Aadel Collection
Letter From Iran
l)Ec. 11 A STORY from the Kennedy )‘ears which li ts the rare qual- ity of being true is that once, w hen tIle P resident was ot he rwiSe en— gaged, Dave l>owers, his original guide to the pour Irish of Boston and later a Corn hijied compalli ) ii and jester at the White house, was delegated to kill a few minutes with the Shalt of Iran. Subsequently, he was asked how he liked his Imperial Majesty. ‘‘/A,Tel],)) Powers said, ‘‘lie's our kind of Shah.'' I was reminded of that story when I saw the Shah few weeks ago here in Fe he ran. At that point, M diammed Reza Pahlavi wasn't anybody's kind of Shah. I Ic received we, as he had on several of my p ic i'i ois visits, in a ball- room on the second floor of tile Nia— varan Palace, on the northern outskirts of Ieheran. lie 1ook d pale, spoke in subdued tones, :uul seemed dwarfed h the vast expanse of tile rt on, wit Ii its huge, ornate eh;tndeli is and heavy F:n pii e furniture. He wore a double— breasted suit whose blackness suggested moti ruing. He St a rte il wit ii a ii api 1 gy He was sorry to have kept rue waiting. l'lte American and B ritishi Ambassa- dors had been in to see him. ‘‘‘l'hey tried to cheer me up,'' he said. “As if there were anything to lie cheerful about.” I expressed surprise at and, indeed, felt some suspicion about this show of glut m . There had it d ti no list iii — tions in many P ;11ts of tlic L'I) )ilitr ', alit 1 strikes, hut 1'elieran, ipart from tile university, seemed cal ni, and the A rnly was in thorough control. ? ioreovcr, the opposition was headed by the l/1 s— 1cm clergy, and tlie were clearly di— vided. Surely, I said, the factions could he played off against each to in r. ‘‘Possibly,'' the Shalt said, shrugging his shoulders in an elaborate show of disbelief. I pointed our that tie leader of the lay oppositit ui, Kit rin t San a hi, was the to go to Paris to see the nit st intransi- gent of tile religious leaders, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Die gossip in Te- heran ‘was that a compromise deal was in the works. Sanjahi would win KJio— mcmi's blessing for t coalition govern- ment. The coalition would make ic— forms but maintain the nioiiarcliy. ‘l'he Shah expressed doubt that KIto— mcmi would agree to that. ‘‘Certainly not with Sanjabi,” he said. I further noted that, while there was ohvh tuS unrest in the Cowl try, the Shah himself had lifted the lid by easing up on security and initiating -efo -ms, May— he all that was required was a si, we r pace and more publicity for the changes he had made. I mentioned that one of the problems was corruption in the royal family. He had decreed a new code of conduct fur royal behavior, hut it had not been published. Could I get a copy? The Shah agreed—with. a weary air. If worst came to worst, I went on, there was always the Army. The mili- tary was strong, and its leaders were loyal. f'lie Shah said that force had its limitations. “You can't crack clown on one block and make the people on the next block behave,” he said. I asked him if the Army leaders realized that. “I hope so,” he said. He went on tt mention his soji and heir, Crown Prince Reza, who, at eighteen, iS 110W an air ca(let in Lubbock, Texas. The Shalt said tlta t he might not he able to pass all his powers tin to his son, bitt 1 ie could at least pass on the throne. I remarked that I had never Seen him so sombre, and asked when the black on 4)1(1 hail begun. ‘tile unit- in so turner,” lie said. ‘‘A tiy 5l)& i 1I reason?'' veil us,'' lie said. I iii tiniated that maybe he was over- doing the blues to elicit sympathy atiti perhaps sup,iort from tile United States. ‘‘//‘hi;tt could America do?'' lie asked. I said that that depended upon what hi:ippeticd , and asked him wh:it lie thou gut that might be. “I don't know,'' lie said. I asked him what his advise is thought was going to ilithtl iet i. ‘‘Many things,'' lie said, with it hitter laugh, and he msc, indicating that that all he had to say. - - — ‘] HE day after seeing the Shah, I drove, with an Iranian friend w had agreed to serve as an interpre to Qurn, a religu)us ceri ter with a p°p lation of roughly two hundred arid ty thousand, about seventy—five mi south of Teheran. Qum is the C .'tt..i try's foremost training center for priests—or mullahs, as they are kno in common parlance—of Shiite Isian the creed of ninety per cent of Ira thirty-six million people. Shiism iv, made the state religion at the hcg fling of the sixteenth century by a ne dynasty, the Safavids, who needed dig in against the Ottoman Turks. T' Shiites form the minority—--and larg. Persian—branch of the Moslem ii gion. As distinct from the ma o r branch—the Sunnites (who for ci-; tunes vested the line of authority fr,,i Mohammed in a caliphate that Iowed the tides of history frt.m l Inascus to Baghdad and thence, tk. the Turks, to Constantinople)—_ k Shiites traced the line of desce” through the Prophet's son—in—law, A Au, according to Shiite law, was first of twelve Imams, or holy lead.- ; The twelfth Irnam withdrew from world and is due to return some tin as a Mabdi, or Messiah. Au was burii: in An Najaf, and his son, Hossein, Karhala, and those cities, now : are, after Mohammed's tomb in Me ca, the principal shrines of Sbiite is' The eighth Imam, Rez ., d- Meshed, which is a town some hundred miles east of Teheran, an the mist holy shrine in Iran. Reza' sister, Fatima, died in Qum, so the includes Iran's second holiest sh :nc well as many madressahs, or sern::a. The most renowned students Islamic law in Qum, Meshed, an other major cities ate referred c ; i y the title Ayatollah, which means, lit- ct-ally, “Sign of God.” Fc)r roughly th past fifty years, the Ayatollahs of have been the dominant religious lead- ers in Iran. Ayatollah Khomei'i,. though born in eastern Iran, was ecu- cated in An Najaf, and then in Qu- and subsequently taught in Qum. : : achieved national stature between 196. and 1963 as the header of the oppos' turn to various features—including c: education and, many say, land form—of what the Shah called “white revolution.” In 1963, Kbomc was expelled, and moved to the s. t 'r of An Najaf. The raiica gime - Iraq, whic i in I 975. af:e: y a s bickering, reai.hed ar a 'm BP0005 88 LETTEft FftOM IftAN , . -,!_
35 iwccd ( IZ ast wl;cfl trouai s €came intense 10 Iran, and he moved to PZIfls. He had been succeeded as the dominant figure in Qum by Ayatollah Shariatmndari. lor most of the past dozen years, the ,nadressali students have made Qum a center of op— position to the regime. Professor Michael Fischer, of I larva rd, who spent mitch of 1975 in that city, ile— scribed the atmosphere at the time, in a mono- graph lie called “Ihe Qum Report,'' as ‘‘one of siege and coura- geous passive hostility to a state perceived to be the stronger, hat morally corrupt, °PP°— nent.” The p resc ut wave of troubles was Set in motion early this yea r by vi o I e ii demonstrations against the Shah in Qiim. I had telephoned ahead for an ap- pointment with Shariatmadari, and lund been connected with a Pakistani aide of his named Seyyed Rivzi, Who sptike English. Rivzi told me to be in Qium by eight in tile morning, because his Holiness, as he called Shariatmadari, went to the mosque at nine and Spent the rest of the day in prayer and medi- tation. My translator friend and I ar— rived before eight and, with the help of directions from the local police, found our way to Shariatmadari's quarters. He lives in a narrow hack street, paved with white brick and lined with yellow- ish walls. There are doors in the walls every ten yards or so, and, behind the doors, courtyards leading to build- ings that are used as offices and houses. We were first shown into an office, where we were received by Rivzi, a fat, middle-aged man wearing specta- cles and a black turban; he kept push- ing the turban hack from his forehead in order to scratch his scalp. Rivzi said that I was in luck, for His Holiness was feeling ill that day. Because he was not well enough to pray, there would he ample time for the interview. Rivzi asked me to disclose my qiles- tions in advance. He would write them down in Farsi and then read them off to I us hioliness—that way, there would be no mistakes I heg:in read— ing fri ni a list of p eSto ms I had P re— p;trcd. lie repeated them in F. tiglisli, then Set tiitin oiow,i iii larsi, tuutl 1e 1 (I them back to my Iranian friend for his approval tile translati on. A coo— p!e of times, the I. nglish Version oil my q estion differed Sign i fi ca ii tl y I m i ii t ic ot-iginal, ao(l at length r pointed out one of the (liscrCpaflc it -s. Rivzi Said, ‘‘I was not trained as :i reporter, bitt in the past few months I've been the in- terpreter for sixty—eight difFerent in- terviews. I've become quite good a framing questions. I lit pe y mind a little editing.” After the questions had been given, edited, and translated, we moved across the Street to see Shariatunadari. lie is a man of sev nty—six, with a white beard, a frail frame, and a thinitisli voice. He, too, wore a black turban and glasses—in his case, thick glasses over weak hut distinctly friendly eyes.. He received us in a hare, whitewashed room lit by a single electric bulb, which dangled from the ceiling. There were Some uninteresting rugs on the floor, and a curtain hung across the window on a string. Shariatniadari was lying down on an opened Crimson l)ed roll, with his head and shoulders raised nfl a purple pillow. Rivzi arid another aide, whose function I never discovered, sat, legs crossed, facing His Holiness. I sat : 11a lId t- hi III, :ilso C ross—i egged, hi it wit Ii 111%' hack ag:uinst a wall. In the C ‘ut-sc of our talk, which lasted sev— ml hoi t rs, a riotis people came in to see Sha riatinadari, kissing his hand, preSsing petitions on him, often with too ‘I1e between the pages, and then hit rrving awa '. A telephone by the bed roll rang frequently, hut it was an— swei-eil only rarely, by tile non—Paki— st:oni aide, who usually managed to pick it up after the c:ihler had stopped trying to get through. Sha na tniadari began by asking about my trip down to Qum. I said that it had been easy hut that we had noticed a lot of troops in the town and, on the wail (if his house, a scrawled sign say- ing “I )e:ith to the Butcher Shah.'' His Ho1ine s said, “I don't know what is happening in Iran. I never saw a nation in such a spirit of revolt. It is cru pt in g like a v dcaiu i and, like a vol— en no, after hi jib liii g ii i p rcSsuu ic for years and years it is impossible to stop.” My fit-st question had to do with tile revival of religion iii Ira ii as :i political Iou-c-c. Shiariatniada ri said, “Religion used to he consideu--d marginal—_apart ft-urn the ni:iioustreani of events. Now it li;ts become ni uteh Stronger than before. The reas 01 is that religo 01 provides ;i ii— swet-s to pi-ohiems of Ci 'nscieuce. It pt- i vides a Vantage P°i t lot- fighitiuig in— ‘J -er- '/ot/y'c hazing .cp;-i/z-crs.”
