on purpose—built
          gallows, or the prisoners were hauled up by the neck by a crane or pulley,
          leading to a slower death by strangulation. In a few cases execution methods
          reportedly included stoning to death and beheading. A number of the condemned
          prisoners, prior to their execution, were allegedly subjected to torture. In
          the case of political opponents, executions were said to have been carried out
          secretly within prison compounds.
          250. According to the information received, trials by which the defendants
          were sentenced to death were of a summary nature, without the safeguards
          designed to ensure a fair trial, as provided for in articles 6 and 14 of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to which the Islamic
          Republic of Iran is a party. Although the judicial authorities of the Islamic
          Republic of Iran stated in their response of 5 June 1990 to the Special
          Representative on the s!tu atIon of human rights in the Islamic Republic of
          Iran that the defendants tried by the Islamic Revo1ut onary Court were
          entitled to appo Int legal counsel and could defend themselves during the
          trial, the absence of lawyers In pnctically all reported cases constituted
          a major def Iciency in the procedures of the revolutionary courts.
        
          
          E/CM.4 1 1991/36
          page 64
          251. It was also reported that trials before Isla mic revolutionary courts
          usually took place in secret, sometimes inside prisons, and that hearings
          before such courts in many instances took place in a matter of minutes only.
          Other major shortcomings in the procedures of revolutionary courts were said
          to have consisted in the denial of the right of the accused to call witnesses
          in their own defence, and in the fact that an appeal procedure guaranteeing
          the rights of the accused in conformity with article 14 (5) of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Safeguards
          Guaranteeing Protection of the Rights of those Facing the Death Penalty,
          adopted by the Economic and Social Council in 1984, were not available to
          the defendants.
          252. Allegations on concrete cases of executions of a summary or arbitrary
          nature carried out in the past several months were reported as follows:
          (a) On 10 October 1989, Hassan Saffaran was executed without trial;
          (b) In October 1989, Davoud Mohammadi, a veterinarian in Arak, was
          executed on charges of drug trafficking. However, the real reason for his
          execution was said to have been his opposition to the Government;
          Cc) In November 1989, the family of Muir Taavoni—Ganji, who had been
          arrested in 1988 on his return to Iran for a short visit and detained at
          Evin prison, was told by the prison authorities to collect his clothes and
          other belongings, as he had been executed;
          (d) It was reported on 16 January 1990 that a 31—year—old woman
          convicted for prostitution had been stoned to death in Bander Antali;
          (a) It was reported on 31 January 1990, that the Komiteh Comander of
          the Province of West Azerbaijan announced that a ring of persons engaged in
          prostitution and corruption had been arrested and five of them had been stoned
          to death;
          (f) On 14 February 1990 a judicial panel sent to Hamadan on behalf of
          the Head of the Judiciary reportedly issued the following sentences:
          (i) Gholainhoasein Goizar, 27 years old, a dismissed employee of the
          Agricultural Bank of Hamadan: 74 lashes for committing robbery;
          92 lashes for participation in a forbidden act, and decapitation by
          the just sword of the Imam Ali;
          (ii) Gholamhassan Golzar, aged 28, a dismissed employee of the Hamadan
          Municipality: 74 lashes for committing robbery; 74 lashes for
          participation in a forbidden act, and decapitation by the just sword
          of Imazn Ali;
          (iii) Reza Khanian, 23 years old, a fruit and vegetable centre clerk:
          74 lashes for committing robbery; 50 lashes for participation in a
          forbidden act; amputation of hand for committing assault and battery
          and hanging by scaffold;
          (g) It was reported on 15 February 1990, that Gholam Reza Masouri was
          hanged in Arak for pederasty;
        
          
          EICN.47199 1136 I
          page 65
          (h) On 3 April 1990% Abbas Raissi, a navy officer stationed in
          Chah Bahar, arrested in September 1989, was executed in Zahedan prison.
          According to information received, his arrest, together with some other
          persons including his nephews and brother, Mohammed Karim Naroui, related to
          his association with an opponent to the Government who had been smuggled out
          of Iran. Mohammed ICarim Naroui was reportedly executed on 28 January 1990, in
          Zahedan prison, after having been sentenced to death on the previous day.
          Although the Government's reply of 26 April 1990 to the Special Representative
          of the Commission on Human Rights on the situation of human rights in the
          Islamic Republic of Iran stated that he had been condemned to death on charges
          of espionage and that the death sentence was carried out after due process of
          law, details of his trial proceedings were not provided;
          ( ) On 17 and 27 April 1990, in Sanandaj, 18 persons, who had been
          arrested for their participation in May Day celebrations in 1989, were
          executed. Fourteen names were given as follows: Mehdi Bolur—Forush,
          Jamal Cheragh—Disi, Nader Fat'hi, Seid Saleh Hosseini, Naser Jalali,
          Ahoead t4ohamadi, Mi Ashraf Moradi, Mohsen Othman Pour, Ahmad Parviti,
          Mohaniad Rozaii, Naser Sobhani, Anvar Shariati, Roya, Bakhtiari; .
          (j) On 3 October 1990, Mahmoud Ehan—Darabi was executed in Kermanshah;
          ( Ic) The following four persons were said to have been executed in 1990
          while serving prison sentences or after having completed prison sentence:
          ( i i Javad Rabmanian, arrested in summer 1981 and released in 1985, was
          executed i t t Jahrom, Fars province;
          (ii) Massoud Keshavarz, arrested in Rasht, Cilan province, in 1981, was
          executed after having been imprisoned for nine years in Rasht, Evin
          and Qezel—Hessar (Karaj) prisons;
          (iii) Davood Sa lahshour, aged 31, was executed in Tehran after serving
          six years of a nine—year sentence;
          (iv) Hassan Salari—Hajiabadi was executed on 20 April 1990, while serving
          his sentence of imprisonment;
          (1) Mohammad Heydari was executed without trial in Gachsaran in 1990 ,
          253. Cases of assassination outside the country, allegedly by agents of the
          Government, were also reported. Among such incidents were the following:
          (a) On 4 June 1989, Atayollah l3yahmadi, a former colonel in the Shah's
          Intelligence Service, was shot dead in Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates;
          I I) On 13 July 1989, Dr. Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou, leader of the Kurdish
          Democratic Party of Iran, was killed in Vienna together with two companions.
          In November 1989 the Austrian authorities issued arrest warrants for Iranian
          Government agents who had left Austria or gone into h!d ng In the Iranian
          Embassy in Vienna after the killings;
          Cc) In August 1989 a member of the Central Conunittee of the Community
          Party of Iran, Bahman Javadi, was killed In a street in Cyprus;
        
          
          E/CN.4f1991 136
          page 66
          (d) On 22 October 1990, Professor Cyrus Elahi, a member of the Flag of
          Freedom Organization of Iran, was shot dead at his Paris home. Re was found
          with numerous bullet wounds to the head. The had allegedly received repeated
          death threats;
          (e) With regard to the assassination of Mr. Kazem Rajavi which was
          communicated to the Government by the Special Rapporteur's letter of
          26 July 1990, it was stated in a press release issued on 22 June 1990 by
          the magistrate of the Canton of Vaud (le juge d'instruction cantonal) that
          the investigation had disclosed that 13 persons were implicated in the
          assassination and that all of them carried Iranian official passports with
          a description “charg6 c ia mission”.
          254. On 28 May 1990, a reply was received from the Government of the Islamic
          Republic of Iran to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 12 May 1990 concerning
          the alleged imminent execution of a person named Khalil Nahai, stating that
          more information on the case would be required for further investigation. OEe
          Special Rapporteur requested the source for further information on the case.
          By the time of preparation of this report, no such information had been
          received from the source.
          255. On 31 flay 1990, a reply was received from the Government of the Islamic
          Republic of Iran to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 27 April 1990, stating
          that according to article 37 of the constitution of the Islamic Republic of
          Iran and as contained in the second paragraph of article 14 of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, no person shall be
          considered guilty by law unless the accusation against him is proved by a
          competent court and the courts are naturally obliged to act accordingly, that
          in the light of information received by the Islamic Revolutionary Court, those F
          people were arrested and tried in accordance with law and that they were
          entitled to appoint an attorney and they duly and freely defended themselves
          during the trial.
          256. It was further stated that the sentences issued in accordance with the
          law could be reviewed in the Supreme Court, that after the issuance of the F
          verdicts all the accused requested for a review by the court of appeal and
          that the verdicts of two of the accused were referred to another court for
          re—examination.
          257. It was also stated that as the Special Representative of the Commission
          on Ruman Rights on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic
          of Iran mentioned in his report to the Commission on Thuman Rights
          (EICN.4/1990f 24, pare. 245), the trials in all courts including the
          revolutionary courts were guaranteed by due process of law.
          258. On 6 June 1990, a reply was received from the Government of the Islamic
          Republic of Iran to the Spec!al Rapporteur's cable of 26 January 1990, denying ;
          the allegation of the irrmiinent execution of 900 drug traffickers. It was
          stated that, according to the judicial procedures of the Islamic Republic of
          Iran, the accused should go through different stages of trial and after the :
          issuance of the verdict by the court, it was to be implemented in due time and
          that the allegation, therefore, that the 900 persons (drug traffickers) were
        
          
          El CN • 4/1991/36
          page 67
          waiting for execution was baseless. While rejecting the allegation of summary
          trials of criminals and drug traffickers, it was emphasized that by examining
          the files of those who were tried in special courts for drug trafficking and
          were condemned to death, the period of their trial took at least seven months
          and at most four and a half years, proving the allegation of summary trials
          groundless. It was stated that there were exceptional cases which were not
          related to drug trafficking but heinous and abominable crimes against the
          morals of the society, and that in such cases, instruction was given to the
          judiciary to speed up the trials while taking into account all regulations and
          procedures in accordance with law.
          259, It was further stated that the right of the accused to hire a legal
          counsellor for defence in court procedures was recognized in the judicial
          system of the Islamic Republic of Iran and that in case the accused far one
          reason or another was unable to do so the court was obliged to hire a counsel
          for him or her on conditIon that the former accepts to defend the latter.
          260. It was also stated that after the issuance of the verdict the accused had
          the right of appeal and the court was compelled to review the verdict and that
          in addition the head of the Supreme Court and Attorney—General could review
          the case. Therefore, it was stated that the allegation regarding the absence
          of right of the accused to ask for a review of the verdict was not valid.
          261. The reply requested the Special Rapporteur to communicate to the
          Government any particular allegation with regard to a person or persons, so
          that more detailed investigations could be conducted and the results could be
          communicated to him.
          262. On 19 December 1990, a reply was received from the Government of the
          Islamic Republic of Iran to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 26 July 1990
          referring to the assassination on the outskirts of Geneva, Switzerland, of
          Dr. Kazem Radjavi allegedly by agents acting under the orders of the Iranian
          Government. OEe reply stated that the Government had condemned this act of
          murder despite numerous terrorist and murderous activities committed by the
          group represented by the deceased, noting that journalists who had made the
          same slanderous allegations as the Special Rapporteur had legally been charged
          on the basis of the Swiss Penal Code. The reply further protested the letter
          of the Special Rapporteur, demanding immediate rectification of the same,
          adding that the Special Rapporteur's letter of 26 July had not been sent to
          Tehran owing to its serious slanderous allegations.
          263. On 3 January 1991, another reply was received from the Government
          of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the Special Rapporteur's cable of
          27 April 1990 informing him that Bahman Agahy, Jainshead Amiry Bigvand,
          ilooshang Amjadi Eigvand, Manoucher Azar, Masoud Deadehvar, Kyanoosh Hakeany,
          Gahrsxnan Malekzadeh and Masoud Payaby had been imprisoned for their crimes
          and were enjoying full constitutional rights. Their relatives had been
          Informed of theIr respective situations. The reply stated further that
          Ardeshear Ashraf, Bahrsm Ikany and Heshinatollah Magsoody had been charged with
          espionage act1vIt es , Following the implementatIon of a full and complete due
          process of law, they were convicted of the charges and the final verdict, the
          death sentence, had been carrIed out accordingly.
        
          
          E ICN .4 / 1991 / 36
          page 68
          264. On 4 January 1991, another reply was received from the Government
          of the Isl amic Republic of Iran to the Special Rapporteur's letter of
          12 December 1990 noting the issue about which a protest had been made by its
          letter of 19 December 1990 and which the Government had addressed publicly by
          its response to the press release of the magistrates of the Canton of Vaud of
          Switzerland.
          265, The reply stated that the holding of any sort of passport by any number
          of persons did not constitute an allegation, noting further that all
          investigations by the Swiss authorities into the issue in question had been
          inconclusive. The reply therefore deplored, although in a modified manner,
          the Special Rapporteur's reference to this matter as an allegation which had
          serious legal bearings in an official correspondence.
          266. OEe reply also noted that among the other cases cited in the Special
          Rapporteur's letter of 26 July 1990, those which were referred to as
          allegations of surmnary or arbitrary executions falling within the Special
          Rapporteurs mandate were not valid. The reply referred the Special
          Rapporteur to detailed information which had been provided to the Special
          Representative on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of
          Iran, adding that it did not seem appropriate that the same information should
          be presented as allegations by two representatives of the same Coimnission on
          Human Rights simultaneously.
          267. In addition, the reply stated that the letter of the Special Rapporteur
          advanced allegations based upon information from the most unreliable sources.
          Moreover, on the cases of assassination, it was stated that the Government of
          the Islamic Republic of Iran condemned any act of terrorism and assasstnation
          and that the cases, which had been mentioned in the letter, most likely had
          occurred as a result of an internal power struggle in the associated
          organizations or groups.
          268. Finally, the reply noted that Mr. Ghasemloo was killed while In the
          process of reconciliation with Iran, a matter which, it was stated, had
          angered certain terrorist groups. No specific information was available on
          other cases of assassination mentioned in the letter. OEe reply demanded,
          therefore, that the Special Rapporteur should provide substantial evidence to
          justify his reference to these CA I n a al legations and should otherwise take
          immediate steps to rectify the situation.
          269. On 8 February 1990, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government
          of Iraq concerning the information that large numbers of persons, including
          unarmed civilians and army deserters had been killed or wounded as a result
          of military attacks by government forces in southern Iraq between 10 and
          23 January 1990. Troops were said to have attacked over 30 towns and villages
          in the south. Affected areas were said to include al—OEawrs, 1 1mm al—Shuwainj
          and al—Bazun (al—Basra province); al—Majar, al$lukalabiyya, al—Sharira and
          al—Makers (al—'Amara province) and al—Jabayish, al'Umaid!yya, Abu Hadida and
          al—Mawajed (al—Nasiriyya province). AccordIng to the reports military action
          in the area was said to be continuing and the life of the civilian population
          to be in danger.
        
          
          E/CN.4 1 1991/36
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          270. The Special Rapporteur, referring to article 6 of the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to which Iraq Was a party, felt
          compelled to appeal to the Government on a purely humanitarian basis to ensure
          that the right to life of the civilians in the affected areas be protected in
          every possible manner.
          271. On 13 Narch 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of Iraq
          concerning the information that Mr. Farzad Bazoft, a citizen of the
          United Kingdom and a journalist for the British newspaper OEe Observer, had
          recently been sentenced to death by a revolutionary court and was facing
          imminent execution. According to the reports, Mr. Eazoft had been arrested
          on 15 September 1989 in Baghdad airport after carrying out an inquiry into an
          explosion at an ammunition factory in al—Iskandria. He had been put on secret
          trial and convicted of spying after he had reportedly confessed on Iraqi
          television to working for Israeli intelligence. Furthermore, Mr. Bazoft had
          allegedly been denied the right to a fair and public trial, and in particular
          the right to have his conviction and sentence reviewed by a higher tribunal.
          272. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur, referring to articles 6
          and 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to which
          Iraq was a party and also to safeguards 5 and 6 of the annex to Economic and
          Social Council resolution 1984/50 of 25 May 1984 entitled “Safeguards
          guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty' t ,
          appealed to the Government to make every effort to guarantee the right to life
          of Mr. Farzad Bazoft and requested information on the case and, in particular,
          on the legal proceedings according to which Mr. Bazoft had been sentenced to
          death.
          273. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Iraq transmitting
          allegations that in 1989, several persons were executed without trial or after
          a trial of a summary nature. OEe following cases were described:
          (a) On 17 July 1989, at Hitteen military base in Antara, 16 soldiers,
          who had deserted during the war and later turned themselves in upon the
          announcement of the amnesty decree in September 1988, were executed after
          having been tortured. Among the 16, the names of 11 were given as follows:
          Majid Eani, Jasim Metasher Ibrahint, Khahan AlL Lussain, Salah Kradi Ajlan,
          Aghab Oda Sarhan, Gazi Sherji, Gedan Rehima Lafta, Falib Jas5m Matter,
          Mohammed Jabbar Shiash, Mohammed Lealbi Salib and Nab! Tuuma OEijeel;
          (b) Several military officers were executed in Baghdad in early
          January 1989 after having been arrested in December 1988 for an alleged couv
          attempt. OEe following officers were said to have been among the executed:
          Brigadier Hikmet Aplow, Brigadier Abdul Kadir Al—Shallawi, Brigadier Mohammed
          Mahmood and Lieutenant Colonel Sameer Sa'adalla (Air force);
          Cc) In addition, !n 1989, in Baghdad, Kadhum Jabbar, a student at the
          College of Literature, Foreign Languages Department, Baghdad Univers!ty, who
          had been arrested seven years ago, was executed.
          274. On 5 october 1990 a cable was sent to the Government of Iraq concerning
          the information received that since 2 August 1990, in Kuwait, scores of
          unarmed civilians had been killed or executed in a suirsuary manner by members
        
          
          EICN.4/1991/36
          page 70
          of the Iraqi forces. According to the information, a number of persons had
          been killed for failing to replace photos of the Emir with those of the
          President of Iraq. Some others had reportedly been hanged on the grounds of
          Kuwait university for their suspected opposition against the annexation of
          Kuwait after being accused of criminal offences. Furthermore, it was reported
          that since the introduction, on 11 August 1990, of the death penalty for
          harbouring Western nationals, looting and hoarding food for commercial
          purposes, one Kuwaiti national had been executed in September 1990 for
          harbouring an American citizen. Ten persons were said to have been executed
          for looting.
          275. In view of the above—mentioned information, the Special Rapporteur,
          expressing his serious concern for the lives and safety of civilians i t t
          Kuwait, appealed to the Government to ensure that the right to life of
          civilians in Kuwait be protected in every possible manner and requested
          information from the Government on the above—mentioned reports.
          276. On 30 October 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Iraq
          transmitting allegations of violations by Iraqi forces in Kuwait of tile
          Fourth Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in
          Time of War including violations of the right to life. Cases of violations
          of the right to life were reported as follows: (a) Adel Al—Dashti;
          (b) Ahmed Hamza; Cc) Mohammed A u; (d) Issa; and Ce) Abdulhadi. All were
          hospital staff of the Al—Addan hospital in Kuwait on 9 September 1990 who were
          arrested and reportedly tortured when two wounded Iraqi military were admitted
          to the hospital and according to the Iraqi officials, inadequately attended.
          (f) Bader Rajab, manager of the Al—Sabahiya supermarket, shot dead by Iraqi
          forces when he reportedly refused to obey demands for foodstuff.
          277. On 6 November 1990, another letter was sent to the Government of Iraq,
          transmitting alleged cases of summary or arbitrary executions in Iraq. The
          issues raised were as follows:
          (a) In mid—April 1989, at Dibs garrison near Kirkuk, at least seven
          Kurds were reportedly executed for their alleged links to the Pesh Merga
          forces. The seven executed were named as follows: Saber Sa'di, Qader Sa'di,
          ‘Abdallah Mala Muhammad, Darwish Mala Muhammad, ‘Abd al—Karim Chitto,
          Saber Hamad and Hatem Hamad. The executed were said to have returned to Iraq
          from Turkey in order to benefit from the amnesty decrees promulgated in
          September 1988;
          (b) On 11 July 1990, Jalfi Mahdi Saleh al—Nu'aimi, a naturalized Swedish
          national was reportedly executed by hanging, after having been sentenced to
          death on 30 April 1990 by the Revolutionary Court in Baghdad for “having
          connections with a secret intelligence organization”. It was alleged that
          Jalil Mahdi Saleh al—Nu'aimi. had been held in pre—trial detention for some
          eight months, that his trial before the RevolutIonary Court was held
          in_s mera, that his right of defence was either severely curtailed or denied
          altogether and that he had no right to appeal against the verdict nor the
          sentence.
          278. In addition, further information was transmitted concerning alleged
          killings and executions ln Kuwait by members of the Iraqi forces since
          2 August 1990. According to several eyewitnesses, killings and executions by
        
          
          .i!f
          E/CN.4/1991/36
          page 71
          the Iraqi forces in a summary manner outside the context of armed conflict
          were widespread. The number of those killed or executed was said to be very
          high although no exact figures were given. The victims included Kuwaiti men,
          women and children and a number of foreigners. r
          279. The following incidents in Kuwait City which were said to have occurred
          in August and September 1990 were reported by witnesses as follows:
          (a) A man was shot dead by Iraqi soldiers after he was forced to watch
          his wife raped by the same soldiers;
          (b) A man suspected of being a member of the resistance was shot dead by
          Iraqi soldiers after having been tortured in order to extract information on
          the resistance;
          Cc) At the entrance of Sabah Maternity Hospital, a woman in labour,
          being prevented by soldiers to enter, was bayoneted through her stomach;
          (d) Two boys were executed in a market place by Iraqi soldiers in full
          view of their mother, sister and brother who were called out of the house;
          Ce) The Imam Khalik Ad—Samhan, who delivered a speech at a mosque in a
          Friday ceremony, condemning the Iraqi invasion, was tortured and shot dead.
          His body was dumped near the mosque. An Isla mic scholar named Mahxnood Khalifa
          al—Jasim was tortured and killed at the Salimyia area;
          C E) A Xuwaiti military officer was publicly executed in front of his
          family's home after having been tortured for 10 days. The had been arrested
          when he was discovered while in hiding;
          (g) Fifteen people were executed after Iraqi forces extracted the names
          of the 15, said to be in the resistance movement, from a man by torturing him;
          (h) At the Mubarak El Kabeer Hospital, all the patients, most of whom
          were in a serious condition, were removed by Iraqi soldiers from their beds
          into the hospital corridors by force. Blood transfusions were prohibited,
          life support machinery removed and other vital medical treatment denied,
          resulting in the death of half of the patients;
          Ci) At Salimiya area, several persons were castrated and hanged;
          (3) At the Al—Adan hospital, 15 premature babies in incubators were
          taken out of the incubators by Iraqi soldiers and left on the floor to die;
          00 On 8 August 1990, a group of some 35 women and youths demonstrating
          in the Jabiriyya dIstrIct were fired at by Iraqi soldiers. Two boys aged 13
          and 16 and a 20—year—old woman were killed;
          (1) On 11 August 1990, Douglas Croskery, a British national was
          reportedly shot dead by Iraqi soldiers as he attempted to leave Kuwait for
          Saudi Arabia. On 21 August 1990, three Pakistanis were also reported to have
          been killed under similar circumstances.
        
          
          E/CN.4/1991/36
          page 72
          260. On 12 December 1990, another letter was sent to the Government of Iraq
          concerning two incidents of killings in Kuwait by members of the Iraqi forces
          which were reported as follows:
          (a) On 9 September 1990, at Al Addan hospital, five hospital staff were
          arrested, tortured and then executed by Iraqi military personnel, on the
          pretext that the staff had been lax in attending to injured Iraqis. The names
          of the victims were given as: Mel Al—Dashti, Ahn,ed Hamza, Mohammed Mi and
          two identified as Issa and Abdulhadi; .
          (b) Bader Rajab, manager of the Al—Sabahiya supermarkert, was executed
          for refusing to obey demands by the Iraqi forces for foodstuff.
          281. On 13 February 1990, a reply was received from the Government of Iraq to
          the Special Rapporteur's cable of 8 February 1990, denying all the information
          contained in the cable. It also stated that the area referred to in the cable
          had been and was still open for Iraqis and foreigners.
          282. On 26 and 27 March 1990, replies were received from the Government of
          Iraq to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 13 March 1990 concerning the
          execution of Farrad Bazoft, stating that Batoft was not subjected to any
          ill—treatment or coercion while in detention, that he confessed on television
          that he had been involved in spying activities for the Israeli Mossad against
          Iraq at a time when Iraq and Israel are in a state of war and that Bazoft
          stated his confessions in a written statement which he wrote in English, and
          then restated them in front of the British Consul in Baghdad.
          283. It was also stated that Bazoft had a fair trial which was conducted in
          accordance with Iraqi law, that he was defended in a court of law by a lawyer
          appointed by the British Embassy and that the trial was attended by the
          British Consul in Baghdad.
          284. The reply further stated the following:
          (a) He was an Iranian national residing in the United Kingdom since
          1975. He carried British travel documents and worked for The Observer of
          London;
          (b) He visited Iraq on six occasions in April 1988, May 1986, July 1968,
          December 1988, February 1989 and September 1989. He was arrested while on his
          last visit;
          (c) Investigation revealed a number of facts to which Bazoft confessed
          during questioning and which he then stated both in writing and on
          television. These facts are as follows:
          (i) Dazoft had been recruited by the Israeli Mossad and British
          intelligence (the secret police) and been working for them
          since 1984;
          (ii) Bazoft had been instructed to carry out a number of missions inside
          Iraq using his cover as a journalist, He had received E600 for
          this purpose. His job was to take and obtain photographs of Iraqi
          military sites and military commanders, and to gather information
        
          
          E/CN.4/199 1 136
          page 73
          and aubnit his own analysis in relation to a number o installations
          and activities in Iraq, such as the Iraqi nuclear reactor, the use
          of chemical weapons and the general and economic situation in the
          country. During his repeated visits to Iraq, Bazoft submitted many
          reports containing whatever information he could obtain on these
          matters;
          (iii) On his last visit to Iraq, Bazoft had been instructed to collect
          information on the subject of the explosion that had taken place at
          an industrial military facility near the city of Hula. OEis was,
          of course, totally incompatible with the subject which he had been
          invited by the Iraqi authorities to cover, namely “the elections of
          the Legislative Council of the autonomous Kurdistan region in
          northern Iraq”. In order to accomplish his espionage mission,
          Bazoft was assisted by Mrs. Daphne Parish, a British nurse working
          in Baghdad, to get to the explosion area in her own car disguised as
          an Indian doctor. He was able to take soil samples from the area
          along with various bits of material which he was planning to send to
          London;
          (iv) As soon as questioning was completed, the Consul at the British
          Embassy in Baghdad was granted permission to meet Bazoft on purely
          humanitarian grounds. Bazoft was not a British subject, which means
          that the Iraqi Government was wider no obligation to grant the
          British Embassy access to him under the Vienna Convention or any
          other agreement. The British Consul had four meetings with the
          prisoner, three of which were attended by the lawyer appointed by
          the British Embassy to conduct his defence. OEe British Consul was
          also invited to attend the proceedings of the whole trial, which
          began on 8 March 1990 and were completed on 10 March 1990. OEe
          defendant and his lawyer had been given ample time to prepare their
          case;
          (v) As regards Nurse Daphne Parish, she had collaborated with Bazoft and
          helped him, on no legal or professional grounds, to get to the area
          he had wanted to see and assisted him in obtaining information and
          material. Prior to her trial, the Iraqi authorities had granted
          her permission to have four consular meetings three of which were
          attended by the lawyer the British Embassy had appointed to conduct
          her defence.
          285. On 30 March 1990, a communication from the Government of Iraq was
          received by the Special Rapporteur, enclosing a statement issued by
          Organization of Friendship, Peace and Solidarity in Iraq concerning the
          execution of Farzad Bazoft.
          286. On 31 July 1990, a reply was received from the Government of Iraq to the
          Special Rapporteur's letter of 26 July 1990 stating that the allegations
          transmItted were totally unfounded.
          287. On 18 December 1990, a reply was received from the Government of Iraq to
          the Special Rapporteur's letter of 5 November 1990, stating that the Iraqi
          authorities had not taken any measure sgainst persona benefiting from any of
          the amnesty decrees, including the decree promulgated in 1988 and that all
        
          
          E/CN.4/1991/3 6
          page 714
          those who returned to the country were living with their families in the same
          residential areas in which they had been formerly domiciled. It was also
          stated that the internal legal measures were applied in the case of all
          offences conunitted after the expiration of the period of amnesty.
          288. With regard to the person named Jalil Mahdi Saleh al—Nu'aimi, a Swedish
          national of Iraqi origin, it was stated that he was condemned to death and
          executed in accordance with Iraqi law, under which espionage is prohibited and
          constitutes high treason punishable by death. According to the reply, the
          person in question made a confession, acknowledging that he had engaged in
          espionage for the benefit of a foreign body, namely the Israeli Mossad
          organization, on whose behalf he had gathered information on Iraq. It was
          stated that the Swedish Consul at Baghdad attended the investigation and trial
          proceedings and was also present at the execution and that Jalil Mahdi
          Saleh al—Nu'aimi enjoyed all the legal safeguards required under Iraqi law,
          including the appointment by the Swedish Embassy of a lawyer to defend him.
          289. With regard to the allegations concerning Kuwait, it was stated that
          those allegations were untrue and formed part of the campaign conducted by
          “Imperialist Powers”, whose interests had been prejudiced, with a view to
          besmirching Iraq's reputation. With regard to the alleged killing of
          Douglas Croskery, it was stated that the British Embassy at Baghdad was
          notified, in response to its request, that there would be no objection to its
          dispatch of a consular off.icial to the area in which the above—mentioned
          British national was alleged to have been killed in order to seek information
          concerning his whereabouts.
          Israel
          290. On 9 October 1990, a cable was sent to the Government of Israel stating
          that on 8 October 1990 on the Temple Mount of the Old City of Jerusalem,
          22 persons had been killed when the police and armed Jewish civilians had
          opened fire on Palestinian demonstrators and bystanders. Although the police
          had reportedly claimed that a crowd of 2,000 Palestinians had thrown rocks and
          stones on Jews praying at the Western Wall and had attacked and burned a
          police station of the Temple Mount, it had been alleged that the Israeli
          authorities had resorted to an excessive use of force, including live
          ammunition, to regain control.
          291. The Special Rapporteur, feeling concerned with the loss of lives in the
          incident, appealed to the Government of Israel to take all necessary measures
          in order to prevent further loss of lives in similar circumstances and
          requested information on the above—mentioned incident, the outcome of any
          investigation on the incident and the measures taken by the authorities to
          prevent the recurrence of such deaths.
          292. On 1 November 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Israel
          transm ttlng allegations that during the past year, numerous incidents of
          killings were reported in connection with the uprising in the occupied
          territories. It was stated that according to statistics released on
          2 August 1990 by Bettelem, the Israeli Information Centre for Human Rights in
        
