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Summary or arbitrary executions: Report by the Special Rapporteur, Mr. S. Amos Wako, pursuant to Economic and Social Council Resolution 1988/38

          
          UNITED E
          NATIONS
          ,
          r1 S* ci
          .
          Distr.
          GENERAL
          E/CN.4/1990/22
          23 January 1990
          .
          ENGLISH
          Original: ENGLISH/FRENCH/SPANISH
          COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
          Forty—sixth session
          Item 13 of the provisional agenda
          QUESTION OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS
          IN ANY PART OF THE WORLD, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COLONIAL AND
          AND OTHER DEPENDENT COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES
          Summary or arbitrary executions
          Report by the Special Rapporteur. Mr. S. Amos Wako.pursuant
          to Economic and Social Council resolution 1988/38
          GE. 90—lO126/1522B
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1990/22
          page ii
          CONTENTS
          Introduction
          Chapter
          Paragraphs Page
          1— 5
          1
          I. ACTIVITIES OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR 6 — 22
          A. Consultations 6
          B. Communications 7 — 19
          C. Joint hearings on southern Africa .... 20
          D. Visits to countries 21 — 22
          II. SITUATIONS . 23 — 443
          A. General 23 — 24
          B. Country situations 25 — 445
          Angola
          Argentina .
          Bahrain
          Bangladesh
          Benin
          Brazil
          Bulgaria
          Burundi
          Cameroon
          C had
          Chile
          China
          Colombia
          Democratic Yemen
          El Salvador
          Ethiopia
          Guatemala
          Guyana
          Haiti
          Honduras
          India
          Indonesia
          Iran (Islamic
          Iraq
          Israel
          Malawi
          Mexico
          26—
          30—
          33
          2
          2
          2
          3
          4
          5
          5
          6
          25 6
          29 6
          32 6
          7
          34 36 7
          37— 57 7
          58— 60 13
          61 — 66 13
          67— 70 15
          . 71 — 75 15
          76— 82 16
          83—113 17
          114—142 23
          • ,...........,,..... 143 — 150 32
          151 — 161 33
          162—167 37
          168 — 192 39
          193 —195 44
          196—200 45
          201 — 216 46
          217—231 50
          232—240 54
          Republic of) 241 — 254 56
          ....,..,,.. 255—266 59
          267 — 276 61
          277—279 63
          280 — 283 63
          284 — 286 64
          287 — 2.96 64
          Maldives
          Mauritania
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1990/22
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          CONTENTS ( continued)
          Paragraphs Page
          Nicaragua 297 — 299 66
          Pakistan 300 — 303 69
          Panama 304 —305 70
          Peru 306 — 333 70
          Philippines 334 — 343 77
          Romania 344 — 349 81
          Saudi Arabia 350 — 353 82
          Somalia 354 — 358 82
          South Africa 359 — 379 83
          Sri Lanka 380 —396 87
          Sudan . 397—402 92
          Suriname 403 92
          Turkey 404 — 408 93
          Union of Myanmar 409 — 418 94
          Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 419 — 426 96
          United States of America 427 — 433 98
          Venezuela 434 — 442 99
          Yemen 443 102
          Yugoslavia 444 — 446 102
          III. ANALYSIS OF THE PHENOMENON 447 — 468 103
          A. Deaththreats. 447—454 103
          B. Human rights defenders as victims of summary
          or arbitrary executions 455 — 460 104
          C. Effective prevention, investigation
          and punishment of summary or arbitrary
          executions — consensus on international
          standards 461 — 464 105
          D. Advisory services and technical assistance 465 468 106
          IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 469 — 477 107
          Annex : Principles on the Effective Prevention
          and Investigation of Extra—Legal, Arbitrary
          and Summary Executions 110
        
          
          E/CN.4/1990/22
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          Introduction
          1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Economic and Social Council
          resolution 1988/38 and Commission on Human Rights resolution 1989/64, both
          entitled “Summary or arbitrary executions”. This is the eighth report of the
          Special Rapporteur to the Commission on Human Rights on the subject.
          2. In his seven previous reports (E/CN.4/1983/16 and Add.l, E/CN.4/l984/29,
          EICN.4/1985/17, E/CN.4/1986/21, E/CN.4/1987/20, E/CN.4/1988/22 and Add.l and 2
          and E/CN.4/1989/25), the Special Rapporteur dealt with and examined the
          various aspects of the phenomenon of summary executions, including legal and
          other theoretical issues.
          3. The present report follows the general structure of the last report. In
          Chapter II B of the present report, the Special Rapporteur describes urgent
          appeals to Governments and other communications which he has made forwarding
          allegations to the Governments concerned and replies and observations
          therefrom. The Special Rapporteur hopes that he has presented a comprehensive
          picture of the phenomenon in each country.
          4. In Chapter III , the Special Rapporteur has made an analysis of the
          phenomenon in general terms of the information received and Governments'
          replies and observations during the past year. He has taken up the following
          four issues: (a) death threats, (b) human rights defenders as victims of
          summary or arbitrary executions, (c) international standards of effective
          prevention, investigation and punishment of summary or arbitrary executions,
          and (d) advisory services and technical assistance.
          5. Finally, in Chapter IV, the Special Rapporteur gives conclusions and
          recommendations, which are based on his analysis of the information he has
          received and consideration of practical measures to be taken in the immediate
          future.
        
          
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          Chapter I
          ACTIVITIES OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR
          A. Consultations
          6. The Special Rapporteur visited the Centre for Human Rights,
          United Nations Office at Geneva, in July and October/November 1989 for
          consultations with the Secretariat and again in January 1990 to finalize his
          report.
          B. Communications
          1. Information received
          7. In the course of his present mandate, the Special Rapporteur received
          communications containing information concerning summary or arbitrary
          executions from Governments, non—governmental organizations and individuals.
          The number of communications has increased every year during the past year,
          it reached more than 1,500.
          8. Information of a general nature was received from the Governments of
          Bangladesh, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala,
          Mauritania, Peru, Senegal, Turkey.
          9. Information of a general nature and/or concerning specific allegations of
          suimnary or arbitrary executions were received from the following
          non—governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and
          Social Council: Amnesty International, Anti—Apartheid Movement, Arab Lawyers
          Union, Commission of the Churches on International Affairs of the World
          Council of Churches, International Association Against Torture, International
          Association of Democratic Lawyers, International Commission of Health
          Professionals, International Committee of the Red Cross, International
          Confederation of Free Trade Unions, International Federation of Human Rights,
          International Federation Terre des Hommes, Pax Christi — International
          Catholic Peace Movement, Pax Romana — International Catholic Movement for
          Intellectual and Cultural Affairs, Regional Council on Human Rights in Asia,
          Union of Arab Jurists, Women's International Democratic Federation.
          10. In addition, information concerning alleged cases of summary or arbitrary
          executions was received from a number of regional, national and local
          non—governmental organizations, groups and individuals in various parts of the
          world.
          2. Allegations of summary or arbitrary executions
          11. In the course of his mandate, the Special Rapporteur sent cables and
          letters to Governments concerning allegations of imminent or actual summary or
          arbitrary executions in their countries.
          12. In reply to the Special Rapporteur's cables and letters, a number of
          Governments provided him with information and observations concerning the
          allegations. For the sake of the preparation in time of the present report,
          the Special Rapporteur was obliged to leave the Government replies which
          reached him after 15 January 1990 to his next report.
        
          
          E / CN .4 / 1990/22
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          (a) Urgent appeals
          13. In response to information containing allegations of imminent or
          threatened summary or arbitrary executions which appeared prima facie relevant
          to his mandate, the Special Rapporteur addressed 67 urgent messages by cable
          to 25 Governments, appealing for the Government's protection of the right to
          life of the individuals concerned and requesting information concerning those
          allegations. These Governments are: Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chad,
          Chile, China, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Iran (Islamic
          Republic of), Israel, Maldives, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Somalia,
          South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Union of Myanmar, Union of Soviet Socialist
          Republics, United States of America.
          14. Replies were received from the following Governments: Argentina,
          Bulgaria, China, Colombia, Guatemala, Hotiduras, India, Iran (Islamic
          Republic of), Maldives, Mexico, Peru, Sri Lanka, Union of Myanmar, Union of
          Soviet Socialist Republics, United States of America.
          15. In addition, replies were received from the following four Governments
          concerning the cables sent by the Special Rapporteur during 1988: Angola,
          Iran (Islamic Republic of), Peru, Surinanie.
          16. These messages and the replies received are summarized in chapter II; the
          full texts are available for consultation in the Secretariat files.
          (b) Requests for information concerning alleged summary or arbitrary
          executions
          17. The Special Rapporteur also sent 56 letters to 36 Governments concerning
          alleged summary or arbitrary executions in their countries, as follows:
          Bahrain, Benin, Brazil, Burundi, Canieroon, Chile, China, Colombia, Democratic
          Yemen, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India,
          Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Malawi, Mauritania,
          Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Saudi Arabia,
          Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Venezuela, Union of Soviet Socialist
          Republics, Yugoslavia.
          18. Replies were received from the following Governments: Bahrain, Brazil,
          Burimdi, Chile, Colombia, Ethiopia, Honduras, Indonesia, Iraq, Turkey, Union
          of Soviet Socialist Republics, Venezuela.
          19. In addition, replies were received from the following six Governments
          concerning the allegations transmitted by the Special Rapporteur during 1988:
          Brazil, Democratic Yemen, Ethiopia, Nicaragua, Peru, Yemen.
          C. Joint hearings on southern Africa
          20. The Special Rapporteur joined the Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts
          on southern Africa for hearings held in London, United Kingdom,
          from 14 to 18 August 1989. The information obtained at the joint
          hearings is reflected in Chapter II, section B, paragraphs 359—378.
        
          
          E/CN.4/1990/22
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          D. Visits to countries
          21. The Special Rapporteur, in the context of his mandate and upon
          the invitation of the Government of Colombia visited Colombia
          from 11 to 20 October 1989. The Special Rapporteur wishes to express his
          deep appreciation to the Government of Colombia for its positive
          co—operation and efforts to make the Special Rapporteur's visit meaningful.
          22. An account of his visit to Suriname is contained in the addendum to the
          present report (E/CN. 4Il99O/22/Add.1).
        
          
          E/CN.4/1990/22
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          SITUATIONS
          A. General
          23. The information received by the Special Rapporteur in the course of his
          present mandate includes allegations of executions or deaths which may have
          taken place in the absence of the safeguards designed to protect the right to
          life embodied in various international instruments, such as the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (arts. 4, 6, 7, 9, 14 and 15), the
          Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, the Code of Conduct for
          Law Enforcement Officials, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel,
          Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Safeguards guaranteeing
          protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty adopted by the
          Economic and Social Council in resolution 1984/50 of 25 May 1984, and the
          Effective prevention and investigation of extra—legal, arbitary and summary
          executions, adopted by the Economic and Social Council in resolution 1989/65
          of 24 May 1989.
          24. This information generally related to allegations of the following nature:
          (a) Actual or imminent executions:
          (i) Without a trial;
          (ii) With a trial but without safeguards designed to protect the
          rights of the defendant as provided for in articles 14 and 15
          of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          (b) Deaths which took place:
          (1) As a result of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
          during detention;
          (ii) As a result of abuse of force by police, military or any other
          governmental or quasi—governmental forces;
          (iii) As a result of assault by individuals or paramilitary groups
          under official control;
          (iv) As a result of assault by individuals or groups not under
          official control, but acting with official collusion or
          connivance;
          (v) As a result of assault by groups opposing the Government.
          (c) Death threats made by:
          (1) Members of police, military or any other governmental or
          quasi—governmental forces;
          (ii) Individuals or paramilitary groups, under official control or
          acting with official collusion or connivance.
        
          
          E/CN .4/ 1990/22
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          B. Country situations
          Angola
          25. On 8 December 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Angola to
          the Special Rapporteur's cable of 15 November 1988 concerning two alleged
          cases of imminent executions. According to a report from the Office of the
          Military Prosecutor, Marcolino Fazenda, a civilian, had been sentenced to
          death in October 1989 and committed suicide the following night, and
          Joaquim Antonio, a soldier, appealed against his death sentence to the Court
          of Second Instance of the Tribunal Militar das Forças Armadas. The
          representative stated that the procedure of the military tribunal guaranteed
          the right to appeal as well as other rights of the defendant.
          Argentina
          26. On 3 May 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of Argentina concerning
          an alleged death threat made on 18 March 1989 by a group named “Heroes of La
          Tablada” against Hebe Bonafini, president of the Madres de la Plaza de Mayo,
          and her daughter A1ejandra
          27. The Special Rapporteur, expressing his concern for the life of the two
          persons, appealed to the Government to take the necessary measures to protect
          their life and requested information on the measures taken.
          28. On 7 July 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Argentina to
          the Special Rapporteur's cable of 3 May 1989 stating that, immediately upon
          learning of the existence of threats against the physical integrity of
          Mrs. Hebe Bonafini and her daughter Alejandra, the Government, through the
          Under—Secretariat for Human Rights of the Ministry of the Interior, had lodged
          a complaint with the National Judge of First Instance in Criminal Court of
          Investigation No. 20.
          29. It was also stated that, in that submission to the courts, the Ministry
          of the Interior had requested that a thorough investigation of the facts
          should be undertaken immediately and that the guilty parties should be subject
          to the most severe penalties provided for in Argentine criminal law. It had
          further requested that the security of the lives and property of the victims
          of the threats should be guaranteed through the adoption of all relevant
          measures for that purpose.
          Bahrain
          30. On 11 April 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Bahrain
          concerning the allegation that Mohammed Mansoor Hassan, aged 32, had been
          found dead on 8 February 1989 in the north—west of al—Manama Island. His body
          was said to have carried signs of torture. According to the information
          received, Mohammed Mansoor Hassan had been arrested on 25 January 1989 at
          Bahrain International Airport on his return from Syria, and detained at
          al—Dala—a prison. The Bahraini authorities had reportedly admitted his
          detention but denied the allegation of torture.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1990/22
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          31. The Special Rapporteur requested information on this allegation and in
          particular on any investigation by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          32. On 17 August 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Bahrain to
          the Special Rapporteur stating that the allegation was completely false and
          that there was absolutely nothing suspicious about the death of Mohammed
          Mansoor Hassan. It was further stated that he had never been held in police
          custody and that the formal investigation into the cause of his death,
          including official post mortem examination of the body, confirmed that the
          deceased, a known epileptic, had died of natural causes.
          B ang lade sh
          33. On 10 October 1989, a letter was received, transmitting information on
          the incidents in Chittagong Hill Tracts. described as atrocities perpetrated by
          Shanti Bahini terrorist elements. In the attachment to the letter, six such
          incidents in July 1989 and eight in August were listed in which a number of
          civilians had been reportedly killed.
          Benin
          34. On 30 October 1989 a letter was sent to the Government of Benin informing
          it of allegations that Serge Gnimadi, an 18—year old student, had died in
          February 1989 while in custody at the Proto Novo police station. Mr. Gnimadi
          had been arrested in connection with the strike by teachers, students and
          civil servants. The same source alleges that some 10 factory workers were
          killed at Save, in March 1989, when troops fired on workers on strike. The
          troops were allegedly acting on orders received from President Mathieu Kérékou
          to open fire without warning at any gathering in the streets.
          35. The Special Rapporteur requested further information on these
          allegations, on any investigation by the competent authorities, including
          autopsies, and on any measures adopted to prevent the further occurrence of
          such deaths.
          36. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Benin.
          Brazil
          37. On 20 March 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government
          of Brazil concerning alleged death threats made against several Rural Workers'
          Trade Union leaders. Among those allegedly under constant death threats were
          Maria Aparecida Rodrigues de Miranda, president of the Rural Workers' Trade
          Union of Unai, Minas Gerais State, and Osmarino Amancio Rodrigues, president
          of the Rural Workers' Trade Union of Brasileia, Acre State.
          38. In view of several cases of alleged killings in the past of leaders of
          Rural Workers' Trade Unions by hired gunmen, such as the killing of Francisco
          Alves Mendes Filho on 22 December 1988 in Xapuri, in which, it was alleged,
          the authorities had not taken effective measures to protect the life of the
          victims, the Special Rapporteur expressed his serious concern for the life of
          the above—mentioned leaders of the Rural Workers' Trade Union, appealed to the
        
          
          El CN .4/1990/22
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          Government to take the necessary measures to protect their right to life, and
          requested information on those cases and also on the measures taken by the
          Government to protect the lives of those persons.
          39. On 19 May 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Brazil concerning
          allegations that killings of peasants, trade unionists and lawyers had
          continued in the context of land disputes. The victims had been allegedly
          killed by persons hired by landowners. It was also alleged that, in a number
          of cases, the victims had been killed after receiving death threats and that
          some had survived attempts on their life. It was further alleged that the
          authorities had failed to take effective action to investigate the killings,
          to bring those responsible for such killings to justice or to protect those
          who were facing death threats.
          40. The Special Rapporteur listed by way of example seven such cases which
          had allegedly occurred since October 1988, as follows:
          (a) The case of José August on 15 October 1988 in Varzea Nova, Bahia
          State;
          (b) The case of Moises Vitorio dos Santos, president of the Rural
          Workers Trade Union of Varzea Nova, on 21 November 1988, in Bahia State;
          (c) The cases of two men, a suspect and a possible witness in the
          killing of Sebastiao Pereira de Souza and his three year—old son, Clésio, on
          24 October 1987, in Goianésia, Pará State, on 17 October 1988. Also in
          connection with the 1987 killings, the cases of death threats against
          Dona Maria de Jesus, the widow of Sebastiao Pereira de Souza, and Padre Paulo
          Joanil da Silva, the parish priest of Jacundá and regional co—ordinator of the
          Church Land Commision (Comissao Pastoral da Terra (CPT));
          (d) The case of Antonio Guilhermino de Oliveira on 21 October 1988, in
          the municipality of Sento Se, Bahia State;
          Ce) The case of Joâo Carlos Batista, State legislator and lawyer, on
          6 December 1988, in Belém, Pará State;
          (f) The case of Francisco Alves Mendes Filho, president of the Rural
          Workers Trade Union of Xapuri, on 22 December 1988, in Xapuri, Acre State;
          (g) The case of José Francisco Avelino, a peasant community leader and a
          member of the Church Land Commission, on 29 December 1988, in Conde, Paralba
          State, and the case of Severina Rodrigues da Silva, on 30 March 1989.
          41. On 24 July 1989, another letter was sent to the Government of Brazil
          transmitting allegations of continued killings of and death threats against
          agricultural workers and lawyers defending them, in the context of disputes
          over land. Such cases had reportedly occurred in various States of the
          country and it was alleged that the military police and the police of the
          States concerned had been directly responsible for some of the killings, or
          had failed to provide the necessary protection to persons having received
          death threats. It was further alleged that the authorities had failed to take
          effective action to investigate the killings, or to bring those responsible to
          justice.
        
          
          E / CN. 4/1990 / 22
          page 9
          42. The Special Rapporteur listed five such cases as follows:
          (a) The case of Joseph Maria Ferreira Alves, an agricultural worker from
          Viseu, on or about 14 May 1989, and his son Joâo de Deus Ferreira da Silva;
          (b) The case of Antonio Eden John de Souza, a lawyer, on 28 March 1989,
          in Manaos, Amazonia;
          (c) The case of death threats against several members of the Sâo Joâo
          dos Carneiros community, including Raimundo Benicio de Moura, Antonio Airton,
          member of the CUT—Unified Union of Workers of the State of Ceara, and Cleide
          Fondes, the community's legal representative, Quixada district, State of Ceara;
          (d) The case of Joâo Almeida do Nascimento, chairman of the Rural
          Workers' Union in Cumbé, State of Sergipe, on 31 May 1989;
          Ce) The case of José Rente Nascimento, Co—ordinator of the Environmental
          Protection Project of the Indigenous Communities (Coordenador do Piano de
          Proteçâo ao Meio Ainbiente e as Comunidades Indigenas), on 17 May 1989,
          together with two of his assistants, in Rio Branco, State of Acre.
          43. On 30 October 1989, another letter was sent to the Government of Brazil
          transmitting allegations of killings, mostly of agricultural workers,
          politicians and farmers. It was also reported that lawyers and church
          officials continued to be the targets of a campaign of death threats, probably
          due to their activity in defending peasants' rights in land conflicts. It was
          alleged that no prompt and effective action had been taken by the authorities
          to bring those responsible to justice, to prevent further killings or to
          protect those whose life was threatened. The following seven cases were
          listed by way of example:
          (a) The case of Donato Cardoso, a farmer, on 1 July 1989, in Saô
          Francisco municipality, State of Minas Gerais;
          (b) The case of Jo o Batista Jorge, aged 21, member of the Landless
          Agricultural Workers Movement, on 10 July 1989, in Itaborai, State of Rio de
          Janeiro;
          Cc) The case of Luis Carlos Brito, a journalist, on 16 July 1989, in
          Trancoso, State of Bahia;
          Cd) The case of Verino Sossai, leader of the Landless Agricultural
          Workers Movement, on 19 July 1989, in Montanha, State of Espiritu Santo;
          (e) The case of José Rocha Maraes, rural leader, on 26 July 1989, in S o
          Luiz Gonzaga, State of Maranhâo;
          (f) The cases of Paulo Roberto da Silva and Isalas Lima Carneiro, on
          29 July 1989, in Baixada Fluniinense, State of Rio de Janeiro;
          (g) The case of Cuatemir Antonio da Silva, leader of the “Nossa Senhora
          das Graças” community, on 30 July 1989, in the Campo Grande area of
          Rio de Janeiro.
        
          
          El CN .4/1990/22
          page 10
          44. It was also reported that several church officials and human rights
          activists had recently been the target of death threats and attempts on their
          lives. They included the Lutheran pastor of Linhares, Vilmar Schneider, and a
          local human rights lawyer, Osmar Barcelos do Nascimento, members of the
          Linhares Human Rights Commission. Other church officials who had received
          death threats were the Methodist pastor of Colatina, Jader Batista da Silva,
          the secretary of the Church Land Commission in SRo Mateus, Mercedes das Graças
          Rafalski, two other CPT members in the State of Espiritu Santo, Derli Casali
          and Damiâo Sanchez and the bishop of SRo Mateus, Dom Aldo Gerna.
          45, It was further reported that several Yanomaini Indians had been killed in
          two separate incidents, in June and August 1989, by heavily armed mining
          prospectors ( g rimpeiros) . Both incidents had reportedly occurred in the
          State of Roraima, and it was alleged that the authorities supported the
          advance of gold searchers and mining companies into Yanomaini lands. The first
          incident, occurring in the Xidea area, near the headwaters of the Orinoco and
          Mucajai rivers, had later been reported to the Federal Police in Boa Vista.
          The second, occuring on 11 August, near the DOCEGEO air—strip, had been
          reported to the military detachment at the Surucucus indigenous post
          on 15 August. No report had been received as to any action taken by the
          authorities.
          46. By those letters, the Special Rapporteur requested information on the
          above—mentioned cases and on any investigations made and any measures taken by
          the authorities and/or the judiciary to establish the facts and to bring those
          responsible to justice.
          47. On 19 December 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of Brazil
          concerning the allegation of collusion of law enforcement and judicial
          authorities in the activities of armed criminal gangs in Itaituba, State of
          Pará. According to the information, persons formulating complaints in this
          regard had been threatened and some whose names had appeared on so—called
          “death lists” had been killed, including former State Deputy Paulo Fontelles
          and the socialist State Deputy Joao Batista. Most recently, Raimundo Silva de
          Souza, town councillor in Itaituba, was killed on 28 July 1989 and José
          Marciao Ferreira on 23 November 1989. The names of six persons who had been
          threatened with death were given as follows: Ademir Andrade, Brazilian
          Socialist Party (PSB) Federal Congressman for Pará State; Edson Botelho,
          PSB Deputy Mayor of Itaituba; Israel Santos, PSB town councillor, Itaituba;
          Francisco Rodrigues Filho, PSB President, Itaituba; Raimundo José de Oliveira,
          PSB member, Itaituba, and Nivaldo, Workers Party (PT) member, Itaituba. It
          was further alleged that the State authorities in Itaituba had consistently
          failed to investigate such killings by armed criminal gangs.
          48. The Special Rapporteur expressing his concern for the life of the
          above—mentioned persons, appealed to the Government to investigate the
          reported cases of killing and death threats and to take all necessary measures
          to protect the life of those threatened with death.
          49. He also requested information on these cases, and in particular on any
          investigations carried out by the authorities and the measures taken to
          protect those persons.
        
          
          El CN. 4/1990 / 22
          page 11
          50. A letter dated 20 March 1989 was received from the Government of the
          State of Goiás transmitting information on the attempted killing of
          Fr. Francisco Cavazzutti and the killing of Nativo da Natividade. According
          to the letter, the State civil police had arrested the suspects, initiated a
          police inquiry and channelled it promptly to the judicial authority. In the
          case of Fr. Cavazzutti, who had partially lost his sight in a murder attempt
          in Moss medes, the offender had been charged with attempted murder, tried
          and sentenced to 12 years t imprisonment and was serving his sentence.
          Da Natividade, the president of the Rural Workers' Trade Union in the region,
          had been killed in Carmo de Rio Verde. It was stated that after a police
          inquiry, the case had been brought before the court of that judicial
          district. On an appeal by the prosecutor to a higher court, the case had been
          submitted for trial by jury.
          51. On 8 November 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Brazil to
          the Special Rapporteur's letter of 9 November 1988 (see E/CN.4/1989125,
          paras. 46—48), reiterating the Government's understanding that it considered
          as summary or arbitrary executions only those cases in which government
          officials were actually involved. With regard to the cases communicated by
          the Special Rapporteur's letter, the reply stated that they had been dealt
          with by the competent authorities, that some of them had been investigated,
          resulting in the trial and sentencing of those responsible, and that others
          were still being investigated by the competent authorities, with judicial
          proceedings opened by the Council for the Defence of the Rights of the Human
          Person (CDDPH) of the Ministry of Justice. Some of the above—mentioned cases
          were then described as follows:
          State of Pará
          With regard to the cases of Antonio Bispo dos Santos, Paulo
          Fontelles de Lima, Joâo Moreira de Souza and Raimundo Pereira do
          Nascimento, the CDDPH had opened proceedings and requested the Secretary
          of Public Security of the State of Pará for investigation. With regard
          to the case of Sebastiâo Pereira de Souza, the investigation had resulted
          in the indictment of two persons who still remained at large.
          State of Goiás
          With regard to the case of Wellington Carlos Zalik (Zalique) Lima,
          on 7 June 1988 a person had been found guilty and sentenced to 15 years'
          imprisonment. On 16 February 1989, the First Criminal Chamber of the
          State of Colas had refused his appeal and confirmed the original
          judgement. With regard to the cases of Vilmone Campos da Silva and José
          de Deus Francisco do Nascimento, a person had been indicted, a warrant of
          preventive detention had been issued against him, but he remained at
          large.
          State of Pernambuco
          With regard to the case of Evandro Cavalcanti Filho, a person had
          been indicted on a charge of homicide.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1990/22 -
          page 12
          State of Minas Gerais
          With regard to the cases of Rosalvo Games de Oliveira, José Pereira
          dos Santos and Manoel Fiuza da Silva, according to the president of the
          Tribunal of Justice of the State of Minas Gerais, five persons had been
          found guilty on 29 September 1988.
          52. On 9 November 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Brazil to
          the Special Rapporteur's letter of 19 May 1989 stating that the cases of
          Antonio Guilhermino de Oliveira, José Francisco Avelino and Joâo Carlos
          Batista were still under investigation by the competent authorities.
          53. With regard to the case of Francisco Alves Mendes Filho, it was stated
          that the State Government of Acre had provided him with two military policemen
          as bodyguards; that on 22 December 1988, judicial proceedings had been opened
          by the Xapuri police, State of Acre; that the Secretary of Public Security of
          the State of Acre had ordered the transfer of a number of military police to
          Xapuri to reinforce the ongoing investigation; that on 26 December 1988 a
          person had turned himself into the police and confessed to the killing, that
          on the following day another person had been detained, and that on
          7 January 1989 a third person had turned himself into the police. On
          21 January 1989, two of the above—mentioned suspects and another person who
          was still at large had been indicted for homicide. The two were said to be
          held in detention in Rio Branco, State of Acre. Criminal proceedings were
          said to be under way.
          54. With regard to the case of Severina Rodrigues da Silva, the reply stated
          that, after an investigation by the authorities of the State of Paraiba, two
          persons had been indicted for the murder.
          55. On 9 November 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Brazil to
          the Special Rapporteur's letter of 24 July 1989 transmitting information on
          some of the cases communicated in that letter. The reply reiterated the
          Government's position that only those cases in which government officials were
          actually involved were considered as summary or arbitrary executions.
          56. With regard to the cases of Joseph Maria Ferreira Alves, Joâo de Deus
          Ferreira, Raimundo BenIcio de Moura, Antonio Ainton and Cleide Fondes, it was
          stated that official inquiries had started and that the CDDPH was following
          the development of the investigations. With regard to the case of Antonio
          Eden John de Souza, an official inquiry had been closed due to lack of
          evidence.
          57. With regard to the case of Joâo Almeida do Nascimento, it was stated that
          the CDDPH had requested the Attorney—General of the State of Sergipe for
          information on the official proceedings. With regard to the case of José
          Rente do Nascimento, it was stated that, on 25 July 1989, upon completion of
          an investigation by the Federal Police, the president of the Union of the
          Timber Industries of the State of Acre and two other persons had been indicted.
        
          
          E / CN. 4 / 1990 / 22
          page 13
          Bulgaria
          58. On 23 June 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government of
          Bulgaria concerning the allegation that, during the second half of May 1989,
          several persons of Turkish ethnic background had been killed by Bulgarian
          security forces in the north—eastern and southern parts of the country. It
          was alleged that security forces had indiscriminately opened fire at peaceful
          demonstrators and resorted to severe beatings of ethnic Turks. The names of
          some of the victims of such incidents were given in the cable.
          59. The Special Rapporteur, having received expressions of fear that further
          deaths might occur in the context of the ethnic unrest, appealed to the
          Government to take all necessary measures to prevent further deaths and to
          ensure the safety and physical integrity of all persons of Turkish ethnic
          background, and requested information concerning the above—mentioned incidents
          and cases, and in particular on the investigations carried out by the
          authorities on those cases.
          60. On 25 July 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Bulgaria
          stating that in Bulgaria there were Bulgarian Muslims but no “Turkish ethnic
          minority” and that no mass or arbitrary executions were conducted in
          Bulgaria. Civil disturbances had occurred in various regions of the country
          in late May 1989, provoked by Turkey, many innocent people had been violently
          assaulted and attacks had been made on local municipal officials and the local
          population, staged by extremists and terrorist elements, and in no sense had
          the demonstrations been peaceful. Inquiries had confirmed that the use of
          weapons had been in legitimate self—defence. The reply described 12 such
          disturbances. So far a total of 7 persons were known to have died and 28
          wounded, and the investigation of those cases was not yet completed. A list
          of the seven dead was attached to the reply. One person had died in hospital
          after being trampled upon by a mob on 20 May 1989 in Kaolinovo, Varua regional
          district, two had died in hospital after being wounded on 21 May 1989 in Todor
          Ikonomovo by ricochets when the mob tried to wrench firearms from the security
          forces, two had died in hospital after being seriously wounded in a violent
          clash on 23 May 1989 in Ezerche, Hiebarovo municipality, Razgrad regional
          district, one had been killed in a clash on 27 May 1989 in Medovets, Dalgopol
          municipality, Varna regional district, and another had died later in hospital.
          Burund i
          61. On 24 July 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government
          of Burundi concerning allegations that in March and April 1989 a number of
          persons belonging to the Hutu population had been killed by the security
          forces. According to the information received, those persons were among those
          who had left the country following the incidents of August 1988 and had
          subsequently been repatriated under agreements concluded between the Office of
          the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the Governments of
          Burundi, Rwanda and Zaire. Twelve cases were mentioned in the letter.
        
          
          El ON. 4/1990 / 22
          page 14
          62. The Special Rapporteur requested information on those allegations, in
          particular on any investigations by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          63. On 1 August 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Burundi to
          the Special Rapporteur's letter of 24 July 1989 stating that the quadripartite
          agreements concluded between Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire and UNHOR were
          scrupulously observed, under the supervision of UNHCR, and that the refugees
          who had been in Rwanda after the events of August 1988 were steadily being
          repatriated and resettled. The reply further stated that two of the
          12 persons described in the Special Rapporteur's letter were alive, namely,
          Miruho Michel, a teacher from Bwinyana, and Bukuru Balthazar, Director General
          of Burundi Press Publications in the Ministry of Information. It was also
          stated that other reports of murders or disappearances spread about by a
          non—governmental organization had turned out to be pure fiction.
          64. On 18 August 1989, another letter was received transmitting additional
          information concerning some of the cases communicated by the Special
          Rapporteur, as follows:
          Bukuru Stéphane, farmer of Ntega, alive at his home;
          Bukuru Balthazar, catechist from Sasa, Ntega commune, died during the
          disturbance in August 1988;
          Miburo Marthe, farmer of Sasa, her fate unknown in the commune;
          Ntaconsanze, convicted of theft after repatriation, escaped from prison
          in Kirundo and returned to Muhero camp in Rwanda;
          Nkundabanyanka Thomas, from Sasa, died during the disturbance in
          August 1988.
          65. The following cases had not been known by the Special Rapporteur, but
          were referred to in the Government's reply:
          Biduguru Kigaga, bar employee from Ntega, alive;
          Samandari, farmer of Ntega, alive;
          Nyabenda Jérémie, from Ntega, convicted of theft, escaped from prison in
          Kirundo and returned to Rwanda;
          Ngorwa Stany, farmer of Ntega, died of natural causes before August 1988;
          Ndururuste Murungurira, farmer, alive.
          66. The reply stated that the other alleged cases of death were being
          investigated by the competent authorities.
        
          
          El CN. 4/1990 / 22
          page 15
          Caine roon
          67. On 14 November 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the
          Government of Cameroon transmitting allegations that in late June or early
          July 1989 Augustin Bandin had been sentenced to death by the High Court in the
          town of Kuinbo in the North—West Province on a charge of aggravated theft. The
          offence was said to have consisted in breaking into a bar and stealing musical
          equipment. Neither arms nor violence against persons were reported to have
          been used during the commission of the offence. The death sentence had
          allegedly been pronounced on the basis of article 320 (1) (C) (New) of the
          Penal Code, as amended in 1972, for “aggravated theft”, which included “theft
          with force, bearing weapons or by breaking in, by climbing in, or by the use
          of a false key”. It was claimed that application of the death penalty for the
          broadly defined “aggravated theft” did not conform to the provisions of
          article 6, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights.
          68. In addition, it was alleged that, during the past several years, large
          nunibers of prisoners had died of malnutrition and disease at Nkondengui prison
          in Yaoundé, due to deliberate deprivation of adequate medical attention or as
          a result of serious negligence. During certain periods in 1987 and 1988, as
          many as four or five prisoners were alleged to have been dying every day. In
          December 1987, 44 prisoners had allegedly died, 42 of whom of malnutrition.
          Sick prisoners were allegedly denied appropriate medical care unless they
          could pay.
          69. The Special Rapporteur requested information on those allegations, in
          particular on any investigations by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          70. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government.
          Chad
          71. On 30 June 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government
          of Chad concerning the information that some 100 persons, all belonging to
          the Zaghawa ethnic group, had been arrested at Ndjamena in April 1989,
          following an attempted coup d'etat . They were reported to have included
          Dr. Zakaria Fadoul, Saleh Fadoul, Ali Fadoul, Mahamat Fadoul, Yacoub Fadoul
          and Mahainat den Fadoul, all brothers of Mr. Sidik Fadoul, a former chief of
          the military police who had been arrested in 1988. Many of those persons were
          reported to have been arbitrarily arrested because of their ethnic origins and
          kinship with government opponents. According to the reports received, several
          detainees suspected of anti—government activity had been executed without
          trial in recent years. Others had died following maltreatment in custody.
          72. In the light of those reports, the Special Rapporteur, expressing his
          concern for the lives and safety of the above—mentioned persons, appealed to
          the Government to ensure that the right to life of all detainees be respected
          in accordance with the provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights, particularly article 6, which stipulated that no one shall
          be arbitrarily deprived of his life, and requested information on the
          above—mentioned cases, particularly with regard to any inquiries made or any
          measures taken to guarantee the right to life of' the persons concerned.
        