136 DECEMBER 18,1978 IN NEW YORK... Complimentary Continental breakfast served in your room. Each room and Suite has a serving pantry. Gracious dining in the Restaurant Laurent. The super place to stay in the fashionable heart of the city. just off Park Avenue. The Finest In Italuin Cookinq! Nanni, your host, is ready to serve you at ‘uncheon, dinner & after theatre 133 £. 61 SI. (Park & Lexington) N.Y.C. Reservations: 838-3939 Open Mon. thru Sat. You've Waited Long Enough. 7 This Is The Year For Hilton Head. Palmetto Dunes. Cuff .)our1ra eI agenIôrw ft ,: Pt) Ho* ‘ (M)6-N Y Itiho , tIeud Ict nd. South Curol inn 29928 0, UStiCe. In oti r Shiite religion, spiritual k aders are reatly at all times to assert the truth arid the right.'' I asked him what injustices he had in mind. He said, “ Ve have never had free elections. I he elections in the past were all dominated by local magnates or the consulates of foreign powers. The consequence has heen that we now have laws repugnant to Islam and to the ptihlic interest. For example, alcoholic heverages are permitted. There is gambling. There is illegitimate sex—by that I mean sexual relations between people under twenty who are not married. The authority to marry is in the hands of civil oflicials. But it should not he. Marriage is not a deal or a contract. It is something spiritual, and so it should he performed by the religious authorities.'' At that point, there were sounds of firing in the distance, and I started. ‘‘J)uzi ‘t he afraid,'' he said. ‘‘We're used to that kind ( f noise.'' I asked him to tell me about the tr nihies in QuilL I {e said, ‘‘From the beginning of the (list it rhances in Qurn, we have asked people to speak their ininds, hut with calm and dignity, not in a provocative way. But I renieniher a few miiotiths ;Igo a company of sol— (hers headed by a major general walked into these lreme s :ind ailno (inc l.d they were on a mfliSsi (ml from the govern- ment. ‘l'hev st;u-ted breaking windows :iod sliootiiig, ( )tie person was killed 0 (1 tile SJ t ;iii(l ;Iilotile r dietl in the lios— pita 1. Later, th government apolo— gii.c l. B Lit I ask, ‘How cati you apolo— gite for killing people?' Had it been the Prune V1ii iismer' house, would it have heeti enotai ii inemelv to apologize? Such an acti(•(ml ;iloiit- is i(leqii;tte for tile to deJa r i ii liol ' war or revolution ‘llt;mt might have let ppc tied if I We ic ii , t dc v (teil to til t Ca use of mn I asked hiiii how he would rectify tie ui ;iml% imi i5ti iiS antI wrongs he had cited. lie said that he favoriti it r ,tiirii 1 (1 tile CunStittitlon of 1906 a (luclimil('iit that a liberal move— mci it wit Ii SLI 1 I lit fri IIII t Ii t' clergy had wrum i from time Qajar dynasty, which receded tile fairmily 1)1 tIle present Shah. 1 'hic 1906 constitution provided for, ;unoiig ((thi I things, a Supreme council >f t v religiotis leaders who — would have ii vct right over all laws. ‘‘If tile', foujitl tile l; WS repugnant to l 5hii l l 01. II) piiImci 1 )les (If justice Om- :igammist tile in temsts the majority,'' Shariatmitdat-j s;iid, “they could reject asked .s' iat Wauki! haaaen if the five religious leaders disagreed among themselves. H said, “That would not he possible, for they represent tue highest spiritual authority.” I persisted with the question about a possible disagreement. “in that case,” he said, “the issue would he referred to the highest spiritual authority in the I assumed lie meant himself, and any doubts on that score were settled by Rivzi. He said, “His Holiness would have the final word.” I remarked that many people in rran, and in other parts of the world, had different views from His Holiness on such matters as religious liberty, land reform, and the role of women. He cut in before I could develop this theme. “The journalistic community in tile world,” he said, pointing a bony finger at me, “has constantly made the lihelluus charge that we religious lead- ers are anti—progres.sive and reactionary and anachronistic. That is not the case. want science, technology, educated men and women—_physicists, surgeons, engineers. But we also want clean and honest political leaders. Those who make the charges against us are them- selves reactionary, because their goal is to stop us from instituting a govern— mflent of hope. The government of God is the government of the people by the people.'' I said that I would still like to know where he stood on the issue of equal rights for women—coeducation, for eXamj)le. Very smoothly, as if there were no break in the 1 ine of thought at all, he asked me hoW many Presidents there heid been iii American history. I said that it wasn't altogether clear whether tile figure was thirty— eight or thirty—nine, He said, “You come all the way over to Iran to ask about the rights of women here, and you don't even know how many Presidents you have had in your oWn country.'' I explained that the matter was complicated by tile fact that Grover Cleveland had been President twice but not consecutively. I said that for the sake of argument we could assume there had been thirty—nine Presidents. “How many of them have been women? “ lie asked. I said that none had hut that that seemed to me beside the point. What, for example, did he think about coedu- cation? He said, “I'm not opposed to the education of women for all kinds o -& - Elegant Quiet Secure Sin 5 ir. $5'( ,o $60; ix,ol,k. $61 ro $70, o— Room Su,t& . $9 11 Co $10. his,, by ri t w rt'k,,r nonm I , DO YOU WISH OUR BROCHURE? Kathleen Brick, Reservations 111 East 56th Street, New York 10022 212 PLaza 3-8600 ‘ POSTER ORIGIflALS. L1b' 924 Mödison Avenue NCwYO(I ( 10021 0610422 306W. Dosdwey New Yoik 10012 MonSot. 10-6 .cD O” E < a,e s < ,< 5 ; Z . 2 2' W!9C) *c w > 4. $4. for new color cotelOgue#5 4 '
‘ W 137 We asked Rocky Graziano to choose his favorite Dakin. The buff k. A tough decision, because the champ was just like a.kid, crazy about all kinds of Dakins — bears, squirrels, walruses, elephants, the whole menagerie Of course, they say that the best prizefighters are just old softies outside the ring, but almost anyone of any age is a pushover for a Dakun Every Dakin is plush and furry Every Dakin is created with care and quality And every Dakin is irresistibly embraceable There's a Dakin for everyone At leading stores everywhere s. B it I do r a: want -oeduca& nJ ir to separate the SC000jS 01 learn— from the schoois of flirting. We 5lam d n't look on women as play- gs, accepted as long as they are ig and beautiful, and then cast y. In Islam, the older the woman, t iigher her status. We know that in ucational schools there s a cor— ion of moral values, which is re- ed in the police records. The girls lop certain relations, and some illegitimate children, and others abortions. The girl loses her self— ct and her status in society. Either uffers a great personal loss or she up another way of life—prosti— asked him his opinion of abortion. aid, “In Islam, abortion is consid— murder. Therefore, abortion is not itted.” asked him his views on hirth con- He said, “Birth control depends on in circumstances. In small, over— Lated countries that have no land, control is acceptable. But in our try, where the population occupies one-fifth of the land, there is ced for birth control. Procreation d he free unless there is a particu— roblem. In our country, that prob— loesn't exist.” asked him whether there was ity in Islam for people of other re— s. He said, “In Islam, Christians, and Zoroastrians are all accepted ual—unless they become a Fifth nn for foreign meddling in this :ry. Jews are accepted as Jews hut defenders of Zionist aggression.” hen referred to the Baha'i sect, began as a retorm offshoot of Islam, and has been popular in particularly among educated peo- ho have done well in business and :s. He said, “Baha'i is accepted as ‘i per se hut not as a clique divid- p government posts among them- and working for the foreign in- s.,, sked him where he stood on the reform that the Shah had decreed 63. He said, “Land reform is a on of the past. Even if there were objections made at the time, there no objections to the principle of reform hut only to the means of rnentation. The Shah could have the same thing in accordance with rinciples of Islam. That is typical • regime. In order to build roads treets, he destroys the house of an oman and does not give her an— house.” that point, Shariatmadari re— Rocky :cnd hk Dakin
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Tel: (091) 546471, l ix 19317 priached rae for picking riot one is— sue at a time instead of dealing with the culture as a whole. ‘‘Culture is a mixture of many interwoven tiungs,'' he said. ‘‘Yni cannot in fairness juSt pick on individual matters as if they were unrelated. For example, in the /Vest you cannot COnCeIVe of a banking system that does not charge interest on loans. But in Islam, for many different reasons, our view is that interest should not be charged.” I said that that was true; no one in the /‘Vest could .unrlei 'stand how a guy— e rnment without the power to raise in- terest rates could control inflation. I went urn Or say that his point seemed Va 1 — ol, and so I would shift subjects. I asked hint where he stood on the issue of meet— iii gs with reptesciltatiVcs of the Shah. lie lord tad some ‘‘ tinoflieial meet— ric s,'' he said, and went on, ‘‘Bitt we can't lriive uflicial meetings. The religious aotlrrrrities will partiCipate I I I ll offers of a solution to tire present problems, hut only with ii Lair and just ice ‘r i one n t m l par] ia inc n t. %Ve can Cr rIpe ate frilly rrrt ly a fter free elections rave returned a popularly chosen gOV— I'll In Cit I said, anti he acknowledged, that the Shalt ir;r,i trier! Or institute Some re— Irrruis riireeterl toward liberalizations of tue regime. I rrhscrvi'd that onarny ;/nlericirrrs felt tlrat President Carter, by iris It rtnn;ui—riglrts campaign, had played a r lie iii frrstering thrrse refxrrnns. Slrari rtin;rtiari said, ‘‘Carter's hri— nirann—rigiits P hey has riot been a very isnprrrtaist prirpellinig frrce, though it has mr it bee ii tally without effect in prmslrirrg liberalization. But itt Islam we rave sr nine skepticism imhrrrmt tire sinccri— tn' of Carter's irrminuntt—tights apprrraeh, bee a u e lie d rresr ‘ t apply it tr r tite U nit— cii Nirtirr is. In tire U.N., five countries have tire veto. I i it means we are Hot &‘qrmal. But the ;llnericans don't say ;mn lytiriiag about that.'' - a magnificent central square, the May- dan—c—Shah ; the exte ar rrdinary B ridge of Thirty—three Arches; and a gen- era] air of refined elegance. But even ftom the air, I could see burgeoning suburbs and smoke from factories— signs that change had come to Isfahan. A local oThciaI, who asked not to he mentioned by name, rapidly brought me up to date on rlevelopments in Is- fahan. He said, “F'ive years ago, there were five hundred and sixty thousand people in Isfahan, and this was one of the most beautiful cities in the world. Then the Shalt decided that there. was tot) much administrative and economic concentration in Teheran, and that he needed to decentralize. So he put a steel mill here. And an airhase, with a helicopter training center. Naturally, foreign companies followed suit. Bell I lelicoptc 'r came in with the . training base. I)u Pont put a plant here. Now we have more than a million people. ‘I ‘he doubling in five years of a J)opula— turn that had been stable for three hun- dred years has changed everything. 1'lnis used to he an educational cen- ter, with a university, many religious schools, and lots of music. Now it is an industrial town, over three hun— tired thousand workers have come in from the countryside, most of them without their families. They live five irr six to a room in the poorer quarter of town. They make good wages—a do]- her seventy—five an hour—hut they don't have their families, and they're miserable. Everybody else has been af- fected, tot). Tine bazaar merchants used to he very important. NOW the banks manage credit, and the engineers are the big shots in town. “Students have grown up under the Shah, and they don't know what things were like before development started. All they know is that the Shah prom- ised that Iran was going to be like France or Germany. That isn't hap- pening. The huge surge in population means that services are spread too thin and are constantly breaking down. lucre aren't enough telephones. It's impossible to buy a car. The schools are jammed. Housing is scarce. During the past three years, there has been a re— cessiirn, especially in building, and manly laborers as'e out of work. So tire students are in a mood to reject every- thing that has happened. They are turning hack to the old days, and pur- suing an idealized version of what thtngs were like then. They are push— rug tine mullahs to go back and re—cre- ate the wonderful past. The mullahs see a cbarsce eg a . : eir prestge ; d oowe'-, T'he provide be r Portraits by YOUSUF KARSH of Ottawa in NewYork by appointment (212) TE 8-4565 A C( ) UPI, E of days later, I flew tir lsf;rln:rnn, with my Iranian I ‘ic tnt! ag:s is acer run pa is V in g me irs an iii— terpreter. Isfaitani, as tIne 1966 Imachette (Jui,/, pr'rci:riisis with unwrnted effu— sirrnl, is “urnie of rite mist man'vellous Pla is inn tire world.'' lime CitS' lies on a (‘i:rteitu watered h zs large u:rsis and a Irs-ely str''anit. Sirah Ahbas 1——tise t.pe;itest 1>i - -rsiani ennperrri', flirt excepting TUT HAS NEW ZIP Xerxes and tire tlnr'ee I)arisiscs—-—isiade PREPARE TO MEET TUT. Dora/cd pride tO it isis capital at the end of tile sixteenth s,gnhlicarrt synrbolis,ri in Tot exhibit. Expluri,rs exhibit and i,tdividutils. gods. and symbols Cetsttit'y ; at tirat trifle, it had a pripula— as they appear on exhibit items. S ,cnd 5OUt titrrn of ahr ,rrt hal I a mnillhrn, and was time looking and appreciating — not reading - Send $350 o King Turgw e re 'ho )eg ' rnnsrrng tin “g st tics ‘t h_ WOijO Rd., Convent Station. N ‘. 0796 i. rcmembuu-e: Irir:ni i p1'e” uoc. v srt. a Please reorder. 1 , , _____________ Prior ad had wrong , ruecaoe uugii, arou ic . tree—.,xneC :uvenees;