          
          E/CN.4/1991/36
          page 75
          the Occupied Territories, 676 Palestinians ware shot and killed by security
          forces since the beginning of the uprising in December 1987 until the end of
          July 1990. They included 158 children under 16 yearn of age. In addition,
          31 Palestinians were said to have been killed by Israeli civilians and 8 were
          shot and killed by Palestinian collaborators, whereas 10 Israeli Defence
          Forces (IDF) soldiers and 9 Israeli civilians, including 3 babies, were killed
          in the territories during the same period. At the sante time there was
          reportedly an increase in the number of Palestinians killed by other
          Palestinians for suspected collaboration with the Israeli authorities.
          According to one source, the number of such killings during the same period
          was 243. These killings were said to be the results of the prolonged period
          of Israeli occupation and the unprecedented level of violence it has
          engendered and many of these deaths in the occupied territories were reported
          to have occurred during violent clashes between Palestinian protesters and
          the IDF. However, other persons were allegedly killed by ID? troops during
          house—to—house searches, at roadblocks, during pursuit after clashes, and in
          circumstances other than violent clashes.
          293. Furthermore, it was alleged that these deaths occurred often in
          circumstances suggesting excessive use of force or deliberate killings.
          According to the Betzelem report in July 1990, in almost SO per cent of the
          cases the ID ? found that soldiers had violated cease—fire orders. The report
          cited statistics showing that soldiers were indicted for 12 incidents of
          killing by the end of December 1989. It was also alleged that investigation
          of killings by the ID? was almost all based exclusively on accounts by
          soldiers.
          29(4. It was also stated that the reports of the Special Committee to
          Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian
          People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories to the forty—fifth session
          of the General Assembly (A145 184, A/45/306 and A 145/576) list 140 incidents of
          killing by ID? troops and Israeli civilians for the period October 1989
          to 10 August 1990.
          295. OEe following describe some alleged cases in which troops used force in
          an excessive or illegal manner:
          (a) On 5 October 1989, in Bidu, near Jerusalem, Kha led Abu Id , aged 20,
          was shot in the heart from a distance of two metres when soldiers opened fire
          at youths manning a barricade;
          I I ) On 9 October 1989, in Nablus, Nidal al—Habash, aged 22, was killed
          by troops when masked youths defied a curfew and incited others to
          demonstrate. It was alleged that he was shot dead from a short distance,
          after he was wounded and could not escape, and that the troops prevented an
          ambulance from evacuating him;
          Cc) On 26 October 1989, in Jabal ya, Ga za. Mel Mabmud Abu Salirn,
          aged 19, wan kil].ed by troops who opened fire at masked youths.. It was
          alleged that four soldiers in civilian clothes had entered the camp in a
          civilian car and opened fire on the youths;
        
          
          El CN.4/l991/36
          page 76
          Cd ) On 26 October 1989, in A1—Khadar, Xarim Da'amseh, aged 18, was
          killed by policemen during a car chase in Beit Jala after he failed to obey an
          order to stop. According to an eyewitness, a policeman shot Kariin Da'amseh at
          point—blank range after he surrendered. The police reportedly opened an
          inquiry;
          Ce) On 6 November 1989, in Kalkilya, Wa'el al—Haj Rassan, aged 20, was
          killed by troops as he was trying to cross the border into Jordan. He had
          been wanted by the security forces since the beginning of the uprising;
          Cf) On 1 December 1989, in Nablus, Imad Nasser, aged 26, Hanin Tayem,
          aged 19, and Omar Grafat, aged 28, were killed by a group of soldiers in
          civilian clothes who entered the casbah of Nablus and opened fire. Masu'd
          Labada Batiri, aged 15, a passer—by, was also killed;
          (g) On 20 December 1989, in Gaza, Khaled Abd el Sheikh Ali, aged 27,
          died in the interrogation ward in the Gaza prison;
          (h) On 7 January 1990, in Bethlehem, Fahdi Khalil Zabakli, aged 18, died
          in hospital of wounds sustained the previous month when border policemen shot
          him in the head while chasing masked youths. It was reported that a film of
          the incident showed that Fahdi Khalil Zabakli was shot as he was fleeing,
          without waning shots being fired;
          Ci) On 5 April 1990, in Jalazua camp, Mustafa al—Jan, aged 15, was
          killed by troops who fired a rubber—coated steel pellet during a clash. It
          was alleged that he was shot by a sniper deliberately and without provocation,
          without waning or an order to halt;
          C i) On 7 July 1990, at the Ofer detention camp near Rasnallah, Sahri Abed
          Rabo, aged 18, was shot in the head and killed by troops wh n he was spotted
          climbing over the fence of his tent compound. The troops reportedly shouted
          warnings and fired in the air before firing at the detainee. The incident was
          said to be under investigation;
          (k) On 10 August 1990, in Ya'abad, Basel Haniarsheh, aged 22, was shot in
          the head and killed by a soldier. He had been wanted for two years.
          296. On 22 October 1990, a reply was received from the Government of Israel
          to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 9 October 1990 with regard to the events
          of 8 October 1990 on the Temple Mount, stating that a special committee of
          inquiry had been established to investigate the case.
          Malawi
          297. On 26 July 1990 a letter was sent to the Government of Malawi
          transmitting an allegation that in March 1989 Fred Sikwese, an employee at
          the Ministry of External Affairs, died at Lilongwe prison after having been
          arrested in February 1989 on suspicion of passing confidential govenunent
          information to sources outside the country. Reportedly no charges have been
          brought against him. He was allegedly tortured prior to his death and was
          buried at Lilongwe prison grounds after the authorities reportedly refused to
          release his body for burial by his relatives. It was further alleged that no
          investigatIon was undertaken with regard to his death.
        
          
          E/CN.4/1991/36
          page 77
          298. On 5 December 1990 a reply was received from the Government of tialawi to
          the Special Rapporteur!s letter of 26 July 1990, stating that with regard to
          the ease of Fred Sikwese, the verdict of the coroners inquest concluded that
          his death was due to hepatitis and not as a result of torture as alleged.
          It also stated that he was not arrested on suspicion but caught in flagrante
          delicto , passing on government information to agents of foreign powers, and
          that charges were not brought against him because he died at Kamuzu central
          hospital before the matter was taken up by the court.
          Mali
          299. On 5 November 1990, ti letter was sent to the Government of Mali
          transmitting allegations that following armed attacks by Tuaregs in
          north—eastern districts of the country in late June and July 1990 in which
          over 150 government officials and civilians were reportedly killed, government
          troops took reprisals against Tuareg civilians and killed some 120 persons.
          It was alleged that in a state of emergency and a curfew declared
          on 20 July 1990 in the north—eastern districts of Gao, Kidal, M&naka and
          Tlmbuktu, the police and military were authorized to use armed force with
          immunity from prosecution in advance for acts connnitted in the exercise of
          emergency powers.
          300. Incidents of execution included the following:
          (a) On 3 August 1990, in Gao, 11 Tuaregs, including a woman, were
          executed after having been tortured. One of the victims was named as
          Khassan ag Mahmoud, a chauffeur—mechanic;
          (b) On 6 August 1990, Sn M6naka, four Tuaregs were executed, including
          Akhmed ag Makhakha, aged 80, a leader of a Tuareg group, the Ichadanharen, and
          issouf ag Dandan, an official in Tidaghrnen of the ruling party, the Union
          d&mocratique cli i peuple mallen;
          Cc) Four Tuaregs were executed in Kidal, including Intlyaden ag flabakar;
          Cd) Two Tuaregs were executed in Tin Essako, Kidal district, including
          Sidakhmad ag tfmana;
          Ce) Nine Tuaregs were executed in Tamesna, including Dachar ag Khaxnadin,
          a 10—year—old boy.
          301. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Mali.
          Ma tir it an Ia
          302. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Mauritania
          transmitting allegations that in the southern part of the country villagers
          were killed by members of the National Guard in a summary manner. OEese
          killings have allegedly taken place since April 1989, following interconununal
          violence. Killings reportedly occurred not only during curfew hours but also
          outside them. OEe victims were allegedly suspected of hav Ing clandestine
          contact with groups based In Senegal opposing the Government. No
          investigations by the polIce or judicial author Ities concerning the killings
          were said to have been carried out.
        
          
          E / CN.4/ 1991 / 36
          page 75
          303. The following cases were described:
          (a) In October 1989, Hadiya B3, a teacher at Kalignoro and municipal
          council member in Boully town, was killed by members of the National Guard;
          (b) In November 1989, in Guiraye—R wo village, Ka di region, Dj6ol Demba
          Sa n, aged 57, a cattle herder, his son Daidou Sarr, aged 20, and Kadiata Sarr
          were killed by members of the National Guard;
          (c) In 1989, in Wotji. village, Abon Sara Diop, Namadou Idi Nap and
          three brothers were killed by members of the National Guard;
          (d) On 5 March 1990, outside the village of Dj6ol, Abdoul Bouka N'diaye,
          aged 30, a former soldier, and Masnadou Gninguel N'diaye, aged 19, were killed
          allegedly after torture by the National Guard during custody;
          Ce) In January 1990, in Dj&ol, Haniady Djouma B , aged 50, a fisherman,
          was killed by the National Guard when he left the village early in the
          morning, apparently while curfew was still in force;
          (f) On 10 April 1990, outside the village of Moujdi, in S 1ibaby
          District, seven villagers were killed by members of the armed forces and of a
          militia working closely with the armed forces, after having been detained and
          taken away from the village. Among the seven victims were Silly Youm Ba,
          aged 67, from Moujdi village; Deya Sow, from Moujdi village; and Demba Mamadou
          Sow, from Wendou—Goub& village;
          (g) On 12 April 1990, OEierno SaOEatou ?.&, aged 57, a Muslim religious
          leader from the village of Ngoral—Guidal, near Bogh , was shot dead by members
          of the National Guard, after he had taken a swim in the Senegal river.
          On 21 October 1990, a reply was received from the Government of
          Mauritania to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 26 July 1990 stating that the
          laws in force in Mauritania respected and protected the right to life of all
          citizens and individuals within the territory.
          305. It further stated that the judiciary guaranteed the respect for national
          legislation and that all actions of those responsible for the application of
          the law was submitted to regular control through which abuses were punished in
          accordance with the national law. It finally stated that all complaints were
          heard by the courts and that this recourse was available to all citizens and
          individuals within the territory.
          306. On 6 November 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Mauritania
          transmitting allegations that during the first half of 1990, in the southern
          part of the country, an increasing number of persons belonging to a black
          ethnic group, the Hal—pulaar, were killed by the army and National Guard as
          well as the Haratine militia. A large number of victims, almost all unarmed
          villagers, were said to be inhabitants of towns and villages along the
          Mauritanian bank of the Senegal river. Killings allegedly took place during
          searches in villages by members of the security forces and Haratine militia
          after raids by armed groups from Senegal or Mali or after villagers fled to
          these two countries to escape from the security forces.
        
          
          E/CN.4/l991/36
          page 79
          307. It was further alleged that the security forces and the Haratine militia
          responsible for these killings were given total immunity and that none of
          these killings were allegedly investigated by the judiciary authorities.
          308. The following incidents of killing were reported:
          (a) On 10 April 1990, in Moudji, near S&lIIaby, seven persons, including
          : , Silly Youm B&, aged 47, and Mamadou Demba Sall, aged U, were arrested by a
          patrol of soldiers and Haratine militia. They were taken some kilometres from
          the village and executed;
          (b) On 20 April 1990, in Woyndonyoli, near S&libaby, some 60 armed
          Haratines, escorted by two soldiers, arrested 15 persons and executed 4 of
          them, including Harouna Ousmane Sow and Adama Souleymane B . OEe soldiers
          then took away the remaining 11 persons, 1 of whom, including Adaina
          Owner P1 db, were subsequently executed;
          Cc) On 1 May 1990, in Belendendi, near Laqceiba—Gorgol, in Ka di region,
          Die Bocar Hainadi, aged 30, was killed by National Guardsmen stationed at
          Ta lhaya; .
          Cd ) On 13 June 1990, in Ganki village nar Boghe, Sil ye Lain, aged 30,
          was arrested by members of the National Guard shortly before a nightly curfew
          came into force, and was taken together with OEierno N'Gom, another villager.
          The following morning, SiOEye Lam was found shot dead.
          309. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Mauritania .
          Mexico
          310. On i i July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Mexico
          transmitting the following allegations:
          (a) On 21 May 1990, in Sinaloa, Norma Corona Sapiens, aged 38, President
          of the Commission for the Defence of Human Rights in Sinaloa and President
          of the Coleglo de Abogados Clemente Vizcarra (Clemente Vizcarra Lawyers'
          Association), was killed by unidentified armed men. In March 1990, she had
          allegedly received death threats from members of the Federal Judicial
          Police (PJF). Norma Corona had been conducting investigations into a number
          of cases allegedly involving agents of the Federal Judicial Police (PJF).
          These investigations included the deaths in Sinaloa of three Venezuelan and
          one Mexican lawyer earlier that year. The bodies of the four lawyers were
          found in a common grave on 11 March 1990, showing signs of torture and gunshot
          wounds. They had been abducted from their homes in Culiac n, capital of
          Sinaloa, on 22 February 1990, and were allegedly killed at the headquarters
          of the PJF in CuliaIIn;
          (b) Andr s Martinez Diaz, aged 23, a fisherman from Rio Grande,
          municipality of Tututepec, Oaxaca State, was arrested on 8 February 1989
          allegedly by a sub—lieutenant of the armed forces. Witnesses saw Diaz in
          military custody, showing signs of torture, On 9 August 1989, the Government
          reported that fiat was found dead in Cacalote, Tututepec;
        
          
          E/CN.'+/199 1/36
          page 80
          (c) On 4 September 1989, in Villahermosa, Tabasco State, several
          persons including Jesus Martinez Ruiz, were detained by the Federal Judicial
          Police (PJF). Some days later the body of Ruiz was found at the Rancheria
          Sabina cemetery, in Centro municipality. It was alleged that Ruiz died as a
          result of torture during detention at the offices of the Federal Judicial ‘
          Police (PJF).
          : . !
          311. On 25 July 1990, a cable was sent to the Government of Mexico concerning ‘
          Investigator Jorge C. CastaLeda, member of the Governing Council of the
          Mexican Committee for the Defence and Promotion of human Rights, said to have
          received death threats through his secretary, Marina Rodriguez Villegas, who
          was stopped by four armed persona, questioned about the movements and the
          private domicile of Mr. Castaaeda and his family, and told that he would be
          killed if he “persisted with what he was writing', a reference to articles in
          the press in which Mr. Castafleda had attacked police involvement in drug
          trafficking. It was also reported that Ms. Rodriguez Villegas had been
          stopped a second time and threatened with death in a road accident if she
          continued to collaborate with the investigations which had been taking place
          to identify those responsible for the threats.
          312. Information had also been received concerning the case of
          Mr. Victor Clark AlE arc, who had published accounts of the alleged torture
          of minors. He had received a death threat by telephone on 13 June 1990
          and believed that those responsible were members of the security services
          involved in the events he had described in his accounts.
          313. Serious concern was particularly expressed for the lives of these people,
          since, according to them, another human rights activist had been killed in
          Sinaloa State after receiving threats. Such actions created a climate of
          insecurity and violation of human rights, in which human rights activists were
          allegedly singled out as victims.
          314. OEe Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take all measures at
          its disposal to protect the right to life of the two persons threatened with
          death, and requested information in this regard.
          315. On 9 November 1990, another letter was sent to the government of Mexico
          transmitting several cases of killings instigated by various incidents but
          signalling, according to the reports, underlying problems in the system which
          despite Goverment initiatives required further attention. OEree patterns of
          killings are described as follows:
          (a) Reports of killings of peasants or indigenous people in the context
          of land disputes affecting particularly the Triqui people of tJni6n de los
          Angeles in the State of Oaxaca as follows:
          (I) Paulino Martinez, founder of the Movimiento de Uniflcacidn >‘ Lucha
          Triqui (MIJLT) (Movement for Triqui Unification and Struggle), and
          h s nephew, Bonifacio Merino Delia, were ambushed and killed
          on 23 January 1990 in Rio Logarto, 0a caca, as they collected
          signatures to organize a Triqui co—operative for direct sale of
          their coffee harvests. According to reports, Mr. Martinez had
          publicly critized and made a formal complaint against local
          landowners in December 1989 for their alleged involvement in
          varLous attacks against MULT members;
        
          
          E/CN.4/ 199 1136
          page 81
          (ii) Manuel Velazco Ortega, aged 39, member of MUtT, on 22 February 1990
          was shot dead in his home by individuals wearing police uniforms.
          His wife reportedly filed complaints with the Public Ministry agent
          and the Attorney—General for the State. of Oaacaca. According to
          information received an autopsy was not performed and no
          investigation took place;
          (iii) Jos Antonio Sim6n Zamora, aged 32, an officer of the Uni6ri Nacional
          de Organizaciones Regionales Carapesinas Aut6nomas (UNORCA) (National
          Union of Regional Organizations of Autonomous Peasants) 1 was killed
          on 1 February 1990 in his home in fltzcuaro, Michoac n, by
          individuals wearing military clothing;
          (iv) Santiago tierino Hern6.ndez, aged 30, member of MULT, was shot dead
          on 2 May 1990 in Oaxaca after having been harassed and threatened.
          Another MULT member was wounded, MULT filed a complaint with the
          secretary of the Ministry of the Interior. Reports indicate no
          investigation has taken place;
          (v) In addition, Juan Domingo flrez Castillo, aged 41, member of MULl,
          was continually threatened since an attempt on his life by a
          well—known gunman in 1989. Several complaints were filed with local
          authorities, but no investigation was known to have been initiated.
          (b) Killings in the context of political elections have also taken
          place. According to reports, no efforts were made by the Partido
          Revolucionario Ins titucional (FRI—affiliated authorities to investigate
          the following cases:
          Ci) Ignacio Murillo Guzman, a candidate of the Partido Revolucionario
          Democr&tico (PDR) (Democratic Revolutionary Party) in the
          municipality of Huandacarea, Michoacdn, was killed on
          7 January 1990, allegedly by the outgoing secretary of the town
          council. The Attorney—General had not filed charges in the case;
          (ii) Adelaido Barrera, tsmael Reyes and Antonio Pablo Victoriano, members
          of the flD, were killed on 13 January 1990 as they left the town
          bail of Durazno, Guerrero, where they discussed with authorities a
          postponement of municipal elections in Tixtia. No investigation of
          the case was initiated;
          (iii) Salvador GonIIlez and Cipriano Chacon, members of the PRD, were
          killed on 19 January 1990 in front of the municipal government
          building in Jungapeo, Michoacan, allegedly by FRI gunmen;
          (iv) Jav er Macisa Salacedo was killed on 23 January 1990 by FRI members
          ‘ in 3acona, Michoacdn, after a dispute concerning local taxes;
          (v) Santos Hern&ndez Garcia, watchman of the local FRD, was killed
          on 23 January 1990 n Coyuca, Cuerrero;
        
          
          E/CN.4/1991/36
          page 82
          (vi) Florentino Salmer6n Garcia and Donasiano Rojas, members of the PRD,
          were killed on 27 February 1990 i i i a confrontation between the PRD
          and pollee during a peaceful march for which permission from
          authorities had been granted (Garcia in Zihuatanejo and Rojas in
          Acapulco).
          (c) Other reported cases are as follows:
          (i) lMctor Ignacio Quijano Santoyo, Jaime Quijano Santoyo and Erik Dante
          Quijano Santoyo, three brothers, were shot dead on 14 January 1990
          in Ojo de Agua, M xico, at clone range by members of the Policia
          Judicial Federal (PJF) (Federal Judiciary Police) after H6ctor had
          been detained and allegedly tortured the previous day. Police
          surrounded their house searching for a fourth brother, a former
          policeman, accused of killing a policeman;
          (ii) Agustin Fflix Contreras, aged 35, died on 6 May 1990 after having
          been detained by the police in Aguililla, Michoac n, on S May 1990
          from wounds allegedly sustained during a police confrontation.
          316. On 6 August 1990, a reply was received from the Government of Mexico to
          the Special Rapporteur's cable of 27 June 1989 (see EICN.411990/22, para. 287)
          in regard to the alleged death threats directed at members of the Union of
          Indigenous Communities of the Mixed Zone of the Isthmus (UCIZON IO) stating
          that the competent authorities of the State of Oazaca had conducted an
          investigation into the death of Cris6foro Jos& Pedro and concluded that the
          homicide did not constitute a sunmiary or arbitrary execution but a common
          crime. Two men, Eucario Pimente]. Zacarias and Abad Juan Rodriguez Valdeespino
          have been arrested and charged with the crime.
          32?. On 16 August 1990, another reply was received from the Government of
          Mexico to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 25 July 1990 concerning the
          alleged killing of Crist6foro Joa Pedro and the death threats received
          by Victor Clarke AlE aro and Jorge Castafleda through his secretary
          Mariana Rodriguez, stating that upon having received the request for
          intervention, the Government of Mexico Immediately condemned the death threats
          against Messrs. Alfaro and Castafleda and the courts ordered the necessary
          protection. It furthermore stated that Ms. Rodriguez identified a photograph
          of a former agent of the Criminal Investigation Police of the Federal District
          as one of her assailants, but was unable to identify him in a subsequent
          lineup. He was released.
          318. On 16 August 1990, another reply was received from the Government of
          Mexico to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 11 July 1990 regarding the
          following cases:
          (a) Norma Corona Sapiens: Information was transmitted from the Attorney
          General of the State of Sinaloa to the effect that an ex—agenc of the Criminal
          Investigation Department of the State of Sinaloa and three alleged accomplicas
          had been detained and charged w Ith murder, and that the former had confessed
          to the crime, OEe case is under the jurisdictIon of the Fourth Criminal Court
          of Pint Instance;
        
          
          a _
          ———— — .——— ————————— — . —..— . I
          Ej'CN.4/1991/35
          page 83
          (b) Andr s Martinez Diet: OEe case remains under investigation by an
          officer of the assistant military prosecutor's office attached to the
          twenty—eighth military zone of Oaxaca State. A civil case proceeds under
          the public prosecutor's office in Puerto Escondido, Juquila in Oaxaca;
          (c) JesCzs Martinez Ruiz: At the request of the sister of
          Jes?II Martinez Ruiz, who died on 4 September 1989 when he was detained by
          the Criminal Investigation Police of the state of Tabasco, the Office of the
          Attorney—General of Tabasco instituted a further preliminary inquiry. The
          National Commission for Human Rights requested the Government of the State of
          Tabasco to provide an in—depth report on the case.
          319. On 30 August 1990, a further reply was received from the Government of
          Mexico, following the above—mentioned reply of 16 August 1990, regarding the
          case of Jes us Martinez Ruiz. The letter stated that on 17 August 1990, the
          findings of the preliminary inquiry were transmitted by the Office of the
          Attorney—General to the competent criminal court judge bringing charges of
          abuse of authority against five agents of the Judicial Police of Tabasco for
          the torture and murder of Mr. Martinez ,
          320. On 3 October 1990, a reply was received from the Government of Mexico
          regardin& the case of Jesus Martinez Ruiz, transmitting the report and
          recommendations of the National Commission for Human Rights. The report
          stated that on 20 August 1990, the Fifth Criminal Court of First Instance
          ordered the release of the five agents accused of his death on the grounds of
          insufficient evidence. OEe Office of the Attorney—General of Tabasca appealed
          to the Superior Court and the investigation was renewed by the Office of the
          Government Prosecutor for the Federal District.
          321. OEe recommendations were as follows:
          (a) flat an appropriate investigation and further legal action should be
          taken to remove the Director General of the Judicial Police of Tabasco from
          his post for his deliberate misrepresentation of facts in the case as found by
          the Commission's investigation;
          (b) flat the Prosecutor General for the State desist from appeal against
          the decision of the Fifth Criminal Court of First Instance of Tabasco;
          Cc) That on the basis of the new elements provided herewith, a new
          investigation should be undertaken and the criminal action be reinstituted
          against the five officers charged;
          (d) flat bulletins should be provided to all the corresponding State and
          Federal polIce entities so that those implicated in the case were not rehired;
          Ce) flat the physical integrity of the Martinez Ruiz and
          M&rquez Valeazuela fam IlSes should be assured (N rquez Valenzuela remains iu
          custody);
          CE) flat documents attesting to the fulfilment of these recommendations
          should be sent to the National Comm lsaSon for Human Rights
          .
          .
        
          
          El C?4 * 411.991/36
          page 84
          322. On 18 December 1990 a letter was received from the Government of Mexico
          transmitting recommendation No. 22 of the National Commission for Human Bights
          containing the results of the Commission's investigation into the case
          of Artemic Marcos Hern ndez, concerning which the Government had replied
          on 25 August 1989 (see E/CN,4/1990/22, para. 294).
          323. According to the investigation of the National Commission for Human
          Rights, Mr. Hern&ndez was killed as a result of his activities as a peasant
          leader of the regional peasant groups URECHU and WIORCA in San Pedro
          Huatalingo. Among his activities was the task of obtaining the transfer of
          land to the peasants of San Pedro Ruazalingo as determined by decisions taken
          by the Secretary of Agrarian Reform.
          324. According to the report, on 13 March, Mr. Hern&ndez was part of a
          commission of peasants formed to retrieve from the landowner's residence the
          measuring instrument which was allegedly taken by a gunman working for an
          important landowner ( jg ) of the region. It was stated that the landowner
          then threatened Mr. IierrIIndez, saying that he would pay with his life for
          being the leader of the movement, and that on 9 May 1989 Mr. Herndndez had
          expressed to friends that something was going to happen because the
          landowner's gunman was looking for him.
          325. The report also stated that on 18 May 1989, an individual arrived at
          Mr. Hern ndez's home, requesting that he attend a meeting the following day
          at a specified time and place, the time and place at which his death actually
          occurred.
          326. The report of the investigation further stated that on 1 June 1989 the
          case was assigned to officials attached to the deputy sub—prosecutor's office
          and that the case remains in their charge.
          327. It was stated that testimonies of witnesses to some of the above—mentioned
          incidents was taken by the prosecutor's office. The Commission interviewed
          the Prosecutor General, the deputy prosecutor and the Director of the State
          Police and determined that, aside from gathering the testimonies and
          performing a ballistics test, as of 27 June 1989 no other action had been
          taken in regard to this case, despite the judgement of the Commission that by
          utIlizing available investigatory measures the death of Mr. Hez-n4ndez and the
          question of those responsible could be clarified.
          328. On 18 December 1990, another letter was received from the Government of
          Mexico further to its reply of 20 October 1989 (EJCN.4/1990122, pars. 295) to
          the Special Rapporteur's cable of 10 August 1989 regarding the killing of
          Pedro HenIIndez Reyes, transmitting information that the case has progressed
          to the phase of instruction under the judge (jn .zJnizSQ) of the Court of First
          Instance in Huayacocotta, Veracruz, where formal charges had been filed
          against the individuals alleged to have been responsible.
          329. The letter stated that Mr. Hern&ndez Reyes had been killed by individuals
          who considered him a traItor to the Campesinos Un ldos de Sierra Oriental
          (United Peasants of the Sierra Oriental).
        
          
          B/CM .4/1991/36
          page 85
          Morocco
          330. On 9 November 1990, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the
          Government of Morocco, transmitting allegations to the effect that 24 prisoners
          among the off jeers and non—commissioned off Leers confined in the Tazmamart
          military prison, in the region of Rich, since August 1973, after being
          sentenced to terms of imprisonment following charges of attempts on the life
          of the King in 1971 and 1972, had died as a result of ill—treatment or of the
          particularly harsh conditions of detention due to inadequate food, sanitary
          arrangements and medical care. OEe name and rank of the 24 victims are as
          follows: Allal Mouhaj, sergeant; OEami Abounsi, sergeant; Rachid El Amine,
          chief warrant officer; Mohaxned Chajaii, sergeant; Driss Eahbah, corporal;
          Kacem Kasraoui, corporal; Abde l lah Lafraoui, corporal; Abdeslam Rabhi,
          sergeant; Mohamed Bitti, sergeant; Benaissa Rachidi, sergeant; Mohamed El Abdi,
          warrant officer; Rabeh Bettioui, quartermaster sergeant; Bouchta Haddane,
          corporal; Mohamed Chemsi, lieutenant; Akka Itarouch, chief warrant officer;
          Mahjoub El. Yakdi, lieutenant; Mohamed El Ghali, lieutenant; Flohamed Karoui,
          lieutenant; Ben R4douane Tijani, lieutenant; Boujemaa Azendour, lieutenant;
          Jilali Dick, warrant officer; Mohamed Aboulmakoul, warrant officer;
          Abde laziz Ababou, quartermaster sergeant; Moha Boutou, lieutenant.
          331. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Morocco ,
          Mvanmar
          332. On 5 November 1990, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the
          Government of Myanmar transmitting an allegation that on 8 August 1990, in
          Mandalay, two monks and two students were shot dead when security forces
          opened fire on a large number of monks and students who were marching in a
          peaceful demonstration.
          333. On 25 January 1990, a letter was received from the Government of
          Myanmar, referring to its previous letter dated 13 December 1989
          (see E/CN.4/1990/22, paras. 415 to 418) and stating that the State Law
          and Order Restoration Council had revoked martial law, with effect from
          2 January 1990, in 10 townships where the situation had improved sufficiently.
          334. On 21 March 1990, another letter was received, transmitting a list
          of 14 townships in which the State Law and Order Restoration Council had
          revoked martial law with effect from 11 March 1990.
          335. On 7 May 1990, another letter was received, transmitting a list
          of 30 townships in which the State Law and Order Restoration Council had
          revoked martial law during the months of March and April 1990.
          336. On 16 June 1990, another letter was received, transmitting a list
          of 102 townships in which the State Law and Order Restoration Council had
          revoked martial law during the second half of April and the month of May 1990.
        
          
          E/CN.4/1991/3&
          page 86
          337. On 10 April 1990, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government
          of Nepal regarding the information received that in the situation of political
          unrest of the preceding several days, at least 50 persons were killed in
          Katmandu by security forces who had allegedly fired at unarmed demonstrators
          after failing to control them with batons and tear—gas. Similar incidents of
          deaths had been reperted in Butwal and Pokhara where seven and two persons
          were killed respectively.
          338. In view of the continuing tense situation of political unrest, the
          Special Rapporteur, concerned with any further incidents of deaths which might
          occur, appealed to the Government to take all necessary measures to prevent
          further deaths in the context of the continuing political situation, and, in
          this connection, requested information on the above—mentioned incidents and on
          the Government's effort to avoid further deaths.
          339. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Nepal
          transmitting allegations that since 18 February 1990, during mass
          demonstrations in several towns, at least 53 persons had been killed in
          indiscriminate shooting, beating and stabbing by the police. Several persons
          allegedly died as a result of torture, following their arrest by the police.
          340. The following individual cases were described:
          (a) On 30 March 1990, in Patan, Ratna Kaji Sai, aged 30, and
          Sagar Singh, aged 20, were killed when police shot at demonstrators;
          I I) On 2 April 1990, in Kirtipur, tan Bahadur Maharjan, Uira Kaji
          Maharjan and Bijaya Kurnar were killed as police began shooting
          indiscriminately into the crowd and beating demonstrators;
          (c) In April 1990, in Chabahil, Kumar Shrestha was beaten to death;
          (d) In April 1990, in Baneawor, Lal Bahadur Barn was beaten to death.
          341 , At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Nepal.
          342. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Niger
          transmitting allegations that members of the Tuareg ethnic group were
          killed by Government forces on account of their ethnic origin.
          343. The following incidents were given as examples:
          (a) In May 1990, near In Gal in the north—west part of the
          country, 40 persona were allegedly killed by Government forces;
          I I) In May 1990, some SO k llometres north—west of Toh ln Tabaraden,
          20 Tuaregs were killed by Government forces while they were building a house;
          (c) In May 1990, in Tehin Tabaraden, three young persons were killed
          after they had been arrested.
        