          
          E / CN. 4 / 1990 / 22
          page 16
          73. On 24 August 1989, another cable was sent concerning 13 other persons
          from the Zaghawa ethnic group who were said to have been arrested under the
          same circumstances as those described in the Special Rapporteur's cable of
          30 June 1989, and to have been held incommunicado , without any charge. The
          names of the 13 were given in the cable.
          74. The Special Rapporteur, having received expressions of fear about their
          fate, reiterated the appeal and request made in his previous cable.
          75. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Chad.
          Chile
          76. On 24 July 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government
          of Chile transmitting allegations of killing of Salvador Fidel
          Cautivo Ahumada, aged 26, by the corps of Carabineros. The killing had
          allegedly occurred on 31 December 1988 shortly before midnight, when members
          of the Carabineros fired on a group of young people who were painting a wall
          on the flyover of the Tucapel roundabout, Arica, Chile.
          77. On 30 October 1989, another letter was sent to the Government of Chile
          transmitting the allegations that in the past year there had been a number of
          cases of killings presumably attributable both to members of the security
          forces and to persons acting with their support or connivance. The cases are
          the following:
          (a) The case of Antonio Oviedo Sandova Cares, on 30 August 1989, in
          Santiago, district of La Granja;
          (b) The case of Edison Freddy Palma Coronado, on 30 August 1988, in
          Santiago;
          (c) The case of Enrique Abelardo Moraga Muiioz, on 10 September 1988, in
          Santiago;
          (d) The case of Guillermo Eugenio Rodriguez Soils, on 20 December 1988,
          in Santiago;
          (e) The case of Jaime Quilán Cabezas, on 29 December 1988, in Santiago;
          (f) The case of Jorge German Maldonado Velasquez, on 21 January 1989 in
          Santiago;
          (g) The case of Deckar Meghme, on 4 September 1989, in Santiago.
          78. In both letters, the Special Rapporteur requested information on those
          allegations, in particular on any investigations by the competent authorities,
          including autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of
          such deaths.
        
          
          E/CN.4/1990/22
          page 17
          79. On 14 November 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of Chile
          concerning the allegation of death threats directed at Judge René Garcia.
          According to the information, Judge Garcia had been threatened because of his
          investigation into alleged cases of torture by members of the Central Nacional
          de Información (CNI). During the past years, hundreds of persons were said to
          have received death threats from clandestine groups consisting of members of
          the security forces and civilian collaborators.
          80. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take all necessary
          measures to ensure the safety of Judge René Garcia and requested information
          on the result of any investigation into the case and also on the measures
          taken by the Government.
          81. On 14 August 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Chile to
          the Special Rapporteur's letter of 24 July 1989, transmitting information on
          the case in question.
          82. According to the reply, on 31 December 1988, at 10.15 p.m., the
          Carabineros prefecture at Arica had received a telephone call to the effect
          that a group of people were painting the walls of the lower level of the
          Tucapel circular flyover in that city. When a police van from the third
          Carabineros station at Arica arrived at the scene at 10.20 p.m., a group of
          about 10 persons who had been painting communist slogans on the walls of the
          lower level of the flyover fled, while another group, on the upper level,
          fired several shots at the police van, seriously wounding the sergeant. A
          police officer was said to have shot back at the upper level of the Tucapel
          circular flyover from the van. It was further stated that at 10.40 p.m.
          Salvador Fidel Cautivo Ahumada, a communist activist wounded by gunshot, was
          transported to the local station and died while receiving treatment.
          China
          83. On 26 April 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government
          of China concerning alleged killings of persons by police forces in the Tibet
          Autonomous Region, as follows:
          (a) On 23 March 1988, upon notification by the authorities, the
          relatives of Tenzin Sherap, a truck driver, who had been arrested in
          connection with the 5 March 1988 riot, found his body at one of the Lhasa
          municipal morgues. His body allegedly showed various signs of severe torture;
          (b) During the three—day unrest which started on 5 March 1989 in Lhasa,
          some 200 Tibetans had allegedly been killed as a result of indiscriminate,
          unprovoked shooting without warning by the People's Armed Police on unarmed
          demonstrators and bystanders. The official number of deaths during the
          three—day unrest was given as 16, including a policeman. However, according
          to numerous eyewitnesses, the police had first thrown bottles from the
          rooftops at the demonstrators, who reacted by throwing rocks, but no shots had
          been fired by the demonstrators. It was also alleged that more persons had
          died in the following days due to injuries sustained during the unrest, or in
          random shooting by police during raids on Tibetan houses. The total number of
          deaths was said to be at least 600. The names of 14 persons were mentioned as
          being among the victims;
        
          
          El CN. 4/1990/22
          page 18
          (c) With regard to the cases of four Tibetans allegedly involved in the
          killing of a policeman during the demonstration on 5 March 1988 in Lhasa,
          referred to in the Special Rapporteur's cable to the Government dated
          10 June 1988 (E/CN.4/1989, para. 68), Lobsang Tenzin, one of the four, had
          reportedly been sentenced to death, with suspension of execution for two
          years, on 19 January 1989, by the People's Court in Lhasa. It was alleged
          that, while in pre—trial detention, Lobsang Tenzin had been severely beaten to
          force him to admit guilt. It was also alleged that before and during the
          trial the defendant was not provided with the safeguards intended to ensure
          the basic rights of the defendant as stipulated in article 14 of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, including the right to
          be presumed innocent until proved guilty, the right to a fair and public trial
          by an independant and impartial tribunal, the right to have adequate time and
          facilities for the preparation of his defence, and the right to examine or
          have examined the witnesses against him.
          (d) With regard to the alleged deaths on 10 December 1988 in Lhasa
          referred to in the Special Rapporteur's cable to the Government dated
          12 December 1988 (E/CN.4/l989/25, paras. 70—71), new information had been
          received contradicting the Government's reply of 29 December 1988. In the
          Government's reply it was stated that the Tibetan demonstrators had thrown
          stones and bottles at the policemen, that, after repeated unsuccessful
          admonitions, the police had been forced to fire warning shots and that, in the
          ensuing chaos, one monk had been killed and 13 injured, all except two of whom
          had suffered only minor injuries and received timely treatment. However, the
          new information alleged that indiscriminate shooting had begun, without
          warning, immediately after the People's Armed Police appeared in the Jokhang
          Square and that, on the day before the incident, people had been warned in
          neighbourhood committee meetings that they would be gunned down if they
          demonstrated. It was also alleged that at least 18 persons had been killed
          and 50 injured, of whom several more died later.
          84. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on any investigations by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths, and, in the case of the death sentence, on the legal proceedings under
          which the person in question had been sentenced to death.
          85. On 5 June 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of China concerning
          the incident in Beijing on 4 June 1989 in which a large number of persons
          were reported to have been killed as a result of military operations.
          According to the information received, Government troops had indiscriminately
          shot at unarmed peaceful demonstrators and residents, and tanks had crushed
          the tents set up by demonstrators on Tiananmen Square, killing some of those
          who were inside. It was also alleged that a number of the victims had been
          deliberately killed by troops or crushed by army vehicles. In addition, on
          5 June 1989, in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, some 350 peaceful demonstrators had
          been killed by troops in a similar manner. The total number of victims was
          said to be in the thousands.
          86. The Special Rapporteur expressed his serious concern that further deaths
          might occur as a result of similar military action, and appealed to the
          Government to take all necessary measures to prevent further deaths of
          civilians and to protect the right to life of the individual as provided for
          in article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. He
        
          
          E/CN.4/1990/22
          page 19
          referred also to the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, adopted by
          the General Assembly in its resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979, in
          particular to article 3 of the Code which stated: “Law enforcement officials
          may use force only when strictly necessary and to the extent required for the
          performance of their duty”, and to the commentary to the article. He
          requested information on the above—mentioned incidents, and in particular on
          the measures taken by the Government to prevent further deaths of civilians.
          87. On 16 June 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of China
          concerning information that several hundred students had been shot dead in a
          summary manner between 4 and 6 June by troops searching for student leaders
          and teachers in several Beijing university campuses, including Beijing
          University, Dinghoa University and Beijing Teachers' College.
          88. It was further alleged that, on 15 June 1989, in Shanghai, three persons
          had been sentenced to death after being convicted on charges of sabotage by
          setting a train on fire on 6 June, after it had run over demonstrators and
          killed six persons. According to those allegations, the trial had been held
          in accordance with the procedure adopted in 1983 for death penalty cases of
          “criminals who seriously endanger public security”, and during the trial the
          rights of the accused had not been fully guaranteed as provided for in
          article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
          89. The Special Rapporteur, having received expressions of fear that more
          killings and death sentences might follow, appealed again to the Government to
          take all necessary measures to protect the right to life of all the
          individuals concerned and requested information on the above—mentioned
          incidents and cases.
          90. On 20 June 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of China
          concerning information received that eight persons had been sentenced to death
          by the Intermediate People's Court in Beijing on 17 June on charges of
          wounding soldiers, stealing weapons and burning buses and military vehicles
          during the military action in Beijing on 4 June 1989. The names of the eight
          persons were mentioned in the cable.
          91. According to the report, the trial leading to the death sentences of the
          eight had been held in accordance with the criminal procedure adopted in 1983
          and had been of a summary nature.
          92. It was further alleged that over 1,000 persons had been arrested in the
          previous two weeks in connection with the incidents in June 1989 in Beijing
          and other provincial cities, and accused of criminal offences which could be
          punished by death. The Special Rapporteur, having received expressions of
          fear that several of the arrested might be sentenced to death in summary
          trials and executed shortly, appealed again to the Government to ensure that
          the right to life of all concerned be protected, and in particular to stay
          execution of those who had been sentenced to death, and requested information
          on the above—mentioned cases.
          93. On 23 June 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of China
          expressing the utmost concern of the Special Rapporteur concerning the report
          that the three persons sentenced to death in Shanghai, and seven of the eight
          persons sentenced to death in Beijing, who had been the subject of his earlier
          appeals, had already been executed. As had been pointed out earlier, it was
        
          
          El CN. 4/1990/22
          page 20
          alleged that their trials had been held in accordance with the criminal
          procedure adopted in 1983 and that that procedure did not provide the
          safeguards to protect the rights of the accused as provided for in article 14
          of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. In addition, the
          Special Rapporteur referred to a report that 17 persons had been sentenced to
          death and executed in Jinan on 21 June 1989, again as a result of trials of a
          summary nature.
          94. The Special Rapporteur also described several other cases connected with
          incidents of public unrest. According to information received, several
          persons had been arrested and charged with off ences punishable by death,
          10 persons arrested in Shanghai, 2 persons arrested in Beijing, 2 persons
          arrested in Harbin and 4 persons arrested in Wuhan. The names of the 18 were
          mentioned in the cable.
          95. The Special Rapporteur, expressing his concern for the fate of the
          above—mentioned detainees and of others who might have been arrested and
          charged with similar off ences, urgently appealed to the Government to protect
          the right to life of all persons detained in connection with the recent events
          and, in particular, to exercise clemency for those who might be sentenced to
          death. He also requested information on the cases in question.
          96. On 13 July 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of China
          concerning a report that two persons, Wang Guiyuan and Zhou Xiangcheng, had
          been sentenced to death on 1 July 1989 at a public rally in Chengdu, Sichuan
          province, after being found guilty by the Chengdu Intermediate People's Court
          of setting fire to vehicles during the rioting in the city on 5 June 1989.
          According to the report, the cases were subsequently reviewed by the Sichuan
          Higher People's Court.
          97. In view of several reports that the procedures applied by the courts did
          not meet the standards safeguarding the rights of the accused as provided for
          in article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the
          Special Rapporteur expressed his concern for the fate of the above—mentioned
          persons. He appealed to the Government to protect their right to life and, in
          particular, to consider exercising clemency for them, and also requested
          information on those cases and especially on details of the legal procedure
          followed in the trials in which the courts had ruled on the application of the
          death penalty.
          98. On 2 November 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of China
          concerning the allegation that a person named Tseten Norgye, who had been
          allegedly detained at Chakpori detention centre in Lhasa since April or
          May 1989, might be facing execution. According to the information,
          Tseten Norgye had been arrested when the police searched his home and found a
          mimeograph machine allegedly used for printing literature about the
          independence of Tibet. No formal charge was known to have been made against
          him.
          99. In view of several recent allegations that, after the unrest in Lhasa in
          March 1989, a number of Tibetans had been summarily executed for their
          political activities in Tibet, the Special Rapporteur expressed his concern
          for Tseten Norgye's fate and well—being. He appealed to the Government to
          take every measure to protect his right to life and requested information on
          his case and, in particular, on details of the legal proceedings held
          concerning his case.
        
          
          E/CN.4/1990/22
          page 21
          100. On 3 July 1989, a reply was received from the Government of China to the
          Special Rapporteur's cables of 5, 16 and 20 June 1989 concerning incidents and
          cases of death sentence and executions in the context of the unrest in various
          parts of China in June 1989. According to the reply, a counter—revolutionary
          rebellion had erupted in Beijing on 3 and 4 June 1989. A very small number of
          ruffians had started the rebellion in an attempt to overthrow the Government
          and topple the socialist system in China, and people not knowing the truth had
          been instigated and incited to join them in assaulting, beating, kidnapping
          and mutilating officers and men of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the
          police and public security personnel who were enforcing martial law in Beijing
          under order.
          101. It was further stated that they had smashed and burned military vehicles,
          seized weapons and ammunition, attacked government and party institutions,
          looted shops, impeded public transport and set buildings on fire, and that,
          under those circumstances, the martial law enforcement troops had taken
          measures to put down the rebellion. This had been a just action aimed at
          defending the law and social order and protecting the life and property of the
          people, and endorsed and supported by the people in Beijing and throughout the
          country.
          102. With regard to the incident in Beijing, the reply stated that, in the
          small hours of 4 June, when the students had left Tiananmen Square, no one had
          been killed, let alone crushed by tanks. It was stated that the troops, while
          marching into the city, had been besieged and attacked by ruffians, and could
          not but resort to emergency measures to quell the rebellion, and that although
          the troops had exercised the maximum restraint to avoid injuring the masses
          nearby, some civilians had nevertheless been inadvertently wounded as the
          ruffians were mingled in the crowd, which was an unavoidable mishap.
          103. According to the reply, initial calculations showed that, in the outbreak
          of the rebellion in Beijing, which had begun on 3 June, over 6,000 PLA
          off icers and men and over 3,000 rioters and masses had been wounded; and that
          the death toll of army men was in the dozens and that of ruffians, students
          and civilians over 200.
          104. The reply also stated that, in quelling the rebellion, the PLA, the
          police and public security personnel of China had by no means violated the
          norms stipulated in the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials adopted
          by the General Assembly resolution 34/169.
          105. With regard to the allegation that some 350 people had been killed by
          troops in Chengdu, Sichuan province, the reply denied it by stating that, on
          5 June, a group of ruffians had engaged in wanton beating, smashing, looting,
          burning and other criminal acts in Chengdu, that the public security personnel
          and police had punished the handful of thugs and arrested a number of
          criminals on the spot, and that these had been necessary measures for
          maintaining the Constitution, protecting the interests of the people and
          stabilizing social order.
          106. According to the reply, social order had been quickly restored and the
          people were leading a normal life since the enforcement of martial law in
          Beijing; the allegation that further deaths might occur as a result of
          military action was therefore totally unfounded.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1990/22
          page 22
          107. The reply further stated that only those who had broken the criminal law
          had been brought to justice, that the judiciary organs followed the principle
          of taking facts as a basis and law as a yardstick and tried their cases and
          meted out punishment strictly through legal proceedings, and that there had
          been no summary executions.
          108. With regard to the three cases of death sentence and execution in
          Shanghai, the reply stated that, on the evening of 6 June, some thugs, taking
          advantage of a railway accident, had created a serious riot by burning a
          passenger train, assaulting and beating officers and men from public security
          organs, fire department and police, and that, as a result, nearly 100 officers
          and men had been wounded, and nine train carriages, six police motorcycles and
          a large amount of mail burned. It was also stated that, on 15 June, three
          criminals, Xu Guoming, Bian Hanwu and Yan Xuerong, found guilty of the above
          crimes, had been sentenced to death by the Shanghai Intermediate People's
          Court, that those criminals had appealed against the judgements and that, on
          20 June, the Shanghai Higher Peoples's Court had rejected their appeals and
          confirmed the original judgement.
          109. With regard to the eight cases of death sentences in Beijing, the reply
          stated that the cases concerned persons engaged in assault, rampage, looting
          and burning during the counter—revolutionary rebellion, that, on the basis of
          hard evidence, the Beijing Intermediate People's Court had sentenced the eight
          criminals to death on 17 June, that seven of the eight had appealed to the
          Beijing Higher People's Court and that the Beijing Higher People's Court had
          made a thorough review of the facts and evidence, of the application of the
          law as well as of the entire judicial procedure, and concluded that the
          original judgement was correct, the punishment meted out appropriate and the
          judicial procedure lawful, and had therefore rejected the appeals and
          confirmed the original judgement.
          110. On 14 September 1989, a reply was received from the Government of China
          to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 13 July 1989 concerning two cases of
          death sentence in Chengdu, Sichuan province.
          ill. The reply stated that the two persons were criminals who had committed
          arson and caused great losses to public property, the circumstances being
          especially serious, and that they had been sentenced to death at the first
          trial by the Intermediary People's Court of the Chengdu Municipality and
          executed after examination and approval by the Higher People's Court of
          Sichuan Province. It was also stated that very strict restrictions were
          placed on the application of the death penalty in Chinese law, that the
          criminal law not only provided for the scope of application of the death
          penalty and criteria for sentencing to the death penalty, but also provided in
          detail for the judgement, approval and execution procedures for the death
          penalty in criminal proceedings and that according to the procedure, except
          for judgements pronounced by the Supreme People's Court in accordance with the
          law, all sentences of death should be submitted to the Supreme People's Court
          for approval.
          112, It was further stated that, in accordance with the provisions of the
          Organizational Law of the Court of the People's Republic of China, the Supreme
          Court had decided, in 1983, to empower the higher people's courts of the
          provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central
          Government to examine and approve the death penalty in cases seriously
          endangering public security and social order, such as intentional killing.
        
          
          E/CN.4/1990/22
          page 23
          113. The reply stated that arson constituted a crime seriously undermining
          social order, that, according to the criminal law, “whoever sets fires that
          lead to people's serious injuries or death or cause public property to suffer
          major losses is to be sentenced to not less than 10 years of fixed—term
          imprisonment, life imprisonment or death” (art. 106), and therefore that the
          approval of the death sentences of the two arsonists by the Higher People's
          Court of the Sichuan province had been in full conformity with Chinese law and
          was not in violation of the relevant provisions of the International Covenant
          on Civil and Political Rights.
          Colombia
          114. On 13 February 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of Colombia
          concerning alleged death threats to Angela Tobon Puertas, president of the
          Association of Secondary School Teachers of Antioquia.
          115. In view of a number of similar reports in previous months that persons
          had been killed by paramilitary groups after receiving death threats, the
          Special Rapporteur expressed his concern for the life of Angela Tobon Puertas,
          appealed to the Government to take the necessary measures to protect her life
          and requested information on the case.
          116. On 13 March 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Colombia
          concerning the alleged activities in Colombia of unidentified individuals or
          paramilitary groups that had resulted in the assassination of individuals
          after repeated threats. These activities were allegedly primarily directed
          against members and leaders of left—wing political movements, trade union
          federations, civic organizations in general, and even officials of the
          judiciary.
          117. According to information received, the circumstances indicated possible
          links between these paramilitary groups and members of the security forces,
          which might have allowed these groups to act with impunity. In most
          instances, conclusive investigations of the facts were allegedly not carried
          out.
          118. The Special Rapporteur described six such cases as follows:
          (a) Killing of Teófilo Forero, labour leader, executive of the Communist
          Party and his wife, Leonilde Mora, José Antonio Sotelo, member of the Central
          Committee of the Communist Party, and José Antonio Toscano, driver of the
          vehicle in which they were travelling, on 27 February 1989, in Bogota by
          individuals belonging to paramilitary groups;
          (b) Killing of José Anequera, leader of the Patriotic Union (UP), on
          3 March 1989, in Bogota Airport by paramilitary elements;
          (c) Killing of Luis Eduardo Yayas, President of the Metalworkers ' Trade
          Union Federation and a member of the national Executive Committee of the
          Unified Federation of Workers (CUT), in Villavicencio, Meta, on
          23 February 1989 by individuals belonging to a paramilitary group;
          (d) Killing of Gladys Naranjo Jaraniillo, member of the TIP, Secretary of
          the municipal council of Remedios, Antioquia, on 21 February 1989, in
          Monte Blanco, Remedios. Her husband, Alf redo Gómez Doria, a UP adviser, was
          also murdered on 19 September 1988 by unidentified persons;
        
          
          El CN. 4/1990 / 22
          page 24
          (e) Killing of Francisco Dumer Mestra, Avianca employee, leader of the
          Córdoba Workers' Trade Union Federation, member of the National Executive
          Committee of the CUT, on 13 February 1989, in Monterla, Córdoba;
          (f) Killing of 11 persons, all members of a police investigation
          commission, on 18 January 1989 by a group of armed men, some of them wearing
          military uniforms, in the area of La Rochea, San Vincente de Chucurl,
          Santander. The commission had been sent to the Magdalena Medio region for the
          purpose of investigating a series of massacres, political assassinations and
          disappearances that had taken place there and for which various paramilitary
          groups and members of local military brigades appeared to be responsible. The
          victims were: two magistrates, two court clerks, a police investigator, four
          members of the police technical unit and two drivers.
          119. In addition, it was alleged that representatives of the Association of
          Relatives of Missing Persons, political parties and trade union federations
          who spoke about the situation before. the Commission on Human Rights had been
          threatened. Their names were given as follows: Rita Ivonne Tobon, mayor of
          Segovia; Aida Abella and Hector José López, members of the CUT Executive
          Committee; and Gloria Mancilla de DIaz, president of the Association of
          Relatives of Missing Persons.
          120. The Special Rapporteur expressed concern about the existence and
          dimensions of this phenomenon and requested information on the legal and other
          steps taken by the Government to combat the activities of paramilitary groups,
          on preventive measures to protect the lives of those under death threats and
          also on the investigations carried out and steps taken by the authorities,
          including the judiciary, to bring to trial the persons responsible for the
          threats and assassinations.
          121. On 26 May 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Colombia
          concerning alleged death threats against Alvaro Enrique Villamizar Mogollon,
          president of the Cristian Roa Human Rights Committee, at the Industrial
          University of Santander in Bucaramanga, Department of Santander, and of
          the University's trade union. According to information received,
          Villamizar Mogollon and his family had been the victims of harassment
          since 1987, on 15 April 1989 his house had been searched by members of the
          Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS) and uniformed soldiers from the
          Fifth Brigade, and Villamizar and his fellow worker had been taken to the
          Fifth Brigade headquarters for interrogation and further harassment.
          Villamizar had subsequently submitted a complaint to the Regional Procurator
          of Bucarainanga and requested official protection.
          122. The Special Rapporteur, in view of past reports that several students and
          employees of the Industrial University of Santander had been killed after
          receiving death threats or been harassed, expressed his serious concern for
          the life of Alvaro Enrique Villamizar Mogollon. He also appealed to the
          Government to take the necessary measures to protect his life and requested
          information on the case, in particular on the results of the official
          investigation and the measures taken by the authorities.
          123. On 5 July 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Colombia
          concerning alleged death threats and a bomb attack directed at
          Ricardo Rodriguez Henao, vice—president of the Union Patriótica (UP) for the
          department of Meta. Rodriguez Henao had been reportedly investigating the
        
          
          E/CN.4/1990/22
          page 25
          killing of Luis Eduardo Yaya, a trade unionist and a UP councillor, in
          February 1989, and had also been involved in the investigation of a massacre
          of civilians which had occurred in the region in February 1989. In both cases
          paramilitary groups were alleged to be responsible for the killings.
          According to the information, Rodriguez had received a death threat on
          25 May 1989, and on 23 June 1989 his appartment building in Villavicencio had
          been destroyed by a bomb explosion, although he and his family escaped unhurt.
          124. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take all necessary
          measures to protect Rodriguez Henao and requested information on the measures
          taken in that regard.
          125. On 24 July 1989, another letter was sent to the Government of Colombia
          concerning violations of the right to life with the description of 18 cases of
          killing, three cases of attempted killing and seven cases of death threats, as
          follows:
          Cases of killing
          (a) Emilio Montalvo, on 22 February 1989 in San Andrés de Sotavento,
          Comuna Molina;
          (b) Sister Teresa de Jesus RainIrez Vanegas, a nun belonging to the order
          of Hermanas de la Compai iia de Maria — Nuestra Senora La Enseiianza and to the
          Teachers' Union of the Department of Antioquia (ADIDA) on 28 February 1989 in
          the high school at Cristales, Municipality of San Roque, Antioqula;
          (c) Jorge Luis Garcés Castillo, high school teacher in the town of
          Miraflores, Municipality of Mistrato, Risaralda and leader of the Union
          Patridtica, on 12 March 1989;
          (d) Luis Alberto Cardona Mejia, teacher at the National University of
          Manizales, president of the Caldas Union Patriótica and of the Gran Caldas
          Human Rights Committee, on 4 April 1989, in a local train between Chinchina,
          Caldas and Santa Rosa, Risaralda;
          (e) Leon Darlo Avendai io Palacio and Argiro Alonso Avenda o Palacio, on
          11 April 1989;
          (f) Libardo Antonio Rengito, leader of the Sindicato Agrarlo Palestina
          (Palestina Farming Union), shot on 29 April 1989 and died in Manizales
          Hospital on 12 May 1989;
          (g) José JuaquIn Vergara BohOrquez, a member of the Union Sindical
          Obrera (Workers' Trade Union), on 30 April 1989 in Barrancabermeja;
          (h) Esperanza DIaz, trade union leader, on 30 April 1989;
          (i) Alvaro Gonzalez Sanchez, a prominent member of the Liberal Party, on
          4 Nay 1989 in the centre of Bogota;
          (j) Dora Bolivar, aged 16, who had disappeared on 13 May 1989, found
          dead with signs of torture in Pe alisa, Municipality of Salgar;
        
          
          E/ CN. Lt / 1990/22
          page 26
          (k) Adolf o Perez Arosemana and Carlos Enrique Morales, journalists and
          members of the Central Workers' Union of Colombia (CUT) of the Department of
          El Valle. Their bodies, showing signs of torture, were found in Cali on
          21 May 1989, a day after their disappearance;
          (1) Humberto Blanco, teacher and member of the Sindicato de Maestros de
          Magdalena (Teachers' Union of Magdalena) and leader of the Ciudad Plata Union
          Patriótica on 22 May 1989;
          (m) Killing of 17 children during the last week of May and the first
          week of June 1989, in the streets of Bogota;
          (n) Sergio Restrepo Jarainillo, Jesuit priest of the parish of Tierra
          Alta, Córdoba, on 3 June 1989;
          (o) Hernando Fierro Manrique, lawyer and traffic superintendent in the
          town of Tuluá, on 3 June 1989;
          (p) Orlando Higuita, municipal councillor in Barrancabermeja, member of
          the Unión Patriótica and of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, in
          Barrancabermeja on 12 June 1989;
          (q) Alejandro Cardona Villa, vice—chairman of the Union PatriOtica in
          the Department of Antioquiá, on 29 June 1989;
          (r) César Arcadio Cerrdn, trade union leader, member of El Cauca Human
          Rights Committee, on 6 July 1989 in Popayán, El Cauca;
          Cases of attempted killing
          (a) Luis Alberto Garcia, secretary of the Floresta Sta. Rosa indigenous
          community, and Pedro Chiripua, on 10 February 1989;
          (b) Brigadier General Miguel A. Maza Nárquez, head of the Departamento
          Adininistrativo de Seguridad (DAS) (Administrative Security Department), on
          30 May 1989;
          (c) Luis Eduardo Galindo, vice—chairman of the National Executive Board
          of the Uni6n Sindical Obrera (Workers' Trade Union), on 6 June 1989 in
          Barrancabermeja;
          Cases of death threats
          (a) Luis Mayasa, Chairman of the Federation of Workers of El Meta;
          (b) Alvaro Villarizar, Chairman of the Union of Workers of the
          Industrial University of Santander (SINTRAVIS), in Bucarainanga, Santander;
          (c) Ivan Castellanos, member of the Union of Workers of the Industrial
          University of Santander (SINTRAVIS) and of the Executive Committee of the
          Union of Workers of Santander (USITRAS), in Bucaramanga, Santander;
          (d) Henry Taite and Ivan GOmez Arriza, chairman and vice—chairman of the
          Regional Executive Board of CUT, in Santa Marta;
        
          
          E / CN. 4 / 1990 / 22
          page 27
          (e) Omar Niebles, chairman of the Gremlo Regional de Trabajadores
          Portuarios (Regional Union of Port Workers) and member of the Executive
          Committee of CUT in Santa Marta;
          (f) Gonzalo Castaiio and Miguel Cardona, chairman and vice—chairman of
          the Federación de Trabajadores de Caldas (Caldas Workers' Federation)
          (FEDECLADAS—CUT) in Caldas;
          (g) Members of the executive boards of the trade unions of Curtiembres
          Titan, Cementos de Valle and Municipales, and leaders of the CUT in the
          Department of El Valle.
          126. On 9 August 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Colombia
          concerning the killing of Maria Elena Diaz Perez on 28 July 1989 and death
          threats directed at several other judicial officers of MedellIn. These
          judicial officers were said to be: Yadira Ester Cervantes Barrios,
          Marta Luz Hurtado and Rocio Berrero, respectively magistrates of the seventh
          and sixth courts of public order and examining magistrate of the third
          specialized court, as well as Marta Oquendo Rodriguez, Dr. Diaz's legal
          adviser. According to the information, Dr. Cervantes had been investigating
          the involvement of military officers of the El Bagre base in the
          disappearances and killings of peasant leaders, and Dr. Hurtado had been
          conducting investigations into the Segovia massacre and had accused various
          members of the military of direct participation in it.
          127. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government urgently to take all
          measures at its disposal both to protect the lives of the judicial officers
          who had been threatened and to ensure the continuity of the investigations
          into summary or arbitrary executions, and emphasized the importance of
          clarification by the judicial branch of government of cases falling within its
          competence and punishment of those guilty of violations of the right to life.
          He also requested information on the measures taken by the Government.
          128. On 6 October 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Colombia
          transmitting alleged cases of killing by hired killers or paramilitary groups,
          supported by members of the security forces or with their connivance, as
          follows:
          (a) Benjamin Sotelo, José Francisco Mantilla Ojeda and
          José Santos Carepa, members of the Miners Union in the town of Ataco,
          Department of Tolima. It is alleged that on 9 May 1989 they were attacked by
          hired gunmen who killed the first two persons named and wounded the third;
          (b) Teodoro Quintero, legal adviser to the Acuas y Empos Nacionales
          (SINTRACUEMPONAL) trade union, Bucarainanga, allegedly disappeared on
          11 May 1989 at 8.30 a.m. and was found dead shortly afterwards on the road to
          the town of Piedecuesta, Santander;
          (c) Ismael Montes Pe ia and Evert Manuel Cabrera, a secondary school
          teacher and a 17—year old pupil, respectively, were allegedly killed by hired
          gunmen on 26 May 1989 in the Guadual settlement, in the Municipality of
          Arbolete, Urabá Antioquia. Mr. Montes was a member of the Asociación de
          Institutores de Antioquia, (Antioquia Teachers Association) ADIDA;
        
          
          E/ CN. 4 / 1990/22
          page 28
          (d) Maria Elena Diaz Perez, Third Judge at the Third Public Order Court,
          a member of the Asociación Nacional de Jueces y Empleados de la Raina
          Jurisdiccional (ASONAL JUDICIAL) (National Association of Judges and Legal
          Employees), and responsible for investigations into the Urabá and Córdoba
          massacres, was allegedly killed by hired gunmen on 28 July 1989 in MedellIn;
          (e) Manuel José Zapata Carmona and Omar Leon Gómez Mann, teachers at
          the University of Antioquia and members of the Asociación de Prof esores
          Universitanios (ASPU) (University Teachers Association), were allegedly killed
          by hired gunmen on 29 July 1989 in the town of Bello, Antioquia;
          (f) Henry Cuenca Vega, a member of the National Governing Council of the
          CUT, was allegedly killed by three hired gunmen in front of his home in Bogota
          at 7.30 p.m. on 30 July 1989;
          (g) Gilberto Santana, headmaster of the Algarrobo Corrigimiento College
          and a member of the Colombian Federation of Educators (rECODE), and of CUT,
          was allegedly killed on 1 August 1989 at 6 a.m. by hired gunmen in the town of
          Fundación, Magdalena;
          (h) Ivén Restrepo and Fidel Roa, respectively a foreman and labourer on
          the GuatapurI banana plantation and members of the National Union of Farm
          Workers (SINTRAINAGRO) were allegedly found dead on 1 August 1989 after having
          disappeared three days previously in the town of Chigorodó, Antioquia;
          (1) Daniel José Espitia and Fabio Marulanda Pupa, respectively general
          treasurer of the Asociación Nacional de Usuarios Campesinos (ANUC) (National
          Association of Peasant Consumers), and an organizer for the UP political party
          in Ayapel (Córdoba), were allegedly killed by hired gunmen on 9 August 1989 at
          6 p.m. in the district of Cantaclaro, Monterla, Córdoba;
          (j) Gustavo de Jesi is Mira Ramirez, a member of the Asociación de
          Institutores de Antioquia (ADIDA) (Antioquia Teachers Association), was
          allegedly killed by hired gunmen on 10 August 1989 as he left the Union t s
          headquarters in Peldar, in Medellin, Antioquia;
          (k) Juan Rivera, Vice—president of the Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores
          de Materiales de la Construcción (SUTIMAC) (Union of Workers in the Building
          Materials Industry), was killed by hired gunmen on 11 August 1989 in the town
          of Puerto Nare, Antioquia;
          (1) Orlando Roa Grimaldus, a worker in the Santander Energy Company and
          member of the Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores Eléctricos de Colombia
          (SINTRAELECOL) (National Union of Electrical Workers of Colombia), was
          allegedly killed by hired gunmen during the night of Sunday, 13 August 1989 at
          his home in Bucaramanga, Santander;
          (m) Canlos Enrique Valencia, a judge of the Bogota Higher Court, was
          allegedly killed by hired gunmen on 16 August 1989 in Bogota;
          (n) Luis Carlos Galán Sarmiento, a pre—presidential candidate of the
          Liberal Party, a Senator and founder member of the Permanent Committee for the
          Defence of Human Rights, was killed, presumably by paramilitary elements on
          18 August 1989 while taking part in a political meeting in Soacha,
          Cundinaniarca;
        
          
          E / CN. 4 / 1990 / 22
          page 29
          (o) Carlos Arturo Zapata, a councillor of the Frente Popular de
          Santa Fe, Antioquia, was allegedly killed on 7 September 1989 when he was on
          the way from MedellIn to Santa Fe;
          (p) Sebastian Mosquera, an adviser to the Sindicato Nacional de
          Trabajadores de la Industria del Agro (SINTRAINAGRO) (Agro—industry Workers'
          Union) and leader of the Central Unitaria de Trabajadores de Colombia (CUT)
          (United Federation of Workers of Colombia), was allegedly killed on
          9 September 1989 by hired gunmen in the region of Urabá, Antioquia;
          (q) Henry ]3ello Ovalle, an active member of his community, was allegedly
          shot in the head and killed by the commander on duty at the police post in
          Bosa, Bogota, during the night of 23 September 1989.
          129. On 20 October 1989, during the Special Rapporteur's visit to Colombia, a
          letter was sent to the Government concerning the following cases:
          (a) Rita Ivonne Tobon Areiza, Mayor of Segovia, Department of Antioquia,
          was under constant death threat. Her brother was said to have been
          assassinated on 3 August 1989;
          (b) Sergio NuI iez, a trade union leader of SINTRAINAGRO in Urabá, was
          arrested on 14 October 1989 by members of the Pedro Nel Ospina Battalion in
          San Pedro de Urabá. His detention was denied by the military authorities;
          (c) Arturo Salgado Carzón , Manuel Libardo Diaz Navaz and
          Nilson Mautilla, investigative agents of the Dirección Nacional de Instrucción
          Criminal and the only survivors of the La Rochela massacre, were threatened
          with death by a paramilitary group called “Los Masetos”.
          130. The Special Rapporteur, expressing his concern for their lives, appealed
          to the Government to take the necessary measures to protect their right to
          life and requested information on these cases, and in particular on the
          measures taken by the Government to guarantee their safety.
          131. On 10 July 1989, a letter was received from the Government of Colombia
          transmitting a document prepared by the Office of the Presidential Councillor
          for the Defence, Protection and Promotion of Human Rights and containing five
          sections, as follows:
          Criminal self—defence, vigilante or “paramilitary” groups;
          Responsibility of State agents in disappearances and alleged executions;
          Repression of fundamental freedoms;
          Persecution of trade unionists;
          Threats to various sectors of the civilian population.
          132. With regard to the criminal self—defence, vigilante or “paramilitary”
          groups, it was stated that the Government of Colombia was fully aware of the
          seriousness of the existence of those groups and had taken measures aimed at
          identifying, combating and dismantling them, and that it had succeeded in
          uncovering the network of links connecting those groups with criminals engaged
        