Tl- l t fEW VO i 139 with a power base for outting rcsstrc orL the government to g:ve thc : ne consideration and importance they have been seeking for years. So the mullahs o along. That's the dynamic of trou- ble in Isfahan.” I asked about the circumstances re- lating to the declaration of martial law in Isfahan back in August, a month before it was declared in the other ma- jor cities of the country. The local official said, “That's a perfect example. All through the Sprin and summer, after riots in Qiim in January, and in Tahriz in late Fehru- ar), this town was seething with unrest. The workers were (lemandintz hctt r housing conditions, and more money to meet inflation. The bazaar merchants were bitching about the loss of their old status, about price controls, and competition from the big banks and supermarkets. The intellectuals Were complaining about the lack of freedom. The students were telling the mullahs to do their stuff, and the mullahs were saying ‘right on.' About the first of August, a mixed group of workers and students occupied the home of the most prominent local religious leader, A a- tollah Khademi. The governor-gen- eral and the local Army commander went to Khademi and told him to get them off the premises. He tried, hut he couldn't, On the contrary, the crowds got bigger and bigger. At one point, maybe twenty thousand people were camping there, Vhen Khadcnii tried to cool them down, the students turned ugly. They took down the post- ers of the Shah and put up posters of Ayatollah Khomeini. On August I I d i, the military decided to clear the place. rroops moved in, threw tear gas, and pushed the crowd out at bayonet point. The crowd then went on a rampage. It burned down a bank and a hotel and fifteen other buildings. It threw a bomb into a bus for Bell Helicopter employ- ees. That's when martial law was de- dared. The bazaaris—the bazaar nicr- chants—immediately went on strike and closed down their shops in protest. Fhe mad ressah students stayed in their schools, but they demonstrated every day, always making more radical (I C— mands. On the night of August 2lst, two high—school teachers, who had built up a large following of anti—gov- ernment young people, were arrested and sent to Teheran, Next day, the kids hit the streets, and there has been trouble of one kind or another ever since,” I asked for and was given the names of the teachers— wl i had been re- leased after a mop tli in custody. They ‘Victorian International' is now alithe rage... this might be a very good time to sell.” __________ ‘Victorian International' cncomr,asses ,.qi s ei all those delightful and well-made follies of. Po c. ,s jed Deco,e Woes furniture and decorative arts which flourish. dmno,, of Soththy I' e *è &nISl ed from the mid-l9th to the early 20th century, the eclectic styles we all identify with Victoria's reign: Persian carpets, Japanese porcelain, elaborate Louis XV and XVI style settees and cabinets,- repoussf silver from Kirk and Tiffany, mammoth Sevres and Dresden porcelain urns, animalier bronzes and brilliantly painted Viennese enamels.” • “Fashions constantly change. After the point where things are just • ‘old-hat', they become ‘in' again, often to a whole new generation of young collectors. That's exactly what has happened to ‘Victorian International.' 18th century and earlier works of art are usually very expensive now and are often - found only in museums, so Victorian glitter and glamor has become - - fashionable once more. Interest is world-wide, and PB Eighty-Four, Sotheby - Parke Bernet's gallery at 171 East 84th Street, has done a great deal to nurture that interest.” “PB - Eighty-Four's ‘Victorian International' sales have been extremely - successful . . . we aim to indude only the best, and recent prices have indeed been extraordinary. We anticipate even more excitement in the future, so if you have 19th century decorative arts: porcelain, • enamels, silver bronzes, furni- - • rare. you should consider sell- ‘I)R Eig1itya.L iir - ing at auction now. The best and easiest way is just to call us at New York most ssn rnsii 'sg auctio,s galkiy (2 12) 472-3577. We'll take care of 171 East 84th Street, New York 10028 all of it for you.” 212/472.3583 it's The Perfect Time To Give A Rolex The “Air King” Oyster Perpetual by Rolex. Automatic -movement. Stainless steel and fourteen karat gold. 995. - TIFFANY&CO. NEW YORK FIFTH AVE. & 57TH ST. ZIP: 10022 • TEL: (212) 755 80OO ATLANTA - CHICAGO ‘ HOUSTON- SAN FRANCISCO ‘BEVERLY HILLS Add soles ax where applicable ‘ American Express Diners Club ‘Master Charge ‘ Visa
DECEMBER i8, 197 8 ThE NEW YORKER Ii id no telephones, so my Iranian friend and I picked one—Hassan Zehtah— and drove mit to see him, lie lives Ofl the outskirts of town, in a neighbor- hood of n a r r ow, twisting u op nv e (1 streets. The car could barely squeeze between the walls, and the puddles and mud in the r ad reminded me anew of the origins of the custom of remov- ing one's sh es before entering a mosque. Once we were in the neigh— ho i-hood, we had no trouble finding the house; everybody we asked knew Has— san Zehtab, and where he lived. Mr. Zehtah turned out to he a. partly bald, moonfaced muddle—aged man with a complexion slightly darker in tone than that of most Iranians. He was carefully dressed, in a suit, white shirt, tie, and sweater. I saw only two rooms of his home, and they were modest in size and hare of ornament. When we arrived, Zehtah was mcctii g in one of the rooms with about forty disciples. He agreed to see me. and we moved into the other room, with ten of his disciples coming along. I asked Zehtah to tell mc a little about who he was and what he believed. He said, “I'm forty years old, and I have been a schoolteacher here in Isfahan ever since I graduated from the University of Teheran, Tifteen years ________ ago. In all this time, I haven't seen one truly free election, or one instance of concern on the part of those in auithori— ty for the happiness of the people. I think the only way to bring about the happiness of the people is through an Islamic culture. We're given to under— stand that the ruling clique is talking about religion now, and putting on a turban and the white garments of holiness. But that is a mere pretense. Even a child can see through that. It is. like the ceramic facing on the wall of a building. Everybody knows that beneath the facing there is a real wall, of a different material.” I asked him if it was not true that under the Shah the country had taken large strides toward economic develop- ment over the past fifteen years. He replied, “I have to say with great sorrow that our economic growth is based on a windfall called oil. If we consider where we are, and then where the progressive States like Japan are, we realize how little We have accom- plished. When I think of Japan, I think of a verse: Leila and I were fellow-travellers on the road of life; She reached her home, and I am still a vagabond.” He said, “What we see here is infia— tion—prices for food have gone way op. What we see is the depletion of our oil reserves. At the present rate, we have only twenty years to go. /Vhat we see is an agriculture worth zero. We buy vegetables from Israel, wheat from the United States, onions from :ç r_ key, meat from Australia, oranges from six different countries. Our in- dustry is just an assembly line for prod- ucts made in other countries. We would he poor fools indeed if we were satisfied with that.” I asked him what would satisfy him. He said, “My ideal future is within the framework of Islamic law. That is the guarantee of happiness and a good future for society. On particular reli- gious questions, I don't find it in my area of competence to make answers. I leave that to the highest religious au- thorities.” Al! during the interview, Zehtab, his disciples, my Iranian friend, and I were sitting cross—legged on the floor. I was extremely uinc on f mu ble , a nil it must have been evident, for one of the disci- ples asked if I would like a piece of fruit. I said yes, and he took an apple out of a bowl in the middle of the floor. He began to 1 t l it for me, hut at the first stroke of the knife the blade epa— rated from its handle, He held out the - broken knife. “There 31011 see it all,” he said in disgust. “Our country owns twenty-five per cent of Krupp in Ger- many, hut in Iran we can't even pro . duce a knife that cuts an apple.” Everybody laughed, and I began questioning... the disciples. All of them were students or professional men be- tween the ages of twenty and thirty, and had participated actively in many demonstrations against the Shalt. ‘1 ‘he all supported Zehtah in his quest for an Islamic society. I expressed surprise that young men with professional train— ing should he so drawn to a religion that seemed—to a %Vesterner, at least—not exactly with it. I went around the room, asking the disciples, One by one, a single question: “What (Irew you toward Islam?” The first to answer was a mullnh, in robes and turban, who had a degree in psychology from the University of Te- heran. He said, ‘‘My love for Islam has grown because I have studied it and compared it with other religions.'' The others—fouur students, two employees uf the National Iranian Oil Company, arm accountant, an engineer, and a plìysicist—all gave nearly the same an- swer. Two ‘)f them said that they had compared Islam with the teachings of a nineteen tim—cen tu my Eu 1-opea mm s ucia I Pbfhos ph . —tj i t is, Marx, whose I said that even if some countries had done better than Iran, Iran had done quite well. p jfth eM C/WW& 1
Ut C T1b .IL I5 97 ThE EWYOI1I ER has be n taboo in Iran—and nd it preferable. Another offered generalization “Islam offeis a solu- 1 o th.e complications of our life.” we drove away, I remarked to Iranian friend that the similarity of answers was disappointing. “You ‘t understand,” he told inc. “They followed the lead of the mullah. It sn't make for interesting answers, it makes them happy.” SPENT the night in Isfahan at the Shah Abbas Hotel. The clientele was rely foreign—a sprinkling of Japa- , Indians, Americans, and Europe- Apart from the sight of a section he hotel which had been damaged ng the riots of August, and an ed guard in the gardens, there was .igri of trouble. I lefore dinner, I visited Vanda :e, an American psychologist em- ed by the United States companies king in the Isfahan region. Mrs. :e reported that most of the Amen— in the area lived in a compound, ely removed from contact with the tians. They had the problems usual- ound in such communities. There great boredom—especially among children. Alcoholism was common .ng the women, and man)' of the iren had drug problems. There a good deal of contempt for the ians. “Because of their turbans, y Americans call them rag heads,” • Hake said. “That's the nicest e they call them.” Irs. Hake had some guests, and one 1cm was a bazaar merchant from aid Isfahan family. “I could cry it what has. happened here,” he roe. “It used to he a paradise of Wa— md gardens and beautiful lings. Now the town is of strangers. There are people from the villages. y live in shantytowns. re are ten thousand ricans. They drive up price of everything—es- Wy houses. A house that rented for thousand rials per month live years now costs fort)' thousand nials per th. Many people are unhappy. One ay interests is a building project. workers were Afghanis—three li-ed of them. The other day, the rnment sent the Afghanis home. ow why: There was a crime wave, they did a lot of thc stealing. But dy gave me any warning. Now t do I do? Lots of the young men come to see about their problems. They don't v how to deal with the young ten sitting next to them iii their classes. In the past, they had never seen any women, even mothers and sisters, who were not wearing a veil. Now tlie see miniskirts and hare arms and hare legs. The say to me, //That do they want, these V men? //‘llat are they trying to do to me? “/Vlicn I go to Teheran, I feel as though I were in Hell. Somebody could die right in front of oii and floho(lV would do an v thin tr. l)eep sadness comes over me when r see the uses to which we have pitt our oil wealth. So it iS not SurJ)iiSing that t hcte has been a political eruption. hve years ago, Khomeini WflS nothing. Now he is held up as the equivalent of the Shah.” At breakfast the next day, I met a professor of religion at the university who had been educated at 1 larva nI and Oxford. His family arc memhcrs of the Baha'i sect, and he is going hack to Oxford, at least pa rtlv because of re- ligious persecution. I Ic said he would like to talk about the state of religion in Iran, but nob on condition that I not mentic'n his name. I agreed. He said, ‘‘As a student of religion, I rend wit Il gnat in te rest Toy n bee's ‘A Study of History.' I always wondered why he felt that the next stage of re- generation in the world would he reli- gious. I felt that religion had heen on the ru 11 all (IVC r the world for centu ries. In some places, there have been adjust- ments, hut they have been made oniy slowly and pain fully. Ci i ristia nit )' ac— commodated itself to