          
          El CN .4/1991 / 36
          page 87
          344. In addition, it was alleged that in February 1990, several students were
          killed during demonstrations. Although the President, who was out of the
          country at the time of the killings, reportedly denied that the Government
          ordered force to be used against the students, no inquiry was reportedly known
          to have been carried out.
          345. On 10 December 1990, another letter was sent to the Government of Niger,
          transmitting allegations that in May 1990, following an attack by Tuaregs on a
          police static,n in Tchin Tabaraden in which several policemen, a prisoner and
          two civilians, were killed. According to official sources, some 25 Tuaregs
          were killed in army attacks on Tuareg camps. Other sources quoted figures
          ranging between 200 and several hundred. In the nomad camp of Tilla,
          50 kilometres from Tchin Tabaraden, a number of Tuaregs were said to have
          been killed as they tried to escape the army attack.
          346. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Niger.
          Ni eria
          347. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Nigeria
          transmitting allegations that during the preceding year several persons had
          been sentenced to death by robbery and firearms tribunals established under
          (special provisions) decree of 1970. There was allegedly no right to appeal
          to a higher tribunal although those condemned could petition the State
          Military Governor for clemency.
          348. OEe following cases were described:
          (a) In February 1990, in Minna, Niger State, Umaru Musa, aged 30, was
          sentenced to death by the robbery and firearms tribunal in Minna;
          (b) On 28 February 1989, in Owerri, Imo State, Godwin Agu Eke, aged 36,
          was sentenced to death by the robbery and firearms tribunal in Owerri;
          (c) In December 1989, in Kano, Kane State, Anda Mohammed, Ansa Mohammed,
          Hassan Agesha and Sani Sale, all from the Republic of Niger , and
          Musa Abdullani from the Republic of Mali, were sentenced to death.
          349. It was further alleged that several detainees and prisoners died in
          custody as a result of poor prison conditions:
          (a) In the beginning of 1990, in Ibadan, Oyo State, seven detainees
          reportedly died in Agodi Prison before their cases came to court. The names
          of the seven were given as Henry Chukwu, Agu Okori, Emmanuel Okangba,
          BrLght Ehis, Akinniyi Ogunfowokan, Addo Frederick and Kajola Olunrebi;
          (b) The controller of prisons in Lagos State reportedly stated that
          273 prisoners had died in the State prisons in 1989 because of a shortage
          of drugs and vehicles to transport prisoners to hospital and because of
          overcrowded conditions.
        
          
          i. .
          E/CN.4/1991/3&
          page 88
          350. on zi July 1990, a cable was sent to the Government of Nigeria
          concerning 43 soldiers, including 10 army officers, whose names were
          transmitted, who had been sentenced to death on 18 July 1990 by a military
          tribunal for attempting to overthrow the Government. According to the
          information, the 43 persons had not been given the right to appeal to a higher
          tribunal. With regard to the 10 officers who had been sentenced to death, the
          special military court had allegedly not guaranteed the safeguards designed to
          ensure a fair and impartial trial throughout the legal proceedings: the court
          was presided over by a member of the Government, the trial was held
          the defendants were held in incommunicado detention following their arrest and
          had been tortured, they were not allowed to choose their own defence counsel,
          and they were not given the right to appeal to a higher tribunal.
          351. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur, referring to article 14 of
          the International Covenant on Civil and ?olitical Rights and to the safeguards
          guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty
          adopted by the Economic and Social Council in resolution 1984 /50 of
          25 Nay 1984, appealed to the Government of Nigeria to make every effort to
          ensure that the right to life of the above—mentioned persons be protected and
          requested information regarding the trial proceedings as a result of which
          the 43 persons had been sentenced to death.
          352. On 10 December 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Nigeria,
          transmitting allegations of death sentences by the robbery and firearms
          tribunals as follows:
          (a) On 9 May 1990, Edet Jonah Ekanem was convicted of armed robbery and
          sentenced to death by firing squad by the robbery and firearms tribunal in
          Akwa Ibom State;
          (b) On 12 July 2990, the robbery and firearms tribunal in Ikeja, Lagos
          State, sentenced four persons to death. Two of the four, Lateef Lawal and
          Anthony Bassey, were convicted of an armed robbery committed in August 1985.
          The other two, Ramoni Jolaosho and Muraina Akinbanmi, were convicted of an
          armed robbery committed in October 1985;
          Cc) On 26 July 1990, the military governor of Lagos State announced that
          he would not commute the death sentences imposed on 12 men in June 1988 by the
          robbery and firearms tribunal in lkeja, Lagos State. One of the defendants,
          Augustine Eke, was reported to have been 14 when arrested in 1984.
          353. Furthermore, on 27 July 1990, 42 persons, members or former members of
          the armed forces, were reportedly executed by firing squad after having been
          sentenced to death nine days earlier by a special military court on charges of
          involvement in an attempt to overthrow the Government in April 1990. Their
          petitions for clemency to the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC) were reported
          to have been rejected. It was alleged that the trial before the special
          military court was held iiL& me.ni, that a member of the AFRC presided over the
          court, that the defendants were held incommunicado after their arrest, that
          some were tortured or ill—treated, that the defendants were not allowed to
          choose their own defence counsel and that they had no right of appeal to a
          higher tribunal against their convictions or sentences.
        
          
          E/CN.4/199l/36
          page 89
          354. On 13 September 1990, a further 27 persona were reportedly executed by
          firing siluad after having been convicted for their involvement in the se ine
          attempt in April 1990 and sentenced to death by the special military
          court.
          355. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received front the Government of Nigeria.
          Papua New Guinea
          356. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Papue New Guinea
          transmitting allegations that since the Bougainville Revolutionary Army, a
          rebel group, began its actions in late 1988 on the island of Bougainville,
          and especially since the imposition of a state of emergency on 26 June 1989,
          several persons were killed by members of the police and military forces and
          Borne others died in detention as a result of torture.
          357. The following case was given as an example of such cases:
          On 24 November 1989, Vincent Onari, a maintenance worker at the Bougainville
          Copper Limited (ECL) mine, was detained together with another man by members
          of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force and severely beaten before being taken
          to army camp 10 at Panguna. According to eyewitnesses, Onari, semi—conscious
          as a result of the beating, was thrown out of a military vehicle onto the
          ground outside the army camp, kicked and beaten again and was shot in the
          head. This body was later delivered to the Arawa general hospital.
          358. On 13 August 1990, a reply was received from the Government of
          Papua New Guinea to the Special Rapporteur's above—mentioned letter of
          26 July 1990, stating that in regard to allegations of sununary executions by
          security forces on Bougainville Island in late 1989, although the situation
          was not yet normalized, where proper and thorough investigation could be
          carried out the Government was conducting an investigation. It also stated
          that the Government was considering inviting an independent panel of
          Australian 3urists to investigate allegations of human rights abuses in
          Bougainville. .
          Paragua y
          359. On 11 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Paraguay
          transmitting an allegation that on 12 December 1989 at the Staipti
          hydroelectric darn project on the Paraguayan/Brazilian border soldiers
          belonging to III cavalry division opened fire indiscriminately on workers on
          strike, causing the death of two workers named CernIIn Cardozo Gayoso and
          Hermenegildo Benitez.
          360. On 7 December 1990 a letter was sent to the Government of Paraguay
          transmitting allegations of several killings having taken place during the
          year 1990 in the context of disputes over land ownershIp. OEe following cases
          were cLted by the Special Rapporteur as examples:
          (a) On 5 August 1990, Nicolds Caceres, aged 3b, member of the Paraguayan
          Peasant Movement (Novimiento Campesino Paraguayo (Mc ?)), was shot dead by
          local authorIties, a soldier and four armed civilians near his residence in
          Nueva Fortuna, Alto ParanA department, allegedly for his aetivitlea as a
          *— ;--— — - k ka s PM a
        
          
          E/GN.4/1991/36
          page 90
          peasant leader. These activities were said to have given rise to tensions
          between MC ? members and a group of other peasants closely linked to the
          regional authorities (Delegaci6rt de Gobierno). Mr. Caceres' family presented
          a format complaint to the court;
          (b) On 10 May 1990, Francisco Baez G6mez, member of the National Peasant
          Organization (0rganiza i6n Nacional Campesina (ONAC)), was killed after having
          been detained by police in Minga Guas , department of Alto ParanL His body,
          bearing signs of torture, was turned over to his familly on 13 May. His
          sister instituted a formal complaint against the security forces and police of
          Ciudad del Este, holding them responsible for Mr. Baez' death. ONAC expressed
          ita concern to the local authorities (C mara de Diputados), requesting them to
          take all necessary measures to bring those responsible to justice.
          361. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Paraguay.
          362. On 17 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Peru transmitting
          allegations that during the first months of 1990, summary executions in Peru
          claimed a large number of victims especially in the zones under a state of
          emergency. According to information received, during the first three months
          of 1990 approximately 700 deaths were caused by political violence. This
          period was marked by attacks, acts of sabotage and assassinations perpetrated
          by armed opposition groups, particularly the Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path).
          More than half of the deaths caused by political violence in 1989 were
          attributed to Sendero Luminoso.
          363. Nevertheless, numerous reports also pointed to the armed forces, the
          . ! security forces and paramilitary groups such as the Comando Rodrigo Franco,
          as responsible for many of the deaths. In the emergency zones, the military
          maintained control over the population and, reports indicated, frequently
          carried out incursions against the Sendero Luininoso in which civilians were
          LJ frequently killed. In regard to reports of peasant deaths in Cayara as well
          as the killing of several witnesses to the incident, to which the
          “ Special Rapporteur referred in his reports to the forty—fifth and
          forty—sixth sessions of the Commission for Human Rights (see E/CN.411989/25,
          paras. 203, 204, 208, 209 and 210 and EICN.41l990/22, paras. 306, 316 (a), 319
          and 320), information was received in 1990 citing a lack of action by State
          organs charged with carrying out the investigation of these incidents.
          Particular preocupation was expressed at reports that courts had filed the
          complaints without exhausting the means available for identifying the
          individuals or groups responsible for these crimes.
          364. OEe Special Rapporteur received information regarding the following
          fndivfdual cases:
          (a) Estalisnao Polanco Rojas, Francisco Ramos Bautista, Virgilio
          : : Barrientos Ramos, Virginio Barrientos Potanco, Esteban Barrientos Vega, Andr s
          “ , , Nuaznani Polanco, Maaa Bautista Quispe, Franco Ramirez, Clemente Chaupion
          Barrientos and Ignacio Tito, all peasants, were killed on 27 June 1989 by the
          : : army for allegedly refusIng to co—operate when an army patrol led by a major
          and three offficials entered Pasnpaxnarca, Aucara district, Lucanaa province,
          Ayacucho department, and rounded up all the townspeople in the central plaza;
        
          
          E ICN.4 1 199l 136
          . page 91
          (b) Domingo Quispe, aged 95; Cris6stomo Condor! Quispe, aged 58;
          * Natividad Quispe, aged 90 and Alejandro Quispe Condori, aged 60 all peasants,
          were killed on 13 June 1989 in Santa Ana, Lucanas, Ayacucho, when an army
          patrol raided the town. On 26 June 1989, the soldiers returned, threatening
          and mistreating the townspeople. Casimira Quispe Condor!, aged 114, was
          allegedly raped by the soldiers in the church and then wounded with a bayonet;
          (c) Balvino Huamani Medina, aged 60; Marcos Torres Salhua, aged 30; Juan
          Huisa Pacco, aged 22; Zen6n Huisa Pacco, aged 20; Marcos Zacarias Huisa,
          aged 33; Gregorio Alferes Trivi o, aged 20; Julio Huatnani Huisa, aged 80; Jos
          Huninani Charcahuana, aged 28; Julio Apfata Tailire, aged 28; Jes(ss Jauja Sullo,
          aged 22; Eustaquio Apfata Salhua, aged 28; Hermeregildo Jauja, aged 60; and
          another indigenous person without identification were killed between 23 and
          28 April 1990 by members of the army in Apurimac, Chumbivilcas, Cuzco
          department, allegedly accused of belonging to Sendero Luminoso. Between
          23 and 25 April 1990 a total of 22 persons in Apurimac, Chuchamake and
          Nanrapate were detained. On 25 April 1990, 11 of those detained In Capallullo
          were shot dead by six soldiers; the other two were killed in the following
          days. OEe bodies of all 13 were not exhumed until 6 May 1990, allegedly due
          to the lack of initiative of both the provincial and local judges. The
          autopsy showed that all of the bodies bore marks of torture. It was further
          reported that although the case was denounced to the attorney general, the
          investigation regarding the incident was at a standstill;
          (d) On 7 April 1990, Lucio Bautista Tacusi, a student, was shot dead i i
          Tijuana, Candris, by members of the National Police and the army when they
          allegedly were confronted by subversive elements;
          (e) On 1 April 1990, Falconeri Saravia Castilla, president of the
          Agricultural Federation of Huancavelica and a member of the United Leftist
          Party and of the municipal council of Santa B&rbara, was found dead bearing
          bullet wounds and torture marks in a forest, 10 kilometres from Huancavelica.
          He had been detained on 16 March 1990 by a police agent and taken to the
          political military command of Huancavelica;
          (f) Jos6 Burneo Labrin' executive director of the Centre of Studies and
          Action for Peace (CEAPAZ) and a member of other human rights organizations,
          reportedly received death threats on 15 February and 16 March 1990 by men
          dressed in military uniforms who entered his home. He also received telephone
          death threats during April and May 1990, both in his home and at CEAPAZ
          headquarters; .
          (g) Francisco Sober6n Garrido, co—ordinator of the Pro—Human Rights
          Association (APRODEH), received telephone death threats on 1 March 1990 from
          members of the paramilitary group Comando Rodrigo France.
          365. On 10 August 1990, a cable was sent to the Government of N ru
          transmitting the following cases:
          (a) M ximo Rico Baz6n, an official in the legal advisory office of the
          Ayacucho Development Corporation, was killed at h s home In the city of
          Ayacucho in the early hours of 19 July 1990 by a group of hooded men who had
          shot him three times in the head;
          j'ffl:'.' .
          —
        
          
          I I) Fernando Luis Colonio Arteaga, a lawyer at San Cristobal de Humanga
          National University, had been killed in the early hours of 20 July 1990 at his
          home on the Maria Parado de Bellido estate in the same city by a group of men
          who had shot him in the head;
          (c) Gabriel Tupia Etuamancusi, aged 25, a mining engineering student at
          the same university, was killed in the early hours of 21 July 1990 by a group
          of hooded men who had broken into his home on the Mariscal Caceres de Ayacucho
          estate and shot him in the head.
          366. According to the information received, these four murders had been
          committed at times when no one, except for the security patrols, was allowed
          on the streets, and it was presumed that those responsible for the murders
          were paramilitary groups or security forces personnel.
          367. It was also reported that the informants were expressing particular
          concern for the lives and safety of lawyers and members of San Cristobal de
          Humanga National University, several of whom had been victims of summary
          executions in July 1990.
          368. In connection with these events, the Special Rapporteur, emphasizing that
          the State bears fundamental responsibility for protecting the lives of persons
          un its territory, appealed to the Government to take measures to protect the
          life and the security of lawyers and members of San Cristobal de }iumanga
          National University, and requested information on the measures taken and on
          che investigations carried out by the competent authorities in this regard.
          369. On 15 August 1990, a cable was sent to the Government of Peru concerning
          Ciro Aramburu Villanueva, professor of biology and head of the student affairs
          and welfare office of Huamanga University, who was alleged to have been
          murdered on Tuesday, 24 July 1990 at 4.00 a.m. by armed men who had broken
          into his house and also wounded his daughter Alicia Aramburu.
          370. Serious concern was particularly expressed regarding this crime, not only
          because of the identity of the victim but also because it was considered to be
          the latest of many acts of aggression directed at Euaiuanga University over the
          last decade, including assaults on the lives and security of teachers,
          employees and students of the university, as well as attacks on its buildings.
          371. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to
          take measures to protect the life and security of the people at the University
          of Huamanga and requested information on the investigations carried out by the
          competent authorities regarding the attack on Ciro Aramburu Villanueva and his
          daughter.
          . ;
          _x_ __ 4
          372. On 9 october 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of Peru
          concerning incidents in the department of Puno. According to the information
          received, terrorist acts had been committed in that department by the Sendero
          Luminoso, such as the murder of National Police colonel Alcantera MorL A
          specialized police team, acting in co—ordination w Ith the armed forces,
          carried out various operations in the districts of Orurielo end Nuffios, Melgar
          Province. It was stated that, as a result of their activities, a number of
          peasants not belonging to the subversive movement disappeared, others
          (including two elderly persons) died in dubious circumstances in the community
          E ICN.4/199l 136
          page 92
        
          
          E/CN.4/1991/36
          page 93
          of lluancayo and many more, including children at a primary school in the
          district of Oruritlo, Melgar Province, were subjected to ill—treatment and
          torture.
          373. It was further alleged that the lives and physical Integrity of innocent
          peasants in the department of Puno were in danger because the forces
          responsible for the pursuit of the members of the aforementioned armed group
          were commItting serious violations of human rights.
          374. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to
          take measures to protect the life and the security of the peasants of the
          department of Puno and requested information in this regard.
          315. On 6 November 1990, a letter was gent to the Government of Peru
          transmitting allegations that various new paramilitary groups such as
          Counterinsurgency Liberation Movement (Movitniento de Liberaci6n
          Contrainsurgencia), with its base in Ayacucho, had recently surfaced and that
          white the Sendero Luminoso and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MICA)
          were responsible for a substantial number of deaths reported in 1990, the
          armed forces and paramilitary groups were also responsible for violations of
          the right to life of a large number of political candidates, trade unionists,
          peasant leaders, and civilians suspected of maintaining contact with terroris
          groups.
          376. Between April and the last week of August 1990, 1,977 deaths due to
          political violence in Peru were reported; 301 were registered for the month
          of April alone, with the weeks prior to the presidential and parliamentary
          elections (8—24 April) reported as the most violent of the decade. It was
          alleged that members of the armed forces and the ex—military belonging to
          the paramilitary groups benefited from Almost total impunity for their
          participation in these killings. The Special Rapporteur referred to the
          following cases by way of example:
          (a) On 18 June l990 Jaime Cerr6n Palomino, vice—rector of fluancayo
          University, and his driver Armando Tapia Cuti rrez were found dead, bearing
          signs of torture after having been kidnapped on 8 June 1990 at 8.00 a.m. on
          their way to the university by three armed and hooded individuals driving a
          blue unmarked van. Security forces maintain strict control of all vehicular
          traffic in the area, under a state of emergency, where the abduction occurred
          (1 ,) In the first week of October 1990, a common grave was discovered in
          an abandoned mine in Cajamaravilla, Caratambo province, department of Lime,
          bearing the bodies of Milton Adelino Lo u Mauricio, Eteolino Cornelio Abad,
          Elfer Abad Casimero, Roberto Milton Loli Marfano, Jos Beltr n Chazeo Lo U,
          Ambrosio Cama. All had their hands bound and had been shot in the head
          Mr. Loll, director of the Victor Andr&s Belaunde national school, had been
          kidnapped on 14 flay 1990 in Abelardo Pardo Lezuma, Bolognesi province, Ancash
          department, by 15 members of the police. The others had been kidnapped on
          9 May 1990 in Acos municipality, Cachuapampa, Ancash department, by the DOES 4
          377. Between 7 and 21 October 1990, two common graves bearIng the bodies
          of 54 peasants were discovered in Cahci and Chilcahuayco, Ayacucho
          department. All the bodies were found shot with military rifles, reportedly
          by the DOES farces based in fruanta. The discovery of the bodies was reported
          by family members to the district attorney of Ayacuchc.
          t
          (
          i
          I
          I
          ________ I
          . ., 1 •
          -
          -
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          E/CN.4/ 199l136
          page 94
          378. On 29 November 1990, a cable was sent to the Government of Peru
          concerning death threats made against Dr. J4vier Diet Canseco, senator of the
          Unified Mariatequista Party (Partido Unificado Mariatequista) and member of
          the United Leftist Party (Partico Izquierda Unida), and his Laity allegedly
          for his Party affiliations, his activities as a member of the Parliamentary
          Commission set up to investigate the massacres in Chuznbivilcas in April 1990
          and San Pedro de Cachi on 18 October 1990, and his membership in the
          commission to reinstitute the investigation into the alleged Government
          responsibility in the deaths of some 250 prisoners in three Lima prisons.
          379. On 16 November l990,at approximately 2.00 a.m., an explosive was thrown
          at his house causing material damage. Civilian groups linked to the security
          forces were reportedly responsible for the threats.
          I
          380. the Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take all necessary
          measures to protect Dr. Mvier Diet Canseco and his family and requested
          information on the measures taken in this regard.
          381. On 4 December 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of Peru
          referring to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 9 October 1990 and providing,
          as requested, further information concerning allegations of death threats and
          killings in Orurillo, department of Puno.
          382. The information received indicated that between 16 and 21 September 1990,
          Sendero Luminoso had carried out an offensive in the department of Puno
          killing a colonel, of the National Police and three members of DOES, as well as
          forcing members of the Agrarian Co—operative of Workers (CAT) to transport
          them to the co—operative.
          383. It further indicated that, as a consequence, on 27 September 1990, agents
          of DOES detained Hugo Cornejo and Roger L6pez Quispe and forced them to act as
          shields during an ensuing confrontation with the Sendero Lurninoso in which
          both men were killed. During the confrontation, three other armed civilians,
          Alberta Mayhua, aged 24, Julian Pucamajia, aged 80, and Alejandra Yana,
          aged 90, were also killed by DOES agents. The following day these peasants'
          homes were ransacked end burned. Continuing death threats against
          co—operative members and inhabitants of Orurillo were said to have made these
          people fear for their lives end safety.
          384. OEe Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to investigate the case
          and to take measures to protect the lives of the persons threatened with death
          and requested information on the outcome of the investigation as well as on
          the measures of protection taken by the Government.
          383, On 12 January 1990, a cuinnunication ae received trom the Government of
          Peru providing information concerning the death of Enrique L6pez AibtIjar. i tt
          was stated that on 9 January 1990, at 9.30 a.m., General L6pez Alb jar, fell
          victim to a terrorist commando who shot him 15 times, causing his death.
          General L6pez AlbAjar , 58 years old, was Commander General of the Army,
          President of the Joint Command of the armed forces, and the first to assume
          the head of the Ministry of Defence of Peru, which had recently been created
          under the present cons titutional system of Peru.
          /
          /
          /
          I
        
          
          . - .-
          r
          EICN.4/199 1 13&
          page 95
          38&. On 16 January 1990, another communication was received from the
          Government of Peru transmitting information on the ease of
          Isaias Aylas Gonzales, It was stated that on 13 January 1990,
          Mr. Ayla.s Gonzales was abducted by terrorist elements, subjected to torture
          and shot dead in the San Luis de Yalco zone, 15 kilometres north of Ruancayo.
          Mr. Aylas Gonzales was 37 years old and worked as an engineer in flestxgseatn.
          387. On 19 January 1990, another communication was received from the
          Government of Peru transmitting a list of 38 names of peasant victims of
          the Orurillo massacre.
          388. On l B September 1990, a letter was received from the Government of Peru
          transmitting cases compiled by the Government regarding violent acts committed
          by subversive groups during the months from January to June 1990.
          389. On 26 October 1990, a reply was received from the Government of Peru to
          the Special Rapporteur's cable of 9 October 1990 requesting that additional
          information be provided regarding the incidents of alleged reprisal killings
          by military forces in the department of Puno.
          390. On 22 November 1990, a reply was received to the Special Rapporteurs
          letter of 1.7 July 1990 transmitting a communication from the Minister of
          Defence in regard to military investigations into the killings in Apurimac and
          Ayacucho. The communication stated that according to the Joint Command of the
          Armed Forces, no military actions were carried out in Apurimac on the dates
          cited; the armed forces were therefore in no way responsible for the alleged
          incidents and the investigation of the incident in Ayaeucho had therefore not
          been concluded.
          fli llippints
          391. On 15 June 1990, a cable was sent to the Government of the Philippines
          concerning Solemn P. Jubilan, a lawyer in Kadapawan, North Cotabato province,
          who had allegedly been threatened with death by members of the security forces
          slnce 12 May 1990, when an article had appeared in the “Mindanao Cros& in
          which an unnamed military source had alleged that the Children of War Centre
          run by Solema P. Jubilan for orphaned children of war was a front for the
          fund—raising activities of the Communist Party of the Philippines (cP ). It
          has also been alleged that Jubilan had received numerous threats since 1965.
          392. The Special Rapporteur, emphasizing the fact that the State had the
          primary responsibility of ensuring that the right to life of those under
          its jurisdiction was protected in every possible manner, appealed to the
          Government of the Philippines to take all necessary measures to protect the
          safety of Solerna P. Jubilan and requested any information on the measures
          taken by the Government to protect this person as well as on the investigation
          carried out by the authorities on the case.
          ; 393. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of the Philippines
          transmitting allegations that during the precedfng year; in the situation of
          internal armed conflict, aever l penon i ha d been 1 iUed in wwnary mamwr
          by members of the security forces and paramilitary groups under military
          /
          I
        
          
          EICN.411991/36
          page 96
          command. The victims were said to be suspected of sympathy for the
          New People's Army (NPA) or to be members of trade unions, church organizations
          or community groups. Individual cases were reported as follows:
          (a) On 18 May 1990, Dulnuan P lo, aged 69, and his wife Tomasa P lo,
          aged 50, were killed and their 6—year—old daughter was shot in the chest by
          a combined group of 20 troopers of the 133rd Philippine Constabulary (PC)
          company and the Citizen's Armed Forces Geographical Units (CAFGU), who shot ‘
          at their house in Don Fausto, Padaduan, Diffun , Quirino;
          : (b) On 4 June 1990, Jury Rabaca, aged I ?; Orgil Escutro, aged 21; and
          Teopanis Natividad, aged 28 were shot on their way home from Dumingag
          poblaci6n by armed men allegedly members of the defunct Integrated Civilian
          Home Defence Force (ICHDF); Jury Rabaca was killed;
          (c) On 26 August 1989, Ninda Magdadar was shot dead in Pagadian City,
          Zamboanga del Sur by a member of the first “Tabak” division of the Armed
          Forces of the Philippines (APP). She was reportedly mistaken for her niece,
          Maria Marne de los Santos Magdadaro, who was abducted on 23 September 1986 and
          released on 3 February 1987 after allegedly being raped and ill—treated;
          (d) On 14 October 1989, in Cebu City, Daoeian Aninon, his wife
          Sheila Aninon, who worked for the Visayas office of the Socio—Pastoral
          Institute ( S P I), and DondIl Dungog, aged 6, were killed, their house having
          been strafed by unidentified men. OEe family had received death threats after
          having refused to join the anti—communist vigilantes in 1988 and the CAFGU in
          September 1989;
          Ce) On 29 January 1990, Nesto Loberic, aged 25, and Diomedes Abawag,
          aged 26, both staff members of Saoear Assistance for Farmers Development Inc.
          (SAFDI), were abducted in Samar by men in civilian clothes, said to be members
          of the military intelligence group of region 8 (MIC a) of camp Lukban,
          Catbalogan, Samar. On ]. February 1990, Diomedes Abawag's head was found
          in the sea. On 4 February 1990, two headless bodies — allegedly of the
          victims — were found, one in Catbalogan, the other in Saiuar;
          (f) On 30 January 1990, Benjamin Mercado, a 42—year—old tricycle driver,
          was shot dead by two unidentified men in cLvilian clothes whom he was driving
          to Batanga. Prior to the incident, the victim was questioned at the military
          camp by military personnel of the 161st company, where he was threatened;
          (g) On 5 February 1990, Ruben Iledina was abducted by members of the
          Philippines Constabulary—Integrated National Police (PC—IN?) and CAFGU members
          from the bus No. 85 which had stopped at a military checkpoint In Batnan. His
          body, bearing gunshot wounds and signs of torture, was identified by employees
          of the funeral parlour in the bx n a the same day;
          (h) On 7 March 1990, Oscar Tagulao, aged 28, was shot dead by three
          unidentified armed men in Bataan, The victim was allegedly taken by the
          perpetrators for his brother, Rufo Tagulao, an active labour leader long
          under surveillance by the milItary. His other brother, Orlan Tagulac, had
          also been under surveillance by military offIcers and had been interrogated
          by members of the 24th infantry battallion, Philippine army (flPA), in the
          b.nnn&gx one month earlier;
        
          
          I t — — —
          E/CN .4/199 1136
          page 97
          (!) On 16 April 1990, Artemio Viray, aged 42, chairman of a civilian
          organization of the residents of Ipag (MASIPAG) and suspected of being a
          member of the N rA, aa found dead in Mariveles bearing gunshot wounds in
          the head. The victim had gone on 28 March 1990 to the 26th infantry
          battalion (IB) where be was taken into custody for interrogation. His
          relatives were never allowed to see him;
          (3) On 11 April l99O , Romeo Danan, the President of the Organization
          of Agricultural Workers (AMA) and the Confederation for Freedom and
          Democracy (CONFREEDEN), was killed in Paanpaga by a member of the CAFGU;
          (k) On 29 April 1990, David Borja, aged 41, leader of the Southern
          Philippines Federation of Labour (SPLF) and regular member of the Kilusang
          Mayo fr i to (KNU) National Council, was killed by men in civilian clothes in
          Lanao del Norte. The military had reportedly raided the victim's house on
          several occasions but had failed to find him;
          (1) On iS January 1990, in Zamboanga del Sur, Cornelio Limbaga, aged 57,
          a member of the Basic Christian Community and a member of a farmers'
          organization, icilbean Magbubukik Pilipinas (KMP), was killed by two local
          vigilante groups, Panaginsa sa Democrasya (PD) and Preservation Democratic
          Institution of Philippines (PDIP). OEese groups 1 based in Buburay,
          Dimataling, were commonly referred to as the TADTAD
          (in) On 30 January 1990, in Sugbay Des, Pitogo, Zamboanga del Sur,
          Josefina Arnaez Abogada, aged 44, was killed by members of CAFGU;
          (n) In March 1989, in Jjg j Buena Vista, Santa Catalina, Negros
          Occidental, Nicosia Opian, two farmers and two young children were killed by
          a joint counter—insurgency force of the CAFGUs and the PC;
          (o) On 16 April 1989, in Pitogo, Zamboanga del Sur, Pastor Rude of the
          United Church of Christ of the Philippines was shot by a local CAFGU commander
          and died three days later. The commander was subsequently charged with
          homicide and detained at the 4th infantry battalion where he reportedly died
          in custody;
          (p) On 21 January 1990, in Sigacad Bayug, Zamboanga del Sur,
          Chrispulo Gioriano, a farmer, aged 55, was killed by the detachment commander
          of Sigacad and a CAFGU member;
          (q) On 3 April 1990, in Kayan, Tadian, Mountain province, Norman Akien,
          aged 18, and Antonio Alden Junior, aged 28, were killed by members of the
          194th company of the Philippines Constabulary (PC).
          394. It was further alleged that on 12 September and on 15 October 1989
          chemical bombs were used by the AFP in the neighbourhood of non—military
          targets in flg y Bacong, Tuiuman, North Cotobato and near Upper Nagangit,
          Maca, Dacao d c i. Norte. Consequently, several small children reportedly
          suffered from dIarrhoea, fever acid suffocation and vomiting. Seven of them
          died the following days including Daisy Aplang, aged 7 months, Randy Malit,
          aged 7 months, Danny Boy Malit, aged 1 year and 8 months, and Nardo Tamba,
          aged 2 years. A number of old people reportedly also died as a result of the
          bombing.
        