          
          El CN .4 / 1990 / 22
          page 30
          in the narcotics traffic, locating the groups and seizing weapons, equipment
          and documents. It was further stated that, under the powers conferred by the
          Constitution, a number of emergency measures were being put into effect
          (decrees Nos. 813, 814 and 815 of 19 April 1989), namely, establishment of a
          special corps under the command of the Director—General of the National Police
          to combat these groups of criminals, establishment of a Special Commission of
          Ministers and senior officials in the security forces aimed at controlling and
          combating the criminal groups, control of arms traffic and suspension of legal
          provisions which could serve as a legal basis for the organization of armed
          civilian self—defence groups.
          133. With regard to the responsibility of State agents in disappearances and
          alleged executions, it was stated that in all reported cases independent and
          impartial investigations had been conducted. These investigations were said
          to be of a disciplinary character conducted by the Attorney—General of the
          nation with a view to imposing administrative penalties and a criminal
          investigation. It was stated that the Government was aware that in some cases
          a situation of impunity might arise and that it had adopted measures to
          strengthen the system of justice and criminal investigation, It was also
          stated that in no instance had the Government adopted an attitude of
          complicity towards such abuses.
          134. It was emphasized that the Colombian society and the Government had to
          struggle against armed, violent and brutal subversion that used terrorist
          methods even against the civilian population and managed to ally itself with
          narcotics traffickers, and that the Government had been forced to adopt
          emergency measures.
          135. With regard to the persecution of trade unionists, it was stated that the
          Government was aware that trade union activists were among the groups most
          vulnerable to the criminal action of the above—mentioned groups and had
          adopted protective measures.
          136. On 18 July 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Colombia to
          the Special Rapporteur's letter of 13 March 1989 transmitting information on a
          number of the cases communicated to the Government, as follows:
          (a) Teofilo Forero. Leonilde Mora. Jose Antonio Toscano and
          Jose Antonio Sotelo . Proceedings were in progress at the Fourth Public Order
          Court in Bogota and the cases were under investigation;
          (b) Jose Antequera . The 36th Court of Criminal Instruction of MedellIn
          had ordered preventive detention of a member of a group called “Los Buhos”.
          Moreover, the Fourth Public Order Court of Villavicencio had ordered
          confinement of a member of a group of hired gunmen in connection with the
          killing;
          (c) Francisco Dumar Mestre . The case was under investigation by the
          Regional Attorney of Monteria;
          (d) The “La Rochela” case . The Sixth Public Order Court of Bogota and
          the Fifth and Sixth Public Order Courts of Bucarainanga were investigating the
          case. According to the Technical Corps of the Judicial Police, seven persons
          had been interrogated under detention. Nine others had been interrogated but
          released. At the same time, the 126th Court of the Military Penal Instruction
        
          
          E / CN .4 / 1990 / 22
          page 31
          belonging to the 14th Brigade in Puerto BerrIo (Antioquia) was also
          investigating the case and had taken action against the army lieutenant in
          command of the military base in Cainpocapote and a sergeant, ordering their
          confinement. The investigation was still under way;
          (e) Gloria Mpncillp de Dipz . The case of death threat had been
          investigated by the Departamento Adininistrativo de Seguridad (DAS);
          (f) Rita Ivpnne Tobon . The death threats had been made by paramilitary
          groups and on several occasions she had been offered escort service by members
          of the National Police; a private escort had also been given.
          137. On 8 September 1989, a letter was received from the Government of
          Colombia concerning the measures adopted by the Government in connection with
          drug—trafficking. It was stated that criminal drug—trafficking had become
          increasingly dangerous and was threatening the core of society and endangering
          the institutional stability of the country, requiring special, prompt and
          effective legislation. It was also stated that, on 17 and 18 August 1989,
          three persons, Carlos Valencia Garcia, a judge of the Bogota Higher Court,
          Colonel Valdemar Franklin Quintero and Luls Carlos Galán Sarmiento, a Senator
          and presidential candidate of the Liberal Party, had fallen victim to
          terrorist assaults by the criminal organizations engaged in illicit
          drug—trafficking, and that these criminal acts were additional to a long
          series of attacks on judges, political leaders, civil servants, soldiers,
          policemen and citizens.
          138. It was further stated that the Government had adopted a series of
          exceptional measures to cope with this wave of criminal acts and to reinforce
          the action already taken to combat drug—trafficking and other crimes.
          139. On 14 November 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Colombia
          to the Special Rapporteur t s letter of 20 October 1989 concerning the case of
          Sergio Nuiiez Monterrosa, stating that, on 18 October 1989, Nui iez had been
          located in Lorica by a commission of the Committee of Detained and Disappeared
          Persons, the mayor and the ombudsman of San Pedro. The reply further stated
          that, on 19 October, Nui xez had presented himself in Turbo, Antioquia, and had
          been questioned at the 21st Court of the Military Penal Instruction. A copy
          of his statement was attached to the reply. It was made clear that he had
          never been detained by the military authorities.
          140. On 12 December 1989, a letter was received from the Government of
          Colombia transmitting information concerning 178 cases of killing of trade
          unionists in 1987 and 1988. According to the information, all these cases
          remained under investigation by various branches of the judicial authorities.
          141. On the same day, a reply was received from the Government of Colombia to
          the Special Rapporteur's letter of 6 October 1989, stating that the cases of
          Henry Cuenca Vega, Daniel José Espitia and Fabio Marulanda Pupo were under
          investigation by the judicial authorities. With regard to the case of
          Henry Bello Ovalle, it was stated that a policeman had been detained at the
          National Police detention centre and that criminal proceedings were under way
          before Military Criminal Court No. 78. As for the disciplinary proceedings,
          it was stated that a decision had been taken on 23 October 1989 urging the
          dismissal of the above—mentioned policeman and that, in addition, an
          investigation was being carried out to determine the involvement of two other
          agents in the case.
        
          
          E / CN.4 / 1990 / 22
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          142. On the same day, a reply was received from the Government of Colombia to
          the Special Rapporteur's letter of 20 October 1989 stating that, with regard
          to the case of Rita Ivonne Tobon Areiza, mayor of Segovia, who had allegedly
          received death threats from paramilitary groups, the State security
          authorities, and in particular the National Police, had offered to give
          protection to that public official.
          Democratic Yemen
          143. On 30 October 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the
          Government of Democratic Yemen transmitting allegations that a person named
          Farid Awadh Haidara had died in detention on 25 June 1989 at Ataq prison
          in the governorate of Shabwa after being arrested in February 1988.
          Farid Awadh Haidara was said to be among those who had fled the country after
          the events of January 1986 and returned upon receiving a letter from the
          Minister of State Security at Aden guaranteeing their safety and adequate
          employment, but who had later been arrested and detained without charge.
          144. The Special Rapporteur requested information on those allegations, in
          particular on any investigations by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          145. On 1 March 1989, a reply was received from the Government of
          Democratic Yemen to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 9 November 1988.
          According to the reply, on 13 January 1986, Democratic Yemen had been faced
          with a conspiracy aimed at seizing power, destroying the national democratic
          system and impairing the progress and achievement made by the people of
          Democratic Yemen. It was stated that, on 2 December 1986, the Supreme Court
          of the Republic had begun its hearing of criminal case No. 3 of 1986, brought
          by the Public Prosecutor of the Republic against persons involved in
          organizing, planning and carrying out the conspiracy of 13 January, and that
          the Public Prosecutor had brought five criminal charges against 138 accused
          persons, 48 of whom charged in absentia , namely high treason, acts of
          terrorism, aiding and abetting acts of terrorism, acts of sabotage, and aiding
          and abetting acts of sabotage.
          146. It was further stated that the Court had held 143 public hearings before
          delivering its judgements, that the trial had been conducted in accordance
          with the legal regulations governing litigation and the general principles set
          forth in the Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, Act No. 3 of 1980
          (concerning the organization of courts of law) and other procedural
          enactments, that the Court had shown due regard for the procedural
          requirements and safeguards, particularly the right of the accused to defend
          himself, that that right had been respected by the appointment of attorneys to
          defend the accused at State expense, in accordance with the constitutional
          principle concerning the obligation to ensure legal assistance and defence,
          that the accused, appearing in person before the Court in the presence of
          their attorneys, had been acquainted with the charges brought against them and
          had been given an opportunity to reply thereto and to provide explanations in
          that connection, and that they had also been given an opportunity to submit
          and challenge evidence, to call and cross—examine witnesses and to submit
          petitions and rebuttals at all stages of the hearing.
        
          
          E / CN .4/1990 / 22
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          147. It was stated that, on conclusion of its hearings, the Court had
          on 12 December 1987 pronounced the death sentence on 19 persons convicted
          in absentia and on 16 persons convicted in their presence, and various terms
          of imprisonment on others.
          148. It was further stated that the People's Supreme Council had confirmed
          on 27 December 1987 the death sentences passed on six persons convicted
          in absentia and on five persons convicted in their presence and commuted the
          death sentences passed on 13 persons convicted in absentia and on 15 persons
          convicted in their presence to 15 years' imprisonment.
          149. It was also stated that, on 31 December 1987, the Presidium of the
          People's Supreme Council had issued a decree concerning the comprehensive
          general amnesty which did not apply to persons who had been convicted by the
          Supreme Court of the Republic in criminal case No. 3 of 1986 and who had been
          sentenced to death or to a term of imprisonment.
          150. With regard to the three alleged cases of death in detention, it was
          stated that the allegations were totally unfounded. According to the reply,
          Said Bamu'awwad Bagarwan had died as a result of illness and there was no
          detainee of the name of Ahmad Bargash bin Daghar Bagarwan. Au Said al—Ainondi
          was stated to be alive, well and free.
          El Salvador
          151. On 7 February 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government
          of El Salvador concerning alleged death threats by a group called
          Anti—Communist Revolutionary Extermination Action Group (ARDE) against
          Herberth Wilfredo Barillas, vice—rector of the University of El Salvador,
          Mario Aif redo Cabrera, administrator general of the University and
          Luis Argueta Antillon, the rector.
          152. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take the necessary
          measures to protect the lives of these persons, as well as the lives of
          members of the University of El Salvador in general, a number of whom,
          including professors and students, had reportedly been assassinated in the
          previous months, and requested information on these cases.
          153. On 24 July 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of El Salvador
          transmitting allegations that, since 1 January 1989, killings had continued to
          occur, in the context of the internal conflict affecting the country.
          154. The following cases were alleged to be attributable either to members of
          the armed forces, security bodies and civil defence patrols or to paramilitary
          groups, the so—called “death squads” which, according to the reports, were
          tolerated by or had ties with certain authorities and members of the armed
          forces:
          (a) José Arnaldo RamIrez Alvarez, aged 8, Barrio El Calvario,
          Jurisdiction of Mejicanos, Department of San Salvador, on 1 January 1989, by
          soldiers of the General Eusebio Bracatnonte Army Battalion;
          (b) Silvia Concepción Hernández Alvarado, aged 16, student, canton
          El Marquezado, Jurisdiction of Santiago de Maria, Department of Usulután,
          on 1 January 1989, by a soldier of the Army Atonal Battalion;
        
          
          E/CN.4/1990/22
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          (c) Santos Regino Rainirez Perez, aged 26, day labourer, on the bank of
          the river Torola, canton of Estancia, Jurisdiction of Cacaopera, Department of
          Morazán, on 23 January 1989, by members of the Military Detachment No. 4;
          (d) César Edgardo CrespIn PeI iate, aged 26, day labourer, canton of
          Las Flores, Jurisdiction of Jayaque, Department of La Libertad, on
          26 January 1989 by a member of the Civil Defence Patrol of Jayaque;
          (e) Victor Manuel Henriquez Claros, aged 32, day labourer, on the road
          from the canton of El Tablón to the canton of Los Horcones, Jurisdiction of
          San Francisco Javier, Department of Usulután, between 30 January and
          2 February 1989, by soldiers of the Oromontique Battalion of the Sixth
          Infantry Brigade;
          (f) José Rafael Romero Perez, aged 40, small farmer, Jurisdiction of
          San Francisco Javier, Department of Usulután, between 30 January and
          2 February 1989, by soldiers of the Oromontique Battalion of the Sixth
          Infantry Brigade;
          (g) José Cerardo Cómez, aged 23, office worker, canton El Suncita,
          Jurisdiction of Acajutia, Department of Sonsonate, on 2 February 1989 by
          five uniformed soldiers;
          (h) Diógenes Israel Gonzalez Rivera, aged 18, cobbler, Barrio El Angel,
          Jurisdiction and Department of Santa Ana, by a person in plain clothes said to
          belong to the Criminal Investigation Department (SIC) of the National Police;
          (i) Mario Antonio Flores Cubas, aged 32, university student, Barrio
          Santa Lucia, San Salvador, arrested on 2 February 1989 by five uniformed
          soldiers and found dead on 3 February 1989;
          (j) Teodoro Sanchez BenItez, aged 28, day labourer, canton of Talchigua,
          Jurisdiction of Aramoala, Department of Morazán, on 19 February 1989, by
          soldiers of Military Detachment No. 4 billeted in San Francisco Cotera;
          (k) Miguel Colindres Panarneiio, aged 20, day labourer, canton of
          Las Animas, Jurisdiction of Santiago Nonualco, Department of La Paz, arrested
          on 28 February 1989 by uniformed soldiers belonging to the Military Detachment
          of Engineers of the Armed Forces (DMIFA) and found dead on 7 March 1989;
          (1) Andrés Colindres Vásquez, aged 55, day labourer, canton of
          Las Animas, Jurisdiction of Santiago Nonualco, Department of La Paz, arrested
          on 18 February 1989 by uniformed soldiers belonging to the Military Detachment
          of Engineers of the Armed Forces (DMIFA) and found dead on 7 March 1989;
          (m) Maria Luisa Paname io de Colindres, aged 50, household servant,
          canton of Las Animas, Jurisdiction of Santiago Nonualco, Department of La Paz,
          arrested on 28 February 1989 by uniformed soldiers belonging to the Military
          Detachment of Engineers of the Armed Forces (DMIFA) and found dead on
          7 March 1989;
          (n) Alvaro Felix Cisneros Navidad, aged 30, small trader, Colonia
          San Rafael, Jurisdiction of Soyapango, Department of San Salvador, on
          16 March 1989, by Air Force personnel;
        
          
          E/CN.4/1990/22
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          (o) Emiliano Sanchez, aged 40, labourer, canton of Cimarrón,
          Jurisdiction of Puerto de la Libertad, Department of La Libertad, on
          16 March 1989, by three soldiers belonging to Bracainonte Battalion;
          (p) Juan José Santos Polanco, aged 23, farmer, canton of
          San Miguel Ingenio, Jurisdiction of Metapán, Department of Santa Ana,
          on 5 April 1989, by a member of the San Miguel Ingenio Civil Defence.
          The cases of murder attributable to the paramilitary groups known as “death
          squads” were as follows:
          (q) José Sixto Montoya, aged 50, day labourer, Jurisdiction of
          San Francisco Chinameca, Department of La Paz, on 11 January 1989;
          (r) Orlando Rafael Ramos Lizama, aged 25, university student,
          Jurisdiction and Department of San Salvador, found dead on 16 February 1989
          — with two bullet wounds and bearing signs of strangulation and torture;
          (s) German Evelio MejIa Tejeda, aged 21, travelling salesman, canton of
          Chupaderos, Jurisdiction and Department of Santa Ana, found dead on
          5 March 1989;
          (t) Maria Cristina Gómez Gonzalez, aged 40, primary school teacher,
          member of “Andes 21 de Junio” and representative of that organization in
          Conaxnus, Colonia Santa Lucia, Jurisdiction of Ilopango, San Salvador, abducted
          on 5 April 1989 by two heavily armed men in civilian clothes and found dead on
          the afternoon of the same day bearing signs of torture;
          (u) Carlos Alf redo Ramirez, aged 24, labourer, Colonia Guadalupe,
          Jurisdiction of Soyapango, Department of San Salvador, abducted on 10 May 1989
          and found dead on 11 May 1989;
          (v) Alberto Hilario Murcia Alvarado, aged 20, labourer,
          Colonia Guadalupe, Jurisdiction of Soyapango, Department of San Salvador,
          abducted on 10 May 1989 and found dead on 11 May 1989;
          (w) Pablo Abdulio Vargas Carcamo, aged 29, trade unionist, Jurisdiction
          of Chalchuapa, Department of Santa Ana, by the so—called “Comando Acción
          Anti—Comunista Revolucionaria de Exterminio” (ARDE).
          155. On 14 November 1989, another letter was sent to the Government of
          El Salvador transmitting the following cases.
          (a) Geovanny Carranza, aged 4, and Javier Carranza, killed on 31 May 1989
          by members of “la Fuerza Aerea”;
          (b) José Joaquin Gonzalez, member of FECORAO, died on 20 June 1989 after
          being tortured by the National Police of San Miguel.
          156. On 22 November 1989, another letter was sent to the Government of
          El Salvador transmitting the following cases:
          (a) Madeleine Lagadec, a French nurse; Gustavo Ignacio Caseres, an
          Argentine doctor; Maria Cristina Hernández, a Salvadorian auxiliary nurse;
          Celia Leticia Diaz Salazar, a Salvadorian teacher; Carlos Gômez, a hospital
          patient These five persons died on 15 April 1989, allegedly killed after
        
          
          El CN. 4/1990 / 22
          page 36
          having been captured and tortured by Salvadorian Air Force personnel. At the
          time of their capture they were in the FMLN field hospital in the canton of
          El Tortuguero, Jurisdiction of Santa Clara 9 Department of San Vicente, when
          the bombing took place;
          (b) Ten persons died on 31 October 1989 in the course of the attack on
          the offices of the Federación Nacional Sindical de Trabajadores Sa1vadore ios
          (FENASTRAS) (National Federation of Salvadorian Workers Unions). The bomb
          exploded during a meeting of trade union leaders. The attack followed an
          attack the previous day on the offices of COMADRES, Human rights groups hold
          members of the Police Force and the Infantry Brigade responsible for the
          attacks. There have been three previous attacks this year on the headquarters
          of FENASTRAS, for which members of the Police Force and other security
          services are believed to be responsible. Although the Government has held the
          so—called “enemies of peace”, responsible for these reprehensible attacks,
          statements by witnesses describing the circumstances in which the attacks
          occurred indicate that the victims were killed by members of Government forces;
          (c) Ignacio Ellacuria, Rector of the José Siméon Canas Central American
          University (UCA); Ignacio Martin Baro, Deputy—Rector of UCA; Segundo Montes,
          Director of the UCA Human Rights Institute; Juan Ramón Moreno, a Jesuit priest
          at UCA; Armando Lopez, former Rector of UCA; Managera; JoaquIn López y López,
          a Jesuit priest; a domestic employee and her daughter. These persons were
          killed on 16 November 1989 in San Salvador, reportedly by men wearing military
          uniforms. Although the Government has deplored this horrifying murder and has
          held unidentified terrorist groups responsible, according to statements by
          witnesses the circumstances in which the events occurred indicate that the
          victims were killed by members of Government forces.
          157. In the above—mentioned three letters, the Special Rapporteur requested
          information on these allegations, in particular on any investigations by the
          competent authorities, including autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent
          the further occurrence of such deaths.
          158. On 23 November 1989, a cable was addressed to the Government of
          El Salvador concerning the situation of a refugee centre named “El Despertar ”
          in La Colina San Antonio Abad. According to information received, this centre
          had been surrounded and shot at by soldiers of the government forces and
          bombarded with artillery shells, causing serious danger to the lives of the
          civilians at the centre.
          159. The Special Rapporteur, expressing his concern for the safety of the
          civilians at the centre, referred to article 51 of Additional Protocol I of
          1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, which provided that civilians shall
          not be the object of attack. He therefore appealed to the Government to take
          the necessary measures to protect the right to life of those civilians and
          requested information on the measures taken by the Government.
          160. On 18 April 1989, a letter was received from the Government of
          El Salvador, transmitting a press release issued by the Governmental
          Commission on Human Rights which denounced the attack by terrorist groups
          against Mr. José Francisco Merino Lopez, vice—president elect of the Republic,
          on 14 April 1989, at his residence..
          161. At the time of preparation of the present report no reply had been
          received from the Government of El Salvador.
        
          
          E/CN.4/1990/22
          page 37
          i
          162. On 26 April 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government
          of Ethiopia transmitting the following alleged cases of killing by government
          forces:
          (a) On 26 December 1988, in the village of Halibo, in the district of
          Mereta Sebene (Akeleguzai Province), Ethiopian armed forces killed
          11 civilians, all over 50 years of age. The names of seven of the victims
          were mentioned in the letter;
          (b) On 18 February 1989, the Ethiopian army killed 10 civilians and
          wounded one youth in the village of Deki—Zeru, in Lower Anseba, 30 km west of
          Asniara. Two of the victims were killed by bayonet and the others shot. The
          names of the 10 victims were mentioned in the letter.
          163. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations, in
          particular on any investigations by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          164. On 24 July 1989, another letter was sent to the Government of Ethiopia
          transmitting allegations that many people had been killed in the following
          incidents involving government forces:
          1988 (All incidents in the Tigray region)
          (a) On 14 May, armed forces moved to Forda in Raya district,
          burned 50 houses, killed one person and ordered the evacuation of the village;
          (b) On 15 May, armed forces moved into Harika, killed one person and
          ordered the evacuation of the town. The same day war planes bombarded Axum
          for the second time, killing one and wounding five civilians;
          (c) On 21 May, helicopters bombarded Harego, killing 9 and wounding
          12 civilians;
          (d) On 26 May, six persons were killed when Hausien was bombarded for
          the third time;
          (e) On 4 June, five persons were killed and three wounded when 77 houses
          were burned in Harego, near Makelle;
          (f) On 7 and 8 June, 16 persons were killed when Samre was bombarded
          with napalm and cluster bombs;
          (g) On 7 June, two mothers were killed and two children wounded when
          Sekota was bombarded by four MIG fighter planes;
          (h) Between 19 and 21 June, 341 persons were killed when Hagerselani and
          surrounding villages were burned by government troops;
          (i) On 22 June, MIG fighter planes bombarded Hausien for six hours,
          resulting in the death of 1,300 persons;
        
          
          EICN.4/1990/22
          page 38
          (j) On 26 June, troops moved to a village near Samre called Al Ata and,
          while the people were in church, opened fire and killed four persons;
          (k) On 27 June, two persons, a priest, Adebe Damtew, and a layman,
          Getnet, were killed in a church in Derkasheg village;
          (1) On 27 and 28 June, troops roamed around Maiknetal and killed
          45 women, one of whom was burned in her house;
          (m) On 28 and 29 June, in Adwa, 50 persons were killed, 29 of them by
          bayonet and their bodies thereafter thrown over a cliff;
          (n) On 5 and 6 July, troops raided Neksege village in southern Tigray
          and burned to death 30 farmers while they were in their huts;
          (o) On 10 July, 43 farmers were killed and another 60 burned to death in
          their houses in Allogen, a subdistrict of Tsembla. On the same day, a
          one—year old baby was mutilated with a bayonet and her corpse hung on the
          fence of her home; and in Adi Barai, one woman was killed and 48 elderly
          persons were badly beaten with clubs;
          (p) On 14 July, while troops were retreating from Edaga Hibret to
          Enda Selassie, they threw an old blind woman into a burning hut and killed her;
          (q) Between 11 and 15 July, 12 elderly men and women were executed in
          Asgede. One of the dead was 75—year—old Ainina Dawood;
          1989
          (a) On 20 March, Tunzighi Ghebremedhin was killed while on his way to
          Senafe from his village of Asha, In a separate incident, Abdalla Ahnied was
          killed in Quahaito, in the east of Adi—Kaieh;
          (b) On 29 March, three persons were killed when Axuin was bombarded;
          (c) Between 15 and 21 April, 16 persons were killed, either by stoning
          or by being thrown off the cliffs, when the villages of Gila, Gerber, Sefa and
          Mensura in the Semian district were attacked. The names of the 16 persons
          were mentioned in the letter;
          (d) Between 30 April and 7 May, eight civilians were killed and another
          four detained during a rampage in the region of Hazomo and Tsorona in the
          southern Lowlands of Eritrea.
          165. The Special Rapporteur requested information on the above—mentioned cases
          and in particular on any investigations made and any measures taken by the
          authorities and/or the judiciary to establish the facts and to bring those
          responsible to justice.
          166. On 17 February 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Ethiopia
          to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 9 November 1988 concerning the
          allegations described in his last report (E/CN.4/1989/25, paras. 102—106),
          stating that the Government, having conducted a thorough investigation, had
          found the charges to be completely unfounded and a product of a systematic
          campaign of misinformation.
        
          
          E/CN.4/1990/22
          page 39
          167. On 29 November 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Ethiopia
          to the Special Rapporteur's letters of 26 April and 24 July 1989 concerning
          alleged killings by government forces in Eritrea and Tigray. The reply stated
          that the investigations conducted over several months in different places in
          northern Ethiopia by a body established by the Government had proved that all
          the allegations were unfounded. It was also stated that it was the dissident
          groups which were engaged in acts of terrorism, banditry and killing of
          innocent individuals and that it was those same groups that were the source of
          the allegations brought against the Government. Referring to the peace
          initiative and talks between the Government and the dissident groups which had
          begun in the latter half of 1989, the Government expressed the hope that the
          desire for peace would ultimately prevail over the proclivity to prolong human
          suffering.
          Guatemala
          168. On 10 February 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the
          Government of Guatemala concerning alleged death threats against
          Julio Perez Morales, nursing assistant at the health centre in
          San Martin Jilotepeque, Chimaltenango. According to the information received,
          on 17 December 1988 a group of soldiers had gone to his home and killed six
          members of his family. Perez Morales had not been at home at the time of the
          killing, but this action was believed to be directed against him because he
          had been accused of giving medical treatment to guerrillas and had been
          threatened by the army.
          169. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take the necessary
          measures to protect the life of Perez Morales and the rest of his family and
          requested information on the case.
          170. On 17 March 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Guatemala
          concerning alleged death threats against 12 members of the Executive Committee
          of the Student Association of the University of San Carlos (Junta directiva de
          Asociación de estudiantes universitarios de la Universidad de San Carlos).
          According to the information received, these persons had been threatened by
          groups named “El Jaguar Justiciero” and “Dolorosa 0.2”, and Aaron Ochoa, one
          of the 12, had been the target of a bomb attack.
          171. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take the necessary
          measures to protect the lives of these persons and requested information on
          the cases.
          172. On 1 May 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of Guatemala concerning
          alleged death threats against Lucila Avila, member of the workers' union of
          the enterprise Pierre Bonin Sucesores y Cia, Limitada. It was alleged that no
          steps had been taken to investigate those threats.
          173. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take the necessary
          measures to protect the life of Lucila Avila and requested information on the
          case.
          174. On 30 May 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of Guatemala
          concerning alleged death threats by unknown persons against the participants
          in the national dialogue. According to information received, Nineth Garcia,
        
          
          E / CN, 4 / 1990/22
          page 40
          president of the Grupo de Apoyo Mutuo por Aparecimiento con Vida de Nuestros
          Faniiliares (CAM) had received a death threat through the National
          Reconciliation Commission for her participation in the dialogue. Other
          CAN members, including Raquel Juan Juan, Tomas Chumil Mendez and
          Salvador Chuinil Coc, were also alleged to have been threatened by the military
          commander of Chichicastenango.
          175. In view of several recent reports that participants in the national
          dialogue had received death threats, the Special Rapporteur expressed his
          concern for the life of the above—mentioned persons, appealed to the
          Government to take the necessary measures to protect their life and requested
          information on these cases and, in particular, on the measures taken to
          protect the life of those persons.
          176. On 15 June 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Guatemala
          concerning death threats directed at Fernando Sanchez, a member of the
          negotiating commission of the collective pact of the workers of the
          Banco del Agro, Herberth Pivaral Toledo, a member of the trade union of the
          Banco del Agro, and Melvin Pineda, Secretary—General of the Asociación de
          Educadores de Ense?iana Media (AEEM). It was also alleged that, on 2 May 1989,
          four heavily armed men, believed to be members of the security forces, had
          shot at him from a car.
          177. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take the necessary
          measures to protect their right to life and requested information, in
          particular on the measures taken by the Government in that regard.
          178. On 10 July 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Guatemala
          concerning death threats received by five persons, agricultural workers in the
          village of Membrillal II, El Quiche department, and members of the “Runujel
          Junam” (CERJ) Council of Ethnic Communities, presumably from local
          authorities. They had reportedly left the Civil Defence Patrols (Mc) in July
          and August 1988. Juan Tomin Quin, one of the five, had allegedly received a
          written death threat on 24 June 1988, in which he was accused of belonging to
          the self—styled “Guerrilla Army of the Poor”. Since then, another citizen,
          Sebastian Xon Tzoc, had reportedly been receiving oral death threats from
          judicial police officers in plain clothes.
          179. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take the necessary
          measures to protect their right to life and requested information, in
          particular on the measures taken by the Government in that regard.
          180. On 21 July 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Guatemala
          concerning 22 persons, said to be members of the Council of Ethnic Communities
          “Runujel Jimam” (CERJ) and of the Civil Defence Patrols in the village of
          La Primavera, El Quiche department. They were reported to have been receiving
          death threats from members of the armed forces since the end of 1988. The
          latest death threat had allegedly been made on 1 July 1989. It was reported
          that those persons had been warned to terminate their membership in the CERJ.
          181. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to investigate the
          allegations and to take the necessary measures to protect the lives of the
          persons concerned, and requested information on the outcome of such
          investigations and on the measures taken.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1990/22
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          182. On 24 July 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Guatemala
          transmitting allegations that during the early part of 1989 killings had
          continued to occur in Guatemala and that they were be attributed both to
          army personnel and to members of the civil defence patrols. For example:
          four villagers of Amacchel, Municipality of Chajul, Department of El Quiche,
          were fatally wounded on 10 January 1989, by army personnel and members of the
          civil defence patrols (PAC). In addition, there were allegations of death
          threats as follows:
          (a) Twelve student leaders of the Asociación de Estudiantes
          Universitarios (AEU) (Association of University Students), were threatened
          with death in April 1989 by groups calling themselves “La Dolorosa” and
          “Jaguar Justiciero”;
          (b) Antonio Argueta, lawyer for the Unión Sindical de Trabajadores de
          Guatemala (UNSITRAGUA) (Union of Guatemalan workers) and Victor Barcácelis,
          Secretary—General of the Federación Nacional de Trabajadores del Estado de
          — Guatemala (FENASTEG) (National Federation of Workers of the State of
          Guatemala) were threatened with death on 9 March 1989 by the so—called “Frente
          de Reaccidn Nacional”;
          (c) Arnoldo Coy Caal and Ernesto Coy Caal, peasants, Panzós, Department
          of Alta Verapaz, were threatened with death, in April 1989, by an army
          officer, while they were under arrest in the Panzós military detachment.
          183. On 18 August 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Guatemala
          concerning death threats received by the President of the GAN,
          Nineth de Garcia, who had reportedly been threatened since 6 August 1989 by
          men in civilian clothes carrying large—bore firearms as well as by other
          members of GAN. It was also alleged that the GAN premises had been destroyed
          by hand—grenades thrown by persons in civilian clothes. Furthermore, members
          of the International Peace Brigade (Brigadas Internacionales de Paz) had
          allegedly received death threats on 9 May 1989 and their premises had been
          destroyed on 16 May 1989 by hand—grenades thrown by unknown persons.
          184. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take the necessary
          measures to protect their right to life and requested information, in
          particular on the measures taken in that regard.
          185. On 25 October 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Guatemala
          concerning the allegation that Emilio Arizandieta Santos and his sons
          Edgar Leonel and Rigoberto Arizandieta Franco had received death threats,
          presumably from members of the G—2 army intelligence service, who were said to
          have been keeping a continuous watch in front of the threatened persons' home
          since 25 September 1989. The family, originally from Taxisco, department of
          Santo Rosa, were said to be living there, and Emilio Arizandieta had joined
          GAN on 16 September 1989, the date on which his other son, Reyes Anibal
          Arizandieta Santos, had disappeared while working on the Santa Maria y Miranda
          farm at Taxisco. According to the information received, the manager of the
          farm, Tulio Marroquin Juarez, had accused Mr. Arizandieta's sons of being
          guerrillas and had threatened them with death.
          186. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to investigate and
          clarify the cases and to take measures to protect the lives of the persons
          concerned, and requested information on the outcome of the investigation and
          the measures taken by the Government.
        