Darwin, b 1 1 t it was hard even in a tolerant country like Britain. Islam has experienced a nuttnher of shocks and adjustments. lucre have heen several efforts to update tile re- ligion. But they have all failed. By and large, the clergy remains narrow, fanatical, and igno- rant.” He went on, “Tue mer- chants of the bazaars worked hand and glove with the mullahs. They were the two most conservative elements in the cities. Tile hazaaris usually rent- ed land from the religious foundations, and made tile foundations big gifts. But hoth the hazaaris an(l tue founda-. tions have been outmoded by recent developments. When I left Iran to go abroad to school, in 1960, this was still a backward country. Only a few Cities in tile country had running water. There were only about ten thousand people who had heco or wet-c at muliver— sities. Most 111(1 ustry was ha mimlicra Its, and mho(m t eight 3 per Cent of time people still lived in rural villages. In 1970, when I came hack, it was a (life rent country. All the %‘( mung pe pie—and that s over fifty per cent of )7U lation—were going to school. I ere are a hundred thousand univers;ty gra(luates 110W antI almost two him— dred thousand people in universities. On a normal weekend, between one and two million people drive out of Teheran in their own cars. “Tile mullahs have been losing stead— il 3 ' through these developments. Their base was education. Now they have to contend against state schools and urn— versitics. They've lost the large land- holdings they once had. Most of their endowments have been nationalizet!, and are controlled by tile state. No one ever paid muell attention to them until tile present wave of troubles. The ha— zaaris have also lost great power. The banks an(l big companies have taken away their control over loans and credit. ‘There are shops out in tile streets— across from your hotel, for example— So pople don't go to tile bazaar as irnuch. And for a while there was price inspection as part of a campaign against inflation. Ihat llit tile bazaaris very hard.'' After a pause, lie continued, “Peo— 11(1W don't remember what it was like in tile 01(1 days. As late as 1955,. I remember going with my father to a village in tile countryside. The local khan—tlic head man—(Ii(l justice the religious way. He cut off hands for thievery, splitting people's tongues for talehearing. There was a peasant in the village with a beautiful wife. The khan took her, and tile peasant complained to my father. Tile khan went out riding with my father, and they encountered tile The khan took his riding crop :mnd heat tiìe p cilSimnt SeilselesS. ‘“l'he oil hooi1 1 ended all tllat and P t it out of mnini. But it also brought lots of trouhle. Mainly inflation. I'here are buses 110W, ti 1 vegetal)les, butt most peoplc can't afford them. More- over, a lot of the money has been spent-—---I almost said wasted—on big projects an(1 arms purcllases tllat don't do ordinary people any immediate good. And it has to be said that on the cul- tural side the /Vestern world has not (lone well in iran. Students coming hack from Europe and tile United States present tile cities there as Mec— eas for drunks, whores, and illegitimate children. They depict a total break- down of morale. So to the di cuu1ties of local imdjustinent there is added a tarnishing of tile classic model. Ihe Wcst is seen xenophohically, as some— tiling frightening, and tile scarcll for old values is jmitensified. ‘‘It a 15(1 iii IS t( I be ;m, un ittemi t Ii at tue Silail, ill his c Ot 1 ) Imsiasni to build tile U'3umltrv, ignored the people ill it. ho
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A STUDIO BOOK 24 color illustrations $8.95 J f _THE VIKING PRESS T HE TRIP K REFERENCE times, word went through the crowd that soFdiers were coming. ‘I he ranks broke and everybody rushed for CoVer But that day, at least, no soldiers caine. The professors, having no classes, were available and talkative. By far the most interesting was Karim Pakravan, an economist trained at the University of Chicago, whose father, a former Iranian general, had at one time been head of the security-police apparatus, known as SAVAK, and was now work- ing at tI)e Imperial Palace in a high ad- ministrative position. He came to visit me at my hotel room, and talked ft-eely (if his own Situation and that of his colleagues. “Young professional people. want to escape the establishment,” he said. “The establishment is evei-yhody who has i-cal power. In one way or another, either morally or financially, it is cor- rupt. Ve are not brave enough tO JO fl the opposition, hut by being at the urti— versity we maintain a passive opposi- tion. Our case against the government is lack of freedom. All creativity has heeti crushed. I teach a course in eco- nomies. I'm not allowed to say that there's mainuti'ition or poverty, or that we're underdeveloped. A doctor friend of mine went to the countryside to look at health problems. He found all the diseases typical of underdeveloped countries—trachoma, dysentery, that kind of thing. He didn't find cancer and hypertension—the diseases that go with modern society. So he was never allowed to make a report. “A whole generation of Iranians has been raised, educated, and given no freedom. Young engineers, for instance, have only a minor chance to take part in technological development. The Shah didn't develop a technology—he bought a blueprint of technology from the //Test. So there were very few major jobs for Iranians. At least ninety per cent of our people have been left out of development. I have a small consulting finn. I take only lm't'iIte clients. Unless we were huge and foi'eign, we couldn't get government contracts anyway. I might be able to do a project for the government at a charge of, say, ten thousand dollars for a couple of months' work. But people in the govei-nrnent would i'ather hire foreigners at a thou- sand dollars it day. That way, they get a kickback.” He continued, “Khomeini is merely a symbol of Opposition. He is respected as a Moslem, but he has no power. .Ten years ago, no prayers were said in the ‘3mversines. Religious Stct aSs were m : c cec, 5'(- '1, ' t e 'e is 2 ge.a uae s: .- . -oh eni Many of he students ROBERT KIRK, Ltd. Svsnf,anci was BnliSh Goods Sso,eSince 1939 Our Warm Cotton Flannel-Lined Poplin Travel Slacks, $35 masses were left out of his development program. The hazaaris were left out. The mullahs were left out. He thought he could hring them along th rough ceo— nomnic progress without any accompany- ing change in ways of thought. The heart of the difl culty, though, is the new group of university students. From fifty. to seventy—five per cent of them come ft-urn pool' homes. They at-c very dis- turbed when they sit next to a girl in class. They feel a sense of guilt, a fear of being polluted—of secularization. All this takes the form of opposition to the regime as the bearer of /‘Vestern values. The sexual drive pushes the stu- dents in the direction of religion, and the mullahs latch on to them to main- tain their position of importance.'' WCK in Teheran, I found mount- ing turbulence and confusion. A wave of strikes that had started in Sep— timber with employees of the central bank had spread to thie r ban ks, to the telecommunications in(ltlstry, and to the oil workei-s. One day, there was a rutluor that the gas—station woi—kers would go on strike. I saw hundreds (if cii is lined up at several gas stations. Angry motorists jockeyed for position, oud in One place troops had to fire into the air to maintain order. The (university had been scheduled to reopen at the end of Scpttmlc'r, ;iiitl then at the cud of C )ctr ihe r. Each time, regis— (ration had bee it S rppe ul hy st tid en strikes and chemnoisstratioiss. ./fte r the seeond effort, the authorities gave up, and turned the camnp(us, iii dowfltown ‘1 ‘ehe ran, over to the tlcnu 0 1st rao irs. ‘1 ‘here wcre daily protests, amid rnc niot-iming I went to w:utch, with a viSit— ing American professor who spoke l”;ursj. Ai'mnc'ul soldiers iii tanks and iii'— mu (rrcd persurnmsel carriers patrolled the gates, but we were allowed in without an demand to show our credentials. ‘l'lme re we t'e two go nips of demnoust ra— ((Irs, mai'chiisg back and forth. ( )ne group—of about seventy—five students, almost all mnen—w;us clearly Marxist in its political SentinlentS. ‘1 ‘he Stul(Ii'u Its rm-ied placards denouncing inte ma— tis in:ul Imperialism, and chanted s1 g;uns calling for the unity of tIme workers. ‘I'he othie m' group, obviously Islamic in orientation, bore pictu res (If Ayatollah Khomeini and carried signs calling for in Islamic republic. There were sev- eral hundi-ed students in tile Islamic g ro up, md U duig ma fly women. All tile women wet-c veiled. Some wore the cluidor, a garment that envelops the body from head foot, while athet's wr -e hleea .''s , i'S”S. arir: sci'.r”e ve ed their heads a- d fac s. A few Our concise 4 pager gives U.S. departures, rates & itineraries tnt passengers. $2 00 a current copy or $11 00 tar 6 con secutrie issues printed summer & winter. Payable to: Box F AIR & MARINE TRAVEL SERVICE 501 Madison Avenue, N.Y. 10022
,co:me om r ' oCY families inceS The ” nave to rent rroms, and the financial burden is.unhearahle. Ther e has never been a systematic study made, SO we don't know hoW badly off they are. But they don't have enough money. They have to cluster six or seven in a room. In the last few years, there has heen an undoubted effort to reform things. There's real talk in the parliament. Those in SAVAN who were corrupt and who tortured people h;ive been ousted. There's an effort to bring roads to villages, and water. If there should he elections soon, I'd probably vote. But I wouldn't join the govern- ment. Next year is going to be had. Already, because of the strikes and the big wage settlements, it is t'lear that the gross national product will he down by ten per cent. There'll he an incredible inflation. One good thing I can say: At last, after twenty—five years, Iranian politics arc becoming in- teresting.” Pakravan put me in touch with an- other economist trained in the United States, who divided his time between teaching and working fur frail's Plan and Budget Organization. Because of his government job, he asked m c not to mention his name. He said that econ- omists at the Plan and Budget Or- ganization had repeatedly (lone studies showing that, while the national wealth was increasing, many people, particu- larly in the countryside, were relatively worse off. He showed me a report that indicated that the income share of the top twenty per cent of urban Iranians had risen from 57.5 per cent in 1972 to 63.5 per cent in 1975. The share of the middle forty pet- cent dropped From 31 per cent to 25.5 per cent. The share of the bottom forty per cent dropped from II .5 per cent to 11 per cent. /Vhile urban consumption per head was about two times that of the rural areas in 1959, it had by 1972 grown to three times that of the rural areas. But these studies, while circulated abroad, were, he said, not published in Iran. The economist went on to talk about the religious revival. “I was very ac- tive in politics during my high-school years,” he said. “At that time——the early nineteen—fifties—there were only two important groups: the Communist, or Tudeh, Party, and the National Front__which included the Pan—Irani- ans, who wanted to take over parts of Iraq, Turkey, and Pakistan. The young had absolutely no interest in religion. After that, the political situation calmed fhc -re was a brief revival of poli- tics in 1961 and 1962, when Au Amini starteti the hind reform that the Shah later claimed as his own. The Tudeh Party was dead then, bitt the Natic miii Front was strong. ‘l'lw religious people did n't cmi nt. K horneini hecaine impor- tant only after he was (li-i yen into exile by the Shalt. The Shah's father, Re7.a Shah, h;ul been very successful iii fi gut— ing the mullahs. lie ill;ole ii di ed is— sa ult on the clergy--- b leing Wi one ii u take off veils, riding into tile shrines and beating lie in uhl;i is lie hi:ul pub- lic sympathy, because then the clertiv -Were curiiipt and /Ve;tlt liv. They were hated by everybody. Now they have lost their lands anti tile iihigiouis foiin— (lations. lhie ililillahis have hi 'eii puri- fied. They have the power ttl puvl! tv.'' T HE economist at t lie plan iiiii t agency introduced me to Tehranian, an intellectual in i ns mid- dle thirties who had been trained :11 Harvard and then eti—opted iiitu the Shah's SyStem as the head f an institute for the study of commit nications. I Went to see hun itt the institute, where lie looked every hit the lfuutopeati or American intellectual in his cozy oys— ter shell; he had a comfort;ible ofihe with a couple of secretailes, ;uid word a neat hlm suit, a silk tie, :uuid shoes of soft Italian leather. lie talked briefly ahiutit Iranian intihleeiiu;ils. lii ' s:i i, ‘ ‘1 lie great poihihem lacing -the versity graduates once thit ' are (suit of school is a lack of frecd,tn. Ve have lots of intellectuals and technocrats who have views, hut they a ri never allowed to express them. Everything is dictated from the top, and some of it is silly. For instance, •the government tried to build up the television network— -wit hi which I was involved. It was extended to the point where it reacheti Seventy per cent (if the people in Iran. I lien the palace intervened. They insisted that we show pictures of urban giler— rillas confessing their terrorist deeds. ‘They made us put Parviz Saheti, the head of SAVAK's anti-terrorist cam- paign, on the screen, giving his view (if history. We have an intelligentsia, bitt they have no chance to participate. They're just supposed to support the re- gime. But they don't like slavishly sup— I porting the Shah, so they turn against him. Yet, with all this, we have been surprised by the hreadthi of tue move- ment against the Shah. It reaches from plush Teheran to the remotest vil— lages.” Tehranian was said to have been a Marxist before he joined the govern- ment, and I had gone to see him pri- marily because I needed some help in We epeet the enormously popular and unusually interesting outdoors pro- grams to the Himalayas and the Andes, where our small groups ate expertly led by capable mountaineers: - L ? kh Trek JULY AND SEPTEMBER, 1979 These expeditions include a trek through the lovely valleys and moun- tains of Kashmir into the remote country of Ladakh, which was until recently closed to visitors Before and after the trek first class hotel and houseboat accommodations are pro- vided in Delhi and Srinagar. Ijica Trek in Peru JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, 1979 These expeditions provide the stir- ring experience of walking along the ancient Inca trail from Cuzco high above the lovely Urubamba Valley, at a leisurefy pace over three passes and through fabulous Andean scenery to Machu Picchu, the most dramat- ically spectacular archaeological site in the world. Before and after the trek, first class hotel accommoda- tions are provided in Lima and Cuzco. Himalayan - Trek in Nepal FEBRUARY AND NOVEMBER, 1979 These expeditions are unique not only due to the expert leadership but be- cause they combine a trek on foot in the Annapurria region with a trek on elephant back through the Terat iurugle, and a canoe trip on the Rapti River. Between the treks, first class hotel accommodations are provided; and the expedition ends with five days in Northern India, visiting Delhi, Agra and Jaipur. 