          
          1 __
          . . . +..
          E/CN. 1sf199l/36
          page 98
          395. Furthermore, two alleged cases of death in custody were described:
          (a) On 20 October 1989, in Quezon City, Jacinto Manois, a 33—year—old
          trade unionist, died as a result of torture in police custody;
          (b) On the night between 25 and 26 October 1989 , in Bontoc,
          Mountain province, Jerry Ayban was shot dead while asleep in his cell. in the
          custody of the Philippine Constabulary—Integrated National Police (PC—INP).
          Immediately after the shooting, one of the guards on duty disappeared.
          396. On 18 September 1990, a cable was sent to the Government of the
          Philippines concerning several religious workers in Negros Occidental, and
          in particular Sister Aquila Sy , Father Cerson Balitor, Father Eamon Gil and
          Father Des Quinn who had been subjected to harassment and death threats.
          According to the information, hundreds of leaflets signed in the name of
          the AKTK (Alliance Against Exploiters of the People)) reportedly a
          paramilitary group linked to the local military command, had been distributed
          to houses in the area of Payso, Negros Occidental, on 8 August 1990, inciting
          acts of violence against the aforementioned and other religious workers. The
          harassment of Sister Aquila Sy, the current regional co—ordinator of the rural
          missionaries in the Philippines and vice—chairperson of the promotion of
          church peoples' rights, District V southern Negros Occidental, was said to
          be connected with her efforts in July 1990 to locate three members of the
          Federation of Internal Refugees in Negros, accused by the military authorities
          of being couriers for the New People's Army, who had disappeared shortly after
          their arrest, on 6 July 1990, by CAFGU members and military personnel.
          397. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur, emphasizing that the State
          had the primary responsibility of ensuring that the right td life of those
          under its jurisdiction was protected in every possible manner, appealed to the
          Government of the Philippines to take all necessary measures to protect the
          safety of the above—mentioned persons and requested information on the
          measures taken by the Government to protect the persona concerned as well
          as on the investigation carried out by the authorities on the case.
          398. On 28 November 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of
          the Philippines, transmitting allegations that in the context of the internal
          armed conflict, unarmed civilians were killed in a summary manner by members
          of security forces or paramilitary groups or, in some instances, by
          unidentified men presumed to be acting with official connivance. Among the
          victims were members of church organizations, and more recently, members of
          workers' unions, community activists and peasant groups presumably suspected
          of supporting armed opposition groups. Alleged cases were described as
          follows: -.
          (a) Father Dionisio Malalay, aged 32, was shot dead on 6 April 1989 by a
          member of the Philippines Constabulary (PC) in Tabina, south of Pagadian City,
          Zamboanga del Sur. Me had previously been warned by the military about his
          attempts to secure indemnifScation for victIms of human rights vtolations.
          Ruf lno Rivera, town counc lllor of tabina was also killed i t t the same incident
          by the cousin of the PC member who shot and killed Father Dicnisio flalalay;
        
          
          .:.
          E/CN.4/199l/36
          page99
          (b) Manuel Villaseaor, head of the Urban Poor Association Katipunan Ng
          Sainahang Makabayan (KASANA), disappeared on 28 May 1989, in Quezon City as he
          left a church with two companions. On 29 May 1990, his bullet—riddled body
          was found behind a church in Intraniuroa, Manila. OEe bodies of his two
          companions were found in separate locations in Manila. lie was said to have
          received an anonymous letter in May 1989 accusing him of harbouring a known
          urban guerrilla;
          Cc) Tomas Baiboa, aged 44, a teacher, was shot dead on 4 January 1990 by
          an investigator of the 321st PC detachment with a .45 calibre pistol. lie was
          reportedly detained earlier that day and taken to the 321st PC headquarters
          by PC— IMP and CAFGU members. The individual detained with Baiboa reportedly
          heard gunshots from his cell at approximately 2.00 p.m. that day;
          Cd) Felipe “Wilson” Leonidas, aged 27, member of the Congress of the
          United Urban Poor (KPNL), died on 1 March 1990, while in custody of the (
          military group (MIC) in camp Bago Bantay in Pag—Asa, Quezon City. The had
          been abducted at gunpoint from a Manila restaurant on 22 February 1990 by
          unidentified individua1 in civitian clothing after attending a peace rally to
          commemorate the EDSA revolution anniversary. On 1 March 1990 his sisters were
          informed by the commander of camp Bago Bantay that he had committed suicide.
          However, the outcome of any official investigation into the suicide was not
          known to have been made public; ‘
          Ce) Hernando Pelaro and Pablito Labrador, both farmworkers belonging
          to the NFSW—FGT, hacienda Alibasao local chapter of the Faroeworkers' Union,
          were shot dead at close range by CAFGU members who invaded a farmworker's
          home where the two were among 15 guests. The incident took place on
          26 January 1990, in Alibasao, Bargy , Murcia, Negros Occidental;
          (f) Wilfredo Cumawas, member of the hacienda Quiroben local chapter
          of the NFS t—FGT Farmw'orkers' Union, was shot dead on 28 February 1990 at
          approximately 1.30 p.m. as he tried to flee alleged members of the military
          and CAFGU who raided hacienda Quiroben, Murcia, Negros Occidental, in search
          of opposition sympathizers;
          (g) Emelyn Lipon, aged 9, elementary student, was killed and four other
          members of her family wounded when members of CAFOU strafed their house on
          28 June 1990, in Purok 5, baran gay Lumbo, Valencia, Oukidnon. According to
          CAFGU, two farmer friends at the Lipon's home were members of the New Peoples'
          Army (NPA). On 13 July 1990, an arrest warrant was issued by the Valencia
          municipal trial court judge for the three identified perpetrators who were
          reportedly still at large;
          (h) Sonny Bergorio, a part—time organizer of the NFSW—FGT Farmworkers'
          Union, was arrested on 29 June 1990 by soldiers of the 606th brigade of the
          Bacong detachment of zang i Ma—ac Bago City when they raided hacienda
          Manghuxnay, barangay Mailum, Negros Occidental. He was shot dead at the
          Kuuisap detachment, allegedly attempting to escape;
          Ci) During the period between January and Nay 1990, at least 14 persons
          were reportedly killed in a series of military operations carried out by the
          32nd infantry battalion in the gny of Snad and Dilud, town of Dumingag,
          Zamboanga del Stir. The following unarmed :!viliane were named as among the
          victims: on 16, 23 and 25 January 1990: kadong Gwnawak, aged 47;
        
          
          . . . . . .-- . .
          E/CN.4/ 1991f36
          page 100
          Guntay Andera, aged 14; Urning Gumangay, aged 27; on 18 and 20 March 1990:
          Eson Otes, aged 19; Do Condes, aged 18; Gaulle Tamudong, aged 53; Do Andaloy,
          aged 16; from 2 to 9 April 1990: Endo Andera, aged 56; Inday Andera, aged 53;
          Tonio Men, aged 58; t4aiben Aden, aged 27; on 24 April 1990:
          Anecito Guinerod, aged 35; Eliseon Condes, aged 35.
          399. In regard to the case of Alfonso Surigao Jr., a human rights lawyer shot
          dead in Cebu City in June 1988, as noted by the Special Rapporteur in his
          report to the forty—fifth session of the Commission on Human Rights (see
          document E/CN.4/l989/25, para. 226 (c)), it was reported that although the
          Philippines Department of Justice had filed criminal charges in December 1989
          against a military intelligence officer alleged to have been the person who
          ordered the Surigao assassination, that officer had not been arrested and
          currently holds the post of commanding officer of a regional security unit.
          The Justice Department had also ordered the Cebu prosecutor's office to file
          murder charges against the officer in October 1989, but reports indicated this
          was never done. The hired killer, however, was convicted of murder in
          March 1989 and sentenced to life imprisonment.
          400. On 29 January 1990, a reply was received from the Government of
          the Philippines to the Special Rapporteur t s letter of 24 July 1989
          (see E/CN.4/1990/22, paras. 336 to 338), transmitting reports from
          the Philippines Commission on Human Rights on some of the cases as follows.
          401. Visrninda Gran, a pastor of the United Church of Christ, together with her
          husband Lovino, was killed on l May 1989 at their residence in loeraxtRay del
          Pilar, Baliangao, Misamis Occidental, by unidentified armed men. Initial
          investigation has revealed that at about 8.00 p.m. on 1 May 1989, while inside
          their residence, the Gran couple were shot by five masked men clad in fatigue
          uniforms using long and short firearms of various calibre. They were hit in
          various parts of their body and died instantly. After shooting the Grans, the
          men robbed the house of various items and cash of an undetermined amount.
          Thereafter, the killers escaped towards Sitio Baga, ]z ng Lumipac,
          Baliangao. While none of the killers was apprehended, the fact that they were
          wearing combat fatigues has given rise to suspicions that the xrilitary/CAFGU
          might have been involved. It was pointed out, however, that anyone can easily
          get fatigue uniforms which are also used by other armed and rebel groups.
          402. Further investigation was being undertaken by different agencies of the
          Government, including the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).
          403. Nine persons, Valeriano Bongcayao, Valeriano Bongcayao, Jr.,
          Marcelino ongcayao, Arnold Gavino, Ronaldo de is Cruz, Gabriel. Pragas,
          Ronaldo Juvilla, Jesus de Ia Crut, and Herminia de l .a Cruz, were said to be
          the victims of a massacre committed on 28 April 1989, in har n.ggX San Jos4,
          Paombong, Bulacan, by members of the 42nd marine company and a group of armed
          men believed to be members of N rA.
          404. According to the report of the invest Igation undertaken by the Department
          of Justice, the victims were k&lled as an inevitable consequence of the
          encounter between the elements of 42nd marine company and an armed group
          be1 eved to be NPA rebels.
          405 A heartng on the case was under way in the Commission on Human Eights.
        
          
          E/CN.4/1991./36
          page 101
          406. Father Dionisio Malalay, assistant parish priest of Dimataling—Tabina,
          Zamboanga del Sur, and RuE mo Rivera, a local church leader and town
          councillor of tabina, were shot to death on 6 April 1989 in the house of
          Rufino Rivera at Purok IV, Hilltop p p klacj j , Tabina, Zamboanga del Sur.
          Their assailants were identified as a member of the Philippines
          Constabulary (PC) and his cousin, Nelson Colipano.
          407. A complaint has been filed before the municipal circuit trial court of
          Dimataling, Tabina and Pitogo against the suspects, and arrest warrants were
          issued against them on 7 April 1989.
          408. Preliminary reports show that between 5.00 and 6 ,30 p.m. on
          2.1 March 1989, at the Jj jJj of Catarinan, northern Samar,
          attorney Oscar Tonog, together with his wife, were hurrying home due to
          the rain when an unidentified man suddenly blocked their path, pulled out
          a handgun and shot attorney Tonog three times at point—blank range. He was
          immediatedly rushed to Samar General Hospital where he died on the following
          day. The investigation of the case was still continuing.
          409. On 2 March 1989, Romulo de hi Cruz a suspected N1'A member, was shot dead
          by a man identified as a CAFGU member, as he slept in a house of a relative in
          b. rangn Guindapunari, Dararn, Samar. The case was still under investigation.
          410. Pedro ?agao, Encarnaci6n Pagao, Eduardo Pagac and Rosie Pagao were killed
          by elements of the 62nd inEantry batallion under the command of a colonel.
          According to the report, on 18 February 1989 the mother of one of the victims
          heard several shots coming from the direction of Sitio Bangon, Carayoean,
          Caibsyog, Samar, about half a kilometre away. The following day, she was
          informed by her daughter's neighbour that her daughter's entire family had
          been massacred.
          411. The case was still under investigation and an exhumation of the bodies of
          the victims wa n conducted on 25 August 1989 by a team of forensic experts.
          412. Meliton Roxas, chairman of the Union of Filipro Employees (Ufl) chapter
          in Cabuyao, an affiliate of the KtIU, was shot dead on 20 January 1989 by an
          unidentified gunman while he was having his lunch with his wife outside the
          Nest1 plant in Cabuyao, Laguna.
          413. The Commieeion on Hwnnn Rights wn in the procus of evaluating the
          report from the Philippines Constabulary of Cabuyao.
          414. An investigation by the Commission revealed that on 20 November 1988, at
          about 10.00 p.m., the residents of fluritela, Agusan del Sur, were
          awakened by explosions caused by a bomb that hit the b&zmig.ay, particularly
          the Cogollodo house, resulting in the death of all six members of the family.
          According to the witnesses, the bombs had come from San Luis, Agusan del Sur,
          where detachments of the 2nd infantry battalion were located.
          415. The Commission was still gathering more evidence so that a case could be
          filed against the commanding officer oE the batallion if warranted.
          416. Pedro Ga b was said to have been killed on 10 September 1988 by members
          of Alsa Nasa In z ng Inabod, Matuguinno, Samar. The case was referred to
          the district attorney's office In Samar.
        
          
          E/CN.4/199 1/36
          page 102
          41?. On 30 August 1990, a reply was received from the Philippine Commission on
          Human Rights (cflit) concerning the case of Attorney Solema P. Jubilan referred
          to in the Special Rapporteur's cable of 15 June 1990.
          418. OEe letter stated that this was not the first time that Na. Jubilan had
          reported alleged threats on her life; in 1958 and 1989 she allegedly received
          similar death threats, but there was no actual attempt on her life.
          419. The letter further stated thee the Commission would take, within means
          available to it, such measures as would contribute to the safety and
          well—being of Ms. Jubilan.
          420. OEe report on the case from the regional field officer based in
          Contabato City was attached to the Commission's letter. It referred to the
          press conference arranged by Ms. Jubilan at which the alleged death threats
          were described, noted the difficulties in investigating cases of death threats
          and expressed doubt that any surveillance for her safety was practicable due
          to the lack of technical and other means.
          421. On 19 october 1990% a reply was received from the Government of
          the Philippines, transmitting information from the Philippine Commission on
          , Human Rights (Cnn) on a number of cases communicated to the Government on
          2.6 July 1990 as follows:
          (a) Dulnuam and Tomasa Pio: In view of conflicting accounts of the
          incident, the Commission on Human Rights regional office in Tugucgarao was
          still gathering evidence;
          I I) Joery Rabaca, Orgil Escurro and Teopanis Natividad: Criminal
          charges for murder and attempted murder were filed against three individuals
          . in the regional trial court branch 23 of Zamboanga City;
          (c) Minda Hag Dadard: No investigation was conducted by the Pagadian
          City police department nor was the case filed in court due to lack of evidence
          and witnesses. The case remains under investigation by the Commission on
          F Human Rights;
          (d) flainiano Aninon, Marciana Aninon, and Dondil Aninon: To date the
          identities of the perpetrators have not been established despite efforts to
          this end, and the case continued under investigation;
          (e) Nestor Loberio and Diomedes Abawag: A member of the Integrated
          National Police (INP) in Catbalogan, Swuar, was named as a suspect in the
          case, and the investigation was continuing;
          (f) Benjam In ?lercado: The case remains under investigation by the
          Commission on Human Rights. According to the CHR investigation, Mr. Mercado
          had been questioned by the PC at camp Tolentino in Balanga, Bataan, prior to
          being killed;
          (g) Ruben Medina: According to the official police report, Mr. ?ledina
          was apprehended by members of the IN ? at ran& x Kaparangan, Orani, Bataan.
          While being taken to headquarters at camp Tolentino, Balanga, Bataan, he
          allegedly grabbed the firearm of a police escort and was shot dead as he
          I
        
          
          . .
          : E/CN.411991/36
          page 103
          attempted to escape. It was stated that no witness to the alleged attempted
          - . escape had come forward. According to the Commission on Human Rights, the
          H official report of the Samal police remained uncontroverted;
          U t) Comelio (Oscar) Tagulao: The Commission on Human Rights is
          : : continuing its investigation of the case;
          (i) Romco Danan: .4 suspect was detained by the Lubao police at the
          Lubao municipal jail. The case was forwarded to the judge advocate general's
          office, northern Luzon command, camp Aquino, Tarlac; ! ::
          (j) David Borja: The case remains under investigation , Witnesses were
          reportedly afraid to provide written statements for fear of reprisal despite
          offered protection and relocation assistance;
          ( Ic) Cornelio Limbaga: Proceedings were initiated before the municipal
          circuit trial court of Dimataling—tahina—Pitogo, Zamboanga del Sur. An arrest
          warrant was issued against a TADIAD vigilante member but remains unserved;
          (1) Josefina Abogada: The case remains under investigation by the
          Commission on Human Rights;
          (ru) Pastor Zenaido Ruelo: The Commission on Human Rights closed the
          case after the prime suspect, a CAFGU commander of Pitogo, Zamboanga del But,
          was himself killed following initiation of proceedings against him before the
          municipal circuit trial court of Pitogo;
          (n) Crispulo Gloriano: Charges were filed against two CAFGU officers
          before the municipal circuit trial court of Buug—Bayog, Zamboanga del Sur;
          (o) Norman Akien and Antonio Akien, Jr: The case remains nder
          investigation by the Commission on Human Rights;
          (p) Artemio Viray: The case remains under investigation by the
          Commission on Human Rights;
          (q) In regard to the alleged use of chemical bombs on 12 September
          and 15 October 1989 by the Armed Forces of the Philippines (APP) against
          non—military targets, the Commission on Human Rights closed the case after
          a visual inspection of the army's armoury failed to detect bombs or shells
          containing toxic chemicals.
          422. Information regarding two alleged cases of death in custody was received
          as follows;
          (a) Jacinto Manadis: Charges have been filed against two police
          officers of the AIICAR division of Quezon City before the judge advocate
          general's office in camp Crame, Quezon City. According to the Coiranission on
          Htiman Rights investigation, he was killed in a shootout when he grabbed and
          fired a police officer's gun;
          I I) Jerry Ayban: Proceedings were under way before the regional trial
          court of Bontoc, Nountain province, against a CAFCU member who, at the time of
          the killing, was a corporal of the guard of the provincial forces.
        
          
          — 7
          S
          : . .
          EICN.41199 1136 . , .
          page 104 “
          Romania .
          423. On 15 June 1990, a cable was cent to the Government of Romania concerning
          reports received according to which at least four persona had been killed
          during clashes which occurred from 13 June 1990 onwards in Bucharest between
          demonstrators and security forces. ‘It was also reported that a very large
          number of miners, who hadassociated themselves with the security forces, had
          violently attacked demonstrators. .‘ . : , , , ,
          424. In this connection, the Special Rapport ur appealed to the Government of
          Romania to take all necessary measures to prevent the further occurrence of
          such deaths and to protect the safety of thepersons concerned and also
          requested information on the above—mentioned events and, in particular, on
          : , the investicction carried out by the competent authorities in this regard.
          425. On 22 June 1990, the Special Rapporteur received a copy of a letter
          dated 18 June 1990 addressed to the Secretary—General from the Prime Minister
          of Romania, as well as a copy of a press release issued by the Government of
          ; Romania on 16 June 1990 concerning the events in Bucharest of 13 and
          14 June 1990.
          426. According to the above—mentioned letter, the events took place in
          Bucharest during 13 and 14 June, when, in order to prevent the Parliament and
          the country's President from beginning their work — as a result of the free
          elections of 20 May — extremist mobs besieged and devastated a series of State
          institutions. OEe violent and irresponsible acts ended with five people dead
          and over 100 wounded, and available information clearly showed the existence
          of a plan to overthrow the Government by force.
          427. It was further stated that under such dramatic circumstances, when
          the forces of order risked being overwhelmed, the President—Elect and the
          Government appealed to the population to help the police and the army to
          prevent such acts of violence and vandalism, while giving instructions to
          avoid any bloodshed. OEe Government regretted that, during the actions taken
          to restore order, in a situation that remained confused, some citizens were
          molested and the headquarters of some political parties were attacked.
          According to the Letter, at its meeting of 16 June, the Romanian Government
          established measures to put an end to any illegal acts, to restore the lawful
          order And to secure freedom of expression, political activity and the press.
          428. With regard to all criminal acts that were perpetrated, the letter stated
          that sufficient evidence was available for instituting court proceedings
          against those responsible.
          429. The press release by the Government on 16 June 1990 referred to the same
          events and gave the Government's account of the events.
          430. On 9 July 1990, a letter was received from the Government of Romania in
          reply to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 15 June 1990, transmitting a copy
          of a letter dated 25 June 1990 to the Special Rapporteur on the sltuat on of
          human rights In Romania from the Minister for Foreign Affairs. In addition
          to the Government's account of the events of 13 and 14 June 1990, the letter
          stated that on 13 June 1990, after all attempts had been exhausted by the
        
          
          -
          E/CN.41 199 1/35
          page 105
          •. :: : •:. • 1 . !
          . .. .• . •. :... .
          Government to establishadlalogue with demonstrators, the security forces and
          eventually the armed forces were obliged to intervene to put an end to the
          situation of disorder and violence. The operation was seated to have been
          carried out without any incident. According to the letter, in the afternoon
          of 13 June persons armed with knives and ?lolotov cocktails attacked the
          security forces and committed acts of vandalism, and in the evening several
          public buildings were attacked and set on fire, trapping people inside. The
          Romania Television building was also attacked and ransacked. It was stated
          that, in a situation where security forces were in danger of being
          overwhelmed, the President—elect and the Government appealed to the population
          to support the police and the army; in response, groups of citizens, in
          particular workers from Bucharest and other departments (Prahovain 3uzen,
          Constants) as well as miners from the Valley of Jiu responded to the appeal.
          431. It was further stated that on 18 June 1990, after the events, the
          authorities recorded six deaths: one worker was stabbed by extremists,
          another died of coronary thrombosis, another died as a result of beatings
          during the attack on the television station, and the three others were shot
          dead. The letter stated that all the deaths were attributable to the mob
          violence of 13 June 1990. It was further stated that on 14 and 15 June 1990,
          in the course of restoring public order and due to the confusion prevailing at
          the time, some excesses did occur including molesting of citizens and attacks
          on headquarters of political parties. The latter further stated that on
          18 June 1990, the Louse of Representatives adopted a resolution recognizing
          that the intervention by the security forces was necessary and legitimate.
          A joint parliamentary commission was said to have been set up in order to
          inquire into events occurring between 13 and 15 June and to determine those
          responsible.
          432. On 28 November 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Senegal
          transmitting allegations that during the year 1990, non—armed civilians were
          killed in a summary manner and that others were killed after beins tortured by
          security forces or the military. Most of the killings allegedly took place in
          the southern Senegalese region of Casamance where civilians were suspected of
          belonging to the Movement of Democratic forces of Casamance (Mouvement des
          forces d&mocratiques de la Casamance (NFDC)) or of providing food or munitions
          to that opposition political group. The following cases were described:
          (a) Kaoussou Tamba, Aliou Tamba, tialick Tamba, Dembo Taxnba, and
          Souleymane Goudiaby, peasants found dead on 21 September 1990 in
          Kanaw village, Casamance, after having been taken away in an army vehicle
          by several dozen soldiers who had entered the village with a list of names
          of individuals suspected of providing arms to the MFDC;
          (b) Ycunonsa Djiba, aged Z7, from Kaguitte, Nyassia sub—district,
          deoartment of Zinguincher; and Spa Dakar, from Yotcu vfllage, department
          of Oussoye. In the beginning of October 1990, the two villagers died
          after having been detained and severely beaten at the military base in
          Kaguitte v11lage They had both been arrested by security forces for
          allegedly ransacking a food store to provide foodstuffs to the MFDC;
        
          
          r
          E/CN.4fl99 1/36
          page 106
          H Cc) During the first week of October 1990, in the context of operations
          against the MFDC, a patrol of security forces shot dead five unarmed civilians
          in Kaguitte village who allegedly attempted to escape.
          433. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Senegal.
          Somali
          434. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Somalia
          transmitting allegations that during the previous year, in a situation of
          internal armed conflict between Government forces and armed opposition groups
          in several parts of the country, a number of unarmed civilians were killed by
          Government forces in a summary manner.
          435. The following incidents were described:
          (a) In March 1989, in Erigavo, 200 unarmed civilians were killed by
          Government troops after the Somali National Movement (sNn) occupied the town
          on 16 March 1989 and subsequently withdrew;
          (b) On 20 September 1989, in Dobleh, lower Juba region, where the Somali
          Patriotic Movement (8PM) was fighting Government forces, some 60 civilians,
          including women and children, were killed by Government soldiers. On about
          24 September 1989, 18 persons out of some 60 Somali refugees who had fled to
          Kenya and were forced to return to Somalia, reportedly were summarily executed
          by Somali soldiers;
          Cc) On about 24 November 1989, in the villages of Wargalo, Do—ol, Dowgab
          and Hilmo, near Galkayo, Mudug region, some 120 persons, including women and
          children, were executed in a summary manner by Government troops, in reprisal
          for a mutiny of soldiers belonging to the local Hawiye clan, or because they
          were suspected of having links with the rebel group called the United Somali
          Congress (USC). OEose executed allegedly included the following:
          Hash! Awale Abdi “Hogolof”, busInessman and Hawlye clan elder; Abdullahi
          Abdul—Khaire “Hogolof”, businessman, relative of the above; Mirreh Aden Abdi;
          Abdi Horreh Botan; Haji Shirwa A u Bulale, Jlawiye clan elder; Has an Jumaale
          Dalah, Islamic teacher; Haji “Dogale”, brother of the above; Ahmed Elmi
          Farada; Abdi Bans Hassan; and Haji “Sherwanage”.
          436. In addition, it was reported that Mohamoud Mohamed Mohamoud,
          an 18—year—old student from Mogadishu, was brought to Digfer hospital
          on 11 February 1990 in a coma and died on the following day. He was allegedly
          arrested on 9 or 10 February 1990 and interrogated under torture by the
          security forces in connection with the flight of his brother from the country.
          437. Furthermore, several persons were reportedly sentenced to death by the
          National Security Courts for embezzlement of public funds or illegal foreign
          currency transactions. It was alleged that the defendants did not receive
          fair trials in the National Security Court nor were they allowed to appeal
          to a higher tribunal against their conviction and sentences. Cases were
          described as follows:
          (a) On 30 November 1989, in Mogadishu, six persons, including Abdi Mudey
          Abdi, were sentenced to death by the National SecurIty Court;
        
          
          EICN .6 / 1991/36
          page 107
          (b) The following were also sentenced to death by the National Security
          Court and are said to be awaiting execution: Shamso Mohamed AlL in Baidowa,
          an accounts clerk, sentenced to death in December 1988; Mba Mohamed, in
          Kismayu, an accounts clerk, sentenced to death in 1981 or 1988; Hassan
          Abdikarim Haji Ibrahim, in Mogadishu, a former government accountant,
          .‘ sentenced to death in February 1989.
          438. On 28 November 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Somalia
          transmitting allegations that in the context of an internal armed conflict
          intensified by recent offensives of the Somali National Movement (5MM) in
          the northern regions, unarmed civilians were killed in a summary manner by
          governmental forces particularly in conflict areas. Reports indicated that
          apart from indiscriminate attacks, many of the killings were carried out in
          retaliation for sNri activities or against civilians for suspected sympathy for
          the 8 M M. The victims reportedly belonged primarily to the Isaak clan. Cases
          were described as follows:
          (a) On 6 July 1990, approximately 60 unarmed civilians were shot dead by
          military police of the presidential guard (“red berets”) at the main stadium
          in Mogadishu during a football match. The incident started when the crowd
          shouted against a pre—match presidential speech; after the first half of the
          match a member of the military police shot into the crowd, provoking
          disturbances in the stadium. The military opened indiscriminate fire on the
          crowd of 30,000, killing a number of persons. Others died because the
          military refused to let the wounded receive treatment;
          (b) On 16 August 1990, the Hangash branch of the military police
          arrested 17 persons in a restaurant in the northern part of Berbera and
          executed them the same evening in alleged retaliation for recent 5 M M
          activities. All 17 were members of the Issak clan, dominant in the town and
          suspected by the military of their sympathy for the 8 M M. The executions took
          place without any form of trial. Those executed were the following: Aden
          Mohamed Abokor; Abdullah3. Abdi A u; Aden Elmi AlL; Ahmed Ismail Ali; Abdi
          Mohmned Elmi; AlL Mohamod lane; Abmed Abdi K rahe; Abdi Mohamed Robich; Men
          Warsame AlL, former police officer; AlL Mohamed Ahmed; Abdullahi Ibrahim Ali;
          Abdullahi. Ismail Yusuf; Abdi Eagar Dahir; Hussein Elmi Farah; Moogeh Osman
          Jibril; Mohanted Abdi Mohamoud, a tJNMCR driver; Moharned Abmed Sa lah;
          (c) On 16 June 1990, Giuseppe Salvo, an Italian medical scientist,
          disappeared from his hotel in Nogadishu. Military or security authorities
          reportedly claimed that he committed suicide while in custody after having
          been arrested by the authorities in a military zone. Reports indicate he died
          of head wounds received while in custody;
          Cd) In regard to the case of 46 unarmed civilians belonging to the Isaak
          clan killed by the presidential rnil tary police (“red berets”) on a beach
          in JezLra, 30 k&lometres south—west of Mogadishu, on 16/17 July 1989
          (see E/CM.4/1990/22, para. 356), it was reported that despite a Government
          inquiry after the killings, no action was taken to bring those responsible
          for the killings to justLce.
          439 At the tfme of preparation of the present recofl, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Somalia.
        