          
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          187. On 30 October 1989, another letter was sent to the Government of
          Guatemala transmitting allegations that during the year killings had continued
          to occur in Guatemala and were attributed both to army personnel, the security
          forces or civil defence patrols and to paramilitary groups linked to them.
          Attention is drawn to the following cases:
          (a) Five persons were fatally wounded, reportedly at the hands of army
          personnel on 18 May 1989 in the village of SanquIn, Patzicia district,
          Department of Chimaltenango;
          (b) Joaquin López Chavez, aged 36, allegedly arrested by soldiers on the
          San Juan estate, San Pablo municipality, Department of San Marcos, on
          5 June 1989, was fatally wounded on 16 June and his body was found on the same
          day near the Caniarón river, close to the town of Jerusalem, San Pablo,
          Department of San Marcos;
          (c) José Rolando Pantale6n, member of the trade union of the Guatemalan
          Bottling Plant (STEGAC), was fatally wounded on 2 July 1989, and his body was
          found on the same day at km. 17 on the Atlantic highway 9 close to Palencia;
          (d) Juan Baltazar Marcos, a representative of returnees at the Diálogo
          Nacional in Guatemala, was fatally wounded on 1 August 1989, and his body was
          found on the same day at Puente Rio Negro, Ixcán, Department of El Quiche;
          (e) Alfonso De Leon was allegedly fatally wounded at the hands of the
          Chief of the San Miguel Uspantán Military Detachment, Department of El Quiche,
          on 29 August 1989, after being tortured;
          (f) Maria Toj, of San Miguel Uspantán, Department of El Quiche, was
          fatally wounded on 29 August 1989;
          (g) Silvia Maria Azurdia Utrera, aged 33, a University of San Carlos
          (USAC) sociologist and former leader of the Association of University Students
          (AEU) and Victor Hugo Rodriguez Jaramillo, aged 31, a University of San Carlos
          political science student and former AEU leader, were reportedly arrested on
          23 August 1989, fatally wounded on 10 September, and their bodies, bearing
          signs of torture, were found on the same day close to San Carlos University;
          (h) Carlos Leonel Chuta Camey, aged 31 years of age, a social and legal
          science student at USAC and former AEU leader, was allegedly arrested on
          8 September 1989 in Guatemala City, fatally wounded on 10 September and his
          body, bearing signs of torture, was found on the same day close to San Carlos
          University;
          (1) Eduardo Antonio LOpez Palencia, aged 24, a chemistry student at USAC
          and former AEU leader, was reportedly arrested in Guatemala City on
          9 September 1989, fatally wounded on 10 September and his body, bearing signs
          of torture, was found on the same day at km. 64 on the El Progreso—Guatatoy
          highway, Jursisdiction of Sanarate;
          (j) Carlos Humberto Cabrera Rivera, aged 45, a teacher in the USAC arts
          department, former AEU member and a teachers leader was reportedly arrested in
          Guatemala City on 9 September 1989, fatally wounded on 10 September and his
          body, bearing signs of torture, was found on the same day close to San Carlos
          University;
        
          
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          (k) Five persons whose names were mentioned in the letter, were fatally
          wounded on approximately 14 September 1989, reportedly at the hands of army
          personnel from No. 18 military base in San Marcos. Their bodies were found,
          bearing signs of torture, on the same day at km. 18 on the highway from
          Quezaltenango to San Marcos, Jurisdiction of San Juan Ostuncalco and
          Santa Maria Sacatepéquez;
          (1) José León De La Cruz Segura, a leader of the Union of Workers of the
          National Electrification Institute (STINDE) in Pasabién, Department of Zacapa,
          was fatally wounded on 27 September 1989 in front of his house in Chiquimula,
          as he was walking to work in Pasabién.
          188. On 17 November 1989, another cable was addressed to the Government of
          Guatemala concerning death threats directed at the family of Chitay Nech. It
          was alleged that the family was watched by men driving cars with tinted
          windows, like those often used by security forces. The family was said to
          have been the target of violence and persecution and one of its members,
          Juan Carlos Chitay Nech, had disappeared in 1985. During the past two years,
          three other members of the family, Martin Chitay Nech, Eleodoro Ordon Camey
          and Aurelio Lorenzo Chitay, had allegedly been killed.
          189. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to investigate the
          allegations and to take the necessary measures to protect the lives of these
          persons, and requested information on the outcome of the investigation and the
          measures taken by the Government for their protection.
          190. On 8 August 1989, a letter was received from the Presidential Advisory
          Commission on Human Rights of the Government of Guatemala, containing
          information concerning a number of alleged cases of killing, as follows:
          (a) The Aldea El Aguacate massacre . On 22 November 1988, Carlos
          Humberto Guerra Caliejas, military Commissioner for the village of El Aguacate
          in the municipality of San Andrés Itzapa, Department of Chimaltenango,
          disappeared. On 24 November, 30 villagers of El Aguacate who were searching
          for the missing man encountered a group of armed men who were assumed to have
          been holding him. Eleven of the 30 villagers managed to escape but
          22 peasants were abducted. Two of the villagers who managed to escape gave an
          account of what happened. This made it possible to verify the identity of the
          armed group. They were the so—called Organizaclon Revolucionaria del Pueblo
          en Armas (ORPA), belonging to the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca
          (URNG). On 25 November 1988, the body of Carlos Humberto Guerra Callejas, who
          had disappeared on 22 November 1988, was found 2 km to the south of the
          village of El Aguacate. On 26 November 1988, the bodies of the 21 others were
          found by military patrols in three common graves to the south of El Aguacate.
          All the bodies showed signs of torture and strangulation;
          Proceedings were currently before the First Criminal Court of First
          Instance in the Department of Chimaltenango. A defendant had been remanded in
          custody for the offences of genocide, abduction, aggravated robbery and
          illegal possession of firearms. The presiding judge was preparing a warrant
          for the arrest of persons who were members of ORPA;
          (b) Elizabeth Paniaqua/Panel Blanca . Proceedings were still at the
          pre—trial stage;
        
          
          E / CN. 4 / 1990/22
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          (c) José Rolando Pantaleón Hernandez . Proceedings were currently before
          the First Court of First Instance for Criminal Investigation, at the pre—trial
          stage. No charges had been brought in this case;
          (d) Massacre at Caserio SunguIn. Municipality of Pptzicia. Department of
          Chimaltenango . Proceedings were before the Second Court of First Instance for
          Criminal Investigation, at the pre—trial stage;
          (e) Marta Odilia Raxajal Sisimit. Maria Esteban Sisimit and Camilo
          Garcia Luis . These cases had been reopened. Investigations were being
          conducted to identify the perpetrators. Proceedings were before the First
          Court of First Instance for Criminal Sentencing in the Department of
          Chimaltenango.
          191. On 31 August 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Guatemala
          to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 18 August 1989, transmitting information
          from the Ministry of the Interior (Ministerio de Gobernación) to the effect
          that, upon receiving the request for intervention, the Ministry had acted by
          issuing orders to the relevant organs immediately to enforce the necessary
          protection, and that it had also requested the security organs of the area for
          more information on the cases.
          192. On 30 November 1989, a reply was received from the Government of
          Guatemala to the Special Rapporteur's cables and his letter of 24 July 1989,
          stating that all the cases mentioned in those communications had been
          officially reported to the competent authorities and that, with regard to the
          case of the Chitay Neh family, the Presidential Advisory Commission on
          Human Rights (COP ADEH) had asked the Public Prosecutor urgently to begin legal
          proceedings against those responsible for the threats and harassment against
          that family.
          Guyana
          193. On 14 November 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the
          Government of Guyana transmitting allegations that several persons had been
          killed in a summary manner by members of the police force, in particular by
          those belonging to the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) and to the
          Special Branch. The following deaths were said to have occurred in 1989:
          (a) On 4 February 1989, Budhram Jaimal, aged 42, was found dead in his
          cell at the police station. He had reportedly been arrested after being shot
          and wounded by a policeman on 1 February 1989, when he had had a bout of
          mental illness. Although the police had reportedly explained the death as
          suicide, an autopsy on Jaimal's body had revealed haemorrhage of the brain
          with contusions. No one was said to have been charged for the death;
          (b) On 16 March 1989, Ramesh Nirmal and Krishendat Nirmal, young sheep
          farmers, had allegedly been shot dead by an armed policeman in an unprovoked
          assault during a dispute between three Nirmal brothers and armed stray
          catchers impounding cows. No one was said to have been charged;
          (c) On 23 September 1986, Tularam Ramkellowan, a farmer aged 29, had
          allegedly been beaten to death by agents belonging to the Criminal
          Investigation Department (CID) of the police at their headquarters in
          Georgetown. The High Court procedures were said to be still pending. A
        
          
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          government medical officer had reportedly told the court that the injuries
          suffered by the deceased indicated “a series of beatings rather than
          accidental blows”;
          (d) On 15 September 1988, Malcolm Bowen, a worker, had allegedly been
          shot to death at his home by a policeman who had fired his gun without warning
          or apparent reason as Bowen opened the door. The court procedures were said
          to be still pending.
          194. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on any investigations by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          195. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Guyana.
          Halt ±
          196. On 26 April 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government
          of Haiti concerning allegations that several persons had been killed, in
          particular by members of the security forces who were frequently wearing plain
          clothes. The Special Rapporteur listed the cases as follows:
          (a) On 27 October 1988, in the course of an argument over land, three
          peasants were killed in Parc Cheval by other peasants from Petit—Jardin armed
          with sticks and pickaxes who were reputedly under the orders of an army
          sergeant and a corporal;
          (b) On 29 October 1988, Jacques Philippe was killed at Bon Repos by two
          men, one of whom was apparently wearing a military uniform. Philippe, who had
          lodged a complaint relating to previous attacks, had been due to appear on
          31 October 1988 for a hearing before the judge;
          (c) On 24 November 1988, the body of Farel Joseph was found in the
          Port—au—Prince morgue and was said to bear signs of ill—treatment. According
          to Major Jean Eugene José, Director of the Anti—Gang Investigation Department,
          where Joseph had been Imprisoned since 17 November 1988, his death had
          occurred on 17 November 1988 on account of his state of health;
          Cd) On 27 November 1988, Michelet Dubréus and Jean Felix were reportedly
          killed in a house in Cite Soleil by a group of four men, wearing civilian
          clothing, which included members of the Anti—Gang Investigation Department,
          accompanied by a uniformed army sergeant who presumably belonged to the
          Fort Dimanche unit. Dubréus and Felix, members of the Federasyon Asosyasyon
          Site Soley (FASS), had earlier said on the radio that they had received death
          threats after publicly identifying the presumed authors of the massacre at the
          St. Jean Bosco Church on 11 September 1988 in their association's newspaper.
          197. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations, in
          particular on any investigations by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
        
          
          E / CN. 4 / 1990/22
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          198. On 30 October 1989, another letter was sent to the Government of Haiti
          transmitting the following allegations:
          (a) Mr. Joanis Malvoisin, aged 43 years, was shot dead on 12 July 1989
          at Savien, first section of Petite—Rivière de 1'Artibonite. The persons
          responsible for his death were Haitian soldiers under the orders of
          Corporal Wilfred Pierre—Louis. Malvoisin had been implicated in a number of
          conflicts with landowners in the Artibonite region, and had received threats;
          (b) According to another source, at the beginning of June 1989
          Wisley Laurius, aged 20, was reportedly shot dead with a revolver by Chrisner
          Adrien, head of the Basse—Terre section, second communal section of
          Marchand—Dessalines (Artibonite);
          (c) Four members of the Labadie Youth Movement (MJL) were killed on
          14 August 1988 by approximately 10 armed men, some of whom were wearing
          military uniform. The head of section and two soldiers stationed at
          Petite—Rivière de 1'Artibonite were recognized among those who opened fire.
          The Labadie Youth Movement is still being threatened and harassed by military
          personnel in the Labadie region. It is claimed that a government committee of
          inquiry into the events of August 1988 was set up in March 1989, although the
          Special Rapporteur has not been informed of the findings of any such inquiry;
          (d) Mr. Jeune Leblanc, aged 29, was reportedly killed on 25 August 1989
          by a member of the anti—gang police while he was in the hands of the police.
          199. The Special Rapporteur requested information on the above—mentioned cases
          and in particular on any investigations made and any measures taken by the
          authorities and/or the judiciary to establish the facts and to bring those
          responsible to justice.
          200. At the time of preparation of the present report no reply had been
          received from the Government of Haiti.
          Honduras
          201. On 2 February 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government
          of Honduras concerning alleged death threats by a paramilitary group named
          “Triple A” against Juan Almendares Bonilla, former rector of the National
          University of Honduras and head of the Co—ordinating Committee of popular
          organizations; Jorge Arturo Reina, former rector of the National University of
          Honduras; Ramón Custodio Lopez, former chairman of the Committee for the
          Defence of Human Rights in Honduras (CODEH); Oscar Anibal Puerto,
          vice—chairman of the CODEH; and Hector Hernandez Fuentes, chairman of the
          United Workers Federation of Honduras.
          202. The Special Rapporteur, having received expressions of concern for the
          lives of the above—mentioned persons, appealed to the Government to take the
          necessary measures to protect their lives and requested information on these
          cases.
          203. On 11 April 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Honduras
          concerning alleged persistent death threats against RamOn Custodio Lopez,
          Oscar AnIbal Puerto and Hector Hernandez. According to information received,
          these persons, along with their family members, had been subjected to further
        
          
          El ON. 4 / 1990/22
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          death threats and attacks on their property by the “Triple A” paramilitary
          group. It was alleged that those threats were being repeated more and more
          frequently.
          204. The Special Rapporteur reiterated the appeal made in his cable
          of 2 February 1989 concerning the above—mentioned persons and requested
          information thereon.
          205. On 10 July 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Honduras
          concerning allegations that Salomón Vallecillo Andrade, aged 34, president of
          the Honduran Tobacco—Workers Union (SITRATAH), and also a leader of the United
          Workers Union (FUDH), had been murdered on 6 July 1989, and that the names of
          Salomón Vallecillo Andrade and of other trade—union leaders appeared on a
          death list drawn up by the armed forces. The list allegedly included
          Gladys Petrona Williams Lanza, president of the Workers Union of the National
          Electricity Enterprise (STENEE) and Ismael Barahona, a leader of the same
          union, who were reported to have received telephoned death threats on the day
          of Vallecillo Andrade's murder.
          206. The Special Rapporteur, having received expressions of deep concern over
          the recent violations of the right to life and for the safety of the persons
          threatened with death, appealed to the Government to take all necessary
          measures to investigate the-above—mentioned cases and to protect the lives of
          those threatened with death, and requested information on the outcome of the
          investigations and on measures taken for their protection.
          207. On 20 July 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Honduras
          concerning alleged death threats received by Hector Hernández Fuente,
          president of the Unitary Federation of Honduras (FUTH), and Luciano Barrera,
          former Secretary—General of the National Federation of Farm Workers
          (CNTC). It was further alleged that Jorge Alberto Espinal Coraccioli, chief
          of the Documentation Unit of the Committee for the Defence of Human Rights in
          Honduras (CODEH), had received anonymous telephone calls threatening him with
          death and that he had been intimidated in a public place by a person in
          civilian clothing. It was also alleged that Edgardo Herrera, aged 37,
          treasurer of the University Reform Front (FRU), had been assassinated
          on 4 July 1989 and that, on the same day, his friend Carlos Cardona Maldonado
          had been followed by individuals travelling in cars with tinted windows, who
          had also gone to his home and asked about him. It was alleged that the
          killings at San Pedro Sula had been politically motivated and that in all
          cases weapons reserved exclusively for the armed forces had been used.
          208. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to investigate the
          above—mentioned cases and to take the necessary measures to protect the
          persons threatened with death, and requested information on the outcome of the
          investigations and the measures taken to protect their lives.
          209. On 24 July 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Honduras
          transmitting allegations that, between 1987 and 1989, 10 persons had been
          victims of politically motivated killings committed by members of the armed
          forces and that, in most of the cases, the victims had first been abducted and
          tortured and their homes searched. The Special Rapporteur described the
          following cases by way of example:
        
          
          El CN. 4 / 1990/22
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          (a) On 4 January 1988, the body of José Lito Aguilera was handed over to
          his relatives by eight heavily armed persons, including officers and
          sergeants; he had been arrested on 1 January 1988 in the market at San Isidro
          and transferred to the Special Forces Battalion;
          (b) On 25 April 1988, Virgil Santos Saen, a refugee at the Colomoncagua
          canip Department of Intibuca, was killed by soldiers;
          (c) On 27 July 1988, José Maria Ayala, aged 37, a Salvadorian refugee in
          the Mesa Grande camp, in Ocotepeque, was shot dead by military personnel;
          (d) On 4 April 1989, the body of Norberto Flores Flores was found
          outside Tegucigalpa. Flores had been arrested on 28 March 1989 in the Colonia
          de Las Torres, Comayaguela, by agents of the Dirección Nacional de
          Investigaciones (DNI) (Criminal Investigation Service), who had left him for
          dead in a public place on 3 April 1989. On arrival at the Hospital Escuela,
          on 4 April 1989, he had been rearrested by agents of the DNI;
          (e) On 4 July 1989, the head of the Board of Trustees of Colonia La Paz,
          Edgardo Herrera, aged 37, was murdered. The investigations undertaken by the
          police and by the judicial authorities had produced no results to date;
          (f) On 5 July 1989, Mr. Danilo Martinez, a former member of the
          Sindicato de Trabajadores de Cementos de Honduras (SITRACEHSA) (Honduran
          Cement Workers' Union) was killed by the FSP agent. The case was said to be
          under investigation by the First Criminal Court of San Pedro Sula;
          (g) On 6 July 1989, the president of the Sindicato de Trabajadores de la
          Tabacalera Hondureiia (SITRIAH) (Union of Workers of the Honduran State Tobacco
          Monopoly), Salomón Vallecillo, aged 34, was shot dead in San Pedro Sula. The
          investigations undertaken by the police and the judicial authorities had
          produced no results to date;
          (h) On 11 July 1989, the director of the Department of Further Studies
          of the Centro Universitario Regional del Norte (CURN) (Regional University
          Centre of the North), leader of the Frente Unido Universitario Democrático
          (FUUD) (Democratic University United Front) and professor of Roman Law,
          Roberto Ramón Garay, aged 39, was shot dead in front of his house in the
          Colonia Satélite. The investigations undertaken bythe police and the
          judicial authorities had produced no results to date.
          210. Reports had also been received of frequent death threats and harassment
          of political and trade union leaders and human rights activists. A group
          called the “Alianza de Acción Anticomunista”, which was believed to have links
          with the armed forces, had allegedly made death threats against a number of
          persons. Furthermore, it was alleged that no one had been arrested or charged
          for earlier killings, such as those of Angel Pavón Salazar and
          Moisés Landaverde.
          211. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations, in
          particular on any investigations by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
        
          
          El CN .4 / 1990/22
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          212. On 5 December 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of Honduras
          concerning alleged death threats made against Almendarez Bonilla, a doctor and
          former rector of the Autonomous University of Honduras and head of the Comité
          Coordinador de Organizaciones Populares (CCOP); Ramón Custodio López and Oscar
          Anibal Puerto, president and vice—president of the Comité para la Defensa de
          los Derechos Humanos en Honduras (CODEH); Hector Hernández Fuentez and
          Carlos H. Reyes, president and vice—president of the Federacidn Unitaria de
          Trabajadores de Honduras (FUTH); Gladys Lanza, president of the Sindicato de
          Trabajadores de la Empresa de Energia Eléctrica (STENEE), and Ramón Varela, a
          trade unionist and member of the executive committee of FUTH. According to
          information received, on 13 November 1989 an anonymous telephone call was made
          to the house of Gladys Lanza, giving the names of the seven and saying that
          they were going to die. On 15 November 1989, a powerful bomb was said to have
          exploded in Gladys Lanza's house causing extensive damage and slightly
          injuring her in the feet.
          213. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to investigate the
          cases and to take the necessary measures to protect the lives of those
          threatened, and requested information on the outcome of the investigations and
          the measures taken for their protection.
          214. On 10 February 1989, a reply was received from the President of the
          Inter—Agency Commission on Human Rights (CIDH) expressing concern with the
          situation of the above—mentioned persons and urging the international
          community to express solidarity with Honduras, since acts perpetrated by
          groups of both the extreme left and the extreme right undermined the country's
          democratic system. Honduras would use all means available to it to try to
          protect these persons, with the support of the Inter—Agency Commission, and
          requested the Special Rapporteur to intercede with those groups in order to
          avoid fatal results.
          215. On 2 June 1989, a letter was received from the Government of Honduras
          transmitting a communication from the Interinstitutional Commission of Human
          Rights of Honduras concerning alleged cases of detention and death threats.
          According to the communication, Milton Jiménez Puerto was performing his work
          as a lawyer, with all the guarantees to which he was entitled, and the case of
          David Franco was not known to the Commission. Concerning alleged death
          threats to Juan Almendarez Bonilla, Jorge Arturo Reina, Ramón Custodio Lopez
          and Oscar Anibal Puerto, it was stated that such reports seemed to have been
          circulated for their publicity and that RaniOn Custodio Lopez had not accepted
          the protection offered to him.
          216. The Special Rapporteur also received from the Interinstitutional
          Commission of Human Rights official reports on certain cases as follows:
          (a) Salmon Vallecillo Andrade. Edgardo Herrera. Roberto Garay and
          José Litp Aguilera . Although the investigation into their death was not
          completed, the inquiries made by the competent courts suggested that the
          motives for these murders were not political and that the murders had not been
          committed by “death squads”, “since there are no death squads in the country”.
          With regard to the death of José Lito Aguilera, the competent military court
          had made inquiries but to date no one had been accused or brought before the
          court;
        
          
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          (b) Rarnón Abad Custodio, Hector Hernandez . Juan Almendares.. Anibal
          Puerto and Gladys Lanza . The allegations of death threats against these
          persons had been made solely by thirst for publicity, since the persons
          concerned had never filed a formal complaint before the competent courts.
          These persons enjoyed all the guarantees established by the Constitution of
          the Republic;
          (c) José Maria Leiva . In the case of the murder of the Salvadorian
          refugee, three soldiers of the 12th Infantry Battalion in Santa Rosa de Copán
          had been prosecuted in the military court of Copán and a detention order had
          been issued. The proceedings were still in the investigation stage;
          (d) Nolberto Flores Flores. alias “the Tailor” . Flores Flores had been
          accused by the Public Security Force (FSP) of having committed various
          of fences, including theft and rape; he was arrested by the National
          Directorate of Investigation (DNI) and, according to information from the
          Directorate, was taken to the settlement of Campo Cielo to identify his
          accomplices in the commission of those of fences. However, when they arrived
          there, his accomplices ambushed them and Nolberto Flores Flores was wounded.
          While the officers were in confusion, trying to catch their attackers, he fled
          in a taxi which took him to the Training Hospital, where he was treated for
          two wounds, and found by the DNI officers. Eventually, Nolberto Flores Flores
          took them to the supposed refuge of the criminals. When they arrived there
          Flores Flores made off at a run, as a result of which the officers, fearing
          that he would lead them into another trap, used their regulation weapons and
          mortally wounded him. The military court, in its turn, reported that on
          6 April 1989 inquiries were instituted to ascertain the circumstances in which
          Nolberto Flores Flores lost his life; communications were addressed to the
          Forensic Medical Department of the Supreme Court of Justice, the
          Training Hospital, the National Directorate of Investigation, etc. To date,
          three DNI officers had appeared before the military court so that it might
          determine what responsibility they bore for the death of Nolberto Flores
          Flores and how they should answer for their actions if they were guilty;
          (e) Miguel Angel Pavón and Moises Landaverde . The judicial power had
          encountered difficulty in clarifying and studying the criminal acts since it
          had no judicial technical police. The investigation remained open.
          India
          217. On 24 July 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government
          of India transmitting allegations of the involvement of police forces in a
          number of cases of death, as follows:
          (a) Since February 1989, in the State of Assam, in the context of the
          movement for a separate homeland for the Bodo tribe, at least 10 persons had
          been killed in the town of Udlaguzi, including Uppen Basuniatary a 14—year—old
          student who had been killed on 16 March 1989, allegedly by persons acting in.
          connivance with the police. No action was said to have been taken to
          investigate these killings or to arrest those responsible therefor;
          (b) Rajinder Pal Singh Gill, a professor at Punjab Agricultural
          University, Ludhiana, had reportedly been killed on 26 January 1989, while in
          police custody, following his arrest at a relative's house in Chandigarh
          on 25 January 1989. According to the police, he had died in an armed
        
          
          E / CN. 4 / 1990/22
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          encounter, but they had produced no evidence to that effect, and eyewitnesses
          claimed to have seen the professor in custody at CIA Headquarters, Ludhiana,
          late on 25 January and again at about 9 a.m. on the 26th. Subsequent to the
          filing of a habeas corpus petition on 8 February 1989, the Punjab and Hariyana
          High Court was said to have directed the police to produce the subject in
          court on 10 February. The police had reportedly requested an extension of the
          period, and on 15 February the Senior Superintendent had announced that the
          subject and two others had been killed in an “encounter” with the police at
          Khehra Bet on 26 January;
          (c) With regard to the alleged deaths during the communal violence at
          the end of May 1987, in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, which had been communicated to
          the Government of India by the Special Rapporteur, 13 of the victims had
          reportedly been identified. While it was stated in the Government's reply to
          the Special Rapporteur on 13 September 1988 that the State Government of
          Uttar Pradesh was carrying out investigations, the findings of any
          investigations were not known to have been made public.
          218. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations, in
          particular on any investigations by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          219. On 24 July 1989, another letter was sent to the Government of India
          transmitting a number of reports of killing of unarmed civilians in Sri Lanka
          for which members of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) were allegedly
          responsible (see paras. 379 et seq . below).
          220. On 8 November 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of India
          concerning a report that, during the previous several weeks, in various towns
          in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal and Gujarat,
          hundreds of persons had died as a result of communal violence. In Bhagalpur,
          between 24 and 26 October 1989, more than 100 persons said to be Muslims had
          allegedly died in violent communal clashes. It was alleged that there had
          been no effective intervention by the law enforcement authorities to prevent
          communal clashes and deaths of citizens. In that connection, concern was
          expressed that more incidents of violence might occur in Ayodhya and other
          towns as communal tension was mounting over the laying of the foundation stone
          of a Hindu temple on the site of the Babri Masjid Mosque.
          221. The Special Rapporteur, expressing his confidence that the Government was
          making every effort to protect the right to life of every citizen, despite
          various difficulties it might be facing in dealing with communal violence,
          appealed to the Government further to strengthen its measures to ensure that
          the right to life of every citizen be protected.
          222. On 14 November 1989, another letter was sent to the Government of India
          transmitting allegations that, during the past several years, in Punjab, in
          the situation of political violence, staged killings of alleged or real
          political activists by the police had taken place. In several cases, the
          victims had allegedly been killed in a summary manner by the police after
          their arrest, unacknowledged detention and interrogation, often under
          torture. The incidents resulting in such deaths had frequently been
          officially described as violent encounters with the police.
        
          
          El ON. 4/1990/22
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          223. Some such cases occurring in the Punjab in 1989 were listed as follows:
          (a) On 26 May 1989, in Patiala, Avtar Singh was killed by the Patiala
          police after having been tortured. The death was described as taking place in
          an encounter;
          (b) On 24 April 1989, in Phillaur, Surinder Singh was arrested by an ASP
          and a SilO and detained at the police station, where he was tortured. He died
          on the day following his release;
          (c) On 14 April 1989, in Ludhiana, Harjinder Singh was arrested at his
          home. On 21 April the police stated that he had been killed in an encounter;
          (d) On 1 June 1989, in Ludhiana, Charanjit Singh was arrested by a SHO
          and other police officers from the Kharar police and killed near Mullanpur in
          the night of 2 and 3 June. The incident was described by the authorities as a
          death in an encounter;
          (e) On 30 March 1989, in Khatkarkalan village, Manjit Singh, Bahi Sarwan
          Singh and Sukhdev Singh were arrested by the Banga police and killed near
          Berowasi village;
          (f) On 29 March 1989, in Nurmahal, Balraj Singh Raji was arrested by the
          Nurmahal police. He was tortured and died on 15 April 1989;
          (g) On 25 April 1989, in Bakhugarh, Roshan Singh was arrested by the
          Hoshiarpur police. He was produced in court on 10 May 1989. Later the police
          announced that he had been killed in an encounter;
          (h) On 10 March 1989, in Amritsar, Sulkhan Singh was shot dead by
          members of the Central Reserve Police while visiting his relatives. The
          police asserted that he had been killed in an encounter;
          (i) On 16 June 1989, in Bhanu, Sarbjit Kaur, aged 14, and
          Saiwinder Kaur, aged 13, were found dead. They had been raped and killed by
          two police officers;
          (j) On 13 April 1989, in Jalandh, Gurnam Singh Butter was arrested by
          the Jalan police. Later the police announced that he had been killed in an
          encounter;
          (k) On 27 March 1989, in Taiwandi, Balbir Singh was arrested by the
          police and killed on 28 March 1989 while in police custody;
          (1) On 11 April 1989, in Jhamleka, Bhai Sukhdev Singh was arrested by
          the Amritsar police and killed in police custody on 12 April. The police
          announced that he had been killed in an encounter;
          (m) On 22 May 1989, at Wadala Canal, Harininder Pal Singh and Avtar Singh
          were arrested by the Beas police. On 29 May they were killed by the police
          near Jodha Sheren village. The police announced that they had been killed in
          an encounter;
          (n) On 21 May 1989, in M ritsar, Geja Singh was taken by officers of
          police station “B” and killed on 26 May. The police later announced that he
          had been killed in an encounter.
        
          
          E/CN.4/1990/22
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          224. It was further alleged that, in June 1989, in Jammu and Kashniir State, a
          Sikh youth named Sarabjit Singh, aged 26, had been arrested in his village,
          Daoli Bishnah, in connection with a case of bank robbery. He had died in
          detention by the next morning as a result of torture at the police station.
          225. In addition, in Bihar State, several persons were said to have died in
          police custody as a result of torture. The Special Rapporteur received the
          following allegations of death in detention:
          (a) On 2 April 1989, Ram Naresh Singh, aged 35, a farmer from Medhoul
          village in Begusarai District, was taken into custody at the Khodobandpur
          police station together with his father, in connection with a dispute about
          land. He died on 3 April 1989 at Begusarai hospital after having been
          severely beaten by members of the Khodabandpur and Cheria Bariarpur police.
          It was reported that the Bihar Government had ordered a magisterial inquiry
          and that the superintendent of police of Begusarai District had brought murder
          charges against the officer in charge of the Khodabandpur police station and
          the munshi , and suspended four police officers involved in the incident,
          including the above—mentioned two;
          (b) On 15 July 1989, Basudev (or Vasudeo) Ravani, aged 55, a coalrniner
          and a member of the coalminers' union, was arrested and beaten to death at
          Loyabad police station. It was alleged that the police had acted in
          connivance with the doctor who performed the post mortem ; the doctor had
          produced a report which did not implicate the police;
          (c) On 9 May 1989, Mohammad Muntaz, from Hazaribagh, died at Bahri
          hospital after having been tortured by the Bahri police while in their
          custody. According to the police, he was injured when he jumped out of a
          police jeep while being transferred from Bahri to Hazaribagh. The police did
          not hand over the body to his relatives but buried it in an unknown place.
          226. The Special Rapporteur requested information on the above—mentioned cases
          and on any investigations made and any measures taken by the authorities
          and/or the judiciary to establish the facts and to bring those responsible to
          justice.
          227. On 15 December 1989, a reply was received from the Government of India to
          the Special Rapporteur's cable of 8 November 1989 stating that the
          Constitution guaranteed the right to freedom of religion and ensured that the
          people remained committed to tolerance and allowed persons of different faiths
          fully to enjoy their rights and freedoms, and that civil servants and public
          officials were enjoined to ensure that, in the course of their official
          duties, they fully respected different religions and beliefs and did not
          discriminate against persons professing other religions or beliefs.
          228. According to the reply, despite the sincere desire of the Government to
          preserve religious harmony, incidents of communal violence occasionally
          occurred. Sometimes these had resulted from the activities of misguided
          persons or anti—social elements; at other times they had resulted from
          misunderstandings and prejudices among different community members. Whenever
          instances involving communal violence took place, the Government acted swiftly
          to bring the situation under control and to punish those found guilty, and
          whenever governmental agencies anticipated such incidents, pre—emptive action
          was taken to ensure that communal and religious peace was not disturbed.
        
          
          El CN. 4/1990/22
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          229. With regard to the incidents referred to in the cable, it was stated that
          serious incidents involving two communities had in fact occurred in Bhagalpur,
          District of Bihar, in late October 1989, and that, when it had appeared that
          the civil administration might not be able to maintain law and order by
          itself, the army had been called out to assist it. It was further stated
          that, to prevent further loss of life, shoot—at—sight orders had been issued
          in the town, a curfew had been imposed in certain parts of it, and steps had
          been taken to bring the situation under control. In this regard the following
          extract from the statement made by the then Union Home Minister of India on
          12 November 1989, was quoted in the reply:
          “The Government has always made it clear and would like to reiterate
          that communal peace will be maintained at any cost and that those guilty
          of indulging in communal violence will be sternly dealt with so that the
          interests of the minorities and also those of the majority community
          affected by such communal violence are fully respected. No place of
          worship or any area considered sacred or hallowed would be allowed to be
          desecrated or defiled in any way.”
          230. The reply also stated that Indian law forbade a police officer to use
          more than the minimum force required to deal with a particular situation, that
          the legal codes denied the power to cause the death of the person sought to be
          arrested by the police officer even if he was resisting or evading arrest, and
          that the use of force disproportionate to the situation was unauthorized. It
          was also stated that, if any illegitimate use of force by the police for any
          purpose whatsoever caine to notice, the instructions required an immediate
          inquiry to be conducted into the circumstances of the case, and that, if any
          prima facie evidence of excessive or illegitimate use of force was found, the
          delinquent official was liable to severe punishment.
          231. It was also stated that the Government had been taking all possible
          measures to ensure that the right to life of every citizen was protected, and
          that the incidents referred to in the cable did not fall within the Special
          Rapporteur's mandate. The deaths referred to had resulted from violent
          communal clashes, and were clearly not the same as summary executions by
          governmental agencies.
          Indonesia
          232. On 26 April 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government
          of Indonesia concerning the allegation that, at the beginning of
          February 1989, dozens of people had been killed in Central Lampung, Sumatra,
          when government troops, following an ambush on 3 February in which one of
          their officers had been taken hostage, surrounded the hamlet of
          Talangsari III, opened fire on the villagers and set fire to their homes. The
          massacre had allegedly been part of an operation by paracommandos, under the
          command of Captain Soetiman who was subsequently taken hostage. According to
          the report, three days after Captain Soetiman had been taken hostage in
          retaliation for the torture allegedly inflicted by him on several persons
          arrested in early January for holding religious gatherings in their homes,
          troops attacked the place where Soetiman was being held, firing at random
          regardless of the presence of innocent people. Soetiman was said to have been
          killed by the captors during the attack. It was alleged that 57 persons had
          died in the incident and that 32 had been gravely wounded.
        
          
          E / CN .4 / 1990/22
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          233. The Special Rapporteur requested information on this allegation and in
          particular on any investigation by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          234. On 14 November 1989, another letter was sent to the Government of
          Indonesia transmitting allegations that, in East Timor, several civilians had
          been killed by Indonesian military personnel since autumn 1988. The victims
          were described as having been critical of the Indonesian authorities or as
          having participated in non—violent activities in pursuit of political change
          in East Timor. In some cases, the execution had allegedly been followed by
          mutilation or decapitation of the victims or by threats to the lives and
          property of witnesses.
          235. Some of those allegations are listed by way of example as follows:
          (a) On 31 October 1988, In Dilor—Lacluta, Carlos Mendes da Silva,
          aged 22, and Luiz da Cruz, aged 20, were shot dead by members of the
          726th battalion who were reportedly carrying out mass arrests. Although
          several persons witnessed the killings, the local military commander issued a
          statement attributing the killings to Fretilin;
          (b) On 23 March 1989, in Venilale, Aleixo Ximenes, aged 30, was killed
          by a member of the 328th battalion;
          (c) In early April 1989, Joaquim Ximenes, aged 38, was killed by troops
          of the SATCAS (Special Tasks Unit) of the 328th battalion;
          (d) On 14 May 1989, in Wailale, Juliao Freitas, aged 54, was killed by
          members of the 315th battalion;
          (e) On 11 June 1989, in Venilale, Felix Ximenes, aged 55, from the
          village of Uma—Umano Uli, and Gaspar de Sousa, aged 50, were killed by a
          member of the 315th battalion.
          236. The Special Rapporteur requested information on the above—mentioned cases
          and on any investigations made and any measures taken by the authorities
          and/or the judiciary to establish the facts and to bring those responsible to
          justice.
          237. On 11 October 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Indonesia
          to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 26 April 1989 concerning the alleged
          incident of killings in Lampung, Sumatra, in February 1989.
          238. According to the reply, on 1 February 1989, the head of Talangsari
          village, district of Way Japara, informed Captain Soetiman of the local law
          enforcement authorities of the presence of a group of persons called
          “Mujahidin Fisabililah Commando” in his village, who were said to be armed
          with molotov cocktails, swords and poisonous arrows. It was stated that the
          group's activities included inter qua incitement of the public against the
          Government and the national ideology — the Pancasila — through the use of
          violence. It was also stated that, on 5 February 1989, five members of the
          group were arrested for possession of poisonous arrows and swords which, it
          was suspected, they were preparing to use to disturb security. It was stated
          further that, when the representatives of the local authorities came to the
        
          
          E/CN.Li./1990/22
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          group's hideout to discuss the matter peacefully, they had been attacked with
          poisonous arrows and swords, and that Captain Soetiman had died in the
          attack. The group was said to have refused to hand over his body to the local
          authorities. On 7 February 1989, when the provincial law enforcement unit had
          tried to retrieve the body of Captain Soetiman, they were attacked, and in the
          ensuing clash 33 persons had died, including Anwar, alias Warsidi, leader of
          the group, and another member of the group. Nineteen members of the group
          were said to have been arrested.
          239. It was further stated that, in addition to that incident, the group had
          raided isolated police posts on 6 February 1989, and on 7 February had killed
          two policemen at the Forest Police at Mount Balak, and also the head of
          Sidoredjo village, commandeered a public transport vehicle, killing the driver
          and a soldier, and hurled molotov cocktails at the office of the Lampung Post
          newspaper in Bandarlampung, and that on 8 February they had attacked the
          District Military Command. The armed forces, law enforcement units and local
          authorities had been compelled to take action to protect the safety of the
          public in general. It was further stated that the Government had almost
          completed the investigation on the “Lampung incident” and begun judicial
          proceedings, and that six of the perpetrators were on trial in the Court
          of First Instance in Tanjungkarang, Lampung, which had opened on
          20 September 1989. Five others would shortly be brought to trial. They
          were said to be accused of being in violation of the provisions of
          Law No. ll/PNPS/1963 on anti—subversion.
          240. On 15 December 1989, a reply was received from the Government of
          Indonesia to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 14 November 1989, transmitting
          information concerning the two alleged cases in East Timor as follows:
          “1. Aleixo Simenes, aged 30, father of two children, is still alive and
          is presently the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Regency of
          Baucau.
          “2. Felix Ximenes, aged 55, is still alive and is the primus inter pares
          (raja) of Venilale region.”
          Iran (Islamic Republic of )
          241. On 3 March 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government of
          the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning the reported official death warrant or
          execution order issued on the person of Salman Rushdie, a novelist of British
          nationality.
          242. The Special Rapporteur drew the attention of the Government to the
          international obligations to which the Islamic Republic of Iran was a party,
          in particular the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and
          stated that, according to internationally accepted norms, the life of every
          human being was sacred and that no one should be arbitrarily deprived of life
          without due process of law. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur appealed
          to the Government to review the above—mentioned execution order, if only on
          humanitarian grounds.
          243. On 16 June 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of the Islamic
          Republic of Iran concerning the information that two persons, named
          Rouhangiz Byahxnadi and Darius Byabmadi, were facing imminent execution in
          Teheran. Rouhangiz and Darius Byabmadi were said to be the sister and brother
        
          
          E/CN.4/1990/22
          page 57
          respectively of Colonel Attaollah Byahmadi, one of the officers involved in a
          military coup attempt in 1980, who was reportedly found shot dead recently in
          Dubai. It was alleged that the reason for their detention was their
          relationship to Colonel Attaollah Byahmadi and that they were being tortured
          in detention.
          244. The Special Rapporteur, expressing his serious concern for the life of
          Rouhangiz and Darius Byahmadi, appealed to the Government to take all measures
          to ensure that their right to life be protected. In that connection he
          referred to article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights, to which the Islamic Republic of Iran was a party. He also requested
          information on the above—mentioned cases.
          245. On 24 July 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government
          of the Islamic Republic of Iran stating that, since August 1988, a large
          number of prisoners allegedly detained for their opposition or suspected
          opposition to the Government had reportedly been executed without trial or
          after a summary trial. It was also alleged that several prisoners had been
          executed after having already served or while serving sentences of
          imprisonment. The Special Rapporteur had received lists of executed prisoners
          containing a total of over 1,000 names, including women and minors.
          246. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on the legal proceedings under which the reported executions had
          been carried out.
          247. On 14 November 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent another letter to the
          Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran transmitting allegations that,
          during the past year, in various parts of Iran, several thousand persons had
          been executed without trial or with a trial of an extremely summary nature and
          that, in particular, after an armed incursion into western Iran in July 1988
          by members of the People's Mojahedin Organization (PMOI), the number of
          executions had markedly increased. A list of 2,023 names of persons executed
          in 1988, allegedly for political reasons, and lists of 404 names of persons
          executed between January and August 1989, had been received by the Special
          Rapporteur. Most of the victims were said to have been PMOI members and
          supporters; but hundreds of prisoners from other political factions were also
          said to have been executed. Many of the executions had allegedly been carried
          out secretly, with no announcement of their date or place or the place of
          burial of the executed. Allegedly, no bodies had been returned. Among those
          executed were allegedly prisoners who had been serving prison terms or persons
          whose sentences had expired but who had remained in detention, as well as
          prisoners who had never been tried or sentenced. Several victims were said to
          have been rearrested after they had been released. The executed allegedly
          included women and minors below 18 years of age.
          248. Among the prisoners for whom the Special Rapporteur had made appeals in
          his previous communications in 1988 and early 1989, the following were
          reported to have been executed: Youssef Ab—Khun, Houshang Aziami,
          Mahinoud Faraji, Zohref Ghaeni, Kiumars Goodarzi, Jafar Jahangiri,
          Sadegh Karimi, Mohammad Khan Mohammadi, Zahra Mirzai, Malekeh Mohammadi,
          Jalal Noon, Mohammad Pasha, Lohrasb Salavati, Majid Sorouri, Najaf Zarei,
          Khosro Assiabani, Fariborz Eskandari, Hadi Fooladi, Salman Ghassemi,
          Fatemah Izadi, Ghassem Javanshoja, Mohsen Kazemi—Zadeh, Hossein Mahiguir,
          Hassan Moezi, Bahnian Moussapoor, Shahrokh Noon, Mohsen Pin,
          Shahriyar Sanjabi and Asghar Vakhshouri.
        