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Th ‘O 1 EFt ascertaining the part that the Marxists had played in what had been happening. Clearly, the Marxists counted for some- thing in the movement against the Shah, hut I had been given the most diverse estimates of their role, from the most I surprising sources. The view around the palace was that the religious move- ment had been totally taken over iiv the Marxists. That view was shared by the economist who taught at the university as a form of “passive re- sistance” to “the esta blishmen t.” “The resistance is run by the Com- munists,'' lie had told me. “If you want to buy weapons, there is a nuin— her you can call and you get what you ask for. I don't know exactly who sup- plies the weapons—the Russians, tile Cubans, or the Palestinians. But they're the ones who have made the country erupt.” An American official, on the other hand, put absolutely no stock ii i the theory of Communist manipulation. He remarked to me that “the Army and the police and SAVAI< have hecti comhing tile country all year looking for the Communists behind the demon- strations. So far, they haven't found a single one. /Vhy Because there aren't any. The mullahs and the bazaaris be- tween them have informal networks that they've used for years to organize processions and festivals. That's all it takes now. 1'hat's all there is.'' I told Teli ranian (If tile confused picture I was getting, and asked if lie could p(it me in touch with ahy of his former Marxist colleagues. He said that it would he easy, and set up an appoiIit ment for me witlì a friend holding a high post in the Ministry of In n'rma— tioti. ‘Ihe friend would organize an interview with three officials in the Ministry. I was not to talk about Marx. Instead, I should use the euphemism— “a European social philosopher of the nineteenth century.” At the last minute, I had to change the appointment from tile morning to tile afternoon, but that was no prob- 1cm. 1 went to see tue official, and after a few moments he took me into a room behind his office. Three men, all about thirty, were sitting at a table with a woman—a graduate student at the University of Michigan, who acted as translator. I asked them if thcy were believers in the philosophy of a certain well—known European social philos- opher of the nineteenth century, and all three smiled and nodded. I asked them about their education and their jobs. They were university graduates— one from the Sorhonne, the two others from the University of Teheran. The man from the Sorhunne helped j)tlt to— gerber pubIic—opin r .n t oi s for the Min- istry, and tile two others had jobs as engineers. I asked what they found useful in the works of the nineteenth—century social philosopher. One said, “He ex- poses the impci'ialists and their rape of all the countries of the Third Vur]d, including Iran.” I asked how, specifically, the philos— opher's theories were relevant to Iran, and was told about the (lepletion of Iran's oil reserves and the purchase (If American WC OflS for open “use against the people.'' I asked about Iran's prac- tice (If selling natural gas to the So- viet Union and they responded that there was no shortage of natural gas. I asked if they felt that tile Russians hall ( IC 5 g OS on Iraii. All of tiieni thought that compa red to the United States influence, which was ‘‘all—perva— SiVC,'' tile Russian influence was ‘‘so small it d(IeSn't count.'' I asked what recent works by followers of the well— knowii nineteenth—century social phi— losc lphiLr the li;ui read .Afte some liusit a ti'' II, the man f n on the S rhon ne Sai(l, ‘‘Jean—Paul Sartre.'' No Other names were forthcoming. I asked how tile)' felt ahotit the reli— gi(o !s movement against the Shah. All said that they agreed with its oh 1 ec— tives, I asked if t here wasn't a con— tr:iihiction somewhere. Vasn't religion stlpp , osed to he ‘tue opium (If tile pco— plc ‘‘Sometimes that is true,'' I was told. ‘‘Rot in (levClo )iIlg countfles it is ohif— ferent. At times, religious feelings and social 1l1I(V('Ffleflts go hand in hand. Jh;ot is the way it is now iii Iran. /Ve are all of (IS tInitc(i against the Shah.'' S I asked how they thought the go '— crnmcnt o f the Soviet Union felt about the Shah. ‘1 ‘lie)' said t i ey felt tilat thc ' ila(l thi hacking (If Moscow. I asked whether they and their leaders were working from within tile religious movement. Ihere was a silence. IhlCn One (If them said, ‘“Xe arc in an Islamic country, and all So- cial movements inevitably have a re- ligious coloring. %Ve do not believe there will ever he Communism here as there is Conimunisrn in Russia or China. VVe will have our own brand Of soocialjsni.'' Later, the official who had arranged i the interview told Iflo that I ShO(il(i have asked him the same (]ItCStiOns. ‘ ‘I believe that tile Communists arc ma— iliptihating the religious movement,'' he S tld. Still l;iter, an American official showed Inc a translation (If an article in A avid, a new, underground puhlica— tHIn (If the Iiideli Party. Ihe article, Asbach Brandy there that the H excellent taste, Because of thi artistry, carefuhi golden brandyi One of the fin 801 proof The while Rout Secure. Sories froel to qualitY West
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A Gallery of Contemporary Sporting and %Midlife Art Send $2 for our 44 page 1 full color print catalogue Sportsman's Edge, Ltd. Dept N2, 136 East 74th St. New York, NY 10021 Telephone: 212-249-5010 EXPERIENCE . 1t ILCC&Ut*4V SI Croio. Virgin Islands TENNIS, LOVE' Eight vmàth.inq c. urts. on. the C-an b.bean - . tonI III RaIDS Locke 212 S86 3070 NY entitled ‘‘J'he ‘T'odch Party and the MIISICn1 MI)v& tnent, said, “/Ve are ready to put at the disposal of our friends from other political groups all our political propaganda and technical resllurces for the campaign against the Shah.'' I was also shown an inter- view with Iraj Eskandary, the secre— ta i'y—gene ral of the ludch Party, now living in exile in Moscow. Among oth er things, Eskaiidary said, “As far as the r cli gio us aspect of the present movement is concerned, it should he emphasized that the Shiite clergy can- not he viewed as a force demanding a return to the past, to the Middle Ages. Fhe position of the clergy reflects, to a significant e.xtent, popular feelings. And the fact that the religious move- ment is now pl;lying an important role in the rnohili 'Zati (In of democratic and nationalist forces against the dictatorial, :i iiti—na tionalist, and pro—impe rialist re— gime of the Shah can oniy he wel— co r ne ll. . . . /Vc are in favor of a union with all democratic forces, including tile religious oneS.” I I', tile role played by the Marxists in the fomenting of trouble remains obscure, tile role of the liberalization I HS() red by the Sli a ii a nIl his ministers looms larger and larger. ‘i'lie Shah ac- knowledged when I saw him that he ll:ld begun tO l(lOScfl things lIJ) ‘‘about tw i years ago.” I was in Iran in the spring of 1977, and I remember well the widespread talk of relaxation. Jim- my Ca rter's emphasis on ii oman rights Was one of the reasons, hut oniy one, anti not the moSt important. Iranian SttlllCfltS in the United States and Eu— o pe had focussed attention on the re— l) 1 'e features ilf the rcgiine—partic— ularly the practice of torture by SAVAK. Ihe international press, lcd by Le Month', of Paris, had picked up the theme. Both the Red Cross and Ant— I(CSEy International, the' private human— rights group based in London, were asking questions and proposing VISItS. But by far the roost important reason for the relaxation was that the rapid development that followed the great (il—price increase of 1973 proved too complicated for direct control from above. Dislocations and shortages were universal. I recall visiting a new alumi— n urn plant in an iitd ustrial area outside Teheran. The plant was supposed to accommodate several hundred workers, hut they had no housing and no trans— P(O 't, and there were no telephones in the offices. All over the country, power failures were frequent, and the pursuit of scarce goods and services drove in— th ri above :;‘ie twentv— ve -pe —cen-:- per—year level. An effort to hold down inflation hy fixing prices was faili n ill a spectacular manner. It was clear that the economy could he made to work only if there was Some freeing up, some devolution of authority. Signs of reform were ahu ndant that spring. Batches of prisoners were re- leased, and were allowed to talk to the press. The Shah declared that torture would cease—an admission that it had been going on. Corruption, which had never been far below the surface—as witness the Persian origin i f the word “baksheesh”—becarne public in the wake of a scandal that involved payoffs to high officials of the Iranian Navy. The National Front, the chief opposi- tion party, was allowed to circulate let- ters highly critical of the regime. Sni-. dent demonstrations went forward with only token harassment. Even the television appearances of Parviz Saheti, the director of SAVAK's political see— tion, were part of an effort to prove that the organization had a human face. ‘The direction of policy, to he sure, remained ambiguous. Low-level agents of SAVAK continued to stage raids on opposition meetings. Investigation of corruption at the highest levels was sys- tematically blocked—reputedly by the Shah's entourage. But a key figure in the entourage, Amir Assadollah Alam, the Minister of the Imperial Court, fell ill in 1977, and died in New York early this year. His departure from the Court Ministry opened the way for a political change that signalled an un- doubted commitment to reform. In August, 1977, the Shah appointed a new Court Minister, Amir Abbas Ho— veida, and a new Prime Minister, Jam- shid Amouzegar. I saw both men at their homes in ‘Teheran in late Octo- ber of this year, along with the Infor- mation Minister in the Amouzegar government, I)ariush Hornayun. They all talked freely, but not for mdi— - vidual attribution. /Vhat follows is my interpretation of their accounts of what happened during the twelve months beginning in August, 1977—a period of sweeping reforms that boom- eranged to injure them, and the Shah as well. H OVEIDA, an affable and highly in- telligent man, with degrees in history, economics, and political science from the Universities of Paris and Brussels, came to the Court Ministry after nearly thirteen years as Prime Minister—the longest term in modern tin es. He hac . :‘. ma c-r baod m the :‘ap— :d c1eveoumer that c.ha ged the face