          
          E/CN.4/l99 1/J6
          page 108
          s Sh_Afri
          41t0. On 3 April 1990, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government of
          South Africa regarding the information received that on 26 March 1990 in the
          township of Sebokeng, at least nine persons had allegedly been killed when
          police had opened fire on demonstrators. The demonstration, which reportedly
          had been declared illegal under the state of emergency, was said to have been
          organized to protest against high rents and racially segregated housing.
          441. In view of the reported incidents of violence in various parts of
          South Africa in the preceding weeks, the Special Rapporteur, feeling seriously
          concerned for the life of all those who might be affected by the tense
          situation, appealed to the Government to take all necessary measures to ensure
          that the right to life of every citizen was protected, and requested
          information on the reported deaths in Sebokeng and on the measures taken by
          the Government in this connection.
          442. On 11 April 1990, the Special Rapporteur sent another cable to the
          Government of South Africa in which he expressed his serious concern with
          violent internecine black conflict in Natal, most recently during the period
          between the end of March and the beginning of April 1990 in Elandskcp and
          Imbali where some 80 persons had reportedly been killed.
          443. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to
          do its utmost to ensure that the right to life of the individuals concerned
          was protected in the above—mentioned situation of violent confrontation, and
          requested information in this regard, in particular on the measures taken by
          the Government to prevent further loss of lives.
          444. On 26 July 1990, a letter was uent to the Government of South Africa
          transmitting allegations that in the previous year several persons had been
          killed by members of the police when shots were fired indiscriminately at a
          crowd of demonstrators or protesters. The following cases were described:
          (a) On 29 September 1989 I I Richmond, Natal, a 16—year—old schoolgirl
          was shot dead when police opened fire on 800 students marching to a police
          station to demand the release of detained pupils;
          (b) On 18 November 1989, in Germiston, a railway worker on strike was
          shot by police and died in the hospital. This shooting occurred while the
          police were attempting to disperse a meeting inside the office of the Congress
          of the South African Trade Unions;
          Cc) It was reported on 25 January 1990 that two Khutsong residents were
          shot dead when police opened fire with shotguns as a crowd of protesters was
          dispersing after handing a letter to the police listing grievances which
          included alleged police brutality;
          Cd) It was reported that on 8 February 1990 in Garankuwa a crowd of
          thousands marching in protest against the “homeland” system was fired on by
          Bophuthatawana security forces, using tear—gas and rubber bullets. At least
          one person died later in the hospital;
        
          
          . .. -—— . . . _____ . . . - , . . . . . ..:
          1
          E/CN.4/199 1/36
          page 109
          (e) It was reported that on 9 February 1990 a youth was shot dead in
          Lamontville when police opened fire on a crowd of youths passing by the police
          office;
          (f) It was reported that on 12 February 1990 in Tokoza, during a rally
          held to protest against high rents, police opened fire, killing three
          persons. Police reportedly claimed to have acted against stone—throwers and
          persons burning cars, but the injured victims denied these claims;
          (g) It was reported that on 13 February 1990, in Bandy East, two youths
          had been shot dead. Residents reportedly stated that they had been
          celebrating the release of Nelson Mandela, but the police claimed that they
          had attacked a policeman's house;
          (h) It was reported that on 13 February 1990 in Mdentsane,
          Ciskei, 10 persons were shot dead when police opened fire on celebrating
          crowds. It was also reported that police and marchers clashed in
          ifiammansdraal, Bophuthatawana, during a celebration of the release of
          Nelson Mandela, and that a 16—year—old was killed;
          (i) It was reported that on 25 February 1990, police shot and killed
          I3ongJ. Nyokong, aged 17, a student at Tlokwe secondary school, Potchefstroom,
          as he hid under a teacher's bed. The incident followed a day of violence in
          the township and an abortive march by teachers on the Department of Education
          and Training offices;
          (3) It was reported that on 27 February 1990, Bophuthatswana police
          opened fire on a crowd of 8,000 residents of OElabane, near Rustenburg,
          killing two. The demonstration had been calling for the reincorporation of
          Bophuthatswana into South Africa;
          (k) It was reported that on 27 February 1990 in Hankutama, Venda,
          two persons were killed in a stampede when tear—gas was used to disperse
          a crowd at a rally to celebrate the release of Nelson Mandela;
          (1) It was reported that on 26 March 1990 in Sebokeng, at least
          11 persons were killed by police who opened fire on protesters demonstrating
          against high house—rental rates. On 20 April 1990, President de Klerk
          reportedly ordered an inquiry into the deaths at Sebokeng;
          (us) It was reported that on 20 April 1990 in the Rammulotsi black
          township, near Viljoenskroon in the Orange Free State, four boys between
          13 and 16 yeats of age were killed when the police opened fire during a
          peaceful anti—apartheid demonstration;
          ; Cu) On 15 Nay 1990 in the Orange Free State town of Maokeng, two youths,
          Seiso Mangwerijane, aged 9, and Isahiah Tau, aged 15, were killed.
          Eyewitnesses claimed that police in disguise hiding under a tarpaulin in a
          rented truck had driven into town, and that when the truck stopped several
          ‘ armed polfcemen allegedly sprang out and opened fire;
          (o) On 20 May 1990 in Thabong, a black township adjoining Welkom, four
          persons were killed when the police fired on a crowd leaving a meeting; three
          of the wounded died the following day.
        
          
          E / CN • 4/1991/36
          page 110
          445. It was also alleged that in the past year assassinations of political
          or anti—apartheid activists have occurred. In some cases in which the
          perpetrators were reportedly “unknown”, it was alleged that little progress in
          official investigations was made and that most of the perpetrators remained
          unpunished. The following alleged incidents are sununarized by way of example:
          (a) In February 1989, Sawutini Booi, President of the Adelaide Youth
          Congress, died following a petrol bomb attack on his home by unknown
          assailants;
          (b) It was reported that on 14 April 1989, Chris Thandazani Ntuli,
          aged 30, an organizer for the Natal Youth Congress, was stabbed to death by
          unknown assailants on his way home from a local police station where his
          restriction order required him to report twice daily;
          Cc) It was reported on 9 May 1990 that Colonel Floris Mostent, who
          was leading the investigation into the assassination of David Webster on
          1 May 1989, claimed to have information that two employees of the Civil
          Co—operation Bureau (COB) had been involved in the murder of Dr. Webster.
          A month after the assassination of Dr. Webster, other Five Freedom Forum
          representatives had also been subject to attack. Mr. Jan Mullen, one of the
          representatives, died when his house burned down and, although the inquest
          ruled that it was accidental death, other FFF membero still questioned those
          findings. On 25 May 1990, Mr. Larnbors Marinaki was reportedly shot twice
          while in bed;
          Cd) In March 1990 in Welkom, Mnikelo Ndanise, a black miner, was beaten
          to death by a white vigilante group known as “Blanke Veiligheid” (White
          Security) which had been formed in early March 1990 to halt a protest march by
          black teachers.
          446. As in previous years, several deaths in detention were reported. OEe
          following cases were reported to have occurred in the past year:
          (a) In November 1989, in Tembisa, Albert Simelane, aged 30, died shortly
          after being detained by police. Allegations of police violence and torture
          have been made in regard to his death;
          I I ) On 16 January 1990 near Khutsong, west of Johannesburg, Nixon Phiri,
          aged 16, died in police custody as a result of torture. A post—mortem
          revealed that he had died of a brain haemorrhage caused by external injuries
          and shock; ,
          (C) On 29 January 1990, in Mutubatube, Michael Zunga, aged 20, died of
          strangulation having purportedly hung himself by his shoelaces while in a
          police station. Witnesses said in sworn statements that Zunga was beaten by
          police and then thrown unconscious and barefoot into the police van after a
          dispute about school fees;
          Cd) It was reported that in February 1990, in East Rand,
          Simon tshebeiale, aged 22, died after having been held as a robbery suspect at
          GrootvleL police station. According to a po1 ce representative, Tshebela le
          had resisted arrest and “force had to be used by the police, who had found
          stolen property in his possession”;
        
          
          E/CN.4/ 199 1/3E
          page in
          Ce) Other deaths in police custody include Sizwe Sithole , aged 20, and
          Mandla Manana, aged 27, both of whom were found hanged in their cells at
          John Vorster Square police station in Johannesburg. A commission of
          inquiry was opened on 30 January 1990 and its report was to be submitted to
          President tie Klerk in March 1990;
          (f) In February 1989, the bodies of Derrick tiashobane, Thabo Mohale and
          Porta Shabangu, members of the restricted South African National Student
          Congress, were found in Swaziland.
          447. It was also alleged that killings occurred in the province of Natal
          during clashes between members and supporters of the African National Congress
          (ANC), United Democratic Front and members of the Inkatha movement. The
          violence in Natal allegedly claimed 80 lives in the week starting
          27 March 1990, making a total of 3,000 deaths since 1985. The following
          alleged incidents are summarized by way of example:
          (a) In December 1989, in the Elanskop area, seven known Afr O sympathizer : /
          were murdered in the course of one week;
          (b) It was reported that on 4 April 1990, the bodies of
          Celestine Mucwabe, aged 36, and her sister Emmerentia, aged 32, were found. I
          was alleged that they had been killed because they had been standing next to
          people who failed to bow to the command of the “warlord” Ntombela, as they
          owed their allegiance to the African National Congress (AfrO);
          Cc) On 28 March 1990 dozens of people were killed in Mr. Ntombela's are
          of control.
          448. It was further alleged that in the past year extrajudicial executions by
          “death squads”, also known as “askaris”, occurred. These death squads were
          allegedly linked to the security forces. A commission to study alleged
          killing by the death squads known as the Harms Commission, started on
          5 March 1990 and inquiry into alleged “hit aquada” in Prgtori , OEn
          Commia3ion'a m*ndato wan to “inquire into and to report on the alleged
          occurrence of murders and other unlawful acts of violence committed in the
          Republic of South Africa in order to achieve, bring about or further any
          constitutional or political aim ...“.
          449. It was reported on 22 March 1990, that a brigadier of the South African
          police had affirmed an affidavit stating that one of the civil co—operation
          bureau (COB) cells had been responsible for the assassination of David Webst
          and Anton Lubowski.
          450. It was reported on 21 February 1990, that a chain of command involving
          : several generals and leading to the office of General Malan ran the CCB, whi
          was funded out of the South African Defence Force (SADF) budget but manned
          mainly by former policemen and decommissioned army intelligence officers.
          451, It was reported on 26 April 1990 that Capt. Dirk Coettee had informed t
          Harms Commission on 25 Apr!l 1990, during its session in London, that• e had
          been instructed by Brigadier Jan van der Iloven, regional security commander,
          to “get rid” of Mr. Mxenge and make the killing look like a robbery.
          .
          .
          .
          .
        
          
          E/CN.4/199 1/36
          page 112
          452. On 27 Ap rIl 1990, during the second day of testifying before the harms
          Corrinission, Mr. Coettee described how he and his unit of “askaris” (former ANC
          members who had been recruited for operations against their former colleagues)
          had carried out kidnappings and murders in South Africa and neighbouring
          countries.
          453. It was further reported that Mr. Coettee informed the Commission how,
          after many failed attempts to add ppison (obtained from a senior officer at
          the police forensic laboratories) to the drinks of Mr. Vusi, a suspected AI C
          infiltrator who had refused to co—operate, and Mr. Peter, who had defected
          while studying in Bulgaria, the two men were rendered unconscious by
          “knock—out drops” and then had been taken hundreds of miles away to Tranaveal,
          shot in the head and burned. He claimed that similar treatment had been
          used against another “askari”, lasaac “Ace” Moeina, “because he was always
          — his heart wasn't in his job”.
          ..34. On 29 August 1990, a cable was sent to the Government of South Africa
          following information received from witnesses in the course of the hearings
          held in London together with the United Nations Ad hoc Working Group of
          Experts on southern Africa, concerning certain elements of the police and
          other law enforcement officials who had been assisting, encouraging,
          conniving, supporting and arming the members of the Inkhat movement, who httd
          reportedly deliberately provoked violence. According to the testimonies, the
          law enforcement personnel, in restoring order, had not acted impartially and
          in many cases they had used more force than was warranted under the
          United Nations code of conduct for law enforcement officials. If the
          allegations were true, then substantial blame for violence which had led to
          great lose of life lay with the police.
          455. In these circumstances, the Special Rapporteur strongly urged the
          Government of South Africa to appoint, on an urgent basIs, an independent
          judicial commission to investigate the role of the police in the violent
          conflicts and establish the truthfulness or otherwise of the accusations
          against the police. Re added that if any official was found guilty of the
          accusations, he or she should be prosecuted and/or disciplined as appropriate,
          td also requested any information on any action taken by the Government of
          South Africa in this regard.
          656. On the same day, another cable was sent to the Government of South Africa
          stating that during the aforementioned hearings, information was received from
          a number of witnesses, including his wife, concerning Mr. S.R. Maharaj,
          a high—ranking member of the National Executive Committee of the African
          National Congress, who was in detention under section 29 of the Internal
          Security Act. AccordIng to the evidence received, a reasonable conclusion
          could be arrived at that the life of Mr. Maharaj was in danger.
          457. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government of ;
          South Africa to take all necessary measures to ensure the safety and physical
          integrity of Mr. Maharaj, and, in accordance with the letter and spirit of the
          United Nations Declaration on a flJi .i1 and Lts destructive consequences in
          southern Africa, he further strongly appealed for the release of Mr. Maharaj.
          The Special Rapporteur also requested information on any action taken by the
          Government in this regard.
        
          
          - . . ; . . . . .
          E/CN.4/ 1991f36
          page 113
          458. On 10 December 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of South Africa
          transmitting allegations that in numerous incidents of violence that continued
          in 1990 between members of Inkatha and other residents including members of
          the African National Congress (ANC), the United Democratic Front (UDF) and
          the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATIJ), hundreds of persons
          reportedly lost their lives. Since the first clash between Inkatha members
          and AlTO supporters in Sebokeng on 22 July 1990, in which 2.7 persons reportedly
          died, incidents of violence reportedly spread from flatal province to the
          East Rand, West Rand and Soweto. As of OctDber 1990, more than 700 persons
          were reported to have been killed in these incidents.
          459. According to several sources, throughout these incidents of violence, the
          police maintained an inconsistent approach with respect to the bearing of arms
          by Inkatha as opposed to non—Inkatha residents. Kwatulu police allegedly did
          not remain impartial in the violence but even acted as the armed wing of
          Inkatha. In regard to the incident of violence on 22 July 1990 in Sebokeng,
          one source stated that although the Minister of Law and Order, the Divisional
          Commissioner of Police and the Commissioner of Police were informed beforehand
          of a planned attack by Inkatha on MO and COSATU supporters, 500 to
          600 Inkatha members arrived heavily armed and were accompanied by white
          officers. They allegedly attacked Sebokeng residents in the presence of the
          police. It was further reported that residents who tried to resist were fired
          upon by the police.
          460. Furthermore, according to figures provided by the South African
          Human Rights Commission, during the first half of 1990, 170 deaths were caused
          by police in the course of disruption of public gatherings. OEe victims were
          allegedly hit by shots fired indiscriminately by police at demonstrators or
          protesters. By way of an example, it was reported that on 16 February 1990 at
          least four persons were killed when police tried to turn back demonstrators
          who were on their way to the Bloemfontein appeals court after a meeting in the
          township of Eotshabelo, Orange Free State, to protest against forced
          incorporation into Qua qua.
          461. In addition, it was reported on 14 January 1990 that Elias Sanguwane,
          a black constable from Jeppe police station, was assaulted by his white
          superiors and subsequently died in hospital of a brain haeinorrhage.
          462. It was also reported that on 2.6 July 1990, Taylor Ntsuka, aged 17, was
          shot dead on the playground of the Dr. Cingo High School in Maokeng, near
          Kroonstad, by two middle—aged white men dressed in khaki, driving a white
          Toyota minibus. It was alleged that police knew the identity of the men but
          that no arrest had been made.
          463. Furthermore, several cases of death in detention were reported as follows:
          (a) In February 1990, Tshebeiale d!ed at Grootvlei police station in
          East Rand after having been arrestcd as a robbery suspect . According to the
          police, Tehebelale had resisted arrest and “force had to be used by police,
          who found stolen property in his pcssesston*;
          (b) In early 1990, it was learned that Bongani, aged 13, and
          Chatrakumtat, aged 14, who were detained on 2.0 July 1989 by police at
          Seearswart police station in connection wIth a students' school boycott, died
        
          
          E ICN.4 1 1991/3&
          page 114
          after two months' detention, as a result of torture. It was also alleged that
          the day following their arrest, police returned to the school and tried to
          break the students' boycott. When the students resisted, the police opened
          fire, killing three students named Siphiwe, Dwnisay and Wiseman;
          Cc) On 14 May 1990, a man known as “Andile” was beaten to death by
          two constables at Huoeansdorp police station. A 16—year—old witness to the
          incident was allegedly threatened by the constables with death if he named
          them as responsible for the as ault;
          Cd) On 1 June 1990, police stated that Donald OEabela Madisha committed
          suicide by hanging. Be was a teacher and a member of the Mahwelereng Youth
          Congress, and had been detained on 17 January 1990 in rlahwelereng township,
          Potzietersrus, under section 29 of the Internal Security Act, It was not
          known whether any investigation had been carried out into his death;
          Ce) On 10 July 1990, in iChutsong, Eugene Mbulwana, aged 15, was detained
          by police. On 12 July 1990, he was transferred to Walverdiend police station,
          suffering from serious head injuries. Reportedly he was left, unconscious, on
          the floor for nine hours before being taken to Leratong hospital where he died
          on 13 July 1990.
          464. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of South Africa.
          Sri Lanka
          465. On 8 June 1990, a cable was sent to the Government of Sri Lanka
          concerning Dr. tlanorani Saravanamuttu, mother of Richard de Zoysa, and
          Batty Weerakoon, the lawyer representing her at the magisterial inquiry into
          the abduction and killing of her son in February 1990, who received death
          threats demanding that they stop pursuing the case. According to the
          information, on 1 June 1990, Dr. Manorani Saravanaznuttu had informed the
          Moratuwa magistrate's court that she had identified one of the abductors of
          her son as a senior superintendent of police in Colombo, who had subsequently
          been arrested.
          466. In view of several recent cases where lawyers end witnesses involved in
          cases brought against members of the security forces had been threatened and
          subsequently killed, the Special Rapporteur expreased serious concern for the
          safety of Dr. Manorani Saravanamtzttu and Batty Weerakoon, and appealed to the
          Government of Sri Lanka to take all necessary measures to ensure that their
          right to life was protected. He also requested information about the
          investigation into these cases of death threats as well as the case of the
          killing of Richard de Zoysa, and, in particular, on the measures taken by the
          Government to protect the safety of the above—mentioned two persons.
          467. On 1]. July 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of Sri Lanka
          referring to the above—mentioned cable of 8 June 1990 and stating that,
          according to further Information, the two policemen currently guarding
          Batty Weerakoon's house had receIved death threats on 22 June 1990 In
          two letters addressed to them by name. As the names of the pol Ice officers
          had reportedly not been publIcized, the fear was expressed that there might
          be accomplices inside the police force.
        
          
          E/CN.4/ 1991 136
          page 115
          468. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur reiterated his serious concern
          for the life of the two police guards and of the two persons referred to in
          his previous cable and appealed again to the Government of Sri Lanka to take
          all necessary measures to ensure that their right to life was protected, and
          requested information concerning the investigation into these cases of death
          threats as well as on the measures taken by the Government to protect the
          safety of the above—mentioned four persons.
          469. On 28 November 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Sri Lanka
          transmitting allegations that during the 32 months of the presence of the
          Indian Peace—Keeping Forces (Il'KF) in the north—eastern part of the country
          under the Indo—Sri Lanka accord signed in July 1987, a large number of unarmed
          civilians were killed in a suxmnary manner by members of the IPKF, or by Tamil
          groups allied to the IPKF and acting with their acquiescence.
          670. In addition to the alleged incidents of killings by the IPKF already
          transmitted to the Government, the following incident was reported: On
          2 August 1989 in Valvettitturai, 52 persons were shot dead by IPKF soldiers
          when they rampaged through the town, shot at residents and set fire to houses
          and other properties. The victims included Vengadasalasn Subramaniam, aged 60,
          S. Illayaperumal, aged 70, Rajaguru Javanaraj, aged 11, Aathy Sundareawaran,
          aged 11. The attack was said to be the reprisal for the LTTE Valvettitturai
          market ambush on an IPKF patrol in which six soldiers were killed.
          471. In June 1990, after the Liberation Tigers of Tainil Eelam (LTTE)
          reportedly had taken effective control of the north—eastern part of the
          country, following the withdrawal of the IPKF from Sri Lanka in March 1990,
          heavy fighting was said to have resumed between the Sri Lankan Government
          forces and the LTTE, causing a large number of deaths among the civilian
          population in Jaffna, Trincomalee and Batticaloa districts. During the
          fighting a large number of civilians were reportedly killed in a summary
          manner by both sides. While allegations of summary or arbitrary killings by
          the LTTZ were numerous, including the killings in the eastern part of hundreds
          of policemen who had surrendered and incidents of killing of Muslims in
          August 1990, reports were received of killing in a summary manner of hundreds
          of civilians by Government forces after they regained control of the areas
          held by the LTTE. Several of the victims were said to have been killed
          summarily after they had been detained. The following were among such
          incidents of killings:
          (a) On 14 June 1990, in Vavuniya, Batticaloa district, Government forces
          shot and killed unarmed civilians, including Anthony Pi llai, a public health
          inspector, his wife and son, after they had recaptured Vavuniya police station
          from the LTTE. About 15 bodies were found on the road;
          (b) In the last week of June 1990, in Vellavelli village,
          Battfcaloa district, 15 civilians, including a school teacher, were killed by
          army and police personnel;
          (c) After the town of Kalmunai was recaptured by Government forces from
          the LTTE on 22 June 1990, soldiers shot residents in their homes, including
          Thiyagarajah. On 22 and 23 June, soldiers rounded up men between the ages
        
          
          El CL 411 991136
          page 116
          of 16 and 30, lined them up blindfolded and either shot them or stabbed them
          to death with bayonets. The bodies were then thrown into shops owned by
          Taniils and were set on fire. Over 30 bodies were found in one burnt—out shop,
          including the body of 23—year—old Chandrikumar ,
          472. Furthermore, it was alleged that Government forces carried out
          indiscriminate air bombardment and shelling on residential and non—military
          targets, including schools and hospitals. The following were reported to be
          among the numerous deaths resulting from indiscriminate bombings:
          (a) On 13 June 1990, at Amparai Central Camp Tantil Village, 100 persons,
          including women and children, were killed;
          (b) On 16 June 1990, in Kalavanchikuddi, 10 patients were killed when
          the hospital was hit by a bomb;
          Cc) On 26 June 1990, in Kokkuvil, seven civilians were killed;
          Cd) On 28 June 1990, in Kilinochi di8trict, eight students were killed
          when their netwut am under tt ek
          (a) On 30 June 1990, in Pulmottai area, Trincomalee, 40 Tamil displaced
          persons were killed by gunfire from a Sri Lankan navy vessel.
          473. In addition, in the southern and central parts of the country, killings
          and death threats directed at suspected supporters of the Janatha Vimukthi.
          Peramuna (People's Liberation Front, JUP), opposition members of Parliament
          and other suspected opponent8 of the Government allegedly continued to occur,
          although there were fewer reports of such occurrences compared to the period
          from August 1989 to February 1990. The following such cases were reportedt
          (a) On 18 December 1989, Lalith Warushahennadi, aged 24, a student of
          agriculture at Peradeniya University, was found dead in Tellabur after having
          been detained by army personnel on 12 December at the Yakkalamalla Army Camp
          in Calle district;
          (b) Following the Government's “shoot—on—sight” orders to police
          reportedly issued on 8 July 1990 in the southern provinces, scores of bodies
          were found dumped in places such as Diyagama, Gampaha district; Bandaragama,
          Kalutara district; Embilipitiya, Ratnapura district; Suriyawewa and Beliatta,
          Ranibantota district.
          474. With regard to the case of Richard de Zoysa, which was referred to in the
          Special Rapporteur's cables of 8 June and 11 July 1990 to the Government, it :
          was reported that the magisterial inquiry into his death was discontinued on
          30 August 1.990 nd thnt tin Attorney Goner l decided to tnke no notion ifigninet
          the senior police officer named by de Zoysa's mother as having been among :
          those who abducted her son in February 1990. According to the information
          received, the case was being investigated by police, although police officers
          were alieged to have been involved in the abduction and killing of de Zoysa. :
        
          
          E/CN..4/199 1/36
          page 117
          475. On 17 January 1990, a reply WAS received from the Covernment of Sri Lanka
          to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 20 October 1989 (see E/GN.4/1990/22,
          paras. 386 to 388) and to his cable dated 9 November 1989 (see E/cN.4/1990/22,
          paras. 389 to 392), commenting on the following cases:
          (a) Charitha Larikapura: According to police investigations, two
          unidentified persona had on 7 July 1989 entered the house where Mr. Lankapura
          was boarded and shot him dead. A magIsterial inquest was held into this
          incident and a verdict of “murder by shooting” was returned by the magistrate
          who ordered the police to conduct further investigations;
          (b) Kanchana Abeypala: Investigations revealed that he was killed by an
          unknown gunman who had entered the house on 20 August 1989. Mr. Abeypala's
          father was also injured in the incident. A magisterial inquest was held and
          the magistrate ordered the police to conduct further investigations. The
          police have reported that those living at Mr. Abeypala's house who had seen
          the gunman failed to co—operate and that this has hindered investigations.
          No suspect had yet been arrested in connection with this murder and the police
          investigation was continuing;
          (c) Sarath Karaliyadda: OEe investigation revealed that on
          26 October 1989, eight armed persons dressed in civilian clothes entered
          Mr. Karaliyadda's house in Teldeniya police area. These persons had ransacked
          the house and removed jewellery and cash. They led Mr. Karaliyadda away from
          the house, and his dead body was subsequently found about a quarter of a mile
          away. A magisterial inquest was held by the Teldeniya magistrate and was to
          be resumed after further investigations.
          476. The reply also stated the following on the situation in Sri Lanka:
          (a) Unsettled security conditions in the northern, eastern and southern
          parts of Sri Lanka due to the escalation of violence remained a matter of
          serious concern to the Covernment. OEese incidents posed a serious problem
          for law enforcement authorities in that normal investigations into these
          activities proved extremely difficult; where investigations had been initiated
          and Judicial inquiries held these could not be completed due to the fact that
          the law enforcement authorities had to cope with an unprecedented situation in
          maintaining law and order in the context of conditions prevailing at that
          time. The Judicial authorities, however, continue to investigate reported
          incidents under the normal laws, including under habeas corous procedure which
          was available even under the emergency regulations;
          (b) In the northern and eastern parts of the country where the IPKF was
          present the security situation was not conducive to normal investigations.
          Despite the IPKF presence militant Tamil groups in the area had not been
          disarmed as envisaged. The introduction of more weapons, the existence of
          illegal armed groups and the resulting internecine clashes between rival
          militant groups have placed serious impediments in the way of the efforts of
          restoring peace and normalcy in the areas concerned as well as on the conduct
          of normal investigations into reported violent incidents. To overcome these,
          the Government took a number of steps:
          Ci) Implementing the provisions of the Provincial Council Act in the
          areas of law and ordor;
        
          
          . . - . . . - . . . ..-.... . . . . .. - . ..
          . —
          E/CN.47199l/36
          page 118
          (ii) Facilitating negotiations between the Government and the one
          militant group (LflE) which had hitherto remained outside the
          democratic process; .
          (iii) Secured agreement with the Government of India to complete the
          withdrawal of the IPKF by 31 March 1990. The Government was also
          working towards securing a cease—fire among the rival groups who
          were engaged in violence;
          (iv) To expedite the ICRC's access to the northern and eastern parts of
          the country;
          Cc) With regard to incidents reported in areas other than the north and
          east, constraints on investigations also existed. However, the situation
          improved consequent to measures taken by the Government:
          (i) The Government convened an All Party Conference (APC) to find a
          consensus among democratic political parties with a view to
          : restoring peace and normalcy, and to address and resolve the crucial
          national issues which underlie the problems the country has been
          facing;
          (ii) The Government was seriously concerned about reports concerning
          violence by militant groups in the south which did not accept
          political negotiations as well as about reported acts of violence by
          other unidentified groups. The Government ordered the security
          forces and the police to identify and disband any illegal
          paramilitary groups in all parts of the country. It also gave clear
          instructions to law enforcement agencies that such groups, if they
          existed, should be treated as terrorists. An independent
          investigation unit comprising senior civilian and police officials
          was set up to investigate this alleged phenomenon and to make
          recommendations for the disbandment of such groups, if any should
          exist. OEe public was requested to provide information to this unit;
          (iii) The Government invited the IC RC to exercise its traditional
          humanitarian functions in the country;
          (iv) OEe Government also appointed an independent commission to go into
          all aspects of the youth unrest and make recommendations on possible
          courses of action to address the rootcauses of the present problems;
          Cd) Whilst the Government was deeply concerned about the acts of
          violence committed in the country in the past, it was nevertheless hopeful
          that the political efforts being undertaken on a broad front would restore
          democratic institutions and the functioning of normal law and order machinery.
          477. On 28 December 1990, a reply was received from the Government of
          Sri Lanka to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 28 November 1990, providing
          information on the efforts made by the Government wIth regard to the
          situations n the north and east of Sri Lanka as well as in the southern
          and central parts of the country. It also provided a brief account on the
          progress of the investigation into the case of Richard de Zoysa.
        
          
          E / ON • 4/1991 / 36
          page 119
          478. With regard to the situation in the north and east of the country, the
          reply stated that the Government persisted in its efforts to resolve the
          socio—political issues involved, through negotiations with all parties
          irrespective of their ethnic origin, with a view to the devolution of
          governmental authority; that in pursuit of this endeavour to find a compromise
          acceptable to all parties, regional power—sharing structures in the form of
          provincial councils were formed by the adoption of the 13th amendment to the
          Constitution; that as a result, all political parties and groups, including
          the Tamil parties representing the population of the north and east, entered
          the democratIc political process and that the Liberation Tigers of Tamil
          Eelam (LTTE) was the only group which refused to do so. According to the
          reply, the LTTE refused to participate in both provincial and national
          elections, while simultaneously continuing their acts of terror and
          intimidaticn against the people of the north and east and against LTTE's
          political rivals belonging to the Tamil community. It was stated that with
          a view to persuading the group to renounce violence, the Government had
          initiated and engaged in a dialogue with the LTTE for over one year. All
          possible concrete measures were taken to enable them to feel confidence in the
          negotiating processes including the withdrawal of the IPKF from Sri Lanka in
          March 1990, and the dissolution of the North East Provincial Council and the
          holding of new elections in those areas, thus providing an opportunity for the
          LTTE to participate, which the LTTE refused to do.
          479. It was further stated that the process of devolution of power to the
          Councils was further expedited, that the presence of the Government security
          forces in the area after the withdrawal of the IP1ZF was substantially reduced,
          that the remaining security forces were confined to their barracks and that
          action was taken to create a provincial police force representing the ethnic
          ratio of the respective areas. It was also stated that the security forces
          were instructed not to do anything which might be seen as jeopardizing the
          ongoing dialogue with the LTTE.
          480. However, according to the reply, the LTTE resorted to unilateral and
          unprovoked violence on 10 June 1990, on police stations in the north and
          east. It was stated that these police stations were manned mainly by Tamil
          policemen and had even been set up at the request of the LTTE; that a large
          umber of policemen were abducted, and that some were brutally killed. It was
          also stated that two cease—fires offered by the Government were totally
          disregarded by the LTTE. OEe Government could not ignore the violent and
          unprovoked attacks initiated by the LTTE, which had flouted all attempts at a
          negotiated settlement and had systematically murdered most of the Tamil
          political leaders who had advocated the path of democracy and negotiations.
          With regard to allegations of indiscriminate bombing by the security forces of
          civilian targets, the reply emphasized that the actions which the security
          forces were forced to undertake against the LTTE were directed not against
          civilians but against the terrorism of the LTTE, and that in fact the security
          forces refrained from taking action against the LTTE in certain areas such as
          the Mannar area, even at the expense of conclusive military action, as
          the LTTE deliberately took refuge behind civilians. It was also stated that
          the Government remained committed to a negotiated solution to the problems and
          continued to negotiate with all other Tamil parties and others within the
          framework of the All Party Conference convened for this purpose.
        