          
          El ON. 4/1990 / 22
          page 58
          249. Furthermore, from the beginning of 1989, a large number of persons, said
          to have been convicted of non—political offences such as drug trafficking,
          murder, rape and armed robbery, had allegedly been executed after summary
          trials by revolutionary courts under new directives to the judiciary to speed
          up the punishment of crime. The alleged offenders were said to have been
          arrested, tried and executed within a few days. The defendants had allegedly
          had no right to- call witnesses in their defence or to legal representation,
          nor had they had any effective right to appeal against the verdict or
          sentence. Among reports of executions of alleged drug traffickers were
          executions of 50 persons on 16 January 1989 and of 79 others on 19 August and,
          most recently, on 11 November. The total number of officially announced
          executions for drug—related off ences between January and August 1989 had
          reportedly reached 851, of a total of over 1,200 executions. It was alleged
          that a considerable number of political oponents had been executed on drug
          charges. These included the following:
          Name Place Date
          Homayoun Solati Tehran Unknown
          Shahrokh Shams Assadabab, Hamedan April 1989
          Mehdi Sabeti Mashhad 18 July 1989
          Mohammad Younessi Hameda 19 August 1989
          Mohainmad Gholi Ebrahimi Rasht 19 August 1989
          Bishan Biglari Kermanshah 19 August 1989
          Bahrani Kazemi Shiraz 19 August 1989
          Massoud Sabet Shiraz 19 August 1989
          250. In addition, it was alleged that supporters of the PMOI had been attacked
          outside the country by Iranian government agents. Such incidents included the
          killing of Mr. Ghassemlou and his aides in Vienna and of an Iranian refugee in
          Larnaca, Cyprus, as well as the killing in Karachi, Pakistan, in
          December 1988, of an Iranian national.
          251. The Special Rapporteur requested information on the above—mentioned cases
          and on any investigations made and any measures taken by the authorities
          and/or the judiciary to establish the facts and to bring those responsible to
          justice.
          252. On 24 July 1989, a reply was received from the Government of the Islamic
          Republic of Iran to the Special Rapporteur's cables of 14 September 1988
          and 26 August 1989, (E/CN.411989/25, para.. 142). The reply stated that the
          propaganda campaign carried out by enemies and dissidents of the Islamic
          Republic of Iran seemed to have created the impression that punishments in the
          country were not being carried out in accordance with law, and that the
          accused were punished without recourse to legal procedures. The reply,
          referring to articles 19, 22 and 32 of the Constitution, which provided for
          human rights and basic liberties, including freedom from arbitrary arrest,
          stated that the judicial authorities had investigated all cases and made final
          decisions satisfying all legal requirements, without any prejudice, and that,
          during the legal proceedings, the accused had had the right to defend
          themselves and to appeal for further expert investigations.
          253. On 24 July 1989, a reply was received from the Government of the Islamic
          Republic of Iran to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 11 November 1988
          (E/CN.4/l989/25, para. 142), stating that Ali—Akbar Shalgoolney had been
        
          
          El CN.4/1990/22
          page 59
          arrested on 8 October 1983 and tried on 25 February 1983; he had been found
          guilty of subversive activities against the security and independence of the
          Islamic Republic of Iran and sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment, and was
          serving his term of imprisonment. It was also stated that Adel Talebi had
          been tried on 27 October 1988 and condemned to death for his violent
          activities against the Islamic Republic of Iran, and that the death sentence
          had subsequently been carried out.
          254. On 4 August 1989, a reply was received from the Government of the Islamic
          Republic of Iran to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 3 March 1989, stating
          that the Special Rapporteur's intervention in the case of Salman Rushdie's
          criminal offence against Islam and the world Muslim community was outside his
          mandate, and thus unwarranted. The reply further stated that the declaration
          adopted by consensus at the 18th Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers held
          in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from 13 to 16 March 1989, had proclaimed, in
          unambiguous terms, the apostasy of Salman Rushdie.
          Iraq
          255. On 19 May 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of
          Iraq concerning alleged executions as follows:
          (a) In the middle of October 1988, four members of a family of Assyrian
          ethnic background were executed in Arbil, without charge or trial. They had
          been arrested on their return to Iraq after the amnesty decree issued on
          6 September 1988. The four were said to be: Poles Azzoshiba, aged 61;
          Misco W. Shiba, aged 59; Hamama Poles Azzo, aged 29; Sabiha Poles Azzo,
          aged 25;
          (b) In the middle of December 1988, some 83 persons, the majority of
          whom were said to be army deserters, were executed after having been arrested
          in June or July 1988 in villages in the Koi Sanjag area of Arbil Province. No
          trial was known to have been held;
          (c) In early January 1989, 14 persons, army personnel and Baath Party
          officials, were executed after having been arrested in Baghdad and Mosul in
          December 1988 together with some 200 persons on suspicion of plotting a coup.
          No trial was known to have been held before their execution;
          Cd) In September 1988, two doctors, Hishani Mahir al—Salman and Isniáil
          Hassan al—Tartar, were executed on the evidence of a taped recording of
          remarks which they had made regarding the President of the Republic during a
          private party in Baghdad. No public trial was known to have been held prior
          to their executions.
          256. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on the legal proceedings under which the alleged executions had
          been carried out.
          257. On 14 November 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent another letter to the
          Government of Iraq transmitting allegations that, in mass detention centres
          for forcibly relocated Kurds, large numbers of persons had died as a result of
          extremely harsh conditions, such as malnutrition, physical and psychological
          ill—treatment, and epidemics of infectious diseases. These detention centres
          were said to be: Nekrat al—Salman, Al Ramadi, Dara Man, Tob Zowa, Al—Dibis
        
          
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          and Abu Ghraib. The detainees reportedly included civilian victims of
          chemical weapon attacks on the areas of Kirkuk and Suleimaniyah governorates
          and other inhabitants of Kurdish villages. It was alleged that among the
          detainees loss of life was occurring daily, especially among children and the
          elderly.
          258. The names of 13 persons who had allegedly died in detention at
          Nekrat al—Salman prison and of four infants and a father together with his
          three children who had allegedly died at Al—DiMs prison were mentioned in the
          letter.
          259. In addition, it had been alleged that, in August and September 1988, a
          large number of persons had been executed in various cities without trial or
          after a trial of a summary nature. Those executed were reportedly accused of
          deserting from the army, harbouring rebels or co—operating with opposition
          forces.
          260. Some of the alleged incidents of executions were listed as follows:
          (a) In Basrah, 195 persons including Khalid Subhan Al Assadi Ja'ffir
          Abdul Hassan Al Assadi, Sabra Hamed Al—Shainary and Sahi Abdul Wahab;
          (b) In Nassiriya, 285 persons, including Kathum Al Ramah, sheikh of the
          Al—Fehood tribe;
          (c) In Misan, Al Amara, 27 persons, including Noosa Abdel Hadi;
          (d) In Al Najaf, Rainaz, 96 persons, including Abdel Nabi Hadi, Makhtar
          of the Raiuaz country and his five nephews;
          (e) In Al Muthanna, 59 persons, including the head of the National
          Council for the region;
          (f) In Babel, 43 persons, including the head of the Popular Organization
          in the area;
          (g) In Al Anbar, 22 persons, including the sheikh of the Al—Abmadi tribe;
          (Ii) In Sulaimaniyah, 20 persons executed on different dates for
          desertion;
          (i) In Mosul, Hanan Al—Halil, two persons;
          (j) In Dohok, a peasant named Abu Mas'oud;
          (k) In Arbil, Enconwa, the family of Abdel Messiah Polis;
          (1) In Arbil City, 12 persons who had turned themselves in during the
          amnesty period;
          (m) In November 1988, at Al Qosh junction, a war deserter.
          261. The Special Rapporteur requested information on the above—mentioned cases
          and on any investigations made and any measures taken by the authorities and/or
          the judiciary to establish the facts and to bring those responsible to justice.
        
          
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          262. On 26 June 1989, a note was received from the Government of Iraq
          transmitting information concerning the Government's decision to create a
          depopulated boundary strip of land no more than 30 km wide inside Iraqi
          territory and along the 1,200 km boundary with Iran and Turkey. In order to
          facilitate the transfer of people from the areas, the Government would grant
          each family compensation.
          263. On 28 June 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Iraq to the
          Special Rapporteur's letter of 19 May 1989 stating that Susan Abdul Maseeh
          Boulos Salyouh, who had been referred to as Poles Azzoshiba in the Special
          Rapporteur's letter, had been one of the leaders of the groups that had
          collaborated with the Iranian régime, borne arms against the legitimate
          authority and committed a number of assassinations and acts of sabotage
          against public and private institutions in the city of Arbil and the district
          of Am Kawah. He had been killed during a skirmish while engaging in his
          criminal operations. The other persons mentioned, who were members of his
          family, had been killed in tribal vendettas resulting from his above—mentioned
          crimes against citizens.
          264. With regard to allegations concerning the execution of 83 persons, it was
          stated that the competent authorities denied those allegations and requested
          detailed information, including names and addresses, concerning the persons
          who had allegedly been executed.
          265. It was further stated that the competent authorities also categorically
          denied the allegation of executions of 14 persons the purpose of which was to
          fabricate accusations against Iraq, and that they requested further
          information, including the names of the persons concerned.
          266. With regard to the two doctors, Ismail Hassan al—Tatar and Hisham Mahir
          al—Salman, it was stated that they had been sentenced to death on
          28 June 1988, under article 193/2/c of the Amended Penal Code, by a competent
          court which had observed all the legal safeguards and had appointed Talib
          Wada'i as their defence counsel. They had been charged with committing sexual
          assault on female patients in their clinic in the course of their professional
          activities, in which they had taken advantage of the victims' vulnerability,
          in total disregard of professional ethics and the Hippocratic oath to respect
          the honour of their patients.
          Israel
          267. On 14 November 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the
          Government of Israel transmitting the allegations that on 5 September 1989,
          the Chief of Staff of the Israel Defence Force (IDF) had told the Knesset
          Foreign Affairs and Defence Committee, that since the beginning of the
          uprising on 9 December 1987, IDF troops had killed 469 Palestinians, and
          that 21 further deaths were “unclear”. Another 100 Palestinians were said to
          have been killed by fellow Palestinians for alleged collaboration. According
          to statistics published on 1 August 1989 by the Israeli Information Centre for
          Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, “Betzelem”, 509 Palestinians had
          been killed by Israeli soldiers and civilians since the start of the
          uprising, 477 of them by live ammunition and plastic bullets, including
          23 children under the age of 13 and 76 aged between 13 and 16; 32 others had
          died of other causes, such as beatings, burns or electrocution; over 70 others
          had died shortly after exposure to tear—gas, including some 30 babies.
        
          
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          268. According to the reports received, many deaths in the West Bank, the
          Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem had occurred during confrontations between
          the IDF and Palestinian protesters. However, other persons had been killed by
          IDF troops during house—to—house searches, at roadblocks, or in circumstances
          other than violent demonstrations. It was alleged that few of such cases of
          death had been adequately investigated and that those found responsible had
          received only disproportionately light punishments.
          269. In July 1989, it was reported that in the Gaza Strip new regulations for
          opening fire at suspects had been introduced, according to which Palestinians
          in the territories who went out on the streets with their faces masked could
          be fired at, if they ignored an order to halt. In September 1989, it was
          reported that the IDF had issued new open—fire orders to soldiers serving in
          the territories. Under the new orders, masked individuals were said to be
          considered as suspects who could be shot at with live ammunition even when
          they were unarmed. It was alleged that these new regulations and orders had
          contributed to the considerable increase in the number of deaths.
          270. The Special Rapporteur listed 29 cases which had reportedly occurred
          between February and September 1989.
          271. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on any investigations by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          272.. On 21 November 1989, in a cable sent to the Government of Israel, the
          Special Rapporteur referred to his cable of 10 January 1989 (E/CN.4/1989/25,
          paras. 169—170) concerning Soha Bechara, who had allegedly been arrested on
          Lebanese territory in November 1988 and accused of having made an attempt on
          the life of Antoine Lahad, “General of the South Lebanese Army”.
          273. The Special Rapporteur, having received further expressions of fear that
          she might have been executed after being handed over to the South Lebanese
          Army, and also in the absence of any information from the Government
          concerning the circumstances of her detention and the legal proceedings in her
          case, was concerned about her fate and appealed to the Government to make
          every effort to ensure that her right to life be protected. He also requested
          information on her case and in particular on her current circumstances.
          274. On 22 December 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Israel
          concerning the allegation that the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) repeatedly
          shelled towns and villages immediately north of the so—called”Security Belt”
          in the southern part of Lebanon, killing and wounding civilians and causing
          serious material damages. According to the information, such shelling by
          the IDF on civilian targets had recently taken place, for example, on
          2 December 1989 on the town of Nabatie and the villages of Kaffaroman and
          Habush, killing two persons, including a two—year—old child, and on
          4 December 1989 on the same town, killing four persons, Fears were expressed
          regarding the safety of civilians living in the areas concerned. Furthermore,
          it was alleged that two persons had been killed on 27 November 1989 at the
          Khiyam detention centre in south Lebanon when members of the IDF, acting in
          collaboration with the so—called “Southern Lebanese Army” (SLA), opened fire
          indiscriminately on detainees who were said to be on hunger strike, protesting
        
          
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          against the conditions of detention. The IDF and the militia group were
          alleged to have refused the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
          access to the Khiyam detention centre.
          275. The Special Rapporteur, expressing his concern for the Lebanese civilians
          in the areas concerned, appealed to the Government to investigate the
          above—mentioned incidents and to take all necessary measures to prevent
          further deaths; he requested information on the above—mentioned incidents and,
          in particular, on the outcome of the investigation and the measures taken to
          protect the lives of civilians.
          276. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Israel.
          Malawi
          277. On 26 April 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government
          of Malawi concerning the allegation that, in November 1988, Osborne
          Mkandawire, a 37—year--old journalist employed by the Department of Information
          of the Office of the President and Cabinet, had died in custody as a result of
          torture, after being arrested in early May 1988 and detained without charge at
          Mikuyu Prison near Zoniba. His family had reportedly been informed by the
          authorities that he had committed suicide.
          278. The Special Rapporteur requested information on this allegation and in
          particular on any investigation by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          279. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Malawi.
          Maldives
          280. On 25 August 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a cable to the Government
          of Maldives concerning the allegation that 16 persons, 4 Maldivian and
          12 Sri Lankan citizens, had recently been sentenced to death for their
          involvement in an attempt to overthrow the Government in November 1988. One
          of the 16 persons was named as Abdul Luthufi. It was alleged that the
          defendants might appeal to the President for clemency but had no right to
          appeal to a higher court.
          281. On 13 December 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Maldives
          to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 25 August 1989, stating that, on
          12 August 1989, 16 persons, 4 Maldivians and 12 Sri Lankan nationals, had been
          sentenced to death by the High Court of the Maldives, in full conformity with
          the legal requirements of the Maldives, for their involvement in conspiring to
          overthrow the legally established Government of the Republic of Maldives and
          organizing the terrorist armed attack in Male' on 3 November 1988.
          282. It was also stated that the legal procedure of the Republic of Maldives
          stipulated that any decision of the High Court might be appealed to the
          President of the Republic for judicial review within a period of 30 days after
          such decision. It was further stated that the 16 persons, despite having been
          informed of this procedure, had failed to make such an appeal to the President
        
          
          El CN. 4 / 1990 / 22
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          within the prescribed time period and that they had appealed, instead, to the
          President for clemency, in consideration of which he had commuted their death
          sentences to life imprisonment on 17 September 1989.
          283. The Special Rapporteur, referring to article 14, paragraph 5, of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, requested information on
          the above—mentioned cases and, in particular, on the provisions of the
          procedure in accordance with which the rights of the defendants had been
          defined and guaranteed during the trials.
          Mauritania
          284. On 30 October 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the
          Government of Mauritania transmitting allegations that several members of the
          black population in the south of the country had been arrested, and some of
          them tortured and executed by security forces in June 1989. Most of the
          persons concerned were reportedly peasants or shepherds who had resisted
          expropriation of their land and forced expulsion to Senegal. Attention had
          been drawn to the following cases:
          (a) Mohamed Yero Ba, headmaster of a school in Tetiane (Kaedi); it is
          claimed that he was tortured by police officers and died at the Kaedi police
          station shortly after his arrest in the second half of June 1989;
          (b) Abdramane Abda Lans, a shepherd from the region of M'Bout,
          Abou Ka, aged 26, a shepherd from Dindi (Kaedi) and Samba Ka, aged 52, a
          shepherd from Tetiane (Kaedi), were allegedly killed by members of the
          security forces in June 1989.
          285. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on any investigation by the competent authorities, including
          autopsies, and on any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          286. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Mauritania.
          Mexico
          287. On 27 June 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of Mexico concerning
          the allegation that members of the Union of Indigenous Communities of the
          Mixe Zone of the Isthmus (UCIZONIO) had received death threats from military
          personnel belonging to the Sixth Artillery Regiment, Matias Romero detachment,
          Oaxaca. It was alleged that, on 16 April 1989, the Mixe representative,
          Cristoforo José Pedro, had been murdered in the town of Buenavista, Oaxaca, by
          four individuals using machetes. One of the four was reported to have been
          detained and to have identified one of his accomplices as Juan Abad Juan
          Valdespino, a soldier from the above—mentioned regiment.
          288. The information received further indicated that the Judicial and Human
          Rights Commission of UCIZONIO had instituted criminal proceedings against the
          alleged murderers, as a result of which it had been subjected to intimidation
          by members of the regiment, led by its commanding officer, Colonel Javier del
          Real Magallanes. The intimidatory acts had included violent incursions by
          military personnel into the offices of UCIZONIO on 26 and 29 April 1989 and
        
          
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          threats against the organization's personnel. Furthermore, information was
          received that on 11 May 1989 Telesforo Lara Lara had been kidnapped in Hidalgo
          by a paramilitary group. His mutilated body was reported to have been found
          later. Paramilitary groups, supported by the army, were alleged to have
          prevented his relatives from recovering the body. In addition, the peasants
          who reported the incident were alleged to have been detained.
          289. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to investigate the
          above—mentioned cases and to take all necessary measures to protect the right
          to life of the above—mentioned persons facing death threats, in particular
          those who demanded criminal justice before the court. He requested
          information on these cases, and in particular on the measures taken to protect
          their lives.
          290. On 6 July 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Mexico
          concerning the allegation that, on 19 May 1989, in Hidalgo, Antonio Marcos
          Hernandez, a peasant leader, had been killed in a land ownership dispute. In
          past years, other peasant leaders had allegedly been killed for similar
          reasons. Among those killed were said to be Benito Hernandez Cruz in 1984,
          Leodegario Martinez in 1985 and Anacleto Ramos Ramirez in 1987. It was
          alleged that well—known landowners were responsible for these killings. It
          was also alleged that no investigations had been carried out into these cases
          by the Hidalgo State authorities and the State Attorney, and that the cases
          had remained unclarified for years, while those responsible enjoyed impunity.
          Expressions of concern had been received for the life and safety of the
          witnesses of these killings in the region, and in particular of the lawyers,
          Telesforo Miranda, Pilar Noriega and Barbara Zamora, who had represented the
          peasants in those cases.
          291. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to investigate those
          cases and to take the necessary measures to protect the right to life of the
          persons concerned, in particular those who demanded justice before the court.
          He requested information on the cases and on the measures taken by the
          Government.
          292. On 10 August 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Mexico
          concerning alleged death threats against lawyer Rosario Huerta Lara, legal
          representative of the Malmia indigenous community of Embarcadero, in the
          municipality of Ilamatlan, Veracruz. According to the information received,
          on 7 July 1989 the peasant Pedro Hernandez had been murdered in Embarcadero.
          He had reportedly been warned previously by the delegate in Veracruz of the
          Department of Agrarian Reform, Mario Ramirez Breton, not to return to
          Embarcadero because he would be killed. A similar warning had reportedly been
          given to the peasants Zozimo Hernandez, and Carolina Ramirez, and to lawyer
          Rosario Huerta Lara. On 12 July 1989, the same officer had allegedly warned
          the lawyer a second time not to go to Huayacocotla because she would be killed
          and the same warning had been given to Zozimo Hernandez, because both “had
          been clearly identified”.
          293. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take measures to
          protect the right to life of those threatened and requested information on the
          measures taken by the Government.
        
          
          El CN.411990 / 22
          page 66
          294. On 25 August 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Mexico to
          the Special Rapporteur's cable of 6 July 1989, stating that the homicide of
          Artemio Marcos Hernández had in no way constituted a summary or arbitrary
          execution but a common crime, and that it had been investigated by the
          competent authorities of the State of Hidalgo, including autopsy, but that it
          had not been possible so far to identify the perpetrators.
          295. On 29 August 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Mexico to
          the Special Rapporteur's cable of 10 August 1989, stating that the incident in
          question did not constitute a matter within the mandate of the Special
          Rapporteur. It was stated that the Government of the State of Veracruz had
          investigated the case, that the technical juridical study currently undertaken
          concerning land in the municipality of Llamatlán, Veracruz, had stirred up a
          certain discontent among the small landowners, and that the serious problem of
          landownership in this municipality had caused conflicts, including violent
          ones. In that context, the Secretary of the Agrarian Reform had warned the
          lawyer Huerta that discontent might be incited and that her mere presence
          could cause disturbance. The lawyer had apparently accepted the warning made
          by Mr. Ramirez Bretón without any bad feeling or misunderstanding.
          296. On 20 October 1989, another reply was received to the Special
          Rapporteur's cable of 10 August 1989 concerning the killing of Pedro Hernández
          Reyes. According to the reply, he had been killed on 6 June 1989 on his way
          home from legal proceedings in the State of Hidalgo, at a place called
          Tecomatechico along the road leading from Ilamatlán to Embarcadero.
          A preliminary inquiry into the case had been held by the Office of the
          District Attorney in Huayacocotla, Veracruz, and the judicial police for
          Huayacocotla and Ilamatlán was continuing the investigation.
          Nicaragua
          297. On 24 July 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Nicaragua
          transmitting allegations that persons alleged to be members of the Contra
          rebels had been killed by the security forces. The following cases were
          described as occurring in the second half of 1988:
          (a) On 18 July 1988, members of the Diriaxnba police killed the peasant
          José Manuel Hernandez Soto when he objected to the arrest of his son Francisco
          (EL Carrizal, Carazo);
          (b) On 12 August 1988, State security agents arrested the peasant
          Alfonso López Rivera in Estali. Some days later, the Ministry of the Interior
          stated that López, a member of the Contra, had died in a clash with the army;
          (c) On 6 September 1988, Vicente Ruiz Acu2ia was arrested in San Isidro,
          Matagalpa. Some days later, his body was located at the Hospital de la
          Trinidad;
          (d) On 28 October 1988, army personnel killed Gavino Martinez Garcia
          while he was working in the fields in Waslala, department of Zelaya;
          (e) On 27 July 1988, Eleazar Herrera, chairman of the Departmental
          Office of the Conservative Party in Matagalpa, was killed by soldiers;
        
          
          E/CN .4/1990 / 22
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          (f) On 24 August 1988, Valeriano Torres Gómez, member of the town
          council of the Valle del Wapi, was killed in the port of la Esperanza by
          soldiers.
          298. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on any investigation by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          299. On 16 March, 12 Nay, 6 June, 3 July and 20 September 1989, replies were
          received from the Government of Nicaragua to the Special Rapporteur's letters
          of 28 July and 9 November 1988 concerning alleged cases of summary or
          arbitrary executions as follows:
          (a) Roger Francisco Poveda Osorio . On 8 April 1987, Roger Francisco
          Poveda Osorio was sentenced to two years and six months' imprisonment for
          armed robbery. He began serving his sentence in the “Mario Gonzalez”
          disciplinary unit. On 24 May 1987, Mr. Poveda began drinking early in the day
          and, in the evening, he picked up a gun and told his friends that he was going
          to kill himself because of personal problems. This attempted suicide was
          nevertheless prevented. In the early morning hours, Mr. Poveda managed to get
          his hands on another gun and used it to shoot himself in the stomach; he died
          in the presence of witnesses;
          (b) Eddy Mpisés Barrera Morales . At 8.45 a.m. on 21 April 1988
          Eddy Moisés Barrera Morales and Francisco Barrera, both members of the
          Sandinista People's Army, stationed at the “Hilario Sanchez” Officers' Centre,
          Jinotega, approached a taxi opposite the public auction office at Managua.
          They threatened the owner of the taxi, seized his belongings and forced him to
          take them to the city of León. At 11 a.m. on the same day, these men
          threatened with death with their rifles two officers of the Sandinista Police
          stationed at Km. 81 on the Managua—León road, whom they disarmed and robbed of
          their belongings. They then exchanged vehicles, abandoned the taxi, compelled
          the police officers to take them to Pagronica at Malpaisillo, and abandoned
          them there. At 7.30 a.m. on the following day, 22 May 1988, the two Barreras,
          who were eager to escape, intercepted a small private truck and forced the
          driver to take them to the “Cuatro Pa1os' farm. The driver succeeded in
          advising the police of the whereabouts of the men, and as a result the police
          of San Francisco Libre, in co—operation with the police of Le6n, found the two
          Barreras in an uninhabited house; upon being summoned to surrender, they
          answered by opening fire and there was an exchange of shots which resulted in
          the death of Eddy Barrera and in injuries to Francisco Barrera;
          (c) ( Jarlos Rods Downs . Carlos Rods Downs was arrested on 19 May 1988 by
          the Corn Island police and taken to a police unit. Melvin Davila Soza, second
          lieutenant at the Ministry of the Interior, who had been sent from Bluefields
          to arrest Hods Downs and Omar Apolinar Amador Valle, a mechanic resident of
          Cucrahill, took Hods Downs out of the police unit at about 11:30 p.m. on
          19 May 1988 and told him to run. Davila Soza and Anador Valle then shot him
          from behind. He was taken to the clinic of Corn Island where he received
          minimum first aid treatment, due to the inexperience of the nurses in
          treatment of bullet wounds. Hods Downs died on 20 May 1988 due to
          haemorrhage. The Military Tribunal condemned Melvin Davila Soza and
          Omar Amador Valle to six years' imprisonment;
        
          
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          (d) José Felix Lago Soto . In response to a complaint filed in
          connection with the death of Felix Lago Soto in the fifth military region,
          the Military Court of that region investigated the events, the alleged
          perpetrators of which were two military personnel. Between 4 and
          7 March 1988, troops from Pedro Battalion had a skirmish with a group of
          rebels at Villa Albers settlement, region of El Almendro, Nueva Guinea
          district, wounding and arresting Felix who had been going by the name of
          Adolf o. He was taken the same day to the infirmary of the 53rd Infantry
          Battalion, where he was treated. On 10 March at 7 p.m., he escaped from the
          infirmary by jumping out of a window, causing the soldiers on guard to shout a
          warning which he did not obey. The guards then fired at him, hitting him with
          an AKA rifle bullet; he died the following day. During the subsequent
          investigations, which included testimony by the head of Medical Services of
          the 53rd Infantry Battalion and two others, all agreed that Felix had taken
          flight and that when he did not obey the shouted warning he was shot, which
          caused his death. Finally, the Court which heard this case ruled that the
          proceedings should be dismissed, since the military personnel had acted under
          the protection of article 28, paragraph 9, of the Penal Code, which states:
          “Article 28 — The following are exempt from criminal responsibility:
          (9) Anyone acting in the performance of a duty or in the legitimate exercise
          of a right, authority, office or function”;
          (e) The Cruz Mairena family . On 17 January 1988, at a village called
          “El Chile”, in the district of San Rainón, department of Matagalpa, the
          Cruz Mairena family was murdered by Antonio Altamirano Salmerón ,
          Juan Treminio Mendoza, and Jacinto and Guillerino López. The motive for the
          murder was a dispute regarding a plot of land that had been sold to
          Felipe Cruz by the citizen Santos Hernmndez. The perpetrators of the crime
          entered a maize plantation armed with AKA rifles and machetes; they went on
          to fire at the Cruz Mairena family, killing Gloria Mairena, Felipe Cruz,
          Sandra Mairena, the boy Juan Cruz Mairena and another unidentified boy, and
          wounding the boy Jairo Cruz in the back. The murderers then vented their fury
          on the dead bodies. On being informed of what had happened, the Ministry of
          the Interior carried out an investigation and arrested Jacinto and Guillermo
          Lopez, who were convicted and sentenced to 30 years' imprisonment. Juan
          Trezninio Mendoza was killed while resisting arrest; as for Antonio AlmerOn,
          he was not apprehended and remained at large. None of the military
          authorities of the country were involved in the events described above, the
          perpetrators of the crime being civilians;
          (f) Maria Eustacip Leon Estrada . On the basis of a complaint filed by
          Mario Leon Solano, proceedings were initiated to investigate the alleged
          murder of Maria Eustacia Leon Estrada. As a result of the investigations
          carried out and on the basis of the statements made by eyewitnesses, it was
          possible to clear up the case and to determine the circumstances in which it
          occurred, which were as follows. During the night of 4 September 1987, a
          platoon of 25 men of the Popular Sandinist Army was ambushed by a group of
          rebels in the sector known as la Cainpana, located close to the El Guabo
          Operational Support Base, in the Sento TOmas Administrative District,
          Chontales. When the ambush was repelled, the rebels fled. The members of the
          Army pursued them and, when they were passing by the house of Maria Eustacia
          Leon Estrada learned that she and her two children had been killed in the
          cross—fire between them and the rebels. In view of the above, the Military
          Court which tried the case decided that no criminal responsibility could be
          attributed to the members of the Popular Sandinist Army as there was no
        
          
          E/CN.4/1990/22
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          certainty as to the cause of the deaths of MarIa Eustacia ] eon and her
          children, which had occurred in circumstances under which it was virtually
          impossible to determine any individual responsibility. Consequently, the
          Military Court issued a general dismissal of proceedings in this case on the
          grounds that no criminal responsibility could be attributed.
          Pakis tan
          300. On 30 October 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Pakistan
          transmitting allegations to the effect that, under Ordinance XX of
          26 April l98L , which prohibits Ahmadis to profess, propagate or practise their
          faith as Islam, several members of that faith had been killed or become the
          targets of murder by unidentified persons or incited mobs. The authorities
          allegedly failed to intervene in order to protect the persons from attack or
          to investigate the killings or attempted killings.
          301. The following cases, allegedly having occurred in 1989, were described in
          the letter:
          (a) On 9 March 1989, in Sialkot, Khawaja Sarfaraz Ahniad, a lawyer, was
          attacked and seriously injured by a man who had in the past made an
          unsuccessful attempt on the life of an Ahmadi economist;
          (b) On 9 April 1989, in Faisalabad, Zaheer Ahmad was attacked and
          seriously injured by an opponent of Ahmadiyya;
          (c) On 14 May 1989 in Sakrand, Nawabshah district, province of Sindh,
          Dr. Monawar Ahmad was shot dead at his clinic by two unidentified persons;
          (d) On 16 July 1989, in Chak Sikander, Gujrat district, Nazir Ahuiad was
          attacked by a mob and shot dead in a riot against the Abmadi inhabitants of
          the village. Two other Ahniadis and an anti—Ahmadi rioter were also shot
          dead. The police had looked on during the incident;
          (e) On 2 August 1989, in Qazi Ahniad, Nawabshah district, province of
          Sindh, Dr. Abdul Qadir was shot in his clinic by an unknown gunman. He died
          on his way to hospital. He was said to be the twelfth victim of attacks aimed
          at Ahniadis in Sindh province;
          (f) On 28 September 1989, in Nawabshah, province of Sindh,
          Dr. Abdul Quddus, an Abmadi, was shot dead by two unknown gunmen, as he was
          returning to his clinic.
          302. In addition, it was alleged that four Abmadi prisoners, who had been
          sentenced to death in 1986 by the Special Military Court, were excluded from
          amnesty and a retrial even though the Government had reportedly declared in
          December 1988 that death sentences passed by military courts were null and
          void. The four persons were said to be Mohammad Llyas Munir and Naeem ud—Din,
          sentenced to death in February 1986 by Special Military Court No. 62 in
          Multan, and Nasir Abniad Qureshi and Raf I Abmad Qureshi sentenced to death on
          3 March 1986 by the Special Military Court in Sukkur.
          303. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on any investigation by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
        