153 of ‘Ira i ar Q sciiretl so mriiy o ts peo- ple. Though he wa said to have been tolerant of corruption in the past, he was reputed never to have been on the take himself, and he certainly did not live on the grand scale. He had realized •as early as 1975 that the pace of de- velopment had to he slowed down. ‘°sVe're in orbit,'' he had told me at the time, “and we have to come down to earth.” He brought to the Court Mii i— istry a determination to achieve eco— norniC slowdown and political rcfo As he saw it, the key to both was end- ing corruption at the highest levels. From the beginning, he worked with the Shah on a code of conduct for the royal family. That project brought him into conflict with many members of the family who had been active in private business affairs. In July, 1978, after a long and hitter battle, Hoveida finally won the Shah's approval for the code of conduct. The code was not published, for fear that the spelling out of what was henceforth prohibited would he re- garded as a confession of past guilt. But the fact that it was adopted was made known, and caused virtually every member of the royal family to leave Iran. Here—published for the first time, I think——is the code that the Shah approved last summer: CODE OF CoNnucr FOR THE IMPERIAL FAMILY In order to maintain the high status of the Imperial family, which is respected by all Iranians. the following principles are instituted as the Code of Conduct of the Imperial family: I) Refraining from conduct considered distasteful by social custom. 2) Refraining from any acts or actions not in keeping with the high status of the Imperial family. 3) Refraining from direct contact with public officials for the purpose of handling personal business. These matters will he handled through the Ministry of Court or His Imperial Majesty's Special Office. 4) Refraining from contacts with for- eign companies or organizations which are parties to contracts and deals with Iranian public organizations. 5) Refraining from receiving comnuis- sions for any reason whatsoever, from companies and organizations, foreign or Iranian, which are parties to contracts or deals with the Iranian government. 6) Refraining from receiving valuable gifts from persons, companies, or organi- zations. 7) Refraining from deals of any kind with public organizations, he it the gov- ernment, organizations associated with the government, municipalities, or public organizatiOns. 8) Refraining from direct or indirect (through third person or persons) part- nership or holding shares in companies or orgaiiizatWfls that are parties to deals :;.e gpv ;r er c. punliC orgaluza- tions. 9) Rdrairting from founding or hold- ing shares in organizations or companies whose activities are not compatible with the high status of the meiflt)CrS of the Imperial family, such as restau rants, cab— a rets, casinos, a iid the like. 10) Refraining from the use of facili- ties and properties belonging to govern— me ot and pu 1)1 IC org aniz a ti otis for p ri v ate use. 11) Refraining from tile use—for pri- vate or commercial purposes—of the services of the eniplovees of the govern- men t and associated org mhz a ti otis tv ho also have respotisihi Ii tics and lu ties in fou ndations :issocj ateil with the I mpe ri al family, or related organizations. 12) Ref raining rom asking for special favors or ma k i tig reconi mend at h ins to public officials in the in te rest of ni em hers of the un pt ri I family ii r otlie rs. 13) Ref raining f rofli the use of legal exemptions for persons outside of the liii— penal family. 14) Refraining from the use of nation- al i zed It mis he longing ti t the gov e r OmenS Or pu hI it o rgani z at ii i tiS for the pit nit se of profiting, for example, t Ii rough c inst r uc — tion projects or establish itig conime rci a I service, or industrial organizations. 15) Ref r ai Iii ng f toni receiving ally thing from persons (natural or legal) in lieu of influencing public officials in order to le pa Ii ze acts which would not otherwise be eligible for prolit—niaking (such is part- nership in ownership of large pieces of land in return for registering such lands for the purpose of making profit 16) Refraining from the use of nation— alizeti lands for agriculture anil dairy proj ects. 17) Ref raining from accepting positions on the hoards of I tint r aoce, hati king, :t nil other companies. 18) Voluntary compliance with secliri- ty regulations and wi atever relates to public order. 19) Protecting the prestige and respect of national values and beliefs outside of the country. 20) Refraining from contacts with for- eign embassies in frito unless through the Ministry of Court. Amouzegar came to the office of Prime Minister with a reputation as a brilliant public servant. Hc was cdii— cated at the University of Teheran, at Cornell, and at the University of Washington, and has a Phi). in civil engineering. Before becoming P rime Minister, at the age of fifty—four, lie hati successively headed four Minis— tries—Lahor, Ag nc nIt tire, F'inance, and Jnterior—-—an(i had also served as Iran's chief ncgotiator ii the price— fixing sessions of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Though less supple than Hoveida in political matters, Arnouzegar was thought to h equally free of Corrtip— hon arid far more competent in ceo— florfliçs As Prime Miiiister, he set his to curtailing infi atino anti runt— Ing hut Corruptu in at the ministerial Traditional holiday Poinsettia $17.50 +tax and delivery. Immediate delivery anywhere in the U.S... or ask about our floral arrangements. 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— -— . -- ‘.—I. . ' level. 3 y squeezing hard on the money supply, he Cut Jn ation from thirty—five per cent in August, 1977, to ten per cent in August, 1978. In the process, he earned the enmity of mans' of those dependent on credit, including most of the bazaar merchants and the high rollers in the construction field. As for corruption, he pushed General Nema— toilah Nasseri out as the head of SAVAK and off into a corner as Am- bassador to Pakistan. He forced Fl 1 1 - shang Ansari, the Minister of Finance, to step out of the Cabinet and become head of the National Iranian Oil Corn- pan; . He obliged Mayor Gholarn Reza I Nikpay, of Teheran, to quit. Those ac- tions put him at odds with both the Shah and Hoveida, who had close ties to several of those who had been shunt- ed aside. In the recesses of the Imperial Court, an intrigue was concocted which came to engulf everybody. The starting point was tile death, late in October of 1977, of Sevyed Mustafa Khomeini, the son of the ex- iled Ayatollah. Tile Son, a mullaii, was forty—nine at the time, and he (lied, according to supporters of the Shah, of a heart attack. His father suspected foul play, and, during the Shiite days of mourning for the dead, which fell, in late December last year, circulated a number of letters throwing blame on the _______ Shah. Early in January this year, there was sent from the office of the Court Minister, Hoveida, to the Oulice of the Information Minister, Homayun, the text of an article. Homayun, as was the custom, passed tile article on for publication to the editors of a leading Teheran daily, Ela'alaat. The editors at the paper were sufficiently disturbed by the text to check with Homayun. He told them that it came from the Court and they should go ahead and publish ole!, it. The editors then apprised Amouze- zaif gar of what was in the works. Arnou. zegar called Homayun, who repeated I c the explanation that the article came from the Court and was supposed to he published. Exactly who wrote the ‘rId, article is not known to me, hut the un- willingness of those involved to name a the author suggests that it was either the Shah himself or somebody acting is, on his orders. My impression is that part of the motive was to embroil the Amouzegar government with the re- ligious opposition. The article appeared on January 7th. It boi-e tile title “Iran and the Red and Black Imperialism,” and con- tained a harsh Personal attack on Aya— tollaii Khomeini rt started obliquely, 7 with references to tile recent days of moo riling in which Ayatollah K u 0 — ji meini hau cu 'cuiateci his grievances against tue Shah. Ft iiinvetl ()fl to a discussion of forces designated as Red and Black Imperialism, meaning the Communists atiti the clergy. It said that cooperation between tile two lad been “rare” hut 111:1 t a ii exception was ‘‘tile rinse, Since re, and honest cooperation of both vis— t— “is the ‘Iranian revolution, especially tile progressive and reform in Iran.'' The article went on to recall the opposition to land reform hack in 1963, including the ‘‘riots of June 5th and 6th,'' which had precipitated the expulsion of Avatol Ia ii Khomeini. It said that tile opposition to tile reform had conic from the Comm u nists grouped in the Jioleil Party and from ‘‘tile lalulowilers who had been robbing the peasants for many years.” These groups, the article continued, had turned for “succor to tile clergy since the clergy enjoy great respect among Iranians.” Most of the clergy, the article said, proved ‘‘far too intel— ligen t to act against the Sha h's—people's revolution,” so at tllat point the oppo- nents had decided to “recruit someone from tue clergy wilt) would he adven— ttirous.'' Ihat ‘‘someone'' had turned (lilt to he A atol1a II Khomeini. Accord— in g to tile a rticle, he had “an unknown past,” hut apparently llad lived for maIl)' years in India, where lIe had ( 1 C— veloped contacts with centers of Brit- ish imperialism” Ihe article concluded by denou llcing Ayatollah KIlotlic ini OS ‘‘Someone who had taken the initiative in carrying out tile pla OS of Red 011( 1 Black I mpcrialisin . . . who fought land reform, tile Wc Ollell ‘5 v i ite, the nation— ali7ation of t he foi-ests who would sincerely serve cOilspirators and Fiftil Columnists.'' On Ia ii ua iv 9th, two ilars afte the article ;upjlc:ired, the religious StIl— (kilts in Quiii went iflt(l tile Stree,, to piotes the att;ick on Khomeini A I I 500Moa I L3At HARBOURt L
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Nine peo 1 )lo were killed 1 it I thuu IV Were IflJ ii red. loi 'ty daVS later, ii Juihiiz, a mt_iniinal service WaS held for those killed in Qum. Ag:siit, thee was a clash with (lice. I his time, thirteen people Were killed . After that, trouble came in Te— Iier;i it and Isfahait and Meshed, and tin-n iii Qtiiuu once more. August 5th tn iked ri-in's Constitution I)ay, and the eve of Ramadan, the Moslem month of abstention. The Shah de— live ie (1 a ililtil I I, wiii C te Ic visa h i sad — cast, pledging that he would go ahead with the liberalization p 1og im But all tii rough that month, in city after city, there were :issaiilis on the symbols of /Vc tein fir tdernity associated with tinS Shah's ruic——hanks, casinos, and cincittils. Jiie c;in1 )aigit reaChed a hor— rihin. climax i ii Ahadan, the Site of the colli ltr)'s largest oil iehuiery On Au- gust 20th, tile Rex Cinema was de— stro -v i by Irsurit, and SOInC four hun— dr c 'd and thirty people lost their lives ii t lie blaze. After that, Ammni 'iegar had had ciiougll. lie resigned as Pt-line Minister :uoi was ie 1)1 : (ec(l by [ aa far SI i a rif— I '.ii t;iiuti, a political 5-etc ‘au from a re— ligloils f:i ittilv WhO) hul worked closely with the Shah is, tit Ioilg (Oiler things, h r-ui of thu J 'iilia Vi lu iiuidation, a in ul— tiitiillioii—doll:i r St mi—li I II I V enter— pnsc-, which iS the owner of most of I ran's funrc ' gii holdings. Sitaril—Emami nioved swiftly huh (cross tii board to make cu Incessu ni to tile trouhlen iake rs. lie lifted tensorsiuii) and arranged for live radio broadcasts from thuc pre— v orislv lining Mijic's, tue lower house of thic 1 iarhiamuutiit. //hthi tile wraps off, i 'esi 'hitmeiit foiiiud tongue. Iii the par— liamnent and in the press, there was a Sn rge of ci ruiplaints ihoiit corruption and ciisciiinhitatiniuu against the middle and working classes. 1 he new govern— mt-itt met he strikes wit ii gene n ms (((ii t'c 'tSi))i iS oil Wages amiti In rein use tO eIi;ur es of corruption, in- vest ig:utiomus Were opened into the eaSeS of (jeiteril Nasseri (who was recalled from Pakistan ) and former Mayor Nikpav. Iiiirtv—four leading OfllcOtls rI AV '/ ‘ , including Puirviz Sibeti, we ic tiisntiSieii in One div. At every ul 1 ipnurtiuilitv, Siiaiif—Ernami sought to pl:ic:hie tue mullahs, lie closed down ‘;usira s, and eiiuemas showing foreign tilms. Provincial and university oflieials whirt it ad ti ke ii a St ruIng sta nd agai mist religion were replaced by milder men. Most important of all, Sharif—Einamni e itt e re ci in tt I eu 01511 tata inS wit ii rd igo (us le;uin.i's, mci tiding Ayatollah Shariat— m:ulari, and with the lay opposition, in— :?. ilg K :im San abic t e head ,f the National Front, full' : broad understand- ing about new elections. I /VENT to visit Sliarif-Emami in his () CC, just before the end of Oc— toher. I found a large, bluff, partly bald man in his sixties who exuded COflfl— deuce. He said that there, were many “dissatisfied and unhappy people in Iran who turned to the mullahs to voice their'grievances.” His strategy was “to establish a good relation with the cler- gy.” As he saw it, the clergy was di— vided into two groups. “One group, which follows Ayatollah Khomeini, iS radical hut very small,” he sai t i. ‘‘The other, which follows Shariatmadan, is moderate and very large. A split be- tween them exists in every city and every village.” He was negotiating with Shariatinadari for some kind of convocation where the majority could prevail. “They must do it,” he said of his plan for forcing a decision. “Some— hcidy must he the head of our clergy, a Pope.” He told me he was sure that lifting tile lid on censorship and on the Majies debates was the right thing to do. “A free press is much better than pres- sure,” he said. The economic conse- quences of the stiikes and the high wage settlements were, he thought, “utot serious.” There would be a cost to the state in higher wages and pen- sions, but that could easily he made tip by a cutback on expensive military projects and plans for nuclear power plants. He favored the allocation of more money to the villages, for “by in— cl-easing c i-edits for machinery, electrici- ty, atit! water, rural life can be made mote attractive and agriculture more ef- fective.” He said lie hoped to “draw the men who came to town back to the vil- lages.” He acknowledged that inflation might he a problem, bLit he hoped to keep it down by subsidies on basic corn- mnrdities—rice, bread, sugar, tea. He did not fear a military coup. “If they come in, there will be killing and shoot— lug,” he said. “Nobody wants that.” He did sense that a test would be com- ing within the next six weeks, and he hoped to put together a large political grouping that would help open the way to fm-ce elections. Among other people, lie mentioned former Prime Ministers Floveitia and All Amini. “I'm a patient man,'' he said. ‘‘I do not in- tend to leave this oflice until there is calm in Iran.” S HARIF-EMAMI had begun the inter- view by saying that that day Te- heran, at least, was cairn. But driving From his oflice back to nv . ‘uotel I had - Christmas Seals Fight Lung Disease