          
          E/CN. 14/1991/36
          page 120
          481. According to the reply, over a million persons of all communities have
          been forced to flee their homes for other parts of the country and even
          overseas because of forced conscription, extortion and robberies committed by
          the LflE; that civilian administration and transport have been disrupted as a
          result of acts of sabotage by the LTTE; that atrocities were committed by
          the LTTE not only against Tamil and Sinhalese civilians but also against
          Muslims in the north and east, including the gruesome massacres at a Muslim
          mosque in 1990 and the forced expulsion of over 40,000 Muslims at one time
          from their homes in the Mannar area.
          482. In its reply, the Government of Sri Lanka acknowledged that any situation
          of conflict where security forces were called upon to take action against
          terrorists who merge with the local population could pose hardships for
          civilians and operational constraints. It was stated that great care was
          exercised to avoid civilian areas and that advance notice was given to
          civilians when operations were undertaken to relieve soldiers besieged by
          the LTTE terrorists.
          483. With regard to the situation in the southern and central parts of the
          country, the reply stated that normality had been restored, although there
          were reports concerning some residual violence as a result of unidentified
          groups reportedly taking revenge on those believed to be responsible for
          killings attributed to subversive elements during a period of escalating
          violence in 1990. It was stated that the Government wag seriously concerned
          over such acts, which are illegal under the laws of Sri Lanka, and was taking
          severe measures against those responsible for exceeding their legitimate
          duties. It was further stated that !n order to investigate all such reported
          illegal activities, an independent committee headed by two retired judges of
          the Supreme Court identified this problem last year and the 2residential
          Commission on youth unrest also made reference to this issue; that a mechanism
          was already worked out to receive information from the public regarding the
          activities of such groups; and that clear and unequivocal instructions had
          been given to law enforcement authorities to identify, disarm and disband all
          such groups.
          484. With regard to the case of Richard de Zoysa referred to in the
          Special Rapporteur's communications, it was stated that investigations were
          continuing with a view to identifying and prosecuting the offenders in
          accordance with the laws of the country. It was also stated that the
          magisterial inquest was inconclusive as to the identity of the suspected
          offenders, as insufficient evidence was available against the police officer
          named by the victim's mother. With regard to the observation that the police
          are being entrusted with investigations into allegations involving police
          officers themselves, the reply pointed out that the law enforcement
          authorities had to depend on the investigative arm of the police to obtain
          legally valid evidence to support prosecutions, and that there had been other
          similar instances involving polite officers which had eventually resulted in
          their detention , It was stated that while the authorities continued to pursue
          investigations, the Sri Lankan Parliament would shortly debate a motion
          calling for a commission of inquiry into this case.
        
          
          E IGN.4/199 1/36
          page 121
          Sudan
          485. On 8 January 1990, the Special Rapporteur Bent a cable to the Government
          of Sudan regarding the information received that Gergis A1—Ghous Boutros, an
          assistant pilot of Sudan Airways, sentenced to death on 24 December 1989 by
          special court number 1 in Khartoum f or having contravened recently introduced
          currency regulations, might be facing imminent execution. According to the
          information, Gergis Al—Ghous Boutros had been allowed to have only limited
          legal assistance and, under the terms of the procedures of the special court,
          could lodge an appeal against his sentence only with the chief justice; he did
          not have the right to appeal to a higher tribunal.
          486. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur, referring to articles 6
          and 14 o the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to which
          Sudan was a party and also to safeguards 5 and 6 of the annex to Economic
          and Social Council resolution 1984/So of 25 May 1984 entitled “Safeguards
          : guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty”,
          appealed to the Government to make every effort to guarantee the right to life
          of Cergis Al—Ghous Boutros and requested information on the above—mentioned
          case and, in particular, on the legal proceedings according to which this
          person had been sentenced to death.
          487. On 7 Play 1990, another cable was sent to the Government of Sudan
          concerning nine persons — Abderrahmane Farah, Bakir Adel, Abderrassul Al—Nur,
          Lieutenant General Fawzi Abmed Al—Fadel, Lieutenant General Mahdi Babu Nimir,
          Fadlalla Burma Nassir, Lieutenant Abderrahmane Sadig Al—Mabdi,
          Abderrahniane Al—Sayed and Brigadier Osman Abdulmutaleb — who were reported
          to be among a group of over 35 people arrested in late March 1990 for their
          alleged involvement in a conspiracy to overthrow the Government.
          488. In the same context it was reported that 28 senior army officers had been
          executed on 24 April 1990 after being convicted by a military court. It was
          alleged that they had been executed following a surmnary trial and that they
          had been denied legal representation and the right to appeal to a higher court.
          489. Concerned with the fate of the above—mentioned persons who might also
          have been tried summarily and might be in danger of execution, the
          Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to make every effort to
          guarantee their right to life and requested information in this regard.
          490. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Sudan
          transmitting allegations as follows:
          (a) On 24 April 1990, 28 retired and serving army officers, accused of
          involvement in an attempted were executed after a summary trial, which
          lasted for two hours. Before and during the trial, the rights of the accused,
          including the right to legal counsel, were not granted. The names of the
          28 persons were given as follows: Major—General (retired) Khalid al—Zein Aft,
          Major—General (retired) Osman Idriss al—Bolol, MaJor—General (retired)
          Hussein Abdel Gadir al Kadru, Br!gadler (retired) Mohamed Osman Ahmad Karrar,
          Staff—Colonel Ismat Mirqhani OEha, Staff—Colonel Bash ir Mustafa Bashlr,
          Staff—Colonel (retired) Mohamed Ahinad Grassim, Colonel Sa lah al Sayyid
          Hussein, Lieutenant—Colonel Bashir Malt Abu Dik, Lieutenant—Colonel Mohamed
          Abde ]. Aziz Ibrahim, Lieutenant—colonel (retlred) al Sayyid Hussein
          Abdel Rahirn, Ljeutenant—Colcnel (ret Ired) Abdel Noneim Hassan Ali Karrar,
        
          
          E IcN.4 1 199l/36
          page 122
          Lieutenant—Colonel (retired) Bashir at Tayib Nohamed Saleh, Major Salab Al
          flardiri Babiken, Major et Fatib Khalid Khalil, Major Osman al Zein Abdutlah,
          Major Babiker Abdel Rahinan Nugudallali, Air Farce Major Attain at Fatib Yusuf,
          Major at Sheik at Baqir al Sheikh, Major Mu'awiyah Yasin A u, Major Nihad
          Ismail Hamidah, Major Isam at Din Abu at Grassim t4ohamed,
          Major (retired) at Fatih Ahmad Llyas, Major (retired) Sid Abmad Salih,
          Major (retired) Taj ci Din Fatih at Rahman, Captain Muddathir Mohamed Mahjub,
          Air Force Captain Mustafa Awad Khawajali, Captain (retired) Abdel Moniem
          Khasr Kumerier;
          (b) During the past year, several 6ther persons were said to have been
          executed after having been sentenced to death by the Special Courts. The
          procedure followed by the Special Court allegedly did not guarantee the tights
          of the defendant as provided for in the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights, including the right to legal counsel before or during the
          trial and the right to appeal to a higher tribunal. Cases were described as
          follows:
          (i) On 14 April 1989, in Khartoum, Arkango Agadad was executed after
          having been sentenced to death by the special court No. 2 in
          Khartoum;
          (ii) On 5 February 1990, in Khartoum, Gergis Ai—Ghous Boutros, an
          assistant pilot working for Sudan Airways, was executed after having
          been sentenced to death on 2 * December 1989 by special court No. 1
          for breaking currency regulations. He was accused of attempting to
          smuggle foreign currency out of the country;
          (iii) On 17 December 1989, Sayed Ahined All Gaballay, a suspected drug
          dealer, was executed;
          (iv) On 17 December 1989, Magdi Mahgoub, a businessman, was executed for
          a similar offence;
          (v) On 18 February 1990, in Omdurman, Hani Mohamed Hamad was sentenced
          to death by the special court in Omdunnan, after having been
          convicted of drug trafficking;
          (vi) On 7 September 1989, Jalal Ahmed Bacre was sentenced to death by the
          special court in Blue Nile region, after having been convicted of
          drug trafficking;
          (c) In the situation of internal armed conflict in the southern part of
          the country where rebel farces called the Sudan People's Liberation Army
          (5PM) were active and in several instances killed soldiers after they had
          surrendered to the rebel forces, Government forces killed in a sununary manner
          unarmed villagers during counter—rebel operations. Some examples of such
          incidents were described as follows:
          (i) On 23 Apr Il 1989, In a v Illage near Abri in the Nuba mountaIns,
          17 cIv Ilians (men, women and children) were killed in the village
          of tessa by soldiers. The names of it victims were given;
        
          
          El ON. 4 / 1991/36
          page 123
          (ii) On 19 July 1989, 34 men and woman were killed by soldiers. The
          names of 11 victims were given. OEeir bodies were dumped in a well
          in the north—west town of Wan;
          (iii) On 7 October 1989, in El Markhiyat Hills, near Khartoum,
          U soldiers, including 14 southerners and 7 from Nuba, suspected of
          collaboration with SPLA, were summarily executed on orders of the
          minister for cabinet affairs;
          (d) Furthermore, on 21 April 1990, in secret detention in Khartoum,
          Mi Fadul, aged 30, a medical doctor, died as a result of torture.
          491. On 28 November 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Sudan
          transmitting allegations as follows:
          (a) In 1990, several persons were sentenced to death by special courts
          whose judges were appointed by the President or by military commanders. Some
          of the sentences were pronounced under the Narcotics Act of September 1989
          which carries a mandatory death sentence for drug trafficking. According to
          information received, the safeguards provided for by the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in order to guarantee a fair trial were
          not respected in the trials by the special courts. In particular, legal
          representation before or during trial and appeals to a higher court were
          allegedly not allowed. OEe following case was described as an example: In
          August 1990, Mohammed Fadilallab Othman was sentenced to death under the
          Narcotics Act of September 1989 by the special court in Omdurman after being
          convicted of drug trafficking;
          (b) In the context of internal armed conflict, renewed in October 1989
          after a series of unilateral cease—fires, and particularly in the southern
          region of the country where the Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPLA) had
          been active, numerous unarmed civilians were killed in a summary manner by
          Government forces or the militia for their suspected sympathy for the SPLA.
          Since the Popular Defence Act was passed in November 1989, the militia have
          been trained, supported and controlled by the army. Incidents were described
          as follows:
          Ci) In late October and early November 1989, at least 44 unarmed
          villagers were killed by Government militia in the Keiga Alkhel area
          in southern Kordofan. Over half of the victims were women and
          children;
          (ii) More than tOO unarmed Nuba villagers were killed in military raids
          in October 1989 in the Lagawa area in southern Kordofan;
          (iii) Between February and May 1990, dozens of unarmed civilians were
          killed by Government troops as a convoy of 13,000 soldiers travelled
          from Malahal to Juba in southern Sudan. Several villages were
          burned and others looted by the Government soldiers. Civilians in
          the area around the town of Ayod were reported to have been
          targeted, including the following four elderly men burned to death
          in Dior: Gai Nabior, Wan Puot, Bilieu Nyar and Kong Wen.
        
          
          E 1Ct4.6 1l991/36
          page 124
          492. On 5 February 1990 a reply was received from the Government of Sudan to
          the Special Rapporteur's cable of 14 December 1989 (see E/CN.41l990/22,
          paras. 397 to 399) stating that the Secretary—General for Special Political
          Questions, Regional Co—operation, Decolonization and trusteeship of Sudan, had
          already made representations to the Head of State of Sudan on the case of
          Dr. Mamoun Mohamed Hussein.
          493. On 21 May 1990, anbther reply was received from the Government of Sudan
          to the Special Repporteur's cable of 7 May 1990 stating that as regards the
          nine persons, the Government had set up a commission of inquiry to investigate
          their involvement in the conspiracy and that if adequate evidence and proof
          were established beyond any reasonable doubt, they would be indicted end would
          face a just trial in accordance with the law. It was also stated that
          concerning the 28 who were executed by firing squad, these persons had been
          tried by a competent high military court and that the judgement of this court
          was fair and could not be subject to an appeal in conformity with the
          stipulations of the relevant military laws.
          Zssrin ame
          494. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Suriname
          transmitting allegations that on 26 March 1990 in Paramaribo, two bodyguards
          of Ronnie Brunswijk, the leader of the ‘Jungle Commando”, a rebel group, were
          shot dead by a member of the national army while they were accompanying
          Ronnie Brunswijk and his advisors to a meeting with the commander of the army
          for peace negotiations. The two bodyguards were allegedly not armed when they
          were shot.
          495. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Suriname.
          Ar ab Re ub f tc
          496. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of the Syrian
          Arab Republic transmitting allegations that Nunir Fransis died on 14 or
          15 April 1990 in al—Muwassa'a Civil Hospital in Damascus due to internal
          bleeding caused by torture inflicted during his detention. Munir Fransis was
          reportedly arrested together with some 15 persons by al—A i im aX Siyassi at the
          end of March 1990 in Damascus after slogans critical of the Government were
          found written on the walls of the town.
          497. On 28 November 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of the Syrian
          Arab Republic transmitting allegations that on 13 and 14 October 1990, Syrian
          troops reportedly carried out joint military operations with the Lebanese Army
          against the forces of General Aoun in Dahr—al—Wahsh and Souk—al—Gharb,
          Lebanon. In the context of this armed conflict, a large number of persons
          were allegedly killed in a summary manner by Syrian military, in acts of
          retaliation for heavy Syrian losses allegedly inflicted by Aoun supporters
          who, according to Syrian military sources opened fire after having waved
          wh Ite flags and having pretended to surrender The victims allegedly
        
          
          EIcN.4 1199 1135
          page 125
          comprised, inter el la , unarmed Lebanese civilians and Lebanese soldiers of
          General Aoun, captured by the Syrian military. OEe following canes were
          described:
          .
          (a) On 13 October 1990, approximately 100 soldiers of General Aoun were
          reportedly killed in a summary manner by Syrian military after being captured
          and taken as prisoners at Dshr—al—Wahsh, east of Beirut. OEe bodies brought
          from the forest near bahr—al—Wahsh by the Red Cross to the Baabda general
          hospital bore signs of having been shot at close range with hands tied and in
          a kneeling position;
          (b) On 14 October 1990, 14 unarmed civilians were killed in an arbitrary
          manner by Syrian troops in the aftermath of the armed conflict when Syrian
          troops reportedly ransacked homes in Bsous township in search of Aoun
          loyalists.
          498. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic.
          Tunisia
          499. On 28 November 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Tunisia,
          transmitting an allegation that on 3 May 1990, the body of B4di Boutaieb, a
          student, was found in the desert bearing signs of torture, after having been
          forcibly recruited into the Tunisian army after the February 1990 student
          uprisings and having disappeared from the B&nada military base on 4 April 1990.
          500. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Tunisia.
          501. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Turkey
          transmitting allegations that during the past year several persons were killed
          by security forces in the south—eastern part of the country. OEe victims were
          said to be suspected of membership in or support for Kurdish guerrilla
          groups. Cases were descrIbed as follows:
          (a) On 16 September 1989, in Kumcati Village, flasan tltsnc, aged 28,
          Tashir Sevim, aged 25 and Hasan Caner, aged 39, were abducted around 7.00 p.m.
          while they were driving. OEey were later found dead near Ozbek village in
          Mardin province and the time of their death was established to have been at
          about 11.00 p.m. It was alleged that the three were killed by security forces;
          (b) On 19 July 1989, in Kemerli. Village, in Sirnak province,
          ; Mahmut Yasar, aged lt+, was killed by security forces while he was herding
          sheep;
          Cc) On l B July 1989, three inhabitants of Yoncali Village, Hakkari
          provInce, were killed by a security forces conunando unit. The three were:
          Sehmuz Orhan, Bfrnyaznin Orhan and Sabri Orhan;
          Cd) On 17 September 1989, near flerebasi village, Silopi district,
          Mard ln provInce, six villagers were killed by security forces. OEe names of
          the six were given as: Fevzi Beyan, Resit Even, tJzeyir Arzik, Abbas Cigdem,
        
          
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          Sadun Ecyan and Munir Aydin. OEe Emergency Legislation Deputy Regional
          Governor reportedly stated on 17 september 1989 that nine terrorists had been
          killed near Derebasi Village when they had not obeyed an order to stop;
          S
          Ce) On 2 October 1989, in Yakaribesparmak, GUrptvar district,
          Nedim Otter, a brother of a tribe leader, was killed in a summary manner by
          security forces. On 4 October the Regional Governor reportedly stated that
          Nedim Otter wag one of six “terrorists” who had died in an armed clash with
          security forces;
          (f) On 7 November 1989, in Suruc, All Ay was shot dead by security
          forces while he was sitting in the house of his uncle Igget Ay. The deputy
          prosecutor of Sanltiurfa reportedly stated on 15 November 1989 that a Kurdish
          Workers Party (PKX) militant had been killed in an armed clash when he refused
          to obey an order to stop.
          502. On 28 November 1990, another letter was sent to the Government of Turkey,
          transmitting a number of alleged cases of deaths in detention as a result of
          torture and also an incident of killings by the gen nxm,zi of unarmed
          civilians in a Kurdish region. Cases were described as follows:
          (a) On 6 May 1990, Mi Akkan died in the custody of the political police
          in the Antalya police headquarters after having been arrested on 5 May 1990 at
          approximately 10.00 p.m. with two other relatives on suspicion of having given
          shelter to a member of an illegal organization. On 6 May his uncle was
          informed at the police statIon that Ali Akkan had committed suicide by jumping
          out of a window. On 11 May 1990, the Antalya prosecutor decided that there
          : were no grounds for a prosecution in this case. This relatives and members of
          the Human Rights Association, not convinced by the official version of his
          . , death, appealed against the prosecutor's decision and demanded a second
          autopsy;
          (b) On 4 June 1990, Serdar Cekic Abbasoglu was found dead in his cell at
          the Ankara closed prison after having been brought there three days earlier
          from Ankara police headquarters. When he arrived at the prison, he was said
          to be bleeding from his mouth and nose. Re had been detained on suspicion of
          burglary. An official investigation into this case was reportedly initiated
          but its findings have not yet been made public;
          (c) On 9 June 1990 an armed attack on the Kurdish village of Cevrimli
          was reportedly carried out by the ninth regi ment of the gendarmerie in which
          26 unarmed civilians, primarily women and children, were shot to death, in
          retaliation f or villagers who had refused to become “protectors of the
          village” under the control of the security forces.
          503. On 23 October 1990, a reply was received from the Government of Turkey to
          the Special Rapporteur's letter of 26 July 1990 transmitting Information on
          cases a follows:
          (a) Thasan Utanc, Tahain Sevim, and Rasan Caner: OEe inveat gation was
          being carried out by the public prosecutor of Idil and had so far indicated
          that the bodies were found with eyes blindfolded and hands tIed, shot with
          7.62—cal Ibre bullets from Kallshn!kov rifles;
        
          
          E/CN.4/l991/36
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          (b) Nehinet (tlabmut) Yasar: The conclusion of the investigation by the
          office of the district governor and confirmed by the provincial governor was
          that he was shot dead for not obeying orders to stop during a security
          operation near Kemerli, Sirnak province, and that no grounds existed for
          further proceedings;
          (c) Seyhmuz Orhan, BUnyaxnin Orhan, and Sabri Orhan: Sabri and
          Zfrnyaiuin Orhan died on the spot in a exchange of fire between security forces
          and terrorists; Seyoeuz was wounded and subsequently died in Hakkari state
          hospital. Although there was no need for judicial proceedings, the decision
          was referred to the Council of State for further examination;
          Cd) Fevai Beyan, Resit Even, lizeyir Arzik, Abbas Cigdem, Sadun Beyan,
          and Munir Aydin: Six of nine persons were killed in an armed clash with
          security forces, according to an investigation by the office of the governor
          and the Council of State, and according to a decision by the administrative
          council of ilardin province, there were no grounds for further proceedings;
          Ce) Nedim Oner: It was established that Nedim Oner opened fire against
          security forces in order to enable another terrorist to escape from a
          gendarmerie and was shot dead in the crossfire. Competent authorities had
          previously issued an arrest warrant for his alleged co—operation with a
          terrorist organization and drug—smuggling;
          (f) Ali Ay: An investigation by competent authorities concluded there
          were no grounds for action against security officials who shot Ali Ay dead
          white attempting to arrest him on charges of belonging to a terrorist
          organization.
          504. On 11 December 1990, a reply was received from the Government of Turkey
          to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 28 November 1990, providing the
          following information on the cases transmitted:
          (a) A u Akkan: A public lawsuit was initiated against three policemen
          on the basis of the Antalya public prosecutor's indictment dated
          19 September 1990. In the indictment, the public prosecutor demanded the
          punishment of the policemen concerned according to articles 448, 31 and 33 of
          the Turkish penal code. The trial proceedings were still continuing at the
          2nd Anta lya high criminal court. The court requested the forensic department
          to carry out a new medical inquiry in light of the additional information
          supplied by the witnesses;
          (b) Serdar Cekic Abbasoglu: He had been Arrested for theft. On
          4 June 1990 he was found dead in his bed inside the prison. The prosecutor
          immediately initiated an investigation. No evidence of trauma could be found
          as a result of the autopsy. No trace of poison could be detected in the
          beverages or in the food found in the room of the decensed. itistopatholo ical
          analysis of internal organs revealed no sign of ill—treatment or induction of
          extraneous agents into the body. Doctors established the cause of death a
          heart failure and aspfration nsuffLcLency resulting from defects in the
          coronary artery. Consequently, the public prosecutor decIded on
          4 September 1990 that there was no ground for further action;
        
          
          El CN. 4/1991 / 36
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          Cc) Massacre in Cevrimli: On 10 June 1990, a group of PiCK terrorists
          raided Cevrimli village, Sirnak province, murdering 26 civilians, including
          women and children, Attached to the Government's reply on this matter was
          a news report front the Turkish daily Tercuman , a statement issued on
          13 June 1990 by the Department of State of the United States of America and a
          joint declaration by the Turkish parliamentarians attending the Conference on
          Security and Co—operation (CSCE) held in Copenhagen in June 1990, all of which
          supported the Government's position.
          Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
          505. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of the Union of
          Soviet Socialist Republics transmitting allegations as follows:
          (a) In a dispute which arose between Azeris and Armenians in 1987 over
          the jurisdiction of Nagorno—Karabakh Autonomous region, and in intercommunal
          violence which continued in Armenia and Azerbaijan, more than 300 persons
          died on both sides. Among the reported incidents was the following: On
          30 January 1990, during a demonstration in the Azeri capital of Baku, more
          than 30 Armenian civilians were killed by the demonstrators, including two
          women who were thrown from a high building and one pregnant woman who was
          burned alive. It was reported that police and soldiers took no steps to
          protect the Armenians;
          (b) Furthermore, it was reported that on 31 October 1989, at
          the FL. 350/5 Strict Regime Camp (I lK) in Pietchorsk region, Komi Autonomous
          Soviet Socialist Republic, the prisoner Pavel Samsonov, aged 22, died
          allegedly after having been beaten by the captain on duty when he rejected
          the captain's homosexual advances, The prison doctors reportedly stated that
          pneumonia was the cause of his death.
          506. On 12 December 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of the Union of
          Soviet Socialist Republics, transmitting allegations that killings of unarmed
          Armenians, both within the borders of Armenia and in the region of
          Nagorno—Karabakh, allegedly by members of the Soviet armed forces and also by
          Azeris who allegedly acted under the control of the Soviet army, continued to
          occur throughout the year 1990. Specific cases were reported as follows:
          (a) On 27 May 1990, in Yerevan, Armenia, six persons were shot dead by
          Soviet troops which opened fire at demonstrators;
          (b) On 6 september 1990, in the village of Khoznavar, Goris region,
          Armenia, Soviet soldiers entered the village together with Azeris in their
          tanks and killed two shepherds, Khachik and Aram Alaverdian, and took 163 head
          of cattle;
          S
          Cc) On 16 September l99O on the road to the village of Karashen, Cons
          regIon, Armenia, Soviet soldiers attacked and killed Vartegea Ohanian who was
          transporting agricultural produce in his truck;
          a
        
          
          E/CN.4/ 1991/36
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          (a) On 12 October 1990, after midnight, in the village of Khenatsagh,
          Cons region, Armenia, two shepherds, A. Hagopjanian and Y. Mirzoyan, were
          killed by soldiers, and their 1,400 head of cattle were stolen;
          (e) On 22 October 1990, in the village of Leninavan, Flartakert region,
          Karabakh, Soviet soldiers killed a man named Marten while looting.
          507. On 14 January 1991; cable was sent to the Government of the Union of
          Soviet Socialist Republics transmitting information received that on
          13 January 1991, at least 13 civilian demonstrators were killed and over 100
          of them injured when Soviet troops seized the broadcast facilities in
          Vilnius. It was alleged that paratroopers backed by tanks opened fire at
          unarmed crowds gathered about the broadcasting centre.
          508. In view of the continuing tense situation in Lithuania, the
          Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take such measures as to
          ensure that there would be no further loss of life and that the right to life
          of the individual as provided for under article 6 of the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights was fully guaranteed and protected. Be
          requested information from the Government on the above—mentioned incident and
          also on the measures taken to prevent further deaths.
          309. On 23 January 1990, a letter was received from the Government of the
          Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, in addition to its previous reply
          dated 8 January 1990 (see E/CN.4/l990/22, paras. 425 and 426) to the
          Special Rapporteur's cable of 1 December 1989 concerning the case of
          A. Zapevalov (see E/CN.4/1990/22, pans. 422 and 423).
          5104 The letter stated that the legislation in force in the USSR provides that
          no person may be executed except by the sentence of a court of law.
          511. It was stated that the rights of the defendant in cases of this kind were
          adequately protected, as article 22 of the Fundamentals of Criminal Procedure
          of USSR and the Codes of Criminal Procedure of the Union's Republics provide
          for the right to defence counsel in cases involving persons accused of crimes
          punishable by the death penalty. This right is exercised from the moment the
          accused is told the preliminary investigation is over, at which time all the
          records of the case are presented to him for review. This ensures the
          participation of defence counsel in judicial proceedings (see, e.g.
          article 49, para. 5 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian SSR). It
          was stated also that after the judgernent has been rendered, the defendant, or
          his or her defence counsel, or legal representative has the right to appeal.
          Such appeal stays the execution of the judgement. It was stated further that
          only the judgements rendered by the Supreme Court of the USSR and the Supreme
          Courts of the Union's Republics are not subject to appeal. Such judgements
          t may, however, be reviewed at the Union level or at Republic level. In the
          first case, the Prosecutor General of the USSR, the Chairman of the Supreme
          Court of the USSR or one of their deputies may file a protest w&th the Plenu m
          of the Supreme Court of the USSR. In the second case, the Prosecutor of a
          Union Republic, the Chairman of the Supreme Court of a Union Republic or one
          of their deputies may file a protest with the Plenum of the Supreme Court of a
          Union Republic. In addition, defence counsel of the convicted person may
          petition the above—mentioned bodies. It was stated also that after a death
          sentence has taken legal effect, the convicted person has the r Ight to address
        
          
          E/CN.4 1 1991/36
          page 130
          a petition for pardon, to a State body, namely the Presidium of the Supreme
          Soviet of the USSR or the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of a Union Republic,
          depending on the respective jurisdiction. This petition is subject to
          mandatory examination. .
          512. It was stated that the entire list of rights of the defendant as
          guaranteed by the law had been given to the convict, A. Zapevalov.
          513. On 9 October 1990, a reply was received from the Government of the Union
          of Soviet Socialist Republics to the Special Rapporteur's letter of
          26 July 1990, transmitting information on the following cases:
          (a) With regard to the 30 January 1990 incidents alleged to have
          occurred in Azeri, Baku, according to the Procurator's Office of the Union of
          Soviet Socialist Republics, the incidents did not take place;
          (b) With regard to the 31 October 1989 death in custody of
          Pavel Saxnsonov, aged 22, in the Corrective Labour Establishment (flu),
          criminal proceedings were instituted and the investigation was under way.
          United States of A merica
          514. On 3 May 1990, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government
          of the United States of America referring to his previous cable of
          9 November 1989 concerning the case of Dalton Prejean to which he had received
          a reply from the Government dated 24 November 1989 (see E/CN.4/199O/22,
          paras. 428 to 433). It was alleged that according to new information,
          Dalton Prejean, who had been found to be mentally retarded and had had a
          history of mental illness in addition to the fact that he was aged 17 when he
          had committed the murder, was scheduled to be executed on 15 May 1990.
          515. Although he was very well aware of the position of the Government as
          explained in the above—mentioned reply, the Special Rapporteur recalled the
          relevant norms adopted by United Nations bodies. In this connection, he
          referred, in addition, to article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil
          and Political Rights and to Economic and Social Council resolution 1984/50,
          already quoted in his previous cable, and to Economic and Social Council
          resolution 1989/64 of 24 May 1989 entitled “Implementation of the safeguards
          guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty”. In
          paragraph 1, the resolution “Recommends that Member States take steps to
          implement the safeguards and strengthen further the protection of the rights
          of those facing the death penalty, where applicable, by: ... (d) Eliminating
          the death penalty for persons suffering from mental retardation or extremely
          limited mental competence, whether at the stage of sentence or execution .. .“
          514 . the Special Rapportes v appealed to the Govet-nment to oefle every po ibte
          affort to find a way to apare Dalton Prejean's life ,
          517. On 17 December 1990, a cable was sent to the Government of the
          United States of America concerning the case of Christopher Burger who was
          scheduled to be executed on 18 December 1990. According to the intormatirnh
          Chriatophet' burger waa aged 17 when committing the offence for which he was
          sentenced to death, and in addition was found, in August 1989, to be suffering
          from long—term mental illness and organic brain impairment.
        