          
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          Panama
          304. On 14 November 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Panama
          transmitting allegations that during the past year a number of killings, for
          which members of the Government forces were allegedly responsible, had
          occurred. The cases are:
          (a) Nicolas Van Kleef. This 52—year—old Netherlander, a member of the
          mission operated in Panama by the Paulinist religious order, was shot and
          wounded on 7 May 1989 by a member of a unit from the Paz battalion of the
          Panama Defence Forces named Olmedo Espinoza. According to information
          received, on Sunday, 7 May, Father Van Kleef, together with a 16—year—old
          youth, was driving by car in the community of Santa Marta, Bugaba, Province of
          Chiriquls, to announce that he was due to celebrate mass, and the incident
          occurred. He was taken to the David Hospital where he died from his wounds on
          the following day;
          (b) Luis Antonio Gonzalez Santamaria. This 21—year—old first—year
          student in the faculty of law and political science at Panama National
          University was fatally injured by a shot by a member of the Panama Defence
          Forces from the anti—riot unit known as the tiDobermansil on 3 August 1989. The
          incident occurred at 3 p.m. on the University campus, more precisely on the
          premises of the arts faculty and school of music, in the course of action
          taken by the Defence Forces against an anti—Government demonstration and
          against the head of the OAS Mission. Shortly afterwards he died from his
          wounds in Bella Vista Hospital.
          305. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on any investigation by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          Peru
          306. On 3 March 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of Peru concerning
          the alleged threat to the life of Benedicta Maria Valenzuela Ocayo, who
          testified before Public Prosecutor Carlos Escobar Pineda about the summary or
          arbitrary execution of 28 persons at Cayara on 13 May 1988. The Special
          Rapporteur referred in the cable to his cable of 4 January 1989 concerning the
          alleged killing of the witnesses of the Cayara incidents and death threats
          made against Carlos Escobar Pineda and concern for the life of Benedicta Maria
          Valenzuela Ocayo (E/CN.4/1989/25. paras. 208—209).
          307. It was alleged that 9 since the other persons who had testified before the
          Public Prosecutor Escobar Pineda concerning the involvement of the armed
          forces in the killing had been murdered or disappeared, Valenzuela Ocayo was a
          witness of these killings and that no special measures had been taken to
          protect her,
          308. The Special Rapporteur requested information on the measures taken to
          protect the lives of persons who had received death threats.
          309.. On 8 March 19899 another cable was sent concerning alleged death threats
          against Lucas Cachay Huamán, chairman of the Front for the Defence of the
          Interests of the Department of San Martin. According to the information
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1990/22
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          received, sticks of dynamite had been used in attacks on his home on
          24 February and 26 August 1988 and death threats had later been directed
          against him and his family, allegedly by members of the army and of the
          “Commando Rodrigo Franco” paramilitary group.
          310. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to investigate the
          above—mentioned allegations and requested information on the results of such
          investigation as well as on the measures taken to protect the life of the
          person concerned.
          311. On 3 July 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Peru
          concerning alleged death threats made against Julio C. Falconi Gonzalez, a
          lawyer who was said to have been involved in cases of summary executions and
          disappearances and other political of fences. According to the information,
          Falconi Gonzalez had recently received many anonymous death threats and his
          offices were watched by persons who drove around in automobiles without
          registration plates and with polarized glass windows. Moreover, a Peruvian
          magazine had recently published an article in which he was stated to be a
          lawyer of Sendero Luminoso, owing to his professional relationship with the
          lawyer Manuel Febres, who had been killed in July 1988 by the so—called
          Rodrigo Franco Commando. All these events were said to have made him fear for
          his life and safety.
          312. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to investigate the case
          and to take measures to protect his life and requested information on the
          outcome of the investigation as well as on the measures taken by the
          Government.
          313. On 24 July 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Peru transmitting
          allegations to the effect that, during the first half of 1989, many violations
          of the right to life had occurred in Peru, particularly in the areas under a
          state of emergency. Up to 29 April 1989, the state of emergency had affected
          55 provinces and 8 departments and more than 45 per cent of the total
          population. In the so—called “emergency areas”, the military political
          commands, established under Act No. 24.150, had extensive powers of control
          over the inhabitants. In 1988, the number of deaths due to acts of political
          violence had risen to 1,460, a figure higher than that registered in previous
          years. Most of the victims were said to have been civilians (787 according to
          one source). Many of the violations of the right to life were attributable to
          rebel groups such as the Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) and the Movimiento
          Tupac Amaru (Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement).
          314. However, many reports attributed deaths to the armed forces, security
          services and a paramilitary group named the “Comando Rodrigo Franco”. This
          group was said to have, carried out various killings, including that of a
          Peruvian parliamentarian, and to have committed other terrorist acts against
          members of different opposition parties. The “Comando Rodrigo Franco” was
          said to be responsible for terrorist acts against members of the Catholic
          Church in Puno, the abduction and murder of the lawyer Manuel Febres in
          July 1988 and the death of journalists, trade unionists, human rights
          activists and others, as well as for death threats which had forced the
          victims to leave their place of residence in Peru in order to safeguard their
          own lives and the lives of their relatives. The reports and testimonies
          received stated that the types of activity carried out by this group would
          indicate that it was a paramilitary command made up of members of the national
        
          
          E/CN .411990122
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          police and/or persons linked to the ruling party. It was alleged that the
          State organs responsible for maintaining public order had failed to take
          action in relation to the investigation of the terrorist acts committed by
          this group since, despite the fact that a parliamentary commission had been
          set up to investigate its activities, the judicial authorities did not arrest
          or charge anyone for these acts, which had occurred in areas where the armed
          forces exercised strict control. The following case was described in
          connection with this command:
          315. On 13 February 1989, the bodies were found of Saál Cantoral,
          Secretary—General of the Federación Nacional de Trabajadores Mineros y
          Metalurgicos del Peth (National Federation of Mine and Metallurgical Workers
          of Peru) and of Consuelo Garcia, a member of “Las Filomenas”, an organization
          engaged in training miners' wives. The latter had a fractured skull, which
          appeared to have been crushed by a heavy vehicle. Pinned to the bodies were
          notes containing slogans and threats from which it could be inferred that
          Sendero Luminoso had been responsible for the killings. However, the leaders
          of the National Federation of Mine and Metallurgical Workers of Peru stated
          that they did not believe that Sendero Luminoso was responsible, since all the
          mine workers leaders had received death threats from the “Comando Rodrigo
          Franco” which might have come from government forces. According to the
          information received, Sa tl Cantonal had led two strikes of miners and had been
          accused by the mine—owners of having links with Sendero Luininoso.
          316. The following cases of killing were described as committed by government
          forces:
          (a) On 31 May 1988, Javier Eduardo Arrasco Catpo, a student in the
          Faculty of Biology at the University of San Marcos, died after being shot at
          by members of the police force;
          (b) On 18 July 1988, Carlos A. Barnett Azpur, aged 28, a fifth—year law
          student at the University of San Marcos and a former leader of the Federation
          of Students of the National University of Engineering Studies, was hit by a
          bullet shot by Civil Guard personnel during a demonstration;
          (c) Hernán Pozo Barrienos, aged 21, a student in the Faculty of
          Anthropology of the University of San Marcos, was shot dead by police
          personnel during a demonstration held on 12 October 1988;
          (d) On 25 November 1988, Hector Raül Laureano Reynmundo, aged 18, a
          first—year student in the Faculty of Pedagogy, was shot dead by Civil Guard
          personnel who knocked him down and fired five bullets at point—blank range at
          his head and thorax, in the National University of Central Peru (IJNCP);
          (e) In the course of 1988 a number of the witnesses of the massacre in
          Cayara (E/CN.4/1989/25, para. 210) were reported to have been killed. On
          15 December 1988, the public transport vehicle carrying the mayor of the
          district of Cayara, Justiniano Tinco Garcia, and the secretary of the district
          town hall, Fernandina Palomino Quispe, both witnesses of the occurrence in
          Cayara 9 and who had made accusations against military personnel alleged to be
          responsible for various off ences, was intercepted by a group of hooded men who
          used threats to force all the passengers to leave the vehicle and to move
          away, with the exception of the two persons previously mentioned and the
        
          
          E / CN .4 / 1990 / 22
          page 73
          driver of the vehicle. According to witnesses, Tinco Garcia and
          Fernandina Palomino were tortured and afterwards killed by a burst from a
          machine gun. The driver of the vehicle, Antonio Felix Garcia Tipe, was tied
          to the vehicle, which was blown up by a grenade.
          (f) On 24 November 1988, Eduardo Rojas Arce, a journalist for the
          magazine Caretas , and Hugo Bustiós Saavedra, the reporter for the daily
          newspaper Actualidad , who had been sent by their papers to Erapata, in the
          province of Huanta, Ayacucho, were shot at by a group of masked men. The
          group killed Bustids Saavedra and wounded Rojas Arce, who was taken to
          hospital. It was alleged that a patrol of Civil Guard and army personnel were
          in the neighbourhood at the time of the incident and went to the scene, but
          took no steps to obtain evidence of the killing, and that witnesses stated
          that the persons responsible for the killing were military personnel,
          including an army captain who went up to Bustids Saavedra and finished him off
          with a bullet;
          (g) On 7 December 1988, army personnel were alleged to have killed
          M xiino Villacrisis Henriquez and Wilberto Contreras Garcia in Nahuinpuquio,
          Quina;
          (h) On 16 January 1989, Maria Guinarita Pisco Pizango, aged 26, wife of
          Juan Pablo Saboya Puerta who had been arrested and disappeared on
          8 January 1989, was arrested by five soldiers who burst into the house.
          Shortly afterwards she was found dead, her head and feet tied to a tree, and
          showing visible signs of torture, rape and a bullet mark;
          (i) On 13 April 1988, Eleodoro Bandez(i Anccasi, aged 43, a trader, was
          arrested by uniformed army personnel at the Pampachocca farm, Llauricocha,
          department of Huancavelica. His body was found in Llauricocha on
          22 December 1988, showing marks of severe torture;
          (j) On 1 February 1989, Elena tahuinila, a two—month—old baby, was
          killed when soldiers snatched her from her mother's arms and threw her on the
          ground in Quilcaccasa, district of Cotaruse, Province of Aymaraes, Apurimac;
          (k) On 9 February 1989, during a peaceful demonstration organized by the
          Federaci6n de Canipesinos de Ucayali (Ucayali Federation of Peasants), in the
          square at Pucalipa, Ucayali, eight peasants were killed by shots fired by
          police personnel. It was alleged that the Special Operations Division of the
          National Police was responsible for the killings. Unconfirmed reports
          indicated that some 20 bodies were taken from the square in a truck;
          (1) On 17 May 1989, soldiers from the Third Ollantaytambo Infantry
          Battalion invaded the hamlet of Calabaza, district of Mariposa, Province of
          Satipo, Department of Junin, and arrested some 20 persons. On 18 Nay 1989,
          the bodies of 11 persons arrested in Calabaza were found on the Calabaza river
          banks. It was also reported that three of the arrested persons managed to
          escape, two were released after being tortured and four were missing.
          317. On 15 June 1989, Mr. Fernando Majia Egocheaga, a lawyer and President of
          the Provincial Committee of the Izquierda Unida (the United Left) in Oxapampa,
          and Aladino Melgarejo Ponce, schoolmaster and leader of the Sindicato Unico de
          Trabajadores de la Educacidn Primaria (SUTEP) (Single Union of Peruvian
          Education Workers), were arrested by army personnel at their homes. Their
          bodies were found on 18 June 1989 in Oxapanipa, Department of Cerro de Pasco,
          each bearing bullet wounds as well as signs of torture.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1990/22
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          318. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on any investigation by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          319. On 26 September 1989, the Special Rapporteur sent another cable to the
          Government of Peru referring to his cables of 13 July 1988, 9 January and
          3 March 1989 and his letter of 28 July 1988 concerning killings in May 1988,
          in Cayara, Ayacucho department, and also the subsequent detention and killing
          of several witnesses to the above—mentioned incident, and death threats made
          against Carlos Escobar Pineda, Special Commissioner who had investigated the
          inc±dent. The Special Rapporteur also referred to the further information
          that Marta Crisostomo Garcia, a nurse aged 22, and one of the witnesses to the
          killings in May 1988 in Cayara, Ayacucho department, had been killed on
          8 September 1989 at her home in the neighbourhood of San Juan Bautista de
          Huamanga, Ayacucho, by eight men wearing hoods and army uniforms. She was
          said to be the ninth witness to the Cayara killing to be the victim of
          “disappearance” or killing.
          320. In view of the reported killing of a number of the witnesses to the
          Cayara incident, including that of Marta Crisostomo Garcia, the Special
          Rapporteur expressed his serious concern for the safety of Escobar Pineda and
          other remaining witnesses. He appealed to the Government to carry out a
          thorough investigation into the killing of Marta Crisostomo Garcia with a view
          to bringing those responsible to justice and to take all necessary measures to
          protect the life of the persons concerned, and requested information on the
          outcome or development of the investigations carried out by the Government
          into the incident in Cayara and the killings of witnesses and also on the
          steps taken by the Government to protect the persons concerned.
          321. On 29 September 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Peru
          concerning threats made against José Antonio Burneo Labrin, Executive Director
          of the Centro de Estudios y Accion para la Paz (CEAPAS) (Centre for Peace
          Studies and Activities), allegedly because of his work and that of his
          organization in giving humanitarian aid to victims of human rights violations.
          322. On 16 September 1989, shortly before 1 a.m. , an armed man in Civil Guard
          uniform knocked insistently on the door of Burneo Labrin's house in Lima and
          refused to identify himself. Concern for the life of Burneo Labrin was
          expressed in the light of an incident of the killing of Coqui Huanali, a
          lawyer, at his home in Pasco in similar circumstances.
          323, The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to take the necessary
          measures to protect him and requested information on the measures taken in
          this regard.
          324. On 30 October 1989, another letter was sent to the Government of Peru
          transmitting allegations that the right to life of the following individuals
          had been violated by Government forces or paramilitary groups linked to them:
          (a) Estanislao Polanco Rojas, Francisco Ranios Bautista, Virgilio
          Barriento Ranios, Virginio Barrientos Polanco, Esteban Barrientos Vega, Andrés
          Huaniani Polanco, Maria Bautista Quispe, Franco Ramirez, Clemente Chaupion
          Barrientos and Ignacio Tito. On 27 June 1989 a group of soldiers under the
          orders of four officers occupied the village of Painpainarca, district of
        
          
          H /CN. 4/1990/22
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          Aucará, province of Lucanas, departament of Ayacucho. It is claimed that the
          inhabitants were taken to the village square and compelled to remain there for
          two days. The soldiers pillaged and murdered the above—mentioned persons
          refusing to collaborate;
          (b) Domingo Quispe, aged 95, Natividad Quispe, aged 90, Crisóstomo
          Condori Quispe, aged 58 and Alejandro Quispe Condori, aged 60, were reportedly
          murdered in circumstances similar to those described in the previous paragraph
          in the village of Santa Ana, province of Lucanas.
          (c) Luis Alberto Alvarez Aguilar and José Abel Páez Malpartida. These
          two university students were murdered, allegedly by members of a paramilitary
          group, on 27 July 1989 close to the resort of San Bartolo, south of Lima. It
          is also reported that the area where they were found is a “military area” and
          as such is frequently inspected by the army;
          Cd) Coqui Samuel Huamali Sanchez, aged 32, a lawyer, Director of
          National and International Affairs for the Human Rights Committee is Pasco.
          It is reported that on 23 August 1989, during the curfew, Mr. Huamali was
          taken from his home in Jirón José Olaya 405, San Juan Pampa, Cerro de Pasco,
          by uniformed men wearing Balaclava helmets and armed with rifles. His corpse
          was found on the following day bearing signs of torture;
          (e) Pedro Valenzuela Taniayo and Manuel MejIa Cortrina. It is reported
          that these two peasants, the chairman and the treasurer of the peasant
          community of Huaripainpa district of San Marcos, province of Huari, department
          of Ancash, disappeared on 31 July 1989 in the district of Catac, province of
          Recauy. Their mutilated bodies were found on 6 September in the vicinity of
          Querococha lake; each of them had a bullet hole at the back of his skull. On
          the basis of statements by the inhabitants of San Marcos and by the villagers
          of the Hauripampa community, there are sound reasons for holding Glicerio
          Mauricio Rodriguez, the mayor of San Marcos district, and the police forces
          responsible, for both of these peasants had been constantly harassed by them
          on account of alleged terrorist activities;
          (f) Walter Wilf redo Valer Munalla. It is reported that this 20—year--old
          student was detained on 20 September 1989 by army personnel after going to
          Los Cabitos barracks in compliance with his compulsory military service
          commitments. His body was found, bearing signs of torture, on 7 October 1989
          at the door of his place of work.
          325. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these cases and in
          particular on any investigations made and any measures taken by the
          authorities and/or the judiciary to establish the facts and to bring those
          responsible to justice.
          326. On 20 April 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Peru to the
          Special Rapporteur's cable of 8 March 1989 concerning the case of Lucas Cachay
          Huamán, forwarding a reply from the Ministry of Defence which stated that the
          Special Rapporteur's request had been transmitted to the Joint Command of the
          Armed Forces so that the latter might adopt the most appropriate measures in
          the situation.
        
          
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          327. On 21 April 1989, a letter was received from the Government of Peru
          stating that on 15 April 1989 the terrorist group “Sendero Luminoso” had
          murdered Joseph Piescher, an Austrian journalist and official of the Auxilio
          Fluvial Amazónico, a non—governmental organization carrying out a health
          programme in the department of Ucayali, and that the murder demonstrated that
          “Sendero Luminoso” had no respect for life and was the group responsible for
          human rights violations in Peru.
          328. On 2 May 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Peru to the
          Special Rapporteur's cable of 3 March 1989 concerning the case of
          Maria Valenzuela Ocayo, forwarding a reply from the Ministry of Defence which
          stated that the Special Rapporteur's request had been transmitted to the Joint
          Command of the Armed Forces so that the latter might adopt the most
          appropriate measures in the situation.
          329. On 28 June 1989, a further reply was received concerning this case,
          forwarding a reply from the Ministry of Defence which stated that “the forces
          of law and order in zones declared to be in a state of emergency would provide
          protection for the persons alleged to be under threat of death in the same way
          as provided for the population as a whole”.
          330. On 3 May 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Peru to the
          Special Rapporteur's cable of 14 October 1988 concerning the alleged death
          threats against Angela Mendoza de Ascarza and Mario Cavalcanti Gaxnboa.
          According to the reply, the Special Rapporteur's request had been forwarded to
          the departments of Justice, the Interior and Defence, and the Ministry of
          Defence had reported that “the forces of law and order in zones declared to be
          in a state of emergency provide protection for the population as a whole”. It
          had also pointed out that, bearing in mind the small number of troops in
          subzone 5, “it is not possible to deal individually with requests from persons
          alleged to be under threat of death”.
          331. On 19 May 1989, a letter was received from the Government of Peru,
          stating that, on 27 April 1989, Edilberto Arroyo, a deputy from the Izquierda
          Unida, had been murdered and that, on 6 May, Pablo Norberto Li, a deputy from
          the Peruvian Aprista Party, had also been killed by terrorist groups who were
          the main perpetrators of the violence in Peru. It was also stated that these
          acts provided clear evidence of the terrorists' intention to obstruct the
          forthcoming municipal and presidential elections to be held in Peru and thus
          to endanger democracy and the rule of law, The Government was convinced that
          awareness of criminal acts such as those referred to above would be a decisive
          factor in a proper understanding of the problems faced by Peru today inasmuch
          as it saw its aspirations for peace, development and social justice undermined
          every day by the acts of terrorist groups which regarded human rights and
          freedoms as concepts devoid of all meaning.
          332. On 6 June 1989, a letter was received from the Government of Peru stating
          that a terrorist group had murdered the journalist Barbara d'Achille of the
          El Comercio newspaper. Mrs. d'Achille ecologist and conservationist, had
          been killed while she was in the department of Huancavelica 9 together with the
          Peruvian engineer Esteban Bottorquez 9 an official of the Department
          Development Corporation, on a journalistic mission to obtain further
          information on South American drug traffickers.
        
          
          El ON .4 / 1990 / 22
          page 77
          333. On 28 June 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Peru to the
          Special Rapporteur's letter of 9 November 1988, transmitting a reply from the
          Ministry of Defence. The reply stated that the investigations carried out
          concerning summary executions which had allegedly occurred in the National
          Security Zone of the Centre (ZSNC) had established that the military personnel
          of the Zone were not involved in any of the cases mentioned in the letter and
          that no record of those incidents existed.
          Philippines
          334. On 6 July 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of the Philippines
          concerning the allegation that the life of the 25 persons whose names
          reportedly appeared on two so—called “hit lists” were in jeopardy. According
          to the information, the “hit lists” had been distributed recently in parts of
          Negros Occidental province by members of the Citizens Armed Force Geographical
          Units (CAFGU), under the direct command and supervision of the Armed Forces of
          the Philippines. Paramilitary vigilante groups were also implicated. It was
          alleged that no measures had been taken by the military authorities to prevent
          the circulation of such “hit lists”. The 25 persons were the emeritus bishop
          of the diocese of Bacolod, five Coluinban Fathers, three Presentation Sisters,
          two parish priests of the diocese of Kabankalan, three lay church workers,
          three radio broadcasters, three labour leaders, three lawyers and two priests
          of the diocese of Bacolod.
          335. In view of several reports in the past that a number of persons named in
          the so—called “hit lists” had been killed in a summary manner, the Special
          Rapporteur expressed his serious concern for the life of the above—mentioned
          25 persons. He appealed to the Government to take all necessary measures to
          protect their lives and requested information on these cases, and in
          particular on investigations carried out by the authorities and measures taken
          to protect the life of the 25 persons and to prevent the circulation of such
          “hit lists”.
          336. On 24 July 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of the Philippines
          transmitting allegations that during the past several months unarmed civilians
          had continued to be killed in a summary manner by members of the armed forces,
          by members of the newly formed Citizen's Armed Forces Geographical Units
          (CAFGU), and by unidentified armed men. Most of the victims were suspected
          sympathizers with the New Peoples' Army (NPA), or belonged to trade unions,
          church organizations or community groups. Some victims had been killed during
          military operations against guerrilla forces in the areas in which they lived.
          337. The Special Rapporteur listed 20 such cases as follows:
          (a) On 1 Nay 1989, Reverend Visminda Gran, a minister, aged 50, and her
          husband, Luvino Givan, aged 43, were killed by five men, members of CAFGU or
          the military, in Barangay Liberte in Baliango town, Misamis Oriental;
          (b) On 28 April 1989, nine fish farm workers were killed by members of
          the 2nd Marine Battalion, 1st Brigade at Sitio Manicnic, Barangay San José,
          Paombong, Bulacan;
          (c) On 6 April 1989, Rufino Rivera, aged 69, a local councillor, and
          Fr. Dionisio Malalay, aged 32, a curate, were killed at Pagadian, Sabina,
          Zamboanga del Sur, by members of the police force during a Christian Community
          meeting near Rivera's house;
        
          
          El CN. 4/1990/22
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          (d) On 21 March 1989, Oscar Tonog, aged 37, vice president of the
          Integrated Bar of the Philippines, and an active member of the Free Legal
          Assistance Group (FLAG), was shot dead by two gunmen, connected with the armed
          forces. Shortly before Oscar Tonog's death, a radio station run by the
          military had issued a warning to human rights lawyers;
          (e) On 2 March 1989, Romula de la Cruz was killed at Barangay
          Guindapunan, Daram, Samar, by a member of the CAFGU;
          (f) On 18 February 1989, Pedro Pagao, aged 56, his wife, Encarnacion
          Pagao, and their two children were killed at Cabalyog, Sainar, by members of
          the 8th Infantry Battalion of the Philippines Army (PA);
          (g) On 17 February 1989, Oscar Fernandez, president of the NADSU—KMU
          (Alliance of United Drivers) and one of the leaders of the ACMA—Sugbu—KMU
          (Workers Alliance) was assassinated by two persons belonging to the army;
          (h) On 15 February 1989, Eduardo Lazona, a secretary for the National
          Federation of Sugar Workers and General Trades (NFSW—FGT) was shot dead by
          members of the Regional Special Action Force (RSAF), an unIt of the
          Philippines Constabulary (PC), at Talisay, Negros Occidental;
          (i) On 10 February 1989, Joseph Dumasala, aged 20, was shot dead in a
          summary manner after having been apprehended by members of the 16th Infantry
          Battalion (PA) during a raid on a NPA house;
          (j) On 3 February 1989, Sabeniano “Bebie” Borres, aged 36, a church lay
          worker and resident farmer of Guinoyoron, Valencia, Bukidnon, was killed by
          members of CAFGU in Poblacion, Valencia, Bukidnon;
          (k) On 3 February 1989, four rural workers were killed in Mahayag,
          Banay—Banay, Davao Oriental by members of the RSAF and the 438th Philippines
          Constabulary Company immediately after a military operation against the NPA;
          (1) On 17 January 1989, Rodrigo Francisco, aged 39, local union
          president of NFSW—FGT and Nestor Barros, aged 35, union organizer of NFSW—FGT,
          were killed by members of the RSAF and CAFGU, in Santa Rosa, Murcia, Negros
          Occidental:
          (m) On 20 January 1989, Meliton Roxas, president of the Union of
          Filipino Employees in the Nestlé Division in Cabayao, Laguna, was shot dead by
          a gunman, a vigilante member;
          (n) On 30 December 1988, George Bahain, aged 45, was killed by members
          of CAFGU, Barangay Guinoyoran, Valencia, Bukidnon. The same men were
          responsible for the murder of Sabeniano Borres on 3 February 1989;
          (o) On 26 December 1988, Cresenciano Esconilla and his family were
          assassinated in Escalante by members of the military;
          (p) On 11 December 1988, Leo Trinidad, aged 18, was killed by the
          paramilitary group “Tadtad” in Barangay Mabini, South Cotabato;
          (q) On 3 December 1988, Wilson S. Dayahon, aged 22, was shot dead by
          police officers at Lagonlong municipality, Misamis Oriental;
        
          
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          (r) On 20 November 1988, Serapio Cogollodo, aged 68, was killed together
          with five members of his family when a shell fired by members of the
          23rd Infantry Battalion (PA) hit the hut in which they were sleeping at
          Barangay Muritula, San Luis, Agusan del Sur;
          (s) On 30 September 1988, Raul Casado, aged 24, a former rebel, was
          killed in Bunawan, Davao City by members of the paramilitary group “Alsa Masa”;
          (t) On 10 September 1988, Pedro Gab, a farmer, was killed by members of
          the Civilian Home Defence Forces at Matuguinao, Samar.
          338. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on any investigation by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          — 339. On 28 July 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of the
          Philippines concerning allegations that several people connected with the
          disappearance case of Ma. Nonna Santa Clara and A. Lienaresas, on
          26 April 1989 in Naga city, had received death threats. Among those
          threatened were Santa Clara (brother of Ma. Nonna Santa Clara) and three
          lawyers belonging to the Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG). The Special
          Rapporteur also referred to information received that about 720 persons in the
          seminary of the diocese of Bacolod, Bacolod city, Negros Occidental, had
          received death threats issued by paramilitary groups called the “Pulahans”,
          who were allegedly supported and armed by the military.
          340. The Special Rapporteur, expressing his concern for the lives of the
          above —mentioned persons, appealed to the Government to take the necessary
          measures to protect their right to life and requested information on the cases
          referred to, and also on the measures taken by the Government to protect the
          lives of these persons concerned.
          341. On 30 October 1989, another letter was sent to the Government of the
          Philippines transmitting 13 alleged cases of killings, as follows:
          T (a) On 16 February 1989, Reynaldo Duenas, aged 45, and Rogelio Simaning,
          aged 27, were killed in Maytubig, Isabela, by a mortar shell fired by the
          6th infantry Battalion of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and members of
          the Citizen's Armed Forces Geographical Units;
          (b) On 29 March 1989, Teodoro Egoc Sr., aged 47, Jimmy Estoque, aged 39,
          Nicaslo Opiar and Nicasio's children, Hernani, aged 4, and Rengie, aged 2,
          were killed after being abducted from their homes in Sitio Kabatangabatangan,
          Barangay Buenavista, Sta. Catalina, Negros Occidental, by five members of a
          Citizen's Armed Forces Geographical Unit (CAFGU) and two uniformed soldiers;
          (c) On 4 April 1989, Jesus Lahaylahay, aged 54, a farmer of Sitio
          Canibogiot, Barangay Camindongan, Sipalay, was shot dead by members of the
          Scout Rangers conducting a military operation in the area;
          (d) Between 24 April and 1 June 1989, 17 peasants in the Hinobaan and
          Sipalay region of Negros Occidental were killed in a summary manner. All were
          allegedly killed by members of vigilante groups named “Greehans”, “Pulahans”
          and “Putians”, by members of CAFGU, and by regular troops of the AFP in
          connection with military operations and forced evacuations in these areas;
        
          
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          (e) On 6 May 1989, Nuineriano Ronato, Municipal Treasurer of Palapag,
          Northern Samar, was shot dead by four members of a CAFGU. Ronato had
          allegedly received death threats from the CAFGU of Palapag;
          (f) On 12 June 1989, Dorcas Gonzales, aged 50, a widow farmer, was
          killed by two armed men at her home in Barangay Hinondayon, Nasipit, Agusan
          del Norte, together with six of her children and her 19—day—old
          granddaughter. One of the men, a member of a local vigilante group called
          “4K'S”, was operating under the 30th Infantry Battalion (AFP) based in Marcos
          Park, Carmen, Agusan del Norte;
          (g) On 12 July 1989, Arnold Ilustrisimo, aged 32, trade unionist and
          waiter, was killed by army members at Novotas, Metro Monila. Ilustrisimo had
          received threats urging him to stop his trade union activities;
          (h) On 13 July 1989, Guarino Celso and an unidentified woman were
          apprehended at Sitio Batac, Barangay Barog 1, Mondragon, Northern Samar, by a
          group of Army soldiers and CAFGU members and were killed the following day
          after having been subjected to ill—treatment;
          (i) On 14 July 1989, Romulo Continente Jr., aged 17, was killed by three
          armed men, members of a vigilante group in Dilimon, Quezon City;
          (j) On 15 July 1989, Winifred Oton, president of the United Church of
          Christ in the Philippines Christian Youth Fellowship for Southern Mindanao,
          was stabbed to death in Santa Cruz, Davao del Sur, by unidentified men after
          his name had been put on a list allegedly drawn up at the 41st Infantry
          Battalion (AFP) in Digos, Davao del Sur;
          (k) On 19 August 1989, Rommel Moscosa, aged 4, was shot dead in Barangay
          San Andrea, Borongan, Eastern Samar, during a raid by members of the
          70th Infantry Battalion (AFP) led by two CAFGU members, from Camp Asidillo,
          Borongan, Eastern Samar;
          (1) On 5 September 1989, Crisostomo Ibarra, alias Ka Siete, supposedly a
          high—ranking NPA Commander in Bataan, was killed near his home after being
          arrested by a group of soldiers led by Captain Salim and Lieutenant Ver of the
          161st Philippines Constabulary (PC) Company based in Balanga, Bataan;
          (m) On 8 September 1989, Raul Magarion and Piting Indatuan were killed
          in Barangay Matutungan, Santa Cruz, Davao del Sur, Mindanao, by three CAFGU
          members operating under the 46th Infantry Battalion, based at Barangay
          Binaton, Digos, Davao del Sur.
          342 The Special Rapporteur requested information on these cases and in
          particular on any investigations made and any measures taken by the
          authorities and/or the judiciary to establish the facts and to bring those
          responsible to justice.
          343. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of the Philippines.
        
          
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          Roman ip
          344. On 14 November 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Romania
          informing it of the allegation that Miss Ana Ciherean, aged 27, had been found
          dead in a park on 2 October 1989, one day after having been arrested by the
          police in Timisoara. She was reportedly arrested for going to a hotel
          frequented by foreigners, an act considered unlawful. Miss Ciherean had
          allegedly been raped and her arms and legs had been broken. She had already
          been imprisoned in 1987 and 1988 for attempting to leave the country
          unlawfully.
          345. The Special Rapporteur requested information on this allegation and on
          any investigations by the competent authorities, including autopsy, and any
          measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such deaths.
          346. On 22 December 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of Romania
          concerning information that the police had opened fire with automatic weapons
          on thousands of unarmed demonstrators in Bucharest on 21 December 1989. Some
          20 persons were said to have been killed and dozens of others wounded.
          Several persons were crushed by tanks. According to the same information,
          some individuals were hit by gunfire from automatic weapons while trying to
          assist persons crushed by a tank. Furthermore, it has also been reported that
          soldiers and policemen who had refused to fire on demonstrators at Timisoara
          during the previous weekend were executed on 20 December in Karadji Lotsuli
          Square.
          347. The Special Rapporteur, expressing his serious concern, made a strong
          appeal to the Government for an immediate end to acts jeopardizing the life
          and safety of persons, and urgently requested information on these events, in
          particular on any investigation carried out and measures taken to prevent a
          recurrence.
          348. On 29 December 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Romania
          about the special military courts allegedly being set up throughout the
          country and empowered to judge summarily and execute individuals linked to the
          Government of former President Ceausescu who had continued to fight the new
          authorities in Romania after the deadline of 5 p.m. on 28 December 1989. In
          the light of these reports, and of the report on the execution of former
          President Ceausescu and his wife E 1ena, after what appeared to be a summary
          trial, the Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to ensure full
          respect of the right to life and the right of everyone to a fair and public
          hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal, pursuant to the
          provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and
          urgently requested information on the measures taken to guarantee the right of
          everyone to life.
          349. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Romania.
        
          
          E / ON .4 / 1990 / 22
          page 82
          Saudi Arabia
          350. On 30 October 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Saudi Arabia
          transmitting the allegation that Zahra' Habib Mansur al—Nasser, a 40—year—old
          housewife from the village of Awjam in the Eastern Province, had died on
          18 July 1989 as a result of torture in police custody at the Hudaitha
          check—point detention centre. She had been arrested together with her husband
          on 15 July 1989 at the Saudi Jordanian border upon their return from Damascus,
          where they were said to have performed religious rites.
          351. In addition, on 21 September 1989, the execution by beheading
          of 16 persons, all Kuwaiti nationals, was announced. It was alleged that,
          since their arrest on 15 July 1989 in connection with explosions in Mecca
          during the Hajj season in 1989, no trials had been held, that the families and
          legal counsel of the executed had not been allowed to see them and that
          accusations and convictions had not been made on the basis of clear and
          precise legal provisions.
          352. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on any investigation by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths, and also on the legal proceedings, under which the alleged executions
          had been carried out.
          353. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Saudi Arabia.
          Somalia
          354. On 11 April 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of Somalia
          concerning an alleged case of death sentence pronounced by the National
          Security Court on 18 March 1989. According to the information received,
          Hassan Abdikarim Haji Ibrahim was sentenced to death after being detained
          incommimicado since his arrest in early 1988. It was also alleged that the
          National Security Court had been presided over by a Government minister, that
          access to legal representation had been seriously limited and that appeal to a
          higher tribunalS was not possible under the procedure of the National Security
          Court.
          355. The Special Rapporteur, referring to article 14 of the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which provided for a fair and public
          trial and other safeguards, and in particular for the right to appeal to a
          higher tribunal, appealed to the Government to examine the above—mentioned
          case and requested information or observations thereon, in particular on the
          proceedings of the National Security Court as a result of which the person had
          allegedly been sentenced to death.
          356. On 30 October 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Somalia
          transmitting allegations that several hundred persons had been shot dead in
          the street by soldiers, in a widespread riot following demonstrations
          protesting against the arrest of several religious leaders on 13 July 1989.
          On 15 July 1989, among those arrested after the demonstrations, a considerable
          number of persons were allegedly executed by soldiers without trial on a beach
          in Jezira, 30 km south—west of Mogadishu. The following persons were reported
          to have been among those executed: Abdirizaq Aideed Mohamed, Ministry of
        
          
          El CN .4/1990 / 22
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          Information employee; Mohanied Baile, accountant, National Water Agency;
          Au Abdirabman Hersi, soil analyst, Ministry of Agriculture; Mohamed All
          Magan, UNICEF employee; Abdirashid Ahnied Mohanied, businessman.
          357. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on any investigation by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          358. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Somalia.
          South Africa
          359. On 16 May 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of South Africa
          concerning killings of anti—apartheid activists, including the assassination
          of Professor David Webster on 1 May 1989 in the suburbs of Johannesburg by an
          unidentified group of men.
          360. According to the information, the circumstances of the killing of
          Professor Webster indicated that he had been assassinated by well—informed
          professional killers because of his anti—apartheid activities. According to
          the South African Human Rights Commission, 61 anti—apartheid activists had
          been killed in South Africa since 1978, but with only one exception, no
          suspects had been charged or convicted for these murders. During the same
          period, at least 61 anti—apartheid activists and members of their families had
          reportedly been killed outside South Africa. It was further alleged that the
          so—called “death squads” or “hit squads” who attacked anti—apartheid activists
          included members of the security forces and operated completely outside the
          law both inside the country and abroad.
          361. The Special Rapporteur, expressing his concern with regard to all those
          killings, including that of Professor David Webster, which had not been
          elucidated, urged the Government to carry out thorough investigations into all
          such cases and to take steps to bring those responsible to justice. The
          Special Rapporteur also appealed to the Government to take all necessary
          measures to prevent the further occurrence of such assassinations and
          requested information or observations from the Government concerning the
          above—mentioned cases and the measures taken to prevent further killings of
          anti—apartheid activists.
          362. On 23 May 1989, another cable was sent concerning three persons allegedly
          facing imminent execution. According to information received, Senale Masuku,
          aged 22, and Oupa Josias Nbonane, aged 21 were scheduled to be executed on
          24 May 1989, and Abraham Mngomezulu, aged 23, on 25 May 1989. Masuku and
          Mbonane had been sentenced to death in August 1987 in the Pretoria Supreme
          Court after being convicted of the murder, in “common purpose” with others, of
          a policeman in Soshanguve in February 1986. It was alleged that the evidence
          leading to their conviction had been given in camera by witnesses whose
          identification was withheld. Mngomezulu had reportedly been sentenced to
          death in November 1987 by the Rand Supreme Court, after being convicted of
          killing a suspected police informer in Soweto in April 1986. The court was
          also reported to have found that he had played a leading role in the
          commission of the offence, although he had not himself physically taken part
          in the killing.
        