161) a. Round 1 ½ “ tall pendant seal. 18 karat goki 24” chain. EmirL led by ltia mon created emeralds— .50 total carat weight. $1,200. b. Hexagonal 1½” tall pendant seal. IK karat gold. 24” chain. 2mm Inaniori eiejted emerald. $600. c. Swirled 1” tall pendant seal. 18 karat gold. 24” chain. 2minn Imianiori created eiiicralil. $375. _______ All major credit cards accepted. J'lease specify initial Jo n seal. Add sales lax where applicable. created emeralds & alexandrites 317 N. Ro et Dr. Bever y i s, CA. 90210 213 272-3915 S it happened, nobody's plans—not those of the Shah or those of Prime Minister Sharif—Emami or those of former Prime Minister Au Amini or those of opposition leader Karim San— jahi—carried the day. On Wednes— day, November 1st, the Shah, appar- ently convinced that Sharif—Emami cc uld not continue, received Au Amini for the first time in years and began con versations concerning the formation of a coalition regime. According to the local press, Amini told the Shah he needed support from Sanjahi, and the Shalt agreed to receive Sanjahi on his return from Paris. On November 3rd, after seeing Sanjabi, Ayatollah Kho— mcmi said in an interview on the Paris— based Radio Luxembourg, “WTe have told the representatives of the opposi- tion, such as Au Amini and Karim Sanjahi, that if they agree to negotiate with the regime they will be banned from our movement.'' Karim Sanjabi came hack to Teheran and called a press conference to announce his terms for negot ating with the regime. The press conference never took place. By that time, events had pushed another set of actors, the military, to center stage. J'wci months before, on Septem- ber 4th, there had been large demon- strations in Teheran to mark the end of Ramadan. Though the demonstrations were peaceful, thousands marched, and the military feared that matters might get ou r of hand, on September 6th, the government banned unauthorized gath- erings, and the next day there was an- other large rally against the Shah in ‘l'eheran. That aftem-noon, the military leaders went to the Shah and asked for a proclamation of martial law. The Shah told them to clear it with the Prime Minister and his government. The issue was argued between the sol— diers and the Cabinet late into the night of September 7th. Toward midnight, the Cabinet gave its consent, and early the next morning martial law was de— cre ' d a Tehe aa a: e .even ot. er c ti s. . 3 u' t wi s - : r a pubEc the Shah. Tic detains all the liberals and keeps down men of integrity. He likes thieves. He has sexual weaknesses. He is not sincerely for liberalization. He wants to gain time, divide the re- ligious from the lay opposition, and go hack to his old system, which is essentially military rule.” Of his isit to Paris, Sanjahi said, “I am not worried about my coming encounter with Khomeini. I am an optimist. A y atoll ali Khom eini doesn't want chaos. We have to turn to Ayatollah Khomeini.” The AIWA TP-M11 Is The Domes of the World by Ba rita ia han/rick Sensuous pemidamit seals for mmmcmi & wommien emobosscd with 13th Century calligraphy initials. The pendamits are enriched with created emeralds and may be dipped in wax to be used as personal seals.
1 L pr( ‘clamation to reach most people. Lat— er that niorttiug—F'riday, September 8th—a large crowd gathered in Jaleh Sc 1 oare, a central meeting Spot in down— town Teheran. After repeated orders to hsperse were ignored, the security forces opened fire. More than a hun— trying to c w tr, and man; hund i 'cds wounded , I he shock of that massacre caused C er everybody to draw hack. l'rime Mm-. ister Sjiarif-En-iami was able to ne- gotiate a lOoSe understanding whereby martial law was not cnforr'ed to the letter. Strikes by civil servants, which had hegun in September, were not broken up, though they Were illegal. Nor were stu- dent ilemonstra tions, though th niartial—law proclanlatoun forhade :tiiv gatherint of more than three persons. ‘‘There was niarti :ti law without there exactly he— iiig martial Jaw,'' th Prime Minister observed to inc. ‘J'h:tt f(e/.J.y ciundition put dO ohVi— ‘015 S(l:uiIt Oil tile military leaders. ‘J'op $8.95 con mantle is were unsure of their At bookstores spt usihil ties. t one point, in October, the commander of the ground forces, 79 Madison Avenue, N.Y. 10016 M ADIII (; iiet-al (..fliolaiii Au ()veisi, sent an officer to warn th staff of th Log— Nearly all originally lisllla I igIa , ' daily against ar— tides lie cojisitlertul inaccurate and in— Ii a nina 0> ry. ‘I ‘lie rep rtc rs the rc Lip iii This Christmas Ii ie end to go ‘it strike, and the Give a Friend (orYourself) Prime Minister hacked them up. Unit continande is lie ye r knew exactly when The Magazine ‘ ‘ riters Read - to intervene. At least some of the rank ‘Th.e Paris Revie v nd file, and p' rhaps stone of tile jun— Now celebrating twenty-five ior ofliccrs, sided with (!emonstrators. years of fiction, p l1T and inter- ( )n two oCcdSioIls, provincial police of— views on the craft of writing. iiccrs Were shot by enlisted men in the Issue 74 includes !nterzitw.r .‘ riny. :viih Joan Didion, Joyce Carol Moreover, the military leaders had Oates, & Margarct Drabble; trouble re;ichiiug a consensus on what Ficilni by Max Apple & Alex- to do. Ihe Shalt, to assure his suprerna_ ander Theroux ; Poetry by cy and to guard against coups, had set Charles Wright & Vinçcnte lines of eofllml inicatiuin Aleixand - with many ulifli rent security orgaitiza— O $11 for6 issues 0 $ni fr 12 n tiolls and their lealers. Ilk' Shalt him— 0 $ tUO fur bk self is Sulli-eme Connnandet- of the o t enclose $— 0 ISill a rmetl fi rces. lie has a personal chief — of stall, General Cholain Reza Azlìa 1 -i, Name who oversees :11 the branches of the Address military, anti meets tetc—a—t te with the City State Zip Shalt twice a week. There are the Mail to: The Ps,i, Rcvieu ' chiefs of the three separate services— 45-39 171 Place, Flushing, NY. 11358 General Oveisi, commander of the grou nil forces, with two hundred and CruisebeautifulFrenchcanatson eighty thousand men; Admiral Kania— hotelboat! Superb French cuisine. leddiri llal)ihollalmi, commander of the Relax on sundeck or cycle llas';ll Ilees with thirty—two thousand alongside while floating through ., . - - -. Burgundy. Visit picturesque vi!— llk 'ti and General Amnir Hossein Rahu, ages and chateaus. Individuals or - coninm;inder of the Air Force w t charter groun (maxirnurr-12 . °ar s ç - , -, . - pic¼u -4C ON 2 5 / 5t* -t 1 ° ‘gl t ( O( ‘ ‘ I ---W ) , Belleville, tL 52223,618-397-7524 etd ' t Ow vir.ua y to the hab. .t here iS tile head ui tile rural poliec,_ or gen- darmerie, which is some seventy—five thousand strong and exercises adminis- trative control >ver all villages with a population of less than four thousand, General Abbas Gharahaghi, who was also Minister of the Interior in the Sharif—Emami government. There is the head of the secret police, General Nasser Moghaddam. There is, finally, the head of procurement, General Hassan ‘Toufanian, who also serves as Vice-Minister of War to a figurehead Minister of War, General Reza Azimi. Tile differences in mili- tary specialty are compound- ed by variations in personality and experience. The corn- manders of the Air Force and the Navy are relatively young men—hoth are forty- six—and do not carry a lot of weight in the system. Air Force General Rabii is known as a typical fly-boy, weak in political and geopolitical understand- ing. General Oveisi, a former class- mate of the Shah at the military col- lege, is particularly close to the ruler. General Azhari, the Shah's chief of staff, is sixty—nine and is noted for his deliberate ways and lack of ambition. “He is underwhelming,” an American who worked with him once said. “He always gives the impression that lied rather climb a mountain or read a book than command an army. He's exactly the right man when tensions run high.” Toward the end of October, I went to the Army headquarters, northeast of Tehe ran, to visit General Oveisi. I found a solidly built, plainspoken man wllose chest was covered with ribbons. lie was in a distinctly unhappy mood. He did not like one bit the messy poli- tics associated with the Shah's liberalj— zation campaign, which he felt played directly into the hands of the Commu- Ilists. He said, “Two years ago, the Shah decided to let people be really ft'ee. Iranians who had fled the coun- try—writers and people like that— came back here. The National Front began speaking out. The Communist Party began acting up. The religious people asserted themselves. Basically, there were two types. One group was very religious. They followed Shariat- inadari, and they didn't meddle in politics. The other group specialized in politics. They were the followers of Khomeini. They started to organize People ilgailist the government and its iflstitutjofls. The Communists took adv tntage of the si .atic . , They made s ro, g statements. They burned banks a.oci schools. Swre s ' dents and
165 many instructors in high schools and cofl th s are Commurilsis. The instruc- tm-s persuaded all the students to go on strike, and so all classes were postponed. “Most people in the United States and Europe are against our government. You send journalists here who see only leaders of the opposition. Then the journalists produce stories that are broadcast by the radio here and printed in the press. So the people here think they are not free. ‘“We have a well—disciplined and well—trained Army. The forces arc ninety-nine per cent loyal to the Shah. Maybe there's one per cent not loyal— I don't know. I just say that to he care- ful. So we are not worried. WThat does worry me is that there is a Communist Party growing stronger. What worries me more is that when the Communists use freedom to write or to speak to un- dermine the government, the govern- ment is silent. When people strike and make difticulties for others, it is not coriect. It jeopardizes security.” General Moghaddam, the head of SAVAK, who is a tall, pleasant-faced man with receding iron-gray hair, ex- pressed similar ideas when I called on him in late October at his headquarters in Teheran. He said that the demon- strations were “organized one hundred per cent by the Communists, working through students and religious leaders.” He said that he himself had talked with Shariatmadari. He was convinced that Shariatmadari “supports the regime hut is afraid to speak out”—afraid be- cause the government offered no pro.- tection. It was too weak to take action even against the Communists. “Two weeks ago, we identthed a writer who was very active in provoking people to demonstrate against the govern- ment,” he told me. “/Ve asked the government's permission to arrest him. We were told no. Ve did arrest sev- eral press people for instigating rebel- lion with false stories. /Ve vere obliged to release them all. The military and the police now have things under con- trol. But there are dangers. It is dim— cult for our security forces to attack young people. If the students keep pouring into the streets, they will para— lyze our security forces. If we had a powerful government that met di- culties in a powerful way, we c.uld deal with the troubles. But we now lieve the government is not stroTig enough. We in the security forces—in the Army, the police, and SAVAK— feel handcuffed.” The security forccs''SC315e of heintr handcuffed by a weak goverflfllcflt n- Dutch treats for the holidays. For the next dinner party you're not going to bring another bottle of wine, ore you? Look, go out and get a nice, round Edam cheese instead. It's the tangy one with the red wax coating. And it's a gift your hostess can appreciate. Or bring along a ‘ -i-' mellow Gouda, or a spicy Leyden. (You can tell it's the original if it's signed “HOLLAND Imported Cheese.”) Or listen, suppose you're giving the party. You can do fon- tostic things with Dutch cheeses. You con slice ‘em and scoop ‘em out for dips. You can cut ‘em into little cubes, and stick ‘em on toothpick with chunks of pine- apple, horn, apple, or grapes. You can even, come to think of A it, serve ‘em on a cracker to go with cocktails. (Or even with one of those wines that somebody always brings.) I-IAI.LAI'I I) IMPORTED CHEESE Wayfarer's Wallet/Belt Pouch. Here's one wallet that is hard to lose. Made of finest leather with sturdy brass fittings, it has five compartments with the rear one designed specifically for passports. Fill it up and put it into your back pocket with chain looped securely to belt. Also has loops on back so it can be worn as a belt pouch, Measures 4½ x 7.”$12. Kreeger & Sons The Outfitters for The Outdoors The Kelty Down Bootie. The best we've ever seen. Keeps your feet real toasty aroundthecampsite, apresskiingor El, . around the house as slippers. Bottom is TM tough waterproof, Cordura nylon with y. foam insulated innersole. The nylon taffeta uppers are filled with prime northern down. Color: blue. Send shoe size. $21. M thc ,ttan 16 West 46th Street, N.Y., N.Y. 10036. (212) 5757825 Westchester: Main Street, Armonk, N.Y. Boston. 388 Faneuil Hail Marketplace Boston, Ma. (617) 367.8 H' P ‘‘ m 1 and phone orders to o Man ff n shop. Most credit ar' s accepted.