          
          E /CM .4(1.991(36
          page 131
          518. Although the Special Rapporteur was aware of the fact that the minimum
          age at which the death penalty may be imposed in the State of Georgia is 17,
          he appealed to the Government to make every possible effort to spare the life
          of Christopher Burger. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur referred
          to relevant international instruments and decisions adopted by the
          United Nations, particularly article 6, paragraph 5 of the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which states that “the death sentence
          shall not be imposed for crimes committed by persons below eighteen years of
          age...”, and to Economic and Social Council resolution 1984/50 of 25 May 1984
          entitled “Safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the
          death penalty”. In paragraph 3, the resolution recommended that “persons
          below 18 years of age at the time of the commission of the crime shall not be
          sentenced to death, nor shall the death sentence be carried out on ... persons
          who have become insane”. OEe Special Rapporteur referred also to Economic and
          Social Council resolution 1989/64 of 24 May 1989, entitled “Implementation of
          the safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the death
          penalty” which recommends in paragraph I that “Member States take steps to
          implement the safeguards and strengthen further the protection of the rights
          of those facing the death penalty, where applicable, by ... Cd) Eliminating
          the death penalty for pt rsons suffering from mental retardation or extremely
          limited mental competence, whether at the stage of sentence or execution ...“
          519. On 16 May 1990, a reply was received from the Government of the
          United States of Mierica to the Special Rapporteur's above—mentioned cable
          of 3 May 1990 stating that the imposition of the death penalty in the
          United States was neither summary nor arbitrary, and conformed to all rules
          of international law binding on the United States and that the case of
          Mr. Prejean was no exception. It was stated that he was duly convicted in a
          jury trial, and exercised his extensive rights to appeal his conviction and
          sentence in both State and Federal courts and that in those proceedings,
          Mr. Prejean would have been able to raise relevant defences and introduce
          mitigating factors, including retardation, mental illness and youth.
          520. It was further stated that the power to commute the sentence of
          Mr. Prejean lay not with the Federal Government but with the Governor of the
          State of Louisiana.
          Venezuela
          521. On 11 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Venezuela
          transmitting allegations concerning the events in February and March 1989
          during sihich several persons died, in addition to those already transmitted
          to the Government of Venezuela by the Special Rapporteur's letter of
          25 April 1989. It was further alleged that one year after the events, in only
          four cases charges were brought against those held responsible for the deaths:
          (a) On 1 March 1989, in Palo Verde, Petare, five persons were killed by
          soldiers. According to the allegations, the soldiers and members of the
          metropolitan police shot from building roofs into the crowd. The names of the
          victims were g Iven as follows: Martin Jos Vdsquez, aged 37 ; Jos& Quintana,
          aged 27; Carmen Izquiel Ochoa, aged 14; Yanly Chac6n, aged 19; and Roberto
          Segundo Valbuena, aged 19;
        
          
          El CU . 4 /1991/36
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          (b) On 1 March 1989, in Palo Verde, Petare, Ruben .OE.vier Rojas Camps,
          aged 27, and Joel Ma nn Candoso, aged 15, were killed by soldiers;
          Cc) On 28 February 1989, in Maracay, Juan Carlos Celia Pens, an
          agronomy student, was killed by the police when he took part in a peaceful
          demonstration organized by students;
          Cd) On 28 February 1989, in Maracay, Jos& Chinquin Rodriguez was killed
          by soldiers;
          (e) On 27 February 1989, in the Central Park, Yiiliman Reyes, a student,
          was killed by the police;
          (f) On 28 February 1939, in El yal t a, Miguel Jos Rond6n Eermiidez,
          aged 25, a mechanic, was killed by soldiers when he was repairing his car
          during the curfew hours;
          (g) On 28 February 1989, in El Valle, Jos6 Ger6nimo Valero, aged 22, was
          killed by the police when he and his brother were walking past the police
          station of Tlueva Granada and La Bandana;
          (h) On 28 February 1989, in El Valle, Jestas Zenaido Quijado, aged 25,
          was killed by soldiers during raids carried out in his area;
          (i) On 28 February 1989, in Antimano, H6ctor Daniel Ortega, aged 24, a
          student, was killed by members of the metropolitan police;
          (j) On 23 February 1989, Jos del Carmen Pirela Le6n, aged 16, was
          killed by the police when he was shopping with a friend;
          Ck) On 28 February 1989, in Fetare, Pedro Garcia Pereira, aged 25, was
          killed by the metropolitan police;
          (1) On 2 March 1989, Juan A. Franco Ramos, aged 22, was shot by the
          metropolitan police near his home;
          Cm) On 1 March 1989, Pedro Guia Laya, aged 26, was killed by soldiers
          when he was outside his home during the curfew hours;
          (n) On 18 March 1989, Juan Rojas GSez, aged 19, was killed by the
          police;
          (o) On 2 March 1989, in El Cuarataro, Wolfgang Waldemar Quintana was
          killed by soldiers who shot through the windows of Quintana's apartment.
          522. On 10 February 1990 a reply was received from the Government of Venezuela
          to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 11 December 1989 (see E/CN.4/199O/22,
          para. 439) stating that a number of the cases referred to by the
          Special Rapporteur were closely related since they originated in the events
          that dfsrupted publIc order in Venezuela between 27 February and 6 March 1989.
          523. It was also stated that special consideration should be given to the
          situations arising out of the conduct of the police and the armed forces
          during this period, on the basis of nfor at!cn prov dad by the Fiscal
        
          
          EICN.4/ 199 1 136
          page 133
          General, and in addition to the contents of the Government's reply of
          15 August 1989 to the Special Rapporteur (see EICN.4/l990/22, paras. 44).
          and 442).
          524. The reply explained that the events referred to involved a serious
          disruption of public order and were due to a number of political and social
          factors as well as an exacerbation of the prevailing economic difficulties.
          The suspension of a number of consitutional guarantees and the intervention of
          the armed forces were necessary to restore order. The excesses committed were
          regrettable, and the Fiscal General had instructed members of his staff to
          initiate the appropriate criminal proceedings and to intervene actively until
          a final and enforcible judgement was handed down.
          525. Various difficulties confronted the office of the Fiscal General in
          its efforts to speed up the respective proceedings in order to secure fair
          decisions. For example, in the exercise of their investigative functions, the
          police forces had opened files on each of the cases that arose during this
          period and referred them to the military courts. In view of this situation,
          the office of the Fiscal General contacted the Judicial Police Technical Corps
          to point out that it was the responsibility of the Judicial authorities, not
          administrative bodies, to decide which cr an was competent to try Cases, and
          to request that such actions should not recur in the future.
          526. OEe referral of al l, the cases to the military systeoe of justice made it
          necessary f or the office of the Fiscal General to intervene actively to ensure
          that the criminal cases in which civilian police officials were suspects were
          transferred to ordinary jurisdictiont this process requited a considerable
          amount of time.
          527. Consequently, only a few cases were being dealt with under ordinary
          jurisdiction. Progress was made in a number of them as the investigations
          concerning the persons listed below would indicate:
          (a) Osquelis Campo: OEe 43rd Criminal Court of First Instance of the
          Judicial District of the Federal District and State of Miranda issued an
          arrest warrant against officials of the metropolitan police;
          (b) lilimar Reyes: The presumed liability of officials of the
          metropolitan police was also established and charges were formulated against
          them in the 43rd Criminal Court of First Instance of the Judicial District of
          the Federal District and State of Miranda;
          (c) Eleazar Navares: As there was sufficient evidence to justify the
          presumption of liability on the part of police officials, the prosecution
          of ficals charged members of the metropolitan police;
          (d) Luis Manuel Colmenares: The existence of evidence incriminating
          officials of the metropolitan police was ascertained. Criminal proceedings
          were instituted in the 42nd Criminal Court of First Instance of the Judicial
          District of the Federal District and' State of Miranda;
          (e) Arrnando Antoni o Canelone: Criminal proceedings were instttuted
          agaInst officials of the metropolitan police.
        
          
          E /CN .4/1991 / 36
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          528. In other cases, it has also been difficult to establish any liability
          because the aggrieved parties were in the vicinity of armed clashes involving
          both members of the military and citizens who were taking p 'rt in the protest
          and using firearms.
          529. With regard to the situation that occurred in Venezuela on 27 February
          and the following days, it should be reiterated that although a social
          explosion which took the form of looting of a number of businesses occurred
          initially, this gradually assumed a different complexion in that property was
          destroyed, citizens were assaulted and, finally, groups of armed citizens
          fired on the members of State security bodies, killing a number of military
          and police officials.
          530. In a number of cases the action taken by the intervening forces was
          disproportionate, but there was a combination of factors that cannot be
          analysed separately. In any case, citizens could not be left undefended
          xindizvia the unlawful conduct of others who were destroying their property
          and threatening their integrity.
          531. The office of the Fiscal General did a great deal of work with a view to
          accelerating ongoing proceedings so that the responsibilities for the events
          that occurred might be established. Regular meetings were held with the
          families of persons who died and with non—governmental organizations working
          in the field of human rights, for the purpose of co—operating in order to
          secure justice.
          532. The reply further referred to the events in Axnparo, where 14 persons died
          on 29 October 1988. After the Standing Military Court of San Crist6ba l issued
          arrest warrants against the 19 officials who had participated in these acts,
          the Military Court of the Republic of Venezuela annulled the warrants, arguing
          that the former court had no jurisdiction to issue them and ordering the
          release of the persons accused.
          533. Against this decision, the President of the Republic instructed the
          military prosecutor that the appropriate remedies should be exhausted; he
          therefore announced an appeal to vacate, that appeal being duly formalized.
          534. The appeal to vacate was upheld on 5 December 1989 by the CrIminal Court
          of Appeal of the Supreme Court of Justice, which stated that the Standing
          Military Court was in effect competent to issue the arrest warrants.
          Consequently, it ordered that the file should be referred to the Military
          Court so that it might pass judgement strictly in line with the precedent
          established by the Supreme Court.
          535. However, the Military Court had not ruled in accordance with the
          precedent set by the Supreme Court of Justice, and the office of the
          Fiacal General therefore pressed for the continuation of the case.
          536. The reply further stated that the stage currently reached in the cases
          mentioned in the report of the Special Rapporteur (E/CN.4/l990/22, para. 439) ;
          was as follows:
          (a) Freddy Manuel Dugarte: No new evidence has been produced since 1988
          and the investigation therefore remained open;
        
          
          E/CN.4/ 199 1/36
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          (b) Jos Luis Falomares: OEis person died on 19 September 1987 in a
          military academy. On 12 January 1989, the Second Standing Military Court of
          First Instance of Maracaibo declared the investigation cloned, since there was
          no case, considering that the events which led to the death of this citizen
          were accidental and therefore not punishable. OEe judgement states that the
          available evidence indicated that death was caused by moderate to serious
          dehydration occurring on Monday, 7 September 1987;
          Cc) Martin Soto Mijares: OEe information was currently before
          the 40th Criminal Court of First Instance of the Judicial District of the
          Federal District and State of Miranda against three police officials;
          Cd) F4lix Humberto Pefla Tadino: OEis person died on 9 June 1987, as
          a result of gunshot wounds caused by persona alleged to be officials of the
          Judicial Police Technical Corps, attached to the BAS group. On 24 August 1989
          the ninth prosecution official of the office of the Fiscal General requested
          the appropriate information from the 4th Criminal Court of First Instance of
          the Judicial District of the Federal District and State of Miranda;
          Ce) Luis Miguel Villanueva Ibarra: OEis person died on
          15 December 1987, as a result of gunshot wounds caused by persons alleged to
          be officials attached to DISIP. OEe Supreme Court of Justice has not ruled
          on the appeal on facts brought by the eighth prosecution official of the
          prosecutor t s department of the Judicial District of Aragua State on
          27 October 1988.
          537, On 15 January 1991, a letter was received from the Government of
          Venezuela in reply to the Special Rapporteur's letter dated 11 July 1990
          concerning the incidents which occurred in the country on 27 and 28 February
          and 6 March 1989. OEe Government noted that its detailed commentary on the
          incidents had already been contained in its note dated 10 February 1990. As
          regards concrete cases mentioned by the Special Rapporteur, the following
          information was provided:
          (a) Josh del Carmen Pirela: The case was pending, in its initial stage,
          before a court in the capital;
          (b) Yiilimar Reyes: On 11 April 1989, a warrant of arrest was issued for
          policeman N&stor Eduardo Camel6n Blanco, on a charge of qualified homicide. A
          court later found him guilty of homicide without mitigating factors. But the
          prosecutor's office appealed against the court's judgement on the grounds that
          the official had been charged with qualified homicide;
          Cc) Eleazar Mavaras: On 23 February 1990, a warrant of arrest was
          issued for Alexis Tortes Flores, on charges of qualifted homicide and
          unwarranted use of a firearm. Warrants of arrest were also issued for
          Miguel Angel Andleta, Elfades Alejandro Blanco, Omar Alexis Rodriguez,
          Luis Enrique Arandia, Jose Delfin Acero and Nes l6n Alfredo Altuve, for their
          part in committing the aforementioned of fences;
          Cd) Wolfgang Waldemar Quintana : The case was pending, at its initial
          stage, before a court in the capitalt
        
          
          E/CN.6/ 199 1/36
          page 136
          Ce) As regards the cases of Juan Carlos Cells Pens,
          Josd Chinquin Rodriguez, Pedro Garcia Pereira and Miguel Jos& Rond6n BermCidez,
          the Ministry has so far not been informed of any complaint being filed;
          (f) The ease of }Mctor Daniel Ortega is under penal review with a view
          to bringing it before a court;
          Cg) As regards the c ses of Martin Jos Vhquez, Jos6 Quintana,
          Carmen Izquel Ochoa, Yanly Chac6n, Roberto Segundo Valbuena,
          Rub6n Jdvier Rojas, Joel Mann Candoso, Jos6 Cer6nimo Valera,
          Jestis Zenaido Quijado, Juan Franca Ramos, Pedro Guialya and Rojas G6mez,
          according to the fiscal these names appear on the list of persons who died and
          were buried in common graves. The exhumation of the bodies is now under way
          in order to try to establish the causes of death and to provide confirmation
          of death to the relatives;
          (h) As regards the case known as the “Amparo ease” (see para. 522 ff.
          above) a note dated 12 December 1990 was received providing a summary of
          developments prepared by the office of the Fiscal General of the Republic.
          The various stages of the inquiry and hearing s in the case are described in
          detail. Following a decision by the Supreme Court, a military court on
          6 August 1990 confirmed the arrest warrants issued against 19 members of the
          security forces, rescinded the arrest warrants issued against civilians
          Jos& Antonio Arias and Wolmer Grego nlo Pinilla, and maintained open the
          Investigation into the offences under articles 316 and 317 of the Code of
          Military Justice. The affair was transmitted on 17 August 1990 to the
          : permanent council of war of the town of San Cnistdbal for execution of the
          . warrants, and by 19 September 1990 15 of them had been served.
          Yu os1avia
          538. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Yugoslavia
          transmitting allegations that during the preceding year, in Kosovo province,
          security forces resorted to indiscriminate and e tcessive force in order to
          control demonstrations by ethnic Albanians, including opening fire on
          demonstrators without warning.
          539. Incidents were described as follows:
          (a) On 30 January 1990, in Malisheve, a village in Kosovo province, the
          police fired shots indiscriminately and without warning in the village square
          killing several unarmed villagers. Among the victims was }lusni Mazreku,
          aged 17, who was killed when shots were fired through the glass panes of his
          father's village store;
          (b) On 27 January 1990, in the village of Brestovac, commune of
          Orahovac, the polIce fired without warning, killing four persons. Tear gas
          was allegedly used only after the shooting;
          Cc) On 27 January 1990, in ?e , Fatmir Ukaj, aged 17, was shot dead by a
          sniper from a h&ghriae building. There were reportedly no demonstratL.ons at
          that tIme in that part of the town;
        
          
          E/CN.4 1 1991f36
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          V V
          (d) On 27 January 1990, in Ferizaj, Urosevac, Redzhep Aliu was shot dead
          while working in his garage by a member of the Serbian Republic Reserve Police
          Units;
          Ce) On JO January 1990, near Vucitrn, two persons were shot dead by
          policemen who indiscriminately fired without warning at people walking in the
          streets. The victims were Sadri Makauti, aged 53, and Sadik Malaj, aged 23;
          (f) On 31 January 1990, in Glogovac, two persons were killed when the
          police fired at an assembly of people, reportedly without any cause or warning;
          (g) On 28 January 1990, in Suva Reka, Milot Kryeziu, aged 9, was killed
          by the police;
          Cli) On 31 January 1990, in Stiinlje, Bekim Sejdin, aged 15, was killed
          during a police action aimed at dispersing a crowd;
          Ci) On 1 February 1990, in the village of Lubce, commune of Podujevo,
          Ylfete fruinmoli, aged 19, was killed, allegedly by the police;
          (3) On 1 February 1990, in Podujeva, Fadilj Talla, aged 25, was killed
          by bullets fired from a tank belonging to the Yugoslav People's Army Units.
          540. In addition to the foregoing, a list of persona who were alleged to have
          been killed in Kosovo in January and February 1990 was given as follows:
          Qainil Marina (19), Loxhe, Paje; Ragip Hasanmetaj (23), Strelc, Decan;
          Sadik Malaj (23), Stanovc, Vucltrn; Sadri Maksutaj (48), Popove, Podujeve;
          Lysni Hazreku (17), Malisheve; Reshat Ymeri (21), Gjilan; Enver Morina (23),
          Cikatove, Glogovac; Sahit Shala (25), Krajkove, Glogovac; Xhevat Hoxha (24),
          Gjakove; Fatmin Kerleshi (24), Gjakove; Gani Daci (22), Nabenqjan, Peje;
          A u Hysvukaj (19), Cisk, Peje; Agron Fetann (24), Celinc, Orahovc;
          lialim Roti (29), Krusha e Madhe, Orahovc; Nesim Elshani. (28), Nogavc, Orahovc;
          Itilmi Krasnigi (41), floca e Vogel, Orahovc; Xhevdet Breznica (z2), Dobraje,
          Libjan; A u Kryezin (28), Dubavec, Malisheve; Shani Morina (22), Citakov,
          Glogovac; Islam Morina (31), Topanice, Kainenice; Arsim Abdu llahn (17), Mazrek,
          Malisheve; Ali Tafa (34), Cannaleve, Shtimle; Bedri Morina (23), Cikatove,
          Glogovac; Ahmet Khafqi (54), Dragash; Rasim Masligaj (47), Beleg, Decan;
          Syle Ukha.xhaj (49), Carrabreg, Decan; Osrnan Vokshi (66), Peje, Peje;
          Salman Vojvoda (22), Lianshe, Serbice.
          541. On 10 December 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Yugoslavia
          transmitting allegations that during the past year, in the Kosovo region,
          several persons died as a result of police attacks including indiscriminate
          shooting at unarmed ethnic Albanian civilians,
          542. In addition to these already communicated to the Government, a further
          incident was described as follows: on Friday, 13 September 1990, some time
          after 3.00 a.rn. in the village of Pa11at , district of Podujero, Kosovo,
          Bessim Latifl, aged 22 and Skender ?lonoll, aged 23 were killed when police
          surrounded the village with over 50 police cars and vehicles with polarized
          windows and indiscriminately fired at houses.
          1 •
        
          
          EICN.4/ 1991/36
          page 138
          543. On 5 September 1990, a reply was received from the Government of
          Yugoslavia to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 30 October 1989
          (EICN.4/l990/22, paras. 444—446) concerning allegations that on 27 and
          28 March 1989 and during the first days of April, several hundred persons of
          Albanian backgroud were killed by security forces during demonstrations in
          several towns of Kosovo, particularly in Zur, Malisevo and Gnjilane. The
          letter stated that the extremely aggressive and destructive demonstrators, all
          Albanian nationalists and separatists, brutally attacked security forces with
          stones, knives, inflarmnable objects and, finally, firearms. As a consequence,
          two police officers were killed by demonstrators.
          544. OEe letter stated that faced with such extreme violence which threatened
          lives and property in the province, the security officers showed restraint and
          undertook only defensive measures to break up the demonstrators. It was
          stated that the main aim was to defend human lives and property and to
          re—establish public order.
          545. OEe letter further stated than when these measures proved ineffective,
          the police forces resorted to firearms, but only in the most critical
          situations. These clashes of 27 and 28 March resulted in the death of 22
          demonstrators, with 10 dead at the scene and two others who succumbed to
          wounds in or on their way to medical institutions. It was stated that police
          and investigative officers took all possible measures to carry out proper and
          on—site investigation of the deaths. The investigations established the
          following:
          (a) Zur, convnune of Prizren: Ojemsit Badalaj, aged 25, a resIdent of
          Zur, Prizren; Djulbehar Eadalaj, aged 23, a farmer, wounded in Zur, died in
          the general hospital of Pristina; Hajrim Badalaj, aged 13, a pupil, wounded in
          Zur, died on 10 April in surgical clinic of Pristina. OEese deaths occurred
          on 28 March 1989 when 600 pupils gathered in the courtyard of the primary
          school, which had been closed as a precaution, and refused to return home as
          warned. Villagers joined the pupils, and despite police orders to disband,
          the demonstrators attacked police vehicles carrying officers and attacked
          police with Molotov cocktails and firearms;
          (b) Gnjilane: On 27 March 1989, at around 3.00 p.m., Agim Rusiti,
          aged 22, from Draganac, Cnji lanc, was wounded when some 10,000 demonstrators
          gathered in three parts of the town injured 11 police officers, destroyed
          buses and shop windows and used firearms against police and a police
          helicopter. Agiin Rusiti died on 29 March in the hospital of Pristina;
          (c) Pristina, Marsala Tita Street: Vetun Salja, aged 21, a medical
          student, was wounded and died in Pristina Surgical Clinic; Ismet Krasnici,
          aged 32, a carpenter, died on the spot near “ b” mosque; Sevdat Berisa,
          aged 28, an employee of “Elektroprivreda Kosovo' died on the spot in L. Ribar
          Street; Sukrije Obrtinca, aged 16, a student, died on the spot in L. Ribar
          Street; Mustafa Veseljaj, aged 23, a theology student, died on the spot in
          Jablanicka Street. His body was discovered on 28 March in a house cellar.
          OEese deaths occurred when demonstrators, mostly young people, persisted in
          their attempts to proceed to the dty centre, threw at police stones and
          Molotov cocktails, attacked police vehicles and a bulldozer, set petrol on
          fire, and finally used firearms;
        
          
          E/CN.41l99 1/36
          page 139
          Cd) Tita tiiltrovica: Bedri Hasanaj, aged 21, wounded near the bus
          terminal, died in the general hospital of Titora Mitrovica; Behar Sumnici,
          aged 50, died on the spot, hit by a stray bullet; Hilmi Kajtazi, aged 34,
          was wounded near the bus terminal and died in the general hospital of Titova
          Mitronica; frakif Bislimi, aged 33, dIed on the spot near the bus terminal;
          Ramadan Zeceri was wounded. near the bus terminal and died in the general
          hospital. These deaths occurred when a group of women and children were
          joined by a larger group in the “Tamnik” town area who blocked roads with
          burning tyres, attacked police with stones and other objects and, finally,
          with firearms. Anti—riot devices were used to discourage demonstrators but
          the demonstrators fired back killing one police officer;
          Ce) Dusanovo: Muharem Kabasi, aged 18, a student, wounded in Dusanovo,
          died on route to the hospital; Afrim Bitici, aged 14, a student, wounded in
          Dusanovo, died in the Prizren hospital;
          (f) Decani: Ismet Coraj, aged 21, a warehouse worker, died on the spot
          in Marsala Tita Street; Sali Haderdjonaj, aged 19, a student, wounded in
          Marsala Tita Street, died on route to hospital; Agim Kukljeci, aged 46, a
          driver with Kosovotrans, wounded while driving his bus, died on 8 April in
          Pristina hospital. The investigation found that he was struck by a stray
          bullet.
          546. With regard to cases transmitted by the Special Rapporteur
          on 30 October 1989 in Malisevo, Csee E/CN.4/1990/22, para. 464 Cb)), it
          was stated that the demonstrations did not result in any casualties.
          547. On 27 November 1990, a reply was received from the Government of
          Yugoslavia to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 26 July 1990 concerning
          allegations of use of indiscriminate and excessive force by security forces
          to control demonstrations by ethnic Albanians in Kosovo province.
          548. The letter stated that according to an official investigation by the
          Federal Secretariat for Internal Affairs to the Federal Executive Council, in
          cases where security forces had resorted to the use of firearms it was under
          conditions and in a manner stipulated by law and within the limits of their
          legal competence, and that they resorted to firearms only in case of extreme
          violence and in legitimate self—defence. The letter further stated that the
          objective of the separatists was to impede and prevent the functioning of
          legal authorities, regular economic production, traffic and communication by
          means of persistent attacks on the lives and property of non—Albanian citizens
          and by attacking even with firearms, police officers, who tried to secure the
          full legal, personal and property security and safety of all citizens in
          Kosovo.
          549. According to the letter, police showed utmost restraint and used firearms
          only in extreme necessity and in response to shots from behind barricades or
          at night, and it was in this context that 28 persons were killed. It was
          stated that the Lnternal affa!rs and court officials of Kosovo and ?ietohija
          ‘ did their utmost to conduct investigations, that in 22 out of the 28 cases
          of death the authorities were given permission by the families to perform
          autopsies, and that the Province Secretariat for Internal Affairs of Kosovo
          and Metohija submitted to the district attorney a report on the circumstances
          of each death and a report on the investigation conducted by the investigating
          Judge.
        
          
          EfCN.4 1199 1/36
          page 140
          550. With regard to the incidents referred to in the letter of the Special
          Rapporteur, it was stated that allegations of the incidents in Maliafeve and
          Erestovac (see para. 539 (a) and (b) above) did not hold true. It was stated
          that on 30 January 1990, in Malisevo, Kosovo province, the police clashed with
          over 2,000 separatists and not with unarmed villagers, and that only after
          prior warnings to disperse were issued and tear—gas was used, and also after
          the crowd had fired, wounding a police officer, did the police respond with
          fire, causing the death of Husni Mazreku and AlL Kryeziu.
          551. In regard to the incidents in Brestovac, Orahovac, it was stated that
          on 27 January 1990, 500 separatists throwing stones and flammable objects
          clashed with police. OEe police issued warnings, used tear—gas, and only when
          shots were fired from the crowd, did police return fire killing four persons,
          Haljim Maljusa froti, aged 30; Hiljmi Redze Krasnici, aged 41; Nesim Ozema lja
          Eljsani, aged 28; Agron Uka Petah, aged 23.
          552. With regard to the incident in Pec (see para. 539 (c) above) it was
          further stated that on 27 February in Pee, violence broke out simultaneously
          in different places, particularly in the centre where police were shot at from
          a crowd of about 1,000 people. In this context, Fatmir Hazir Ukaj, aged 17,
          was wounded and died in the hospital of Pee. Other deaths reported in this
          clash were as follows: Cainil Sulja Morina, aged 19; Gani Malj Daci, aged 21;
          Ali Niman Hisvukaj, aged 19; and Osman Voksi, aged 56.
          553. In regard to the incident in Ferizaj (see para. 539 (d) above), it was
          stated that Redzep Beran (not Redzep Aliu, as described in the Special
          Rapporteur's communication) was shot dead in front of his garage, and was an
          innocent victim of a clash between police and rioters.
          554. Other persons stated to have been killed in similar clashes were as
          follows: Sahit Ibise Salja, aged 25, in Clogovac (para. 539 (ffl;
          Enver Bajriz Norma, aged 23, in Clogovac; Sani Ibise Murina, aged 28, in
          Clogovac; Selman Vojvoda, aged 22, in Srbica; ltagip Brahim Hasanmetaj,
          aged 22, in Decane; Sulj Harir Ukhadzaj, aged 49, in Decane;
          Dzevat Isrnet Hodzaj, aged 28, in Djakovica; Fatmir Mazluma Krljesi, aged 24,
          in Djakovica; Mi Jetulah Tafa, aged 35, in Stimlja; Dzevdet Hasana Eresnica,
          aged 22, in Lipljan; Bekim Ruzdi Sejdiu, aged 15, in Kosare;
          Rent Zecir Imeri, aged 21, in Gnjilane.
          555. In regard to the incident near Vucitrn (see para. 539 (e) above), it was
          stated that Sadri Naksut and Sadik MalaJ were not killed while they were
          walking in the streets but in the context of riots on 30 January 1990 on the
          main Street of Pristina — Titova tlitrovica — when more than 1,000 separatists
          set up barricades and refused to disperse after pol!ce warnings and tear—gas
          were used. OEe demonstrators opened fire on the police and only then did the
          police return the fire. .
          556. With regard to the inc denta in StimiJa in Malisevo (see para . 539 (f)
          and (h) above), It was also stated that on 31 January 1990 the situations were
          similar in the village of Stlmlja, where BOO separatists set up barricades,
          and near the village of Glogovac where 2,000 demonstrators besieged the
          raIlway tracks, With regard to the incident on 28 January 1990 in Suva Reka
          (para. 539 (g)), it was further stated that although it was a regular practice
          for Albanian separatists to use women and children for cover, it was not
          Milot Kryaziu, aged 9 who wan killed but Melit (Zejnela) Kryeziu, aged 32.
        