          
          EICN.411990122
          page 84
          363. The Special Rapporteur, referring to safeguard 5 of the annex to Economic
          and Social Council resolution 1984/50 of 25 May 1984, entitled “Safeguards
          guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty”,
          appealed to the Government to make every effort to protect the right to life
          of the three above—mentioned persons and requested information on these cases
          and in particular, information on the legal proceedings under which the three
          had been sentenced to death.
          364. On 27 September 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of
          South Africa concerning a report of the imminent execution of Mangena Jeffrey
          Boesman. According to the report, Boesman had been sentenced to death by the
          Grahamstown Supreme Court on 21 October 1988 on a charge of murder in
          Sterkstroom's black township in the context of township disturbance. It was
          alleged that legal representation had been made available to the accused only
          after four State witnesses had already given evidence, and that Boesman had
          not been granted leave to appeal against the sentence to a higher tribunal.
          365. On 28 September 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of
          South Africa concerning information that, in addition to Mangena Jeffrey
          Boesman, three persons, named Naf tan Mchunu, Alfred Ndlela and
          Jacobus Freeman, were also scheduled to be executed on 29 September 1989. In
          the cases of Alfred Ndlela and Naf tan Mchunu, who had been sentenced to death
          by the Pietermaritzburg Supreme Court on 17 June 1988, leave to appeal had not
          been granted, and a petition to the Chief Justice for leave, to appeal had also
          been dismissed on 22 August 1989.
          366. On 10 October 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of
          South Africa concerning four persons, named Johannes Grootboom,
          Raymond Jordan, Simon Saayman and David Van Wyk, who were scheduled to be
          executed on 12 October 1989. According to the information, the four had been
          sentenced to death on 31 August 1987 by the Cape Town Supreme Court on charges
          of murder of a prison inmate. It was also reported that they had not been
          granted leave to appeal against the sentences to a higher tribunal.
          367. In these three cables, the Special Rapporteur referred to safeguard 5 of
          the annex to Economic and Social Council resolution 1984/50 of 25 May 1984
          entitled “Safeguards Guaranteeing Protection of the Rights of Those Facing the
          Death Penalty” and also to article 14, paragraph 5, of the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which provided: “Everyone convicted
          of a crime shall have the right to his conviction and sentence being reviewed
          by a higher tribunal according to law .”
          368. He appealed to the Government to make every effort to protect the right
          to life of the persons mentioned in the cables and requested information on
          those cases and, in particular, on the legal proceedings under which those
          persons had been sentenced to death.
          369. Subsequently, the Special Rapporteur learned that Mangena Jeffrey Boesmai
          and Jacobus Freeman had been executed as scheduled and that Naf tan Mchunu and
          Alfred Ndlela had been granted a stay of execution.
          370. On 14 November 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of South Africa
          transmitting allegations that in 1989 assassinations of political or
          anti—apartheid activists had continued as in previous years, Some of the
          victims had allegedly been killed by members of the police, who often acted
        
          
          E / CN. 4 / 1990 / 22
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          under immunity from prosecution and with no effective legal limitations on the
          use of deadly weapons in “unrest situations” or in circumstances of “terrorist
          activities”. It was also alleged that the authorities were reluctant to hold
          open inquests into such deaths and that, when inquests found police
          responsible for the deaths, the courts showed reluctance to prosecute,
          especially in cases where the victims were said to have been engaged in acts
          of political protest. In some other cases in which perpetrators were
          reportedly “unknown”, it was alleged that little progress in official
          investigations had been made and that most of the perpetrators remained
          unpunished. Even when those responsible for such killings were prosecuted and
          tried, the sentences given were disproportionately light.
          371. The following alleged incidents were described by way of example:
          (a) On 27 January 1989, in Soweto, Dr. Abubaker Asvat, aged 46, a
          leading member of the Black Consciousness movement and Health Secretary in the
          Azanian People's Organization, was killed in his surgery by unknown
          assailants. Reportedly, at least two attempts on his life had previously
          occurred;
          (b) On 28 January 1989, in Davidsonville, near Roodepoorst, West Rand,
          three persons were shot dead by members of the police during unrest;
          (c) On 14 April 1989, in Inanda, Chris Thandazani Ntuli, aged 30, an
          organizer for the Natal Youth Congress, was killed on his way home from the
          police station by unknown assailants;
          Cd) In the case of the death of Stephen Manonye in 1988, two white
          farmers at Orkney in Western Transvaal were found guilty of assault in
          April 1989 in a trial before the magistrate at Klerksdorp and sentenced to a
          fine of Rl,200 each or four months in jail, and to six months imprisonment
          suspended for five years. It was reported that Mononye had died of brain
          haemorrhage as a result of an assault, the farmers accusing him of stealing
          cattle;
          Ce) On 15 August 1989, in the Kwamashu black township on the outskirts
          of Durban, Eric Gunieda, aged 27, a black anti—apartheid activist, was shot at
          his home by unknown attackers and died on 16 August 1989 in hospital.
          372. As in the previous year, several deaths in detention were reported. No
          outcome of any official investigation was known to have been made available.
          The following two cases which took place in 1989 were described by the Special
          Rapporteur:
          (a) The case of Patrick Decks Dakuse, who was arrested on
          17 January 1989, in Khayelitsha, and shot dead on 23 January by police;
          (b) The case of Dinana Mbetheni, who was found hanging from an electric
          wire in his cell at the police station on 21 April 1989, in Alice, Ciskei.
          373. Furthermore, it was alleged that death sentences were imposed
          disproportionately on the black population by an almost entirely white
          judiciary, with 97 per cent of the 1,070 people hanged in South Africa
          between 1980 and 1985 being black. It was also alleged that almost all
          convictions in political trials relied on statements obtained from both
        
          
          El CN .4/1990/22
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          defendants and witnesses under some kind of coercion. Defendants were said to
          be often held incommunicado for a prolonged period before the trial and
          tortured. Legal defence for the defendants was alleged to be often a
          court—appointed pro deo counsel with no attorney available to prepare in
          advance for trial. There was no automatic right of appeal against the
          sentence to a higher tribunal. Between 1 January and 4 October 1989,
          42 persons sentenced to death for politically related killings were reported
          to have been executed, including Abraham Mngomezulu, executed on 25 May 1989,
          and Mangena Jeffrey Boesman, executed on 29 September 1989, whose petitions
          for leave to appeal had been rejected. It was also alleged that, as in the
          case of the “Sharpeville Six”, the doctrine of “common purpose” continued to
          be applied in 1989 to justify a number of death sentences. Three cases said
          to be illustrative of this doctrine were described as follows:
          (a) The case of the “Bisho 12”. On 6 June 1989, the Bisho Supreme Court
          of Ciskei sentenced 12 persons to death for their alleged participation in the
          killing of five men who had been abducted and burnt to death in Mdantsame on
          1 February 1987. They were convicted on the basis of “common purpose”,
          although the majority of the 12 defendants had not been directly implicated in
          the killing. It was reported that much of the evidence for conviction was
          based on the evidence of an eyewitness who had testified that he had seen four
          of the defendants take a direct part in the murders. The court had reportedly
          concluded that the defendants shared a “common purpose” to commit murder,
          which was sufficient to convict them of murder even in the absence of
          any evidence that they had played a direct part in the killing. On
          24 August 1989, the Bisho Supreme Court granted leave to the 12 to appeal
          against their convictions and death' sentences;
          (b) The case of the “TJpington 26”. On 27 April 1988, 14 of the
          26 defendants were sentenced to death for their alleged participation in the
          killing of a municipal police officer named Lucas Tshemolo “Jetta” Sethwela,
          in Paballelo, a black township outside Upington, Northern Cape, on
          13 November 1985. The murder had allegedly occurred when a crowd of some
          300 stoned the home of Sethwela after security forces had broken up a protest
          meeting. Only one defendant, Justice Babeke, who had pleaded not guilty, had
          been found guilty of delivering the fatal blows which killed Sethwela. The
          other 13 condemned to death were convicted of sharing a “common purpose” with
          him. On 8 September 1989, the Appeal Court in Bloemfontein granted leave to
          appeal against conviction to 13 of the 14 sentenced to death and all 14,
          including Justice Babeke, were granted leave to appeal against their death
          sentences;
          (c) On 20 April 1989, Ndumiso Silo Siphenuka, aged 25, and
          Mackezwana Menze, aged 40, members of the Addo Youth Congress, were executed
          after they had been convicted on the basis of “common purpose” and sentenced
          to death in January 1987 together with Simolo Lennox Wonci and Mziwoxolo
          Christopher Makeleni, for killing a farmer and his wife in Kirkwood in
          June 1985. Execution had initially been scheduled for 4 October 1988, but all
          four were subsequently granted a stay of execution, Wonci and Makeleni
          subsequently had their sentences commuted to 25 years' imprisonment.
          374. It was also reported that, following the start of implementation of
          Security Council resolution 435 (1978) in Naniibia in April 1989, a large
          number of armed SWAPO combatants who had infiltrated in the northern part of
          Nanuibia had been captured by South African—led security forces and summarily
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1990/22
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          executed. It was reported that most of them had been buried in mass graves,
          after being shot in the head at point—blank range. It was also alleged that
          South African—led security forces operated under “take—no—prisoners” orders
          and systematically hunted down and eliminated combatants. Although official
          South African sources claimed that more than 300 SWAPO combatants had been
          killed by the end of April, local sources alleged that many of the dead were
          civilians.
          375. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on any investigation by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths, and, in the case of the death sentences, on the legal proceedings
          under which the persons in question had been sentenced to death.
          376. On 23 November 1989, in another cable sent to the Government of
          South Africa, the Special Rapporteur referred to nuxnerous communications which
          he had addressed to the Government concerning many allegations of killings of
          political or anti—apartheid activists by members of the police or by “unknown”
          perpetrators. In nearly all the cases, it was alleged that little progress in
          official investigation had been made and that most of the perpetrators
          remained unpunished.
          377. Reference was also made to further information to the effect that former
          police captain Dirk Johannes Coetzee and two former policemen, Almond Nofomela
          and David Tshikalange, who had worked under him, had admitted their
          participation in assassination squads set up within the South African police
          which had been responsible for dozens of assassinations committed by “persons
          unknown”. These killings had allegedly been authorized by the highest
          security officials.
          378. The Special Rapporteur expressed his utmost concern about the alleged
          formation of death or assassination squads operating within the South African
          police and pointed out that the international community had repeatedly
          condemned in the strongest possible manner the abhorrent practice of the
          formation or even tolerance of such squads by the Government. He appealed to
          the Government to appoint, on an urgent basis, a high level independent
          judicial commission to investigate whether such squads had been formed by the
          police or any arm of the Government or by other persons, and their
          responsibility in the many killings that had taken place in South Africa. He
          also requested information concerning the establishment of such a commission
          of inquiry and the development of investigations from time to time.
          379. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of South Africa.
          Sri Lanka
          380. On 19 May 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Sri Lanka
          concerning alleged cases of killing by the Indian Peace—Keeping Forces (IPKF)
          in Sri Lanka, as follows:
          (a) On the night of 7 November 1988, in Pandaterruppu, Saverimuthu,
          Alexis Sebaratnam, a retired civil servant and president of the local
          Citizen's Committee, was shot dead in his home by five young, unidentified
        
          
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          gunmen. Prior to the incident, on 3 November 1988, Saverimuthu Alexis
          Sebaratnani had been detained briefly at the Indian Peace—Keeping Force camp in
          Pandaterruppu for his suspected support of the LTTE;
          (b) On 27 November 1988, Jude Zachari Chandrakumar was found dead near
          the “Maravakulam” pond in Old Park Road, Jaffna. His body allegedly bore
          marks of injuries and gunshot wounds, He had been arrested on the previous
          day by the Indian Peace—Keeping Forces;
          (c) On 15 March 1989, members of the Indian Peace—Keeping Forces shot
          and killed two sisters, J.A. Thavarasa, nine months pregnant, and
          E.J. Vijayathasan, at their home not far from the TJdupiddy Church, Northern
          Province.
          381. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on any investigations by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          382. On 14 July 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of Sri Lanka
          concerning the information that two lawyers, Prins Gunasekara and
          Kanchana Abhayapala, had allegedly been threatened with death over the
          telephone by an unidentified person who claimed responsibility for the death
          on 7 July 1989 of another lawyer, Charitha Lankapura. It was alleged that the
          killing and the death threats were directly connected with the legal work of
          these lawyers in the human rights field, in particular their habeas corpus
          petitions in the courts on behalf of persons detained illegally or
          disappeared. Furthermore, in the case of the killing of Charitha Lankapura,
          the involvement of government security forces was indicated.
          383. The Special Rapporteur, having received expressions of concern for the
          lives of Prins Gunasekara and Kanchana Abhayapala, appealed to the Government
          to take all necessary measures to protect their right to life and requested
          information on the measures taken to protect their safety as well as on any
          investigation carried out on these cases and on the case of the killing of
          Charitha Lankapura, in order to bring those responsible for the killing and
          the death threats to justice.
          384. On 24 July 1989, another letter was sent to the Government of Sri Lanka
          transmitting allegations that the Indian Peace—Keeping Force (IPKF) was
          responsible for the following killings reported as a result of incidents in
          Sri Lanka:
          (a) On 20 February 1989, members of the Indian Peace—Keeping Force took
          R. Neethinathan, a dental student at Peradaniya University 9 to their camp at
          Kaluwanchikudy and shot him dead. The IPKF representative failed to attend
          the further inquest which the Batticaloa magistrate arranged for 31 March 198 ;
          (b) On 30 April 1989. S. Prabaharan, a student at Jaffna University 9 was
          shot dead in Thirunelveli by the IPKF;
          (c) In April 1989, Rasiah Krishnapillai, aged 32, and Sri Rangan
          Sandirabala, aged 25, were shot dead in a forest at Mulankavil in Poonakery;
        
          
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          (d) On 1 May 1989, Velauthani, aged 54, was arrested in Thavadi and his
          body was later delivered to his relatives;
          (e) On 1 May 1989, Rasaratnani, aged 60, was shot dead by a patrol while
          visiting in Chulipuram;
          (f) On 2 May 1989, C. Ganeshamoorthy, aged 55, and Kamalavathany, a
          12—year old girl, were killed when troops entered the hail of the Sudhananda
          Young Men's Hindu Association in Vavuniya and opened fire at random;
          (g) On 4 May 1989, T. Gopalakrishnan, aged 22, was arrested in his home
          in Selvapurani and next day his body was handed over by the IPKF at the
          government hospital in Kilinochchi.
          385. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these cases and in
          particular on any investigations made and any measures taken by the
          authorities and/or the judiciary to establish the facts and to bring those
          responsible to justice.
          386. On 30 October 1989, another letter was sent to the Government of
          Sri Lanka transmitting allegations that, during the past several months, in
          the context of violent conflicts in the southern regions of Sri Lanka, several
          persons had been killed in a summary manner. The Special Rapporteur described
          such cases as follows:
          (a) On 7 July 1989, Charita Lankapura, a human rights lawyer, was shot
          dead in Colombo by unidentified men. Lankapura had reportedly filed hundreds
          of habeas corpus petitions in the courts on behalf of persons who had
          disappeared or been arrested in the southern parts of Sri Lanka. No
          independent inquest was said to have been instituted by the Government;
          (b) On 28 August 1989, Kanchana Abhayapala, a lawyer, was shot dead by
          an unidentified man at his home. He had allegedly received a death threat by
          telephone on 7 July 1989 and been told that if he filed one more habeas corpus
          petition he would be killed;
          (c) On 7 November 1988, Samarawerna Patabendige Ajith, a student of
          Godanda Maha Vidyalaya in Katugahagewatta, Kottegoda, Matara district, was
          shot in a paddy—field by soldiers of the Gajaba Regiment of the Sri Lanka Army
          during a search operation and died later in his home;
          (d) On 3 December 1988, Hewawasalage Senaratna, a student in Heenaara,
          Binkama, Angunakolapellessa, Hambantota district, was shot dead at the
          Kachchigalaara junction of Binkama by soldiers from the Murawesihena Army
          camp, after having been arrested by the soldiers. Later on the same day
          Senaratna's body was allegedly burned by the soldiers;
          (e) In December 1988, in Puwakdandawa, Hambantota district, three
          students of Beliatta Dharmapala College were killed by soldiers after having
          been taken into custody in front of their homes on 9 December 1988;
          (f) On 1 December 1988, four youths were arrested at Wasagala market by
          members of the Army. Two of the four were later found dead at the market,
          another at Bataatha in Tangaihe and the fourth at Nonagama junction in
          Ambalantota;
        
          
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          (g) On 24 December 1988, in the Meegoda area in Ahangaina, eight youths
          were taken away by security forces during cordon and search operations. Next
          day the bodies of seven of the eight were found burned at Koggala and the body
          of the other, also burned, was found at Habaraduwa;
          (h) On 1 January 1989, two persons were taken into custody in
          Pattiyapola by members of the Army from the Wasala camp and shot dead in
          public;
          (i) In January 1989, in Bataatha, Hungama, two bodies, one of a small
          girl and the other of a youth, were found by the Galpotha road in Bataatha,
          Hungania. The bodies were said to have been burned with tyres. The police
          personnel of the Hungama police station were allegedly responsible for the
          killing;
          (j) On or about 15 April 1988, Gonadeniyagama Sirinanda Thero and
          Medirigiriye Suxnana Thero were taken into custody by soldiers from the
          Neegaswewa Army camp in Polonnaruwa and killed, allegedly after having been
          tortured;
          (k) On 14 and 15 September 1989, between 80 and 150 villagers of
          Menikhinna, Kundasala and Arangala were killed by paramilitary forces,
          allegedly composed of security forces personnel and/or bodyguards of local
          politicians, in retaliation for the murder of 16 relatives of three security
          personnel at Kundasala on 13 September 1989, by the Janatha Vimukthi
          Peramuna (JVP), People's Liberation Front.
          387. In addition, in the northern and eastern parts of the country, incidents
          of killing of civilians by the Indian Peace—Keeping Forces were alleged to
          have occurred. A list of the names of 144 victims killed between January and
          June 1989 was received by the Special Rapporteur.
          388. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these cases and in
          particular on any investigations made and any measures taken by the
          authorities and/or the judiciary to establish the facts and to bring those
          responsible to justice.
          389. On 9 November 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of Sri Lanka
          concerning the information that Sarath Karalliyadda, a lawyer, had been found
          dead on 27 October 1989 together with four other persons, a few hundred metres
          away from his home in Teldeniya, near Kandy, after he had been abducted from
          his home on 26 October 1989 by three armed men, including one in army
          uniform. According to the information, he had been representing in a
          magisterial inquiry the relatives of a 16—year—old student who had been shot
          by police during demonstrations at Teldeniya in June 1989. It was reported
          that seven police officers of Teldeniya police station were questioned in the
          inquiry and that two of the witnesses had been killed since the start of the
          inquiry.
          390. The Special Rapporteur stated that he had received expressions of concern
          for the lives of other lawyers and witnesses involved in this inquiry 9
          particularly of the senior lawyer, Parakrama Ranasinghe.
        
          
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          391. Furthermore, he stated that information had been received concerning
          so-called reprisal killings in which several persons had been killed by
          paramilitary groups linked to the State security forces in reprisal for
          killings allegedly committed by members of the Janatha Vimukthi Peraniuna
          (JVP), as follows: 24 persons killed on 25 October 1989 in Katugastota, Kandy
          district, in reprisal for the killing of a policeman's family in Katugastota
          on 23 October 1989; 18 persons killed on the premises of Peradeniya University
          in Kandy on 5 October 1989 in reprisal for the killing on the previous day of
          the assistant registrar of the university, who was said to have been a captain
          in the volunteer force of the Sri Lankan Army.
          392. In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government
          to take all necessary measures to protect the right to life of the
          above—mentioned persons and requested information on the measures taken to
          protect their safety as well as on any investigation carried out on the
          above—mentioned cases of Icilling in order to bring those responsible to
          justice.
          393. On 13 November 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of
          Sri Lanka concerning the information that, on 21 October 1989, Venura
          Edirisinge, a student at Colombo University and a leader of the student
          movement, had been detained at Borello police station in Colombo. According
          to the information, Venura's name had later been seen on the confidential list
          of killed students at the joint operations command headquarters. Meanwhile,
          Venura's fiancee, Janani, a medical student of Colombo University, and her
          brother, had reportedly been arrested and detained at Panadura police
          station. However, two days later, the police had allegedly denied their
          detention.
          394. The Special Rapporteur, having received expressions of concern for the
          lives of Janani and her brother, and in view of several recent reports of the
          killing of over 45 student activists by members of paramilitary groups and
          security forces since the beginning of 1989, appealed to the Government to
          talce all necessary measures to protect the lives of the above—mentioned
          persons. He also requested information on the measures taken to protect their
          safety as well as on any investigation carried out in the case of the alleged
          killing of Venura Edirisinge in order to bring those responsible to justice.
          395. On 2 August 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Sri Lanka
          to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 14 July 1989 stating that the
          investigations into the death of Lankapura were being conducted. It was also
          stated, in connection with the alleged death threats against Prins Gunasekara
          and Kanchara Abhayapala, that neither of them had requested the Government to
          provide him with security and that, if such arequest were to be made, the
          Government would be most happy to oblige.
          396. Subsequently, the Special Rapporteur learned that Kanchara Abhayapala had
          been shot by an unidentified gunman at his home on 28 August 1989 and died
          shortly afterwards, and that Prins Gunasekera had left Sri Lanka and sought
          asylum abroad.
        
          
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          Sudan
          397. On 14 December 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of Sudan
          concerning the allegation that Dr. Mainoon Mohammed Hussein had been sentenced
          to death on 10 December 1989 by the revolutionary security court in Khartoum.
          According to the information, Dr. Hussein was convicted for having
          participated in a one—week strike called for by the Sudan Doctor's
          Association. It was reported that, although the judge had announced a period
          of seven days for appeal against the verdict, General Omar Bechir confirmed
          that the judgement was final and that he would not grant clemency. It was
          also alleged that Dr. Hussein had been seriously tortured in detention before
          the trial by security personnel and groups supporting the Government. Another
          doctor named Mohammed Ibrahim Al—Yas had allegedly died under torture. Fears
          were expressed that other doctors might be put on trial for their
          participation in the strike and be given death sentences.
          398. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur referred to articles 6 and 14
          of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to which Sudan was
          a party and also to safeguards 5 and 6 of the annex to Economic and Social
          Council resolution 1984/50 of 25 May 1984 entitled “Safeguards guaranteeing
          protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty”.
          399, The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government to make every effort to
          guarantee the right to life of Dr. Mainoon Mohammed Hussein and requested
          information on the above—mentioned case and, in particular, on the legal
          proceedings under which Dr. Hussein had been sentenced to death.
          400. On 8 January 1990, a cable was sent to the Government of Sudan concerning
          the information that Gergis Al—Chous Boutros, an assistant pilot of Sudan
          Airways, sentenced to death on 24 December 1989 by the Special Court Number 1
          in Khartoum for contravening recently introduced currency regulations, might
          be facing imminent execution.
          401. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur referred to articles 6 and 14
          of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to which Sudan was
          a party and also to safeguards 5 and 6 of the annex to Economic and Social
          Council resolution 1984/50 of 25 May 1984 entitled “Safeguards guaranteeing
          protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty”, appealed to the
          Government to make every effort to guarantee the right to life of Gergis
          Al—Ghous Boutros, and requested information on the above—mentioned case, and
          in particular on the legal proceedings under which this person had been
          sentenced to death.
          402. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Sudan.
          Suriname
          403. On 27 April 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Surinaine to
          the Special Rapporteur's cables of 15 December 1988 concerning the arrest and
          detention of Stanley Rensch (E/CN.4/1989/25 , paras. 259—262). The reply
          stated that Stanley Rensch had been taken into custody by the Military Police
          for interrogation under suspicion of supporting and providing facilities to
          persons who had taken up arms against the lawful authority and that, after a
          couple of days, Rensch had been released by order of the Chief Prosecution
        
          
          H / CN .4/1990/22
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          Officer. It was also stated that, on 30 January 1989, the prosecutor had
          submitted the case to the investigating judge to make preliminary judicial
          inquiries against Rensch, which had not yet been concluded. It was further
          stated that his detention was not in contravention of the law and that all
          further action to be taken in the matter would be carried out in accordance
          with legal procedures and in observance of constitutionally guaranteed human
          rights.
          404. On 30 October 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Turkey
          transmitting the allegation that, on 2 August 1989, two Kurdish prisoners,
          named Mehmet Kayalar and Orhan Eroglu, had died as a result of ill—treatment.
          The prisoners, who had been on hunger strike for 35 days at Eskisehir prison
          were transported under harsh conditions to Aydin and Nazilli and ill—treated.
          405. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on any investigations by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          406. On 14 December 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Turkey
          to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 30 October 1989, stating that persons
          named “Mebmet Kayalar” and “Orhab Eroglu” were not known to the competent
          Turkish authorities. However, the contents of the allegation mentioned in the
          letter of the Special Rapporteur corresponded to a case involving two
          prisoners named Mebmet Yalçinkaya and Hüsnü Eroglu, two of the inmates who had
          tried to escape from the Eskisehir prison by excavating two tunnels. The
          authorities had discovered these tunnels on 22 June 1989 and decided
          temporarily to transfer the inmates to other prisons. On 29 June 1989, the
          inmates in question, including Mebniet Yalçinkaya and Hüsnü Eroglu, had
          launched a hunger strike. It was clear that there was a direct link between
          the frustration caused by the failure to escape from prison and the hunger
          strike. The prisoners had continued the hunger strike at the prison to which
          they had been moved, and the loss of life of the two prisoners referred to had
          occurred during that hunger strike, which lasted 52 days.
          407. It was also stated that doctors had examined the said persons prior to
          their departure from the Eskisehir prison and established that they had no
          health problem which could prevent them from being transported to the Aydin
          prison. The inmates, including the two persons in question, had been taken to
          the Aydin prison in the usual transportation vehicles and the convoy had been
          escorted by an ambulance carrying two physicians who examined the inmates
          several times on the way to Aydin. It was stated that no case of mistreatment
          had occurred during the transportation.
          408. It was further stated that a team composed of four qualified physicians
          had made a thorough postmortem examination and subsequently prepared an
          autopsy report where the following was stated: “The death of Mr. Yalçinkaya
          and Mr. Eroglu has been a result of a state of shock and coma. This has been
          caused by dehydration and ketosis related to hunger and thirst.”
        
          
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          Union of Mvanmar
          409. On 9 August 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of the Union of
          Myanmar concerning the information that three persons had been sentenced to
          death by a military tribunal on or about 27 July 1989, for their alleged
          participation in activities leading to the explosion on 7 July 1989 of a
          parcel bomb at the Syrian State oil refinery near Yangon, in which two persons
          had been killed and one seriously injured.
          410. On 6 October 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of the Union
          of Myanmar concerning the information that five persons had been sentenced to
          death on 25 September 1989 by the No. 1 military tribunal in Yangon under
          martial law orders 1/89 and 2/89. The five had reportedly been sentenced in
          connection with the killing of three persons in Dagon, Yangon, during the
          civil unrest the previous year.
          411. On 3 November 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of the Union
          of Myanmar concerning the information that five persons had recently been
          sentenced to death by military tribunals formed in accordance with martial law
          orders numbers 1/89 and 2/89. According to the information, three persons had
          been sentenced to death on 18 October 1989 by military tribunal No. 3 of the
          Yangon military command in connection with the bomb explosion at Yangon City
          on 10 July 1989. On 19 October 1989, two persons had reportedly been
          sentenced to death by military tribunal No. 1 of the Yangon military command.
          412. On 13 November 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of the
          Union of Myanmar concerning the information that 11 persons had been sentenced
          to death by military tribunals formed in accordance with martial law orders
          1/89 and 2/89. According to the information, the 11 had been sentenced to
          death at the end of August 1989 by military tribunal No. 4 of the north—west
          military command in Shwebo in connection with an attack on a police station in
          Sagaing division in Northern Myanmar.
          413. In those four cables, the Special Rapporteur stated that, according to
          the information, martial law orders 1/89 and 2/89, which had been promulgated
          on 17 and 18 July 1989 by the State Law and Order Restoration Council,
          empowered military commanders to conduct summary trials in military tribunals;
          and permitted the tribunals to “waive unnecessary witnesses”, to “indict an
          offender without hearing prosecution witnesses”, to “reject the recalling of
          witnesses who have already testified”, and to impose death sentences
          “regardless of the provisions under existing laws”. Order 2/89 allegedly
          provided that “decisions and judgements passed by a military tribunal shall be
          final”; death sentences had only to be approved by the military commander and
          the only recourse of a condemned person was to ask the commander—in—chief of
          the army, within 30 days, to revise the sentence.
          414. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur referred to article 14 of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which provided for
          safeguards to protect the rights of the accused, including the right “to
          examine, or have examined, the witnesses against him and to obtain the
          attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same
          conditions as witnesses against him”, and the right to appeal to a higher
          tribunal against conviction and sentence, and to article 15 of the Covenant,
          which provided that “no one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on
          account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence,
        
          
          E / CN. 4/1990/22
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          under national or international law, at the time when it was committed, nor
          shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the
          time when the criminal offence was committed”. He also referred to
          safeguard 6 of the annex to Economic and Social Council resolution 1984150 of
          25 May 1984 entitled “Safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of
          those facing the death penalty”.
          415. On 13 December 1989, a reply was received from the Government of the
          Union of Myann ar to the Special Rapporteur's cables of 9 August, 6 October,
          3 and 13 November 1989, stating that the death sentences referred to in the
          Special Rapporteur's cables concerned cases involving explosion of a parcel
          bomb at the Syrian Oil Refinery on 7 July 1989, beheading of two men and one
          woman on 8 September 1988 at the Dagon Township People's Council Office, bomb
          explosions at Yangon City Hall on 10 July 1989, committing crimes and
          absconding to KT'I0 insurgents, abetting and committing serious crimes, looting
          of firearms and killing of law enforcement officials on 13 September at the
          Dazel Police Station. The reply provided detailed descriptions of all these
          cases and cited the provisions of the Penal Code and other relevant laws on
          the basis of which the military tribunals had sentenced these persons to death.
          416. According to the reply, by the middle of 1989, certain subversionist
          tendencies had emerged and the hands of the extremists who had played a
          primary role in the upheavals of 1988 began to show again and evidently posed
          a threat to the nation. On 17 and 18 July 1989, approximately one year after
          the SLORC had come into power, Martial Law Orders Nos. 1/89 and 2/89 were
          issued entrusting the judicial powers to the military commanders of three
          Command Headquarters. In this regard, the reply emphasized the following:
          “(a) Military courts authorized under martial law orders were not
          the only courts that operated in the country even after the announcement
          of martial law. Under Martial Law Order No. 2/89, the courts found under
          the existing law other than martial law, namely, the Supreme Court and
          the courts at different levels, continued to function and were dispensing
          justice for various offences normally In accordance with the existing
          laws.
          “(b) The right of appeal and application for reconsideration,
          revision, commutation or rejection of the sentences was provided for
          under sections 7 and 8 for all sentences involving a prison term of three
          years and above and the death penalty. The appeal for commutation or
          rejection of the sentences passed by a military tribunal is to be
          addressed to the Command Commander and Commander—in—Chief (Army) step by
          step.
          “(c) In the Union of Myanmar, no death sentence had ever been
          carried out in the past several years except in the case of Zin Mo, a
          North Korean terrorist responsible for the bomb explosion of the Martyrs
          Mausoleum in Yangon in 1983 when four ROK ministers were killed.
          “(d) The martial law was to be revoked as soon as the exigencies of
          the situation no longer required it and there was no more threat to
          national unity and independence.
          “(e) Under Martial Law Order No. 3/89, dated 3 November 1989,
          martial law has been revoked in eight townships, as the rule of law and
          maintenance of peace and tranquillity have improved sufficiently.”
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1990/22
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          417. It was further stated that those who had been sentenced to death had
          applied for revision, commutation or rejection, as the case might be, and that
          none of them had been executed to date.
          418. It was also stated that it should be crystal clear that martial law was
          not the only law operating in Myanmar; it could even be considered as a
          misnomer, since martial law courts were dispensing justice more effectively,
          with dispatch, in strict accordance with the laws normally existing and the
          provisions of the 1974 Constitution; the martial law courts were of a
          temporary character required by the exigency of the situation, where the lives
          of innocent people had to be safeguarded; the situation had sufficiently
          improved in eight townships where martial law declarations had been already
          revoked; and therefore there was no element whatsoever which could be
          interpreted as contrary to the provisions of any of the existing human rights
          instruments quoted by the Special Rapporteur in his four above—mentioned
          cables.
          Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
          419. On 30 October 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of the USSR
          transmitting allegations that, on 9 April 1989, in Thilisi, Georgia, at least
          36 persons had died in clashes between demonstrators and security forces.
          According to the information, members of special units of the Ministry of
          Internal Affairs had blocked crossings, surrounded citizens and beaten them
          with clubs and shovels. The action of the security forces had reportedly been
          pre—planned. Official sources had stated that 19 persons had died, and the
          report issued by the Georgian commission which investigated the incidents had
          called for the Congress of People's Deputies to ascertain who was responsible.
          420. The Special Rapporteur mentioned in the letter the names of the
          36 alleged victims.
          421. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on any investigations by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          422. On 1 December 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of the USSR
          concerning the information that a person named A. Zapevalov, aged 23, had been
          sentenced to death on 20 November 1989 by the Supreme Court of the Russian
          Soviet Socialist Republic after having been convicted of murdering two women
          in the Voronezh region. It was alleged that he had not had the right to
          appeal to a higher tribunal against the conviction and sentence.
          423. The Special Rapporteur, referring to article 14, paragraph 5, of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which the USSR was a
          party, appealed to the Government to examine the case and to make every effort
          to protect the right to life of the above—mentioned person in accordance with
          the said Covenant and requested information in this regard.
          424. On 29 December 1989, a reply was received from the Government of the USSR
          to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 30 October 1989, transmitting the
          decision of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR concerning the
          report presented by the Commission established by the First Congress of the
          People's Deputies of the USSR to investigate the events that had occurred in
          the city of Thilisi on 9 April 1989, as follows:
        
          
          H / CN. 4 / 1990 / 22
          page 97
          “The Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, having heard the
          conclusion presented by the Commission for the investigation of the
          events that occurred in Thilisi on 9 April 1989, notes that the tragedy
          involving loss of innocent lives has brought to light the inability of
          the former leadership of the Republic to defuse the gravely deteriorating
          social and political situation that had developed in the Georgian SSR.
          This tragedy has also brought to light the serious miscalculations and
          mistakes committed at every level of the USSR and Republican
          administration as the decision was made and carried out to suppress the
          unsanctioned rally on the square in front of the House of Government.
          The Congress also notes the absence of clear—cut legislative regulation
          of the procedural and practical aspects of the use of armed forces for
          the settlement of internal conflicts.
          “The Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR decides:
          ‘1. To take note of the conclusion presented by the Commission
          established by the Congress of People's Deputies to investigate the
          events that occurred in the city of Tbilisi on 9 April 1989;
          ‘2. To condemn the use of violence against participants of the
          demonstration that took place in the city of Tbilisi on 9 April 1989;
          ‘3. To entrust the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
          with the task of submitting to the appropriate bodies, for
          consideration and decision, of the proposals put forward by the
          Commission established to investigate the events that occurred in
          the city of Thilisi on 9 April 1989, and of monitoring their
          implementation;
          ‘4. To prepare, taking account of the discussions held, a
          communiqué for the press on the result of the investigation of the
          events in Tbilisi.'”
          425. On 8 January 1990, a reply was received from the Government of the USSR
          to the Special Rapporteur's cable of 1 December 1989, forwarding information
          from the Office of the Procurator—General of the USSR.
          426. According to the reply, Andrei Viktorovich Zapevalov had been sentenced
          by the Supreme Court of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic to an
          exceptional measure of punishment, viz, the death penalty, for the totality of
          his crimes. In December 1987, Zapevalov, together with accomplices, had
          organized an armed gang for the purposes of appropriation by banditry of State
          and citizens' personal property and subsequent illegal crossing of the State
          frontier of the USSR into Finland. In order to arm the gang, they, together
          with other persons in Voronezh, had made and procured during the period
          December 1987—March 1989 firearms and other weapons and explosives and
          ammunition, in particular a grenade launcher with projectiles, a light
          machine—gun, pistols, a sawn—off rifle, combat mines, approximately 8 kg of
          explosives, 17 knives and the like and over 300 cartridges. It was also
          stated that, in pursuit of his criminal designs, Zapevalov, in order to obtain
          the money necessary to arm the gang, had robbed and murdered two women in
          Moscow in December 1988, taking from them money and property to a total value
          of over 10,000 roubles, and that the punishment had been ordered by the court
          in view of the convict's personality and of the socially dangerous nature of
          the crimes committed.
        