S Balmoral:. • Beach HotEl, Nassau For sophisticated singles And doubles. The Balmoral Beach Hotel in Nassau, with tennis, gourmet dining and a private island where string bikinis seem.a bit formal. For reservations, call toll-free 1-800-621-8336 (Illinois, 1-800- 972-8089). Represented byLRl. CPHoteIsC i 30 fine hotels in 6 countries around the wbtid tes and gent1emen THE LIFE OF LCO flBD by Cole Lesley A richly illustrated, affectionate love letter to a treasured friend. “—The New York limes Book Review 48 papas of photos. $3.95 at your bookstore. PAPERBACK The Sea, The Sea. fl(3veI “It has so much ide. so much imaginative and intellectual eflergy .. marvelously entert&in ing ,” — Times biterary Supplement both sly and tantalizing.” — i. ss evie vs T}i E V i IN( R SS evit;tbly intensified in late October and teetor of the conStitUtion and undertake c:triv I/ovemher. I)emonstrati ns grew that past mistakes not he repeated anti I hej compensated. I hereby give assur- ever larger in Scope, and strikes spread, arice that government will do away with caching the oil industry and threaten— repression and corruption and that social i&i0 to cripple it. Negotiations fur a justice will be restored, after the sacri- widet- coalition picked up steam. In the fices you have made. first week of November, the two series At the present juncture, the Imperia Army will fill its duties in accordance of events moved in counterpoint to a with its oaths. Calm has to be restore showdown. In Paris, on Novembei with your cooperation. 3rd, Ayatollah Khomeini refused t i invite the religious leaders to help play at coalition—making and ordered restore calm to the only Shiite country in the world. his followers not to stop demonstrating I want political leaders to help save until they had, forced the Shah from our Fatherland. The same goes for work- power. In Teheran, on November 4th, ers and peasants. the university students, sallying forth Let us think of Iran on the road fi-om the campus, toppled a statue of against imperialism, cruelty, and corrup- tion, where I shall accompany you. the Shah at the entrance. The troops there forced them hack onto the cam— By validating the revolution and pus. But the next (Ia>', November 5th, pledging early free elections, the Shah there was another (lemonstration. This presumably hoped to put a straitjacket time, the troops fired first into the air on the soldiers even as he handed over and then inu the crowd, killing several power to them. He named as Prime stu(lents. The students went on the Minister of the new government the rampage, burning banks, theatres, and mildest of the military chiefs, General the British Emhassy. The (lay after Azhari. But the military, once in of- that, Prime Minister Sharif—Emami fice, acted with brisk confidence. So!- submitted his resignation, apparently in diers were moved into the refineries, protest against the breach of the under— and the striking workers, threatened standing about limited use of martial with the loss of their jobs, gradually law. The military, with General Oveisi went hack to work. I)emonstratious in the van, sei etI time opportunity, were repressed with heavy force. Sev— They insisted that the resignation he eral leading officials—including former accepted anti that a military regime be P rime Minister Hoveida; General appointed. Time Shah consented. Nasseri, the former SAVAK head; and former Mayor Nikpay—were olaced O N Monday, November 6th, at tinder arrest. %Vhen Sanjabi, the Na- fl(mn Teheran time, the Shah tinnal Front leader, after his return went on national television and radio from his meetings with Ayatollah Kim— with an extraordinary statement, lie mcmi in Paris, tried to hold a press announced the appointment of a mili— conference, he, too, was arrested. In— tary government, hut at the same time vestigations were opened into two high- he recognized the legitimacy of the op— ly sensitive matters—corruption in the position, and pi-omised to deal with royal family, and corruption in the grievances and to imive toward free Pahlavi Foundation. Either investiga- elections. He spoke with contrition, and turn could he conducted in a way that referred to himself as the Padeshah of might implicate the Shah himself. Iran——a term meaning simply “King,” The opposition reacted very strong— amid far less exalted titan Slmahanshah, ly. Both Ayatollah Khomeini in Paris or King of Kings. He said: and Ayatollah Shariatmadari in Qumn denounced the military government. Dear People of Iran: Khomeini exhorted Iranians to “broad— In the open political atmosphere, en their opposition to the Shah, and gradually developed these two recent years, you, the Iranian nation, have risen force him to abdicate.'' In a series of against cruelty and corruption. This rev— fiery statements, he called for a cam— olution cannot but. be supported by me, paign of mounting demonstrations dur— the Padeshah of Iran. ing Moharram—the Shiite month of However, insecurity has reached a stage where the independence of the mourning, which began this year on country is at stake. Daily life is en- I)ecemnher 2nd. He singled out as a dangered and what is most critical, the special target the holidays of Tasua and lifeline of the country, the flow of oil, Ashura, which this year fell on I)ecem— has been interrupted. 1 , 10th and 11th, and which corn— I tried to form a coalition govern— mnent, but this has not been possible. memorate the deaths of Hossein, the I'lierefore, a temporary government has third In iarn and the grandson of Mo— been formed to restore order and pave hammed, and his followers, at the Bat— the way for a national government to tIe of Karbala, thirteen hundred years carry out free elections very soon. I am aware of the alliance that haS Normally on Ashura, ‘religious ex stcm1 between ‘htica , m m c i anemic iranians dress themselves n b acl, I co-runtion. I renew my oath to he t're- gather at the urincipmt bazaar, and 4 fris Murdadi
When someone drons a new word, pick up the expert. Biorhythm, punk rock, laetrile, and workaholic. These are just four of the more than 20,000 new words found in Webster's New World Dictionary, Second College Edition. All with precise, easy-to- read definitions. Pickup the most up-to-date diction- ary you can buy at your f vorite bookstore. Remember, the word “Webster's” by itself is not a guarantee of quality. Insist on Webster's New World. rd I to the main n c scjiie. As they march, Si ;n ie cot their h-eads with swords and whip their b dies with chains in an ecstasy of atonement. The processions, with blood drenching the garments of frenzied believers, are a revolutionary's dream. Sensing peril, the military govern. ment on November 28th banned “pro- cessions of any kind” during Mohar— am. Nevertheless, crowds demonstrat- ed in Teheran during the rst two days of the holy montlì, and there were violations of tile curfew on a large scale. Oil production dropped from 5.8 million to below 2 million barrels a (lay. An exodus of Americans got un- (icr way. But even as high noon ap- proached, the major protagonists drew hack. The Shah ordered that a bun- tired and twenty political prisoners he freed on Sunday, December 1 0th. On December 6th, Karim Sanjabi, the National Front leader, was released from custody. On I)ecember 8th, Aya. tollah Shariatniadari, at a press confer. ince in Qum, urged his followers to avoid violence. That same day, the military government announced it would permit the religious processions, and the next (lay pledged to keep troops only in tile northern sections of I cheran, our of the line of march. On Sunday and Monday, December I 0th an(I 11 til, crowds of several hun— tired thousand paraded through the downtown streets. They shouted Is- lamic religious slogans, and showed hostility toward the Shah, the military government, and the United States. But there was no serious violence, and hose who tried to make trouble were constrained by more responsible ele- lileiltS fl tile i)rocession. the troops d ‘awn up in the northern section of ti two, in the vicinity of the Niavaran Palace, were not even tested. Obviously, there had been put into ticet at the last moment a typically Persian compromise. The palace and tue military government—working tllrougil former Prime Minister Au / inini—had struck a deal with Shariat— _____________________________ mu mdarj to avoid a violent showdown. But, though the testing time has passed, all the contending forces are still in idace. The moment seems ripe for steps toward a regime that limits the role of tile Shah, in keeping with the 1 906 constitution. But the moment is mutt going to last very long. Just be- fore the peaceful processions began, Shariatmadari indicated that he was prepared to renew pressure if COnCeS— smons were not forthcoming. He was asked When the screw would he turned again. He sau , “ w il be soon.'' —JOSEPH r RitF r UEr ' -tl!(ER ‘i , O78 I, ‘. THE FROG FAMILY Each animal is en investment in art. Write for colourful booklet, entitled “Beauty &. The Beasts & The Birds:' Ayns(ey Bone China, 225 Fifth Ave., New York 10013. SCULPTURED BY AYNSLEY® ih' Lyon nenibet ci ih Waterio -J (rysta F any Forest Sedusion Circa 1780 log house. fastidously restored, elegantly furitislted and equipped, in exqui- sitc Appalachiat sett,ng on Tree Farm ibutting National Forest. By week or month and yours alone. Year round. In- l'ormation from Choppingale Tree Farms. 1)eerficld, Virginia. 24432. II You Love Word ,, youii love VERBATIM. The Language Quar- terly dealing with all aspects ot language. Send $5.00 (U.S.) or $5.50 (elsewhere) (or a 1- year subyciolion. staoing with llie current Is- sue. Money back it not pleased. Allow 6 weeks. P A' 'k A POSTO FiCE8OX668QX / .. /‘.ESSsrc— CSa2SUSA . S a- ‘ L___ gershwin garbo and poe togo at your library American Library Association