          
          E/CN.4/1991/36
          page 141
          557. with regard to the incident along the Podujevo—Pristina road
          (see pars. 539 (i) and (j) above) on 1 February 1990, it was stated that
          separatists had set up barricades and threw Molotov cocktails to prevent the
          passage of a police convoy. In this clash Ylfete Rumoli and Fadilj Talla were
          shot dead.
          558. In regard to the othet deaths referred to in the Special Rapporteur's
          letter, the reply stated that it was established that Bedri Morina, aged 23,
          from Cikatova and a philosophy student in Pristina, was not killed. It was
          also stated that persons with the names of Arsim Abdullahn from Masreke,
          Ahmet Khafqi from Dragas and Rasim Masligaj from Beleg did not exist.
          559. Islam Marina from Topanica was said not to have been shot in riots but
          when the driver of a car in which he was riding ran into a police patrol at
          high speed outside osovo on 5 February 1990. Criminal charges were brought
          against the driver for attacking police officers.
          s&o. On 15 January 1991, a reply was received from the Government of
          Yugoslavia to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 10 December 1990 stating
          that, as already explained in the Government t s letter of 27 November 1990, the
          well—organized and aggressive Albanian secessionist movement in Kosovo was the
          most drastic example of minority right abuses for the purpose of secession,
          unprecedented in Europe in the post—war period. It was also stated that in
          the face of such an aggressive separatist drive, also having terrorist
          features, it was necessary to take all measures required by law with a view to
          defending the territorial Integrity of Serbia and the unity of Yugoslavia as a
          whole and that the introduction of these measures resulted in tosses of human
          life, as was the case with Besim Latifi and Skender Monolli.
          561. According to the reply, in order to discover the location of smuggled
          arms and ammunition, the police sealed off a few residential buildings and
          other facilities in the village of Palatna on 13 September 1990 at 5.30 a.m.
          It was stated that the persons trapped in the buildings and those hiding in
          the adjoining woods put up strong resistance until 11.10 aan. and that shots
          were fired at the police and their vehicles. It was stated that despite the
          police warning, the shooting intensified and a policeman was seriously wounded
          by the shots fired by Besim Latifi; the police fired back and Latifi died
          instantly. It was also stated that while one of the buildings was being
          searched, Skender Monolli opened fire on the policemen standing by their car,
          gravely injuring a police ofEicer; the police fired back at him, he was
          wounded, and later died in a hospital at Pristine,
          562. After the search had been completed, the following items were found:
          four army rifles, four guns, a large supply of ammunition for guns and rifles,
          slow—burning dynamite sticks and a radio transmitter.
          363. It was stated thet the tnvestigation on the scene wan conducted by two
          teams, including examining magistrates and public prosecutors from Pristina;
          that on the basis of the very thorough fnvestigation it was established that
          the police had used firearms I I accordance with its legal authority
          (under article 44, para. 1, subpara. 5 of the Law of the Republic of Serbia on
          Internal Affairs and article 6, para. 1, subpara. 3 of the rules for the use
          of firearms) in order to deter direct attacks endangering life, and only
          against persons firing at and wound ing pol:ce offIcers. The reply concluded
        
          
          E /CN .4/199l 136
          page 142
          by stating that the allegations contained in the Special Rapporteur's letter
          of 10 December 1990 that the police fired indiscriminately at unarmed Albanian
          civilians were unfounded.
          .
          564. The reply also referred to the Law on Internal Affairs Relating to the
          Use of Firearms. In carrying out their duties authorized internal affairs
          officers resort to firearms and other means of coercion in compliance with the
          Law on Internal Affairs of th Socialist Autonomous Province (SAP) of Kosovo . .
          ( official. Gazette. SAP of Kosoyc , No. 46/87). Under article 63 of the above
          law, officers are authorized to resort to the use of firearms if there are no
          other means of protecting human lives or to counter an attack endangering the
          lives of officers on duty. It was further stated that, under article 68, an
          officer on duty, before resorting to firearms or other means of force, is
          obliged to warn the person in question beforehand of his intentions providing
          that the circumstances allow for it.
          565. On 26 July 1990, a letter was sent to the Government of Zaire
          transmitting allegations that in April and May 1990, several students and
          politial activists were shot dead by Government forces in a summary manner
          for their activities in support of political reforms.
          566. The following incidents were described:
          (a) On 30 April 1990, in icinshasa, several members of the Union for
          Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS) were killed by soldiers of the Division
          p&cia1e pr6sidentielle (DSP) using guns and bayonets to disperse a gathering
          of the Union. Among those killed were Mwamba Denis and Bwala Ewala;
          (b) During the night of 11 May 1990, in Shaba region, several students
          were shot dead or killed with bayonets and machetes at the campus of
          Lubumbashi University, by soldiers of the DSP. According to a source, the
          number of victims reached over 100. OEe killings reportedly took place after
          some students had beaten several of their colleagues who were suspected of
          being informers for the security services.
          567. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Zaire.
          *
        
          
          E / C II • L 1 1991 / 36
          . . page 143
          111. LEGAL AND ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH THE MANDATE
          OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR IS IMPLEMENTED
          568. The mandate of the Special Rapporteur was established by Economic and
          Social Council resolution 1982/35, the first two paragraphs of which define
          its normative basis: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. These instruments, it
          is recalled, guarantee the right to life, liberty and security of the person
          and seek to ensure that every human being has the right to life, that such
          right shall be protected by law and that no one shall be deprived arbitrarily
          of his or her life.
          569. Relevant provisions of the Covenant include article 4 concerning a state
          of emergency, article 7 concerning torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading
          treatment or punishment, article 9 concerning the right to liberty and
          security of person, article 10 concerning the treatment of persons deprived of
          their liberty, article 14 concerning the right of the person to procedural and
          substantive due process of law and article 15 stating the principle of njj
          These provisions are considered against the background of
          article 6 of the Covenant and article 3 of the Universal Declaration, both of
          which affirm the inherent right of every human being to life. The mandate of
          the Special Rapporteur has to be understood within the legal context of the
          preceding provisions as well as within the factual context prevailing in a
          particular country.
          570. In addition, the Special Rapporteur is guided by a number of other
          standards promulgated by United Nations organs and bodies. These are: the
          Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Economic and Social
          Council resolution 663C (XXIV) of 31 July 1957 and 2076 (LXII) of
          13 May 1977), the Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being
          subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
          Punishment (General Assembly resolution 3452 (XXX) of 9 December 1975);
          the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials (General Assembly
          resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979); the Safeguards guaranteeing protection
          of the rights of those facing the death penalty (Economic and Social Council
          resolution 1984/50 of 25 May 1984); the Convention against Torture and Other
          Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (General Assembly
          resolution 39/46 of 10 December 1984); the Body of Principles for the
          Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment
          (General Assembly resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988); the Effective
          prevention and investigation of extra—legal, arbitrary and summary executions
          (Economic and Social Council resolution 1989/65 of 24 May 1989); and the Basic
          Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials
          (adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and
          the Treatment of Offenders, held in Havana, Cuba, from 27 August to
          7 September 1990; the text of these Principles is attached as an annex to the
          present report).
          571. Finally, the Special Rapporteur, in the implementation of his mandate
          during the past year and in the drafting of the present report, took into
          account resolutIons 1990/75 and 1990176 adopted by the Commission on Human
          Rights at its forty—sixth session. The first requested the Special Rapporteur
          to pay attention in his report to the consequences of acts of violence
        
          
          E/CN.4/199 1/36
          page 144
          committed by irregular armed groups and drug traffickers upon the enjoyment of
          human rights. The second requested him to take urgent steps in conformity
          with his mandate to help prevent the occurrence of acts of intimidation or
          reprisals and to devote special attention to this in his report.
          572. The mandate of the Special Rapporteur gradually has come to define its
          terms of reference through practice and the Special Rapporteur has dealt with
          situations which can be categori:ed as follows:
          (a) Allegations of executions or deaths which might have taken place in
          the absence of safeguards, such as those set forth above, designed to protect
          the right to life. These allegations concern:
          (i) Actual or imminent executions:
          a. Without a trial;
          k. With a trial but without safeguards designed to protect the
          rights of the defendant as provided for in articles 14 and 15
          of the international Covenant on Civil and Political Rights;
          (ii) Deaths which took place:
          e• As a result of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
          during detention;
          li. As a result of abuse of force by police, military or any other
          governmental or quasi—governmental forces;
          . As a result of assault by paramilitary groups under official
          control; .
          . As a result of assault by individuals or paramilitary groups
          not under official control, but acting with official collusion
          or connivance;
          (b) In addition to the above, the Special Rapporteur has taken action
          concerning cases of death threats allegedly made by:
          (I) Members of police, military or any other governmental or
          quasi—governmental forces;
          (ii) Individuals or paramilitary groups under official control or acting
          with official collusion or connivance.
          573. The Special Rapporteur has implemented his mandate by:
          (a) Requesting information from the Governments concerned relating to
          allegations of summary or arbitrary executions;
          (b) Issuing urgent appeals to the Governments concerned regarding
          alleged cases of imminent or threatened executions;
        
          
          . E/CN.4 1l991/36
          page 11*5
          (c) Upon the invitation of the Government concerned, conducting on—site
          visits to certain of the countries with which he has had communications during
          the course of the execution of his mandate;
          Cd) Meetings with Government representatives.
          574. The Special Rapporteur's methodology of work has developed in practice
          over the years. At present, the annual report of the Special Rapporteur
          reflects allegations transmitted to Governments in the form of urgent appeals
          by cable and communications by letter, together with information or
          observations supplied by Governments in response to the same. On—site visits
          conducted by the Special Rapporteur are reflected either within the annual
          report or as addenda thereto. A detailed description of allegations,
          information and Government views received during the course of the Special
          Rapporteur's visit, together with the Special Rapporteur's evaluation and
          recommendations are set forth therein.
          575. The Special Rapporteur is aware of the limitations of the present
          methodology. Taking into account comments and suggestions received concerning
          ways and means of improving that methodology, the Special Rapporteur would
          like, preliminarily, to suggest a number of practical steps designed to
          improve it. Within the context of promoting a more sustained interaction with
          Governments, the Special Rapporteur intends to initiate specific follow—up
          procedures. These would include:
          (a) Where replies are received from Governments, the Special Rapporteur
          will hold consultations with the Governments concerned, as well as with the
          sources of the information on which the allegations transmitted to the
          Governments were based. In resolutions 44/159 and 45/156, the
          General Assembly requested the Special Rapporteur “to promote an exchange
          of views between Governments and those who provided reliable information to
          the Special Rapporteur, where the Special Rapporteur considers that such
          exchanges of information might be useful”. The Special Rapporteur indicated
          in his last report that he was willing to assume this task (E/CN.411990/22,
          para. 475); he reaffirms that willingness;
          (b) Where replies are not received from Governments, the Special
          Rapporteur will continue to solicit Government replies and to monitor the
          development of the situation or cases in question.
        
          
          E/CN.4 1 199 1 136
          page 146
          IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
          A. 1isiszn
          576. With his present report, the Special Rapporteur has completed his
          ninth year since the establishment of his mandate in 1982. In reviewing
          past reports and information he has received, he concludes that summary or
          arbitrary executions still are prevalent in many parts of the world.
          577. As the mandate of the Special Rapporteur has become better known, the
          amount of information received relating to summary and arbitrary executions
          rises. So too, have the number of communications to Governments. However,
          the Special Rapporteur is aware that the information which has reached him
          represents only a part of the entire phenomenon of summary and arbitrary
          executions. He hopes that the efforts and co—operation of various
          international and national organizations directed at establishing a better
          information network will continue to improve the transmission of information
          both in quantity and speed.
          578. The Special Rapporteur wishes to draw the attention of the international
          community to the following situation:
          1. fl
          579. The year 1990 saw an increasing number of death threats. These were
          aimed particularly at human rights activists, trade unionists, teachers,
          lawyers, peasants and student leaders. In many cases they were carried out.
          These threats emanated from a variety of sources such as police, military,
          paramilitary groups and civil defence groups. As can be seen from this
          report, the practice of the Special Rapporteur has been in such canes to issue
          an urgent appeal to the Government to take appropriate measures to protect the
          life of the person so threatened. The Special Rapporteur is pleased to note
          that in a number of cases Governments have carried out an investigation
          leading to the capture of the person or group which issued the threat. In
          some cases, Governments have denied the allegations. In many cases, however,
          Qovernments have not responded to the urgent appeal and consequently, the
          Gp oinL RapportGur in not awnra if any anion han b n tfl n by thn Qovnrnm@nt
          concerned ,
          2. Deaths in custody
          580. Throughout 1990, there was an alarming increase in reports of people who
          had died in custody. In many cases, it was alleged that the deaths had
          resulted from torture. In other cases, deaths reportedly resulted from harsh
          prison conditions, or a lack of food, hygiene or medical attention,
          331 , In a tow Canoe, a pQ.tt tn. jfl report wag ianuad and a magisterial inquiry
          led to those responsible being disciplined by suspension or dismissal. In
          many casea, however, such procedures were not followed and the bodies were not
          returned to the relatives when they so requested.
          w :‘T ‘:j 4 1' ' 'n • . ., , , :
          . . . . - - , - . - -
        
          
          R/CN.4/l99l/36
          page 147
          3. Executions fol lowin2 inadequate trial or ludiciaLDrocedure s
          582. As can be seen from the report, a number of persons %lere executed
          pursuant to a conviction arrived at following inadequate judicial procedures.
          In some cases, the accused persons were not allowed to call witnesses. In
          others, legal representation was not allowed. In many cases, the summary
          procedure did not allow for the decision to be reviewed by a higher tribunal
          in accordance with the law. In at least one case, the higher tribunal was the
          same tribunal which rendered the initial decision.
          4. Extra—legal executions within the context of
          situations of internal conflict
          583. During the past year, the Special Rapporteur received information on
          incidents of killings by members of military units of members of opposition
          groups in the areas where the Government had lost effective control. In such
          areas, rival units of Government forces fought with each other or opposition
          groups fought with army units which were not effectively controlled by the
          army central command.
          584. The Special Rapporteur wishes, in particular, to highlight the situation
          which prevailed in Liberia throughout much of 1990. Because of the lack of
          governmental authority within the country, the Special Rapporteur was unable
          to transmit an appeal concerning the situation. Thousands of civilians have
          reportedly died since January 1990, when rebel forces entered into Nimba
          county from outside Liberia and the Government forces retaliated against the
          local population. Killings notably increased after the rebel forces, called
          the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), and its breakaway group
          entered Monrovia in July 1990. A large number of civilians were reportedly
          killed both by Govertunent troops and by the rebel groups. It was alleged that
          the Government, by then, had lost effective control over the behaviour of its
          troops who resorted to summary killings of civilians mainly belonging to
          the do and Mano ethnic groups. In one such incident, on 29 July 1990,
          some 600 civilians including women and children who had sought refuge at a
          church in Monrovia were reportedly killed in a summary manner by Govern ment
          t roops. Rebel forces, on the other hand, allegedly killed prisoners,
          ivilians in areas taken over by their troops and those fleeing Monrovia who
          were suspected of being sympathetic to the Government or those belonging to
          the Krahn ethnic group or the Mandingo community. By August 1990, when member
          States of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) sent troops
          (ECOMOG) in an attempt to achieve a cease—fire, the Government had lost its
          control over the country. Since the capture and the execution of President
          Samuel floe by rebel forces in November 1990, the country had been without any
          governmental authoritiy and the armed conflict between rival rebel forces
          continued.
          585. During the past year, the Spec!al Rapporteur received information from
          various parts of the world indicating that a large number of lives were lost
          in internal armed conflicts. By analysfng such informatIon, the Special
          Rapporteur recognIzes that violent armed conflicts are widespread and that ]
          the level of violence used both by Government forces and opposition groups
        
          
          E/CN.4/1991/36
          page ltiB
          continues to escalate. The violent suppression of demonstrations or protests
          often involved indiscriminate and excessive use of lethal force, causing an
          unjustifiable loss of lives. Such incidents, together with acts of terrorism
          and retributive killings and assassination, have been attributed both to
          Government agents and to opposition groups.
          586. in previous reports, the Special Rapporteur has drawn attention to
          intimidation, death threats, assassination attempts and various other forms
          of reprisal against individuals and human rights groups involved in cases or
          situations of summary or arbitrary executions. At its forty—sixth session,
          the Commission adopted resolution 1990/76, encouraging the Special Rapporteur
          to take more effective steps to protect individuals or groups who are the
          victims of reprisals because of their human rights activities. The Special
          Rapporteur welcomes the support voiced by the Commission to these human rights
          defenders and is endeavouring, within the limited resources available to him,
          to realize such protective measures.
          587. In previous reports, the Special Rapporteur also has highlighted deaths
          which result from groups opposing the Government. At its forty—sixth session,
          the Commission adopted resolution 1990/75, expressing its deep concern at the
          adverse effects on the enjoyment of human rights of the crimes and atrocities
          committed in many countries by irregular armed groups, regardless of their
          origin, and drug traffickers, and requesting Special Rapporteurs to pay
          particular attention to the activities of irregular armed groups and drug
          traffickers in their forthcoming reports to the Commission. The Special
          Rapporteur drew the attention of the Commission to these problems particularly
          in the context of a more detailed study of country situations as a result of
          field missions and wishes to refer to his report on the visit to Colombia
          (11—20 October 1989) presented to the Commission at its last session
          (E/CN. 4/1990/22/Add .1).
          588. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur particularly would 1ik to
          draw the attention of the international community to the increased occurrence
          of summary or arbitrary executions in situations of internal conflict. In
          addition to those who were killed in such situations, many others died from
          malnutrition and lack of adequate medical attention. One such situation,
          namely that of Liberia, is described in detail by the Special Rapporteur
          above. A number of other phenomena of summary or arbitrary executIons cited
          by the Special Rapporteur in the present report occurred within the contest f
          internal conflicts.
          589. Unfortunately, it would appear as though such situations are likely to
          increase in number and, quite possibly, in intensity in forthcoming yecrs.
          The Special Rapporteur is disposed of a limited number of mechanisms t.
          implement his mandate: he is able to appeal to Governments to adhere to the
          principles embodied In existing international instruments and standards and.
          within the limIts of human and material resources currently at his dispo ,
          to follow—up such appeals; he is able to call upon the International
          community, in general, and upon individuals, non—governmental and
          intergovernmental organltations active in the field of human rights, in
          particular, to support the activities of the Special Rapoorteur.
        
          
          E/CN.4/l99 1/36
          page 169
          590. Especially in situations of internal conflict, the Special Rapporteur
          often has received replies from Governments asserting the non—responsibility
          of the latter for a case or situation on the grounds that the killing was not
          the result either of an abuse of force by governmental or quasi—governmental
          forces, or of groups or individuals acting under official control. Yet, as a
          legal and as a practical matter, the Special Rapporteur's only interlocutor is
          the Government of a particular State and he cannot but take up these matters
          with tho Govarnmonta concornad.
          591. The Special Rapporteur wishes to reiterate that where a Government's
          practice fails to meet the standards set forth in the Principles on effective
          prevention and investigation of extra—legal, arbitrary and summary executions
          (Economic and Social Council resolution 1989/65 of 24 May 1989), the Special
          Rapporteur will consider such failure as an indication of that Government's
          responsibility, even where Government officials are found not to be directly
          involved in the acts of summary or arbitrary execution (E/CN.4/1990/22,
          para. 463). The Special Rapporteur intends to invoke these Principles in
          his communications with Governments, as well as in any follow—up procedures
          undertaken in connection with particular situations or cases.
          592. Despite the above, the Special Rapporteur recognizes that, in a number of
          instances, Governments are making an earnest effort to prevent the killings,
          carry out proper investigations and conduct legal proceedings (Economic and
          Social Council resolution 1989165 of 24 May 1989). OEe Special Rapporteur
          praises these efforts and expects that they will continue. Nevertheless, in
          so far as the mandate of the Special Rapporteur can be understood only against
          the background of the need to ensure the inherent right of the person to life,
          he calls upon Governments to consider ways in which respect for that right can
          be maintained under all conditions, including those of internal conflict.
          593. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur would welcome any initiatives
          undertaken by the Commission on Human Rights or by its Sub—Commission to
          formulate standards to which Governments and groups opposing Governments could
          refer during situations of armed conflict in order to lower the level of
          violence and the needless loss of life consequent thereupon. Given the
          practical experience which the Special Rapporteur has obtained during the
          course f his mandate, he would be willing to put such experience at the
          disposal of the Commission or the Sub—Commission whenever so requested.
          594. In response to resolution 1990/58 of the Commission on Human Rights, the
          Special Rapporteur reiterates his conviction that the effectiveness of his
          mandate can be enhanced through the use of the advisory services and
          technical assistance programme operating within the Centre for Human Rights
          (E/CN.4/1990/22, paras. 466—468) , He, therefore, will make recommendations
          in this regard wherever appropriate and especially within the context of
          country—specific situations and on the basis of information obtained during
          the course of jj j.j s visits to countries.
          595. Finally, the Special Rapporteur would like to express his gratitude for
          the support given to Elm by the secretariat of the United Nations Centre for
          Human Rights throughout the perIod during which he has served as the Special
          Rapporteur on summary or arbitrary executions. In order, however, to achieve
        
          
          E/CN.4/ 199l136
          page 150
          the above—mentioned goals, the Special Rapporteur would require increased
          human and material resources from the secretariat. The latter are necessary
          to enable the Special Rapporteur adequately to cope with the analysis of an
          ever—increasing flow of information relating to his mandate. In addition, the
          Special Rapporteur would require additional assistance in researching the
          issues relating to both the thematic and country—oriented aspects of his
          mandate and, in particular, the complex research and analytical
          responsibilities involved in the preparation of on—site visits to countries.
          It would, indeed, be desirable to obtain additional resources to enable the
          Special Rapporteur to conduct more on—site visits, together with the necessary
          follow—up thereto.
          596. OEe mandate of the Special Rapporteur has developed markedly since its
          inception. The Special Rapporteur calls upon the Commission to lend the
          Special Rapporteur the support he needs to carry out a mandate whose
          obligations and meaning continue to evolve.
          . Recommendations
          597. In view of these conclusions, the Special Rapporteur would like to make a
          number of recommendations, as follows.
          598. He would like to recommend to Governments:
          (a) To review national laws and regulations, as well as the practice of
          judicial authorities, with a view to securing effective implementation of the
          standards set forth in the preceding chapter and, in particular, the latest
          set of standards adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the
          Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders;
          (b) To make every effort to ensure that governmental or quasi—
          governmental forces, as well as individuals or paramilitary groups operating
          under official control adhere to the above—mentioned standards;
          Cc) Immediately to take measures to ensure the effective protection of
          persons and groups who play key roles in defending human rights and promoting
          social justice from intimidation, death threats, assassination attempts and
          various other forms of reprisal;
          (ci) To establish within the Government an independent body designed to
          improve co—operation between the Government and United Nations organs, bodies
          and specialized agencies, as iet1 as with international, regional and national
          organizations concerned with matters of human rights;
          Ce) To include instruction in human rights in the curricula of secondary
          school and university students and, where possible, in the curriculum of
          primary school students;
          CE) To include instruction in human rights law and practice in the
          training of all law enforcement and mil itary personnel.
        
          
          EICN .4/1991/36
          page 151
          599. OEe Special Rapporteur wishes to recommend to international organizations:
          (a) To emphasize the importance of the implementation of international
          human rights norms and principles as set forth in international human rights
          instruments and resolutions and, in particular, those of the General Assembly
          and the Economic and Social Council;
          (b) To organize at the regional and national levels human rights
          seminars and training courses, utilizing the manual on the effective
          prevention and investigation of extra—legal, summary and arbitrary executions;
          (c) To assist the secretariat of the United Nations Centre for Human
          Rights in meeting its ever—growing obligations in the monitoring of human
          rights protection and the granting of advisory services and technical
          assistance;
          (d) To promote information activities in order to disseminate as widely
          as possible the latest achievements in the field of human rights with the aim
          of heightening awareness within the international community of ways in which
          it actively can protect and promote human rights.
        
          
          E/CN.4/1991/36
          page 152
          BASIC PRINCIPLES ON THE USE OF FORCE AND FIREARMS BY
          LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS fj/
          S
          Whereas the work of law enforcement officials is a social service of
          great importance and there is, therefore, a need to maintain and, whenever
          necessary, to improve the working conditions and status of these officials,
          Whereas a threat to the life and safety of law enforcement officials must
          be seen as a threat to the stability of society as a whole,
          Whereas law enforcement officials have a vital role in the protection of
          the right to life, liberty and security of the person, as guaranteed in the
          Universal Declaration of Human Rights and reaffirmed in the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
          Whereas the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners provide
          for the circumstances in which prison officials may use force in the course of
          their duties,
          Whereas article 3 of the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials
          provides that law enforcement officials may use force only when strictly
          necessary and to the extent requited for the performance of their duty,
          Whereas the preparatory meeting for the Seventh United Nations Congress
          on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, held at Varenna,
          Italy, agreed on elements to be considered in the course of further work on
          restraints on the use of force and firearms by law enforcement officials,
          Whereas the Seventh Congress, in its resolution 14, inter alia ,
          emphasizes that the use of force and firearms by law enforcement officials
          should be commensurate with due respect for human rights,
          Whereas the Economic and Social Council, in its resolution 1986/10,
          section IX, of 21 May 1986, invited member States to pay particular attention
          in the implementation of the Code to the use of force and firearms by law
          enforcement officials, and the General Assembly, in its resolution 41/149
          of 4 December 1985, inter alia , welcomed this recommendation made by the
          Council,
          Whereas it is appropriate that, with due regard to their personal safety,
          consideration be given to the role of law enforcement officials in relation to
          the administration of justice, to the protection of the right to life, liberty
          and security of the person, to their responsibility to maintain public safety
          and social peace and to the importance of their qualifications, training and
          conduct,
          / OEe text below is that adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress
          on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (Havana 1 Cuba,
          27 August—7 September 1990).
        
          
          EICN .4 1l99l 136
          page 153
          The basic principles set forth below, which have been formulated to
          assist member States in their task of ensuring and promoting the proper role
          of law enforcement officials, should be taken into account and respected by
          Governments within the framework of their national legislation and practice,
          and be brought to the attention of law enforcement officials as well as other
          persons, such as judges, prosecutors, lawyers, members of the executive branch
          and the legislature, and the public.
          General provisions
          1. Governments and law enforcement agencies shall adopt and implement
          rules and regulations on the use of force and firearms against persons by law
          enforcement officials. In developing such rules and regulations, Governments
          and law enforcement agencies shall keep the ethical issues associated with the
          use of force and firearms constantly under review.
          2. Governments and law enforcement agencies should develop a range of
          means as broad as possible and equip law enforcement officials with various
          types of weapons and ammunition that would allow for a differentiated use of
          force and firearms. These should include the development of non—lethal
          incapacitating weapons for use in appropriate situations, with a view to
          increasingly restraining the application of means capable of causing death or
          injury to persons. For the same purpose, it should also be possible for law
          enforcement officials to be equipped with self—defensive equipment such as
          shields, helmets, bullet—proof vests and bullet—proof means of transportation,
          in order to decrease the need to use weapons of any kind.
          3. The development and deployment of non—lethal incapacitating weapons
          should be carefully evaluated in order to minimi;e the risk of endangering
          uninvolved persons, and the use of such weapons should be carefully controlled.
          4. Law enforcement officials, in carrying out their duty, shall, as far
          as possible, apply non—violent means before resorting to the use of force and
          firearms. They may use force and firearms only if other means remain
          ineffective or without any promise of achieving the intended result.
          5. Whenever the lawful use of force and firearms is unavoidable, law
          enforcement officials shall:
          (a) Exercise restraint in such use and act in proportion to the
          seriousness of the offence and the legitimate objective to be achieved;
          II) ?1inimi e damage and injury, and respect and preserve human life;
          (c) Ensure that assistance and medical aid are rendered to any injured
          or affected persons at the earliest possible moment;
          (d) Ensure that relatives or close friends of the injured or affected
          person are notified at the earliest possible moment.
          - — - -
        
          
          El CN .4 / 1991/36
          page 154
          6. Where injury or death is caused by the use of force and firearms by
          law enforcement officials, they shall report the incident promptly to their
          superiors, in accordance with principle 22.
          7. Covernments shall ensure that arbitrary or abusive use of force and
          firearms by law enforcement officials is punished as a criminal offence under 3
          their law.
          4
          8. Exceptional circumstances such as internal political instability or
          any other public emergency may not be invoked to Justify any departure from
          these basic principles.
          Soecial provisions
          9. Law enforcement officials shall not use firearms against persons
          except in self—defence or defence of others against the imminent threat of
          death or serious injury, to prevent the perpetration of a particularly serious
          crime involving grave threat to life, to arrest a person presenting such a
          danger and resisting their authority, or to prevent his or her escape, and
          only when less extreme means are insufficient to achieve these objectives. In
          any event, intentional lethal use of firearms may only be made when strictly
          unavoidable in order to protect life.
          10. In the circumstances provided for under principle 9, law enforcement
          officials shall identify themselves as such and give a clear warning of their
          intent to use firearms, with sufficient time for the warning to be observed,
          unless to do so would unduly place the law enforcement officials at risk or
          would create a risk of death or serious harm to other persons, or would be
          clearly inappropriate or pointless in the circumstances of the incident.
          11. Rules and regulations on the use of firearms by law enforcement
          officials should include guidelines that:
          (a) Specify the circumstances under which law enforcement officials are
          authorized to carry firearms and prescribe the types of firearms and
          ammunition permitted;
          (b) Ensure that firearms are used only in appropriate circumstances and
          in a manner likely to decrease the risk of unnecessary harm;
          (c) Prohibit the use of those firearms and ammunition that cause
          unwarranted injury or present an unwarranted risk;
          Cd) Regulate the control, storage and issuing of firearms, including
          procedures for ensuring that law enforcement officials are accountable for the
          firearms and ammunition issued to them;
          (e) Provide for warnings to be given, If appropriate, when firearms are
          to be discharged;
          U) ProvIde for a system of reporting whenever law enforcement officials
          use firearms in the performance of theIr duty.
          I
          I ,
        
          
          E/CN.'+/1991/36
          page 155
          Policing unlawful assemblies
          12. As everyone is allowed to participate in lawful and peaceful
          assemblies, in accordance with the principles embodied in the Universal
          Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights, Governments and law enforcement agencies and officials shall
          recognize that force and fir&rms may be used only in accordance with
          principles 13 and 14.
          13. In the dispersal of assemblies that are unlawful but non—violent,
          law enforcement officials shall avoid the use of force or, where that is not
          practicable, shall restrict such force to the minimum extent necessary.
          14. In the dispersal of violent assemblies, law enforcement officials
          may use firearms only when less dangerous means are not practicable and only
          to the minimum ext nt necessary. Law enforcement officials shall not use
          firearms in such cases, except under the conditions stipulated in principle 9.
          Policin persons in custody or detention
          15. Law enforcement officials, in their relations with persons in
          custody or detention, shall not use force, except when strictly necessary for
          the maintenance of security and order within the institution, or when personal
          safety is threatened.
          16. Law enforcement officials, in their relations with persons in
          custody or detention, shall not use firearms, except in self—defence or in the
          defence of others against the immediate threat of death or serious injury, or
          when strictly necessary to prevent the escape of a person in custody or
          detention presenting the danger referred to in principle 9.
          17. The preceding principles are without prejudice to the rights, duties
          and responsibilities of prison officials, as set out in the Standard Minimum
          Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, particularly rules 33, 34 and 54.
          Oualifications. traininz and counselling
          18. Governments and law enforcement agencies shall ensure that all law
          enforcement officials are selected by proper screening procedures, have
          appropriate moral, psychological and physical qualities for the effective
          exercise of their functions and receive continuous and thorough professional
          training. Their continued fitness to perform these functions should be
          subject to periodic review.
          19. Governments and law enforcement agencies shall ensure that all law
          enforcement officials are provided with training and are tested in accordance
          with appropriate prof cLency standards in the use of force. Those law
          enforcement offjcfals who are required to carry firearms should be authcri:ed
          to do so only upon completion of special training in their use.
          20 , In the training of law enforcement officials, Governments and law
          enforcement agencies shall give special attention to issues of police ethics
          and human rights, espcc ally in the lnvestigatLve process, to alternatives to
          the use of force and firearms, including the peaceful settlement of conflicts,
        
          
          E / CN • 4/1991 / 36
          page 136
          the understanding of crowd behaviour, and the methods of persuasion,
          negotiation and mediation, as well as to technical means, with a view to
          limiting the use of force and firearms. Law enforcement agencies should
          review their training programmes and operational procedures in the light of
          particular incidents.
          21. Governments and law enforcement agencies shall make stress
          counselling available to law enfbrcement officials who are involved in 4
          situations where force and firearms are used.
          Reporting and review procedures
          22. Governments and law enforcement agencies shall establish effective
          reporting and review procedures for all. incidents referred to in principles 6
          and 11 (f). For incidents reported pursuant to these principles, Governments
          tnd law enforcement agencies shall ensure that an effective review process is
          available and that independent administrative or prosecutorial authorities are
          in a position to exercise jurisdiction in appropriate circumstances. In cases
          of death and serious injury or other grave consequences, a detailed report
          shall be sent promptly to the competent authorities responsible for
          administrative review and judicial control.
          23. Persona affected by the use of force and firearms or their legal
          representatives shall have access to an independent process, including a
          judiolal process. In the ovent of the death of such persons, this provision
          shall apply to their dependants accordingly.
          24. Governments and law enforcement agencies shall ensure that superior
          officers are held responsible if they know, or should have known, that law
          enforcement officials under their command are resorting, or have resorted, to
          the unlawful use of force and firearms, and they did not take all measures in
          their power to prevent, suppress or report such use.
          25. Governments and law enforcement agencies shall ensure that no
          criminal or disciplinary sanction is imposed on law enforcement officials who,
          in compliance with the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials and these
          asic principles, refuse to carry out an order to use force and firearms, or
          who report such use by other officials.
          26. Obedience to superior orders shal l . be no defence if law enforcement
          officials knew that an order to use force and firearms resulting in the death
          or serious injury of a person was manifestly unlawful and had a reasonable
          opportunity to refuse to follow it. In any case, responsibility also rests on
          the superiors who gave the unlawful orders.
          I
          I
        

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