          
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          United States of America
          427. On 28 July 1989, a cable was sent to the Government of the United States
          of America concerning the case of William Andrews, aged 39, who was reportedly
          scheduled to be executed in Utah on 22 August 1989 after being convicted as an
          accomplice to a store robbery in which three persons had been murdered
          on 22 April 1974. In connection with this case, the Special Rapporteur
          expressed his concern about reports that, according to Andrews' lawyers, the
          State of Utah had acknowledged that Andrews had not been present during the
          commission of the homicides, that Andrews, a black man, had been tried before
          an all—white jury selected from the community where the crime had been
          committed and that Andrews had been on death row for nearly 15 years
          428. On 9 November 1989, another cable was sent to the Government of the
          United States of America concerning the case of Dalton Prejean, aged 29, who
          was reportedly scheduled to be executed in Louisiana on 30 November 1989.
          Prejean had reportedly been convicted in May 1978 of the murder of a police
          officer. All appeals were said to have been exhausted.
          429. According to the information, Dalton Prejean had been aged 17 when he
          committed the murder. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur referred to
          article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which
          provided that: “sentence of death shall not be imposed for crimes committed
          by persons below eighteen years of age”, and to the annex to Economic and
          Social Council resolution 1984/50 entitled “Safeguards guaranteeing protection
          of the rights of those facing the death penalty”, stating that “persons below
          18 years of age at the time of the commission of the crime shall not be
          sentenced to death”.
          430. In both cables, the Special Rapporteur appealed to the Government, on a
          purely humanitarian basis, to protect the right to life of Dalton Prejean and,
          in particular, to consider granting him clemency.
          431. On 24 November 1989, a reply was received from the Government
          of the United States of America to the Special Rapporteur's cable
          of 9 November 1989. According to the reply, the Government's view was
          that general international law did not prohibit the execution of those
          committing capital crimes under age 18, provided that adequate due process
          guarantees were provided and that, although a number of nations prohibited the
          execution of such offenders, the practice of these States lacked the
          uniformity and opinio juris necessary to create a norm of customary
          international law. While the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights prohibited the imposition of the death penalty for crimes committed by
          persons below 18 years of age, that prohibition applied only to those States
          that were parties to the Covenant; the United States was a signatory but not a
          party to the Covenant, and was thus bound only to refrain from acts that would
          defeat the overall object and purpose of the instrument. It was further
          stated that the object and purpose of the Covenant was generally to foster
          respect for human rights and to encourage States to pass legislation
          protecting human rights, and that the execution of such offenders did not
          violate the object and purpose of the Covenant.
          432. As for consideration of a stay or commutation of sentence in this case,
          it was stated that the Special Rapporteur's communication provided no specific
          factual or legal basis on which the appropriate authorities could grant
        
          
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          clemency, that avenues of relief were also available through the United States
          Federal Courts to the level of the Supreme Court and that, if all appeals had
          in fact been exhausted, the Governor of the State of Louisiana might still
          have the power to stay or commute the sentence.
          433. Subsequently, the Special Rapporteur learned that Dalton Prejean had
          been granted a stay of execution by the United States Supreme Court
          on 29 November 1989.
          Venezuela
          434. On 25 April 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Venezuela
          concerning the allegation that several persons had been killed by the security
          forces in the course of the events of 27 February 1989 and the days that
          followed. The victims were given as follows:
          (a) Crisanto Mederos, on3 March 1989 in La Pastora, by Armed Forces
          personnel during a search of his home;
          (b) Eliazar Mavares, on 2 March 1989, while he was walking in the street
          in La Pastora, presumably by a Metropolitan Police officer belonging to
          detachment No. 51 in Lidice;
          (c) Armando Castellanos, on 1 March 1989 in Petare, by Metropolitan
          Police Force personnel who fired shots into his home while they were under the
          influence of alcohol and hit him in the head;
          (d) Boris Eduardo Bolivar Marcano, on 4 or 5 March 1989, after being
          detained by Metropolitan Police personnel and transferred, presumably while he
          was still alive, to the army. His wife stated that she saw him still alive,
          although badly beaten and with his hands bound. Several days later it was
          reported that he had died in the disturbances;
          (e) Richard Páez, on 3 March 1989, in Petare, by Metropolitan Police
          Force personnel while he was in the doorway to his house. The police claimed
          that he had died as a result of a fall from the doorsteps. His family
          asserted that there were two bullet wounds in his body;
          (f) Jesus Zambrano, on 28 February 1989 in the “Los Molinos” shopping
          centre, presumably shot in the back by Metropolitan Police Force personnel;
          (g) Carmen Marlene Diaz Escalante, on 27 February 1987 in Nueva Tacagua,
          by unidentified individuals riding in a jeep;
          (h) JesuIs Cartaya, on 1 March 1989 in Petare, by shots fired by army
          personnel while he was in his home;
          (i) Juan José Garrido Blanco, on 2 March 1989 in Nueva Tacagua, by
          two motorized DISIP officers, while he was chatting with his girl—friend.
          435. In addition, it was alleged that more persons were presumed to have been
          killed by security forces personnel during the incidents of 27 February 1989
          and afterwards, and the names of 12 persons were mentioned in the letter.
          436. Furthermore, it was alleged that a group of soldiers had attempted to
          kill Angel Ramos AmaIz.
        
          
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          437, The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on any investigations by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          438. on 11 December 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Venezuela
          transmitting allegations that, during the past several years, a number of
          persons had died as a result of deliberate and unprovoked action by police and
          military personnel. Some of the victims had allegedly been shot by security
          forces in incidents described by the authorities as armed confrontations with
          common criminals. Others were said to have died in police custody as a
          result of torture. It was also alleged that irregularities in judicial
          investigations and serious delays in criminal proceedings had resulted in
          only a few convictions of those responsible for the killings. Even such
          convictions were said to have ended in suspended sentences or conditional
          release. The absence of strict disciplinary or judicial measures in cases
          involving members of the police or military allegedly contributed to the
          recurrence of unjustified and illicit incidents of killing.
          439. The Special Rapporteur described, by way of example, the following cases:
          (a) On 11 September 1985, Freddy Manuel Dugarte, aged 18, was arrested
          after having been shot in both legs by members of the Dirección de los
          Servicios de Inteligencia y Protección (DISIP) in Nuevo Horizonte, outside
          Caracas. Next day his father identified his body with a bullet wound in the
          heath In March 1987, two members of DISIP had been indicted on charges of
          homicide 9 but these charges were revoked by the Tribunal Tercero en Primera
          Instancia de lo Penal for lack of sufficient evidence. On 25 March 1988, this
          decision was confirmed by the Tribunal Quinto Superior, which suspended the
          investigations;
          (b) On 19 September 1987, José Luis Palomares, aged 16, cadet at a
          military training academy, died of a ruptured spleen. Although the military
          authorities claimed that he had died of natural causes, the circumstances of
          his death supported the allegation that he had been tortured after he had
          tried to escape from the academy. It was further reported that the military
          court closed the investigations in January 1989, having ruled that the
          allegation was false. The family was however told by court staff that the
          investigations were continuing;
          (c) On 29 October 1988, 14 people were killed by a combined unit of
          military personnel, members of the DISIP and the Policia Técnica
          Judicial (PTJ) on the Venezuelan—Colombian border as they were travelling by
          boat on the river Aranca. In January 1989, a Congressional Commission issued
          its report with a finding that the 14 persons had been killed in circumstances
          other than an armed confrontation. A local military judge ordered the
          detention of the 19 members of the patrol on charges of homicide, but in
          April 1989 the 19 were released due to a technical irregularity;
          (d) On 23 April 1987, Martin Soto Mijares, aged 20, was shot dead by a
          member of the Metropolitan Police in the barrio of Nueva Tacagua, Caracas. In
          January 1988, an investigación de nudo hecho was requested but this was still
          not known to have been carried out;
        
          
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          (e) On 9 June 1987, Felix Huniberto Pei ia Tadino was shot dead at his home
          in the barrio of Moran de Catia by the police. The police claimed that he had
          been killed in a confrontation with the PTJ, but this was denied by his
          family. Although a State attorney was appointed to the case, he could not
          obtain the case dossier from the court;
          (f) On 15 December 1987, Luis Miguel Villanueva Ibarra, aged 27, was
          shot dead by members of the DISIP. The witnesses reportedly denied the police
          report that Villanueva had been armed. The photographer and other witnesses
          on the scene were said to have been later threatened by the police. In
          November 1988, a judge of the Juzgado Superior Tercero en lo Penal del Estado
          de Aragua absolved the members of the DISIP on the ground that they had acted
          in self—defence and closed the case. An appeal against the decision was made
          to the Supreme Court which failed to respond to the appeal within five days as
          prescribed by law.
          440. In addition, in the Venezuelan—Colombian border areas, a number of
          Colombian nationals were allegedly killed by the Venezuelan army after the
          victims had been lured into Venezuela by Colombian collaborators of the
          DISIP. The victims were described as guerrillas who had been involved in
          armed robbery. The Special Rapporteur described the following two cases:
          (a) In July 1988, Dagoberto Gonzalez Velázquez, painter from Cucuta,
          Colombia, was killed by the Venezuelan army. He had been offered a job in
          Venezuela and left home on 9 July;
          (b) On 6 October 1988, two brothers, William and Yesid Bertrán Arévalo,
          and Fernando Alvarez Mui ioz, Colombian nationals from Cucuta, Colombia, were
          killed in El Vallado, Ure ia district, Tachira State, by Venezuelan army
          troops. It was alleged that the three had been lured into Venezuela by a
          Colombian working for the DISIP and handed over to the Venezuelan army as
          guerrillas of the Colombian Ejército Nacional de Liberación.
          441. On 15 August 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Venezuela
          to the Special Rapporteur's letter of 25 April 1989. According to the reply,
          on the days in question a number of acts had been committed in several cities
          in Venezuela which constituted a disturbance of the peace, including
          vandalism, attacks against the security of the person and the fanilly, loss of
          life and extensive damage to property, necessitating the intervention of the
          armed forces, the police and other State security agencies. It was further
          stated that, in order to preserve law and order and guarantee the security of
          the public, measures such as suspension of constitutional guarantees and
          imposition of curfew had been necessary. It was further stated that the
          government attorney had subsequently been informed that certain irregularities
          had occurred, including disappearances, arbitrary detention, death and
          torture, and that he had accordingly issued orders to his representatives
          throughout the country to receive and process all complaints relating to the
          events in question and to proceed with the investigation of those complaints
          through the competent judicial bodies, if a violation of the law had occurred.
          442. A list of 12 cases of death under investigation by the 18th, 19th, 41st,
          42nd and 43rd courts of first instance, and also by the 2nd Military Court of
          First Instance, and another list issued by the morgue, were attached to the
          reply.
        
          
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          Yemen
          443. On 20 March 1989, a reply was received from the Government of Yemen to
          the Special Rapporteur's letter of 9 November 1988 (E/CN.4/l989/25,
          paras. 287—290), stating that the allegations referred to were totally
          unfounded and that the reported killings were exaggerated, some of them being
          attributable to tribal vendettas resulting from the nature of the social
          structure and the lengthy accumulated legacy of outdated practices that the
          republican régime had inherited from the reactionary imamate régime in power
          before the revolution of 26 September 1962.
          Yugoslavia
          444. On 30 October 1989, a letter was sent to the Government of Yugoslavia
          transmitting allegations that, on 27 and 28 March 1989 and during the first
          days of April, several hundred persons of Albanian background had been killed
          by security forces in various towns in Kosovo during demonstrations that had
          taken place in the context of ethno—political unrest. It was alleged
          that the victims had been kicked, beaten or shot to death. Among the
          identified victims, a list of 58 names was received by the Special
          Rapporteur. The following alleged incidents were listed by way of example:
          (a) In Zhur, dozens of elementary schoolchildren were shot dead or
          injured when security forces indiscriminately shot at the demonstrating
          children from a helicopter;
          (b) In Malishevë, Dim and Arsim Pacarrizi, aged 7 and 8, were killed by
          security forces, although the police reportedly explained that the brother of
          one of the two children had been playing with a gun belonging to a soldier and
          had shot the children by mistake;
          (c) In Gjilan, Basri Ibrahimi, aged 24, was shot dead while he was in
          his car near a demonstration. It was alleged that the family members had been
          tortured and forced by the police to accept that he had committed suicide.
          445. The Special Rapporteur requested information on these allegations and in
          particular on any investigations by the competent authorities, including
          autopsy, and any measures taken to prevent the further occurrence of such
          deaths.
          446. At the time of preparation of the present report, no reply had been
          received from the Government of Yugoslavia.
        
          
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          h p III
          ANALYSIS OF THE PHENOMENON
          A. Death threats
          447. During the period of the current mandate of the Special Rapporteur, more
          appeals were received than in previous years for urgent intervention by the
          Special Rapporteur in cases of death threats. The Special Rapporteur took
          immediate action in cases where such death threats posed prima fade imminent
          danger to the life of those who had allegedly received death threats.
          448. Reports of death threats and subsequent assassinations are still confined
          to a limited number of countries in certain regions. However, this heinous
          practice of terror is gradually spreading to countries where such practice had
          not been known to exist, but where the political and social situation has been
          markedly deteriorating.
          449. According to the information received death threats are made against
          persons of various backgrounds and professions, in particular the following:
          (a) Judges, lawyers, magistrates and prosecutors, etc., involved in
          trials, investigations or other legal proceedings;
          (b) Human rights activists who collect and publicize cases of violation
          of human rights at the local, regional and/or national levels, and organize
          human rights activities;
          (c) Public office holders, including legislators and community
          councillors, who publicly demand justice in cases of human rights violations;
          (d) Trade unionists who organize workers and try to defend workers'
          rights;
          (e) Educators who engage in adult education programmes and activities
          aimed at creating awareness of human rights in rural areas;
          (f) Journalists who investigate and report cases of violation of human
          rights through the mass media;
          (g) Eyewitnesses of crimes who are willing to testify in a trial or
          before a magistrate;
          (h) Members of opposition groups, including political parties.
          450. Judging by the information received on various cases of death threats,
          their aim appears to be to terrorize the persons concerned in order to prevent
          them from pursuing activities which are perceived as contrary to the interests
          of the authors of the threats.
          451. The authors of death threats usually remain anonymous. However, they
          often use names of paramilitary or “vigilante” groups whose identity remains
          vague or unknown.
        
          
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          452. Threats are made by telephone, letters delivered to the homes of the
          victims, pamphlets, or “death lists” carrying the names of prospective targets
          of assassination.
          453. According to the appeals made to the Special Rapporteur, in most cases
          the authorities had taken no effective measures to protect those who had
          received death threats or to undertake appropriate investigations. The
          appeals also indicated the involvement of the Government concerned, either
          directly, by orders given to officials or the employment of individuals or
          groups under the control of the Government, or indirectly by connivance in or
          collusion with such death threats by private individuals or groups. Absence
          of official investigation, prosecution and/or punishment of those responsible
          for such threats was the rule rather than the exception.
          454, In certain countries where death threats are reported to be widespread,
          the majority of the victims of summary or arbitrary executions had in fact
          received death threats before they were assassinated.
          B. Human rights defenders as victims
          of summary or arbitrary executions
          455. Caring for others is a noble and universal principle in any human
          community. Caring for those who are underpriviledged, discriminated against
          or persecuted is highly commendable. It is even extraordinary when such
          caring accompanies a serious risk to one's own life.
          456. In reality, those who uncompromisingly struggle to help others, to seek
          justice, to shed light on carefully concealed facts often end up as victims of
          summary or arbitrary execution. By profession and activities, such persons
          are judges, magistrates, prosecutors, lawyers, journalists, human rights
          activists, teachers, legislators, community councillors, mayors, trade
          unionists, etc. By the very nature of their work, they may be called human
          rights defenders.
          457. According to a report published by the Eighth Consultative Meeting of
          the International and Regional Organizations of Journalists, held in
          Prague from 25 to 27 November 1988, at least 600 journalists had been killed
          in various parts of the world during the previous 10 years, and a similar
          number had disappeared, most of them presumed dead. In 1987, 37 journalists
          were reported to have been killed, and in 1988, 39. The real number could be
          higher.
          458. According to another report, prepared by the Centre for the Independence
          of Judges and Lawyers, between January 1988 and June 1989, 35 members of the
          legal profession were killed throughout the world because of their
          professional activities, such as counselling and representing clients,
          advocating law reform and human rights, conducting investigations and
          rendering judicial decisions.
          459. Active members of non—governmental human rights organizations, trade
          unions and political parties have been the most outstanding groups of victims
          of summary or arbitrary executions, since they are often perceived as enemies
          or subversive elements by the established, dominant power groups. As noted in
          the foregoing section, human rights defenders are those who most often receive
          death threats demanding that they cease their activities. It is an alarming
        
          
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          trend that human rights defenders should be deliberately selected as targets
          of sununary or arbitrary executions, since, without their activities, human
          rights violations would largely remain undetected, would not be reported to
          the authorities or to the public, would not be investigated and would not be
          punished. The implications of the attacks on these groups of persons are
          serious, leaving no doubt about the aims of the attackers.
          460. The integrity and well—being of the entire community of a country depend
          very much on their uncompromising struggle. It is for this reason that human
          rights defenders should be given better protection, nationally and
          internationally.
          C. Effective prevention, investigation and punishment of summary or
          arbitrary executions — consensus on international standards
          461. The Special Rapporteur considers it a milestone for his mandate that the
          Economic and Social Council adopted, on 24 May 1989, without a vote,
          resolution 1989/65 entitled “Effective prevention and investigation of
          extra—legal, arbitrary and summary executions”. This resolution is a highly
          positive outcome of long and careful preparation and close co—operation among
          non—governmental organizations, Governments and United Nations organs. The
          Special Rapporteur wishes to commend the serious work done in this regard, by
          the Committee on Crime Prevention and Control and the vital contribution made
          by non—governmental organizations, in particular by the Minnesota Lawyers
          International Human Rights Committee.
          462. The annex to the resolution sets out 20 principles on the effective
          prevention and investigation of extra—legal, arbitrary and summary executions,
          which the Special Rapporteur described briefly in his last report
          (E/CN.4/l989/25, para. 297). Since these principles are considered so
          important, the annex to Economic and Social Council resolution 1989/65 is
          reproduced in full in the annex to the present report.
          463. The Special Rapporteur feels that his position with regard to the
          implementation of his mandate is strongly supported by this resolution. In
          his past reports, the Special Rapporteur has reiterated that adequate
          investigation, prosecution and/or punishment in cases of death in suspicious
          circumstances are crucial to a Government's effort to eliminate the abhorrent
          phenomenon of summary or arbitrary executions. Since the principles adopted
          by the Economic and Social Council reflect the Special Rapporteur's ideas and
          views in sufficient detail, he will be able to refer, without any reservation,
          to these principles in his examination of alleged incidents of summary or
          arbitrary executions. Any Government's practice that fails to reach the
          standards set out in the principles may be regarded as an indication of the
          Government's responsibility, even if no government officials are found to be
          directly involved in the acts of summary or arbitrary execution.
          464. It is worth mentioning here that a manual on the effective prevention
          and investigation of extra—legal, arbitrary and summary executions is now
          being prepared to supplement the principles adopted by the Economic and Social
          Council. The Special Rapporteur hopes that this manual will be made widely
          available in at least the official languages of the United Nations so that it
          may be used for seminars and training courses in various parts of the world.
        
          
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          D. Advisory services and technical assistance
          465. The Commission on Human Rights, in its resolution 1989/72, entitled
          “Advisory services in the field of human right&', requested its special
          rapporteurs and representatives, as well as the Working Group on Enforced or
          Involuntary Disappearances, “to inform Governments, whenever appropriate, of
          the possibility of availing themselves of the services provided for under the
          programme of advisory services and to include in their recommendations,
          whenever appropriate, proposals for specific projects to be realized under the
          programme of advisory services” (para. 11). In his past reports, the Special
          Rapporteur has made recommendations of a general nature with regard to
          training programmes for law enforcement officers, seminars and workshops for
          government off icials He has refrained, however, from making specific
          recommendations to specific Governments unless he has had the opportunity to
          visit in situ , to examine in depth the situation in their countries.
          466. The Special Rapporteur is of the opinion that, to ensure the positive
          outcome of any programmes or projects of advisory services or technical
          assistance by the United Nations, a number of basic elements must be
          satisfied, including the following:
          (a) A Government's genuine willingness to combat human rights violations
          and to improve the situation in its country;
          (b) Careful examination of the country situation prior to proposing
          specific projects, in order clearly to identify the needs, and a critical
          analysis of the Government's request for specific projects or programmes;
          (c) Support of projects by well—planned financial and human resources;
          Cd) Close co—operation and co—ordination within United Nations organs
          and departments in planning and implementing projects;
          (e) Establishment of mechanisms for monitoring project implementation
          and achievements and periodic evaluation of such projects.
          467. The Special Rapporteurs and representatives of the Commission on Human
          Rights, as well as the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary
          Disappearances, could indeed contribute to identifying needs and formulating
          specific projects, since they would be in the best position to obtain in—depth
          information on the situation in specific countries through their visits
          in situ or their direct contacts with the Governments concerned. However, the
          administration and management of programmes and projects within the framework
          of the advisory services and technical assistance should not depend
          exclusively on the initial contribution of the Special Rapporteurs,
          representatives and t1 e Working Group. It requires its own expertise, and the
          United Nations Secretariat, and in particular the Centre for Human Rights,
          must be equipped with the necessary specialists and other resources.
          468. The Special Rapporteur hopes that in the near future, a notable
          improvement will be made in this area within the Centre for Human Rights with
          a view to providing continuous impetus and effective management to these
          activities.
        
          
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          Chapter IV
          CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
          469. With his present report, the Special Rapporteur has completed his eighth
          year since the establishment of his mandate in 1982. By going through his
          past reports and the information he has received, he concludes that the
          phenomenon of summary or arbitrary executions is unfortunately still prevalent
          in many parts of the world. Armed conflicts causing the death of civilians,
          political assassinations, illegal and/or excessive use of force by law
          enforcement or security force personnel, deaths in custody and executions
          without trial, or with a trial but without the safeguards to protect the
          rights of the defendant — the whole pattern of summary or arbitrary executions
          has already been well—documented and analysed in the Special Rapporteur's
          reports. Up to the present, the picture has remained unchanged.
          470. During the past several years, the activities of the Special Rapporteur
          — have markedly increased. On the one hand, every year he has received more
          communications containing information on summary or arbitrary executions; on
          the other hand, he has taken more frequent action in regard to the Governments
          concerning which allegations of summary or arbitrary executions have been
          made. The Special Rapporteur is of the view that this may be indicative of
          the fact that his mandate is becoming better known.
          471. The Special Rapporteur is aware that the information which has reached
          him represents only a part of the entire phenomenon of summary or arbitrary
          executions. He hopes that the efforts and co—operation of various
          international and national organizations directed at establishing a better
          information network will continue to improve the transmission of information
          both in quantity and in speed.
          472. In the present report, the Special Rapporteur has taken note of a
          particularly alarming trend, which is rapidly spreading, namely, the practice
          of “death threats” deliberately directed, in particular, against persons who
          play key roles in defending human rights and achieving social and criminal
          justice in a society. Rigorous measures must be taken to protect this group
          of persons.
          473. On the other hand, the Special Rapporteur is happy to note the
          considerable achievements made by the General Assembly and the Economic and
          Social Council during the past year in areas directly or indirectly related to
          his mandate.
          474. The General Assembly adopted, on 9 December 1988,, resolution 43/173
          entitled “Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form
          of Detention or Imprisonment”. The Economic and Social Council adopted, on
          24 May 1989, several resolutions concerning the administration of justice, and
          in particular resolution 1989/65, entitled “Effective prevention and
          investigation of extra—legal, arbitrary and summary executions”. This
          resolution has set the standards which the Special Rapporteur will apply when
        
          
          E /CN.4 11990/22
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          he examines alleged cases of summary or arbitrary executions. It should also
          help Governments to improve and/or maintain the level of protection of the
          right to life of those under their jurisdiction.
          475. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur takes special note of
          General Assembly resolution 44/159 of 15 December 19899 in which he was
          requested to promote exchanges of views between Governments and those who
          provide reliable information to the Special Rapporteur, where the Special
          Rapporteur considers that such exchanges of information might be useful”
          (para. 7). The Special Rapporteur is willing to assume this task in order to
          facilitate constructive co—operation between the parties concerned and to seek
          more effective ways of combating the practice of summary or arbitrary
          executions.
          476. With regard to the advisory services and technical assistance envisaged
          in Commission on Human Rights resolution 1989/72 of 8 March 1989, the Special
          Rapporteur is willing to explore further how best such programmes and projects
          of advisory services and technical assistance could be formulated and proposed
          in the context of his mandate. In chapter III, D, above, he has tried to
          elaborate the necessary conditions and elements for the effective
          implementation of such programmes and projects. He welcomes any suggestions
          in this regard.
          477. In view of these conclusions, the Special Rapporteur would like to make a
          number of recommendations, as follows:
          (a) Governments:
          (i) Review national laws and regulations, as well as the practice
          of the judicial and law enforcement authorities, with a view to
          securing effective implementation of the standards set by
          Economic and Social Council resolution 1989/65 of 24 May 1989;
          (ii) As a matter of priority, take measures to ensure the effective
          protection of persons who play key roles in defending human
          rights and promoting social justice from death threats and
          assassination attempts;
          (iii) Include a thorough curriculum of human rights in the training
          of all law enforcement and military personnel;
          (iv) Establish an office within the Government in order to improve
          co—operation with the United Nations and other international
          organizations in human rights matters.
          (b) International organizations:
          (i) Emphasize the importance of the implementation of international
          human rights norms and principles as set forth in international
          human rights instruments and resolutions, in particular by the
          General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council;
        
          
          E / CN. 4/1990 / 22
          page 109
          (ii) Organize at the regional and national levels human rights
          seminars and training courses, utilizing lhe manual on the
          effective prevention and investigation of extra—legal,
          arbitrary and summary executions;
          (iii) Strengthen the United Nations Centre for Human Rights with a
          view to meeting the ever—growing requirements in the monitoring
          of human rights protection and advisory services;
          (iv) Promote information activities in order to disseminate as
          widely as possible the latest achievements in the field of
          human rights, so that the international community may be aware
          of the ways in which human rights can be protected and promoted.
        
          
          E/CN.4/1990/22
          page 110
          Annex
          PRINCIPLES ON THE EFFECTIVE PREVENTION AND INVESTIGATION OF
          EXTRA—LEGAL, ARBITRARY AND SUNMARY EXECUTIONS
          (Adopted by the Economic and Social Council
          by its resolution 1989/65 of 24 May 1989)
          Prevention
          1. Governments shall prohibit by law all extra—legal, arbitrary and summary
          executions and shall ensure that any such executions are recognized as
          offences under their criminal laws, and are punishable by appropriate
          penalties which take into account the seriousness of such offences.
          Exceptional circumstances including a state of war or threat of war, internal
          political instability or any other public emergency may not be invoked as a
          justification of such executions. Such executions shall not be carried out
          under any circumstances including, but not limited to, situations of internal
          armed conflict, excessive or illegal use of force by a public official or
          other person acting in an official capacity or a person acting at the
          instigation, or with the consent or acquiescence of such person, and
          situations in which deaths occur in custody. This prohibition shall prevail
          over decrees issued by governmental authority.
          2. In order to prevent extra—legal, arbitrary and summary executions,
          Governments shall ensure strict control, including a clear chain of command
          over all officials responsible for the apprehension, arrest, detention,
          custody and imprisonment as well as those officials authorized by law to use
          force and firearms.
          3. Governments shall prohibit orders from superior officers or public
          authorities authorizing or inciting other persons to carry out any such
          extra—legal, arbitrary or sunimnary executions. All persons shall have the
          right and the duty to defy such orders. Training of law enforcement officials
          shall emphasize the above provisions.
          4. Effective protection through judicial or other means shall be guaranteed
          to individuals and groups who are in danger of extra—legal, arbitrary or
          summary executions, including those who receive death threats.
          5. No one shall be involuntarily returned or extradited to a country where
          there are substantial grounds for believing that he or she may become a victim
          of extra—legal, arbitrary or summary execution in that country.
          6. Governments shall ensure that persons deprived of their liberty are held
          in officially recognized places of custody, and that accurate information on
          their custody and whereabouts, including transfers, is made promptly available
          to their relatives and lawyer or other persons of confidence.
          7. Qualified inspectors, including medical personnel, or an equivalent
          independent authority, shall conduct inspections in places of custody on a
          regular basis, and be empowered to undertake unannounced inspections on their
          own initiative, with full guarantees of independence in the exercise of this
          function. The inspectors shall have unrestricted access to all persons in
          such places of custody, as well as to all their records.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1990/22
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          8. Governments shall make every effort to prevent extra—legal, arbitrary and
          summary executions through measures such as diplomatic intercession, improved
          access of complainants to intergovernmental and judicial bodies, and public
          denunciation. Intergovernmental mechanisms shall be used to investigate
          reports of any such executions and to take effective action against such
          practices. Governments, including those of countries where extra—legal,
          arbitrary and summary executions are reasonably suspected to occur, shall
          co—operate fully in international investigations on the subject.
          Investigation
          9. There shall be a thorough, prompt and impartial investigation of all
          suspected cases of extra—legal, arbitrary and summary executions, including
          cases where complaints by relatives or other reliable reports suggest
          unnatural death in the above circumstances. Governments shall maintain
          investigative offices and procedures to undertake such inquiries. The purpose
          of the investigation shall be to determine the cause, manner and time of
          death, the person responsible, and any pattern or practice which may have
          brought about that death. It shall include an adequate autopsy, collection
          and analysis of all physical and documentary evidence, and statements from
          witnesses. The investigation shall distinguish between natural death,
          accidental death, suicide and homicide.
          10. The investigative authority shall have the power to obtain all the
          information necessary to the inquiry. Those persons conducting the
          investigation shall have at their disposal all the necessary budgetary and
          technical resources for effective investigation. They shall also have the
          authority to oblige officials allegedly involved in any such executions to
          appear and testify. The seine shall apply to any witness. To this end, they
          shall be entitled to issue summons to witnesses, including the officials
          allegedly involved, and to demand the production of evidence.
          11. In cases in which the established investigative procedures are inadequate
          because of lack of expertise or impartiality, because of the importance of the
          matter or because of the apparent existence of a pattern of abuse, and in
          cases where there are complaints from the family of the victim about these
          inadequacies or other substantial reasons, Governments shall pursue
          investigations through an independent commission of inquiry or similar
          procedure. Members of such a commission shall be chosen for their recognized
          impartiality, competence and independence as individuals. In particular, they
          shall be independent of any institution, agency or person that may be the
          subject of the inquiry. The commission shall have the authority to obtain all
          information necessary to the inquiry and shall conduct the inquiry as provided
          for under these principles.
          12. The body of the deceased person shall not be disposed of until an
          adequate autopsy is conducted by a physician, who shall, if possible, be an
          expert in forensic pathology. Those conducting the autopsy shall have the
          right of access to all investigative data, to the place where the body was
          discovered, and to the place where the death is thought to have occurred. If
          the body has been buried and it later appears that an investigation is
          required, the body shall be promptly and competently exhumed for an autopsy.
          If skeletal remains are discovered, they should be carefully exhumed and
          studied according to systematic anthropological techniques.
        
          
          E / CN .4 / 1990 / 22
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          13. The body of the deceased shall be available to those conducting the
          autopsy for a sufficient amount of time to enable a thorough investigation to
          be carried out. The autopsy shall, at a minimum, attempt to establish the
          identity of the deceased and the cause and manner of death. The time and
          place of death shall also be determined to the extent possible. Detailed
          colour photographs of the deceased shall be included in the autopsy report in
          order to document and support the findings of the investigation. The autopsy
          report must describe any and all injuries to the deceased including any
          evidence of torture.
          14. In order to ensure objective results, those conducting the autopsy must
          be able to function impartially and independently of any potentially
          implicated persons or organizations of entities.
          15. Complainants, witnesses, those conducting the investigation and their
          families shall be protected from violence, threats of violence or any other
          form of intimidation. Those potentially implicated in extra—legal, arbitrary
          or summary executions shall be removed from any position of control or power,
          whether direct or indirect, over complainants, witnesses and their families,
          as well as over those conducting investigations.
          16. Families of the deceased and their legal representatives shall be
          informed of, and have access to, any hearing as well as to all information
          relevant to the investigation, and shall be entitled to present other
          evidence. The family of the deceased shall have the right to insist that a
          medical or other qualified representative be present at the autopsy. When the
          identity of a deceased person has been determined, a notification of death
          shall be posted, and the family or relatives of the deceased immediately
          informed. The body of the deceased shall be returned to them upon completion
          of the investigation.
          17. A written report shall be made within a reasonable period of time on the
          methods and findings of such investigations. The report shall be made public
          immediately and shall include the scope of the inquiry, procedures and methods
          used to evaluate evidence as well as conclusions and recommendations based on
          findings of fact and on applicable law, The report shall also describe in
          detail specific events that were found to have occurred, and the evidence upon
          which such findings were based, and list the names of witnesses who testified,
          with the exception of those whose identities have been withheld for their own
          protection. The Government shall, within a reasonable period of time, either
          reply to the report of the investigation, or indicate the steps to be taken in
          response to it.
          Legal proceedings
          18. Governments shall ensure that persons identified by the investigation as
          having participated in extra—legal, arbitrary or summary executions in any
          territory under their jurisdiction are brought to justice. Governments shall
          either bring such persons to justice or co—operate to extradite any such
          persons to other countries wishing to exercise jurisdiction. This principle
          shall apply irrespective of who and where the perpetrators or the victims are,
          their nationalities or where the offence was committed.
        
          
          E/aN. 4/1990/22
          page 113
          19. Without prejudice to principle 3 above, an order from a superior officer
          or a public authority may not be invoked as a justification for extra—legal,
          arbitrary or summary executions. Superiors, officers or other public
          officials may be held responsible for acts committed by officials under their
          hierarchical authority if they had a reasonable opportunity to prevent such
          acts. In no circumstances, including a state of war, siege or other public
          emergency, shall blanket immunity from prosecution be granted to any person
          allegedly involved in extra—legal, arbitrary or summary executions.
          20. The families and dependants of victims of extra—legal, arbitrary or
          summary executions shall be entitled to fair and adequate compensation within
          a reasonable period of time.
        

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