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Reader advisement:

Some of the information and imagery in this report is very graphic and some people might find them disturbing.

 

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Executive Summary

Soon after the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Jina Amini in the custody of the morality police for having improper hijab, massive protests erupted across Iran. The demonstrators, in many places led by women, have been calling for the end of the Islamic Republic. The regime’s uniformed and plainclothes forces have repressed the protests on the streets. People in the long-oppressed Kurdish regions in western Iran have been especially targeted due to incredible acts of resilience and defiance shown in these areas.

According to different human rights groups, at least 121 Kurdish citizens have been reported dead in the Kurdish-majority areas and other parts of the country as of January 11, 2023.[1] Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (IHRDC) has found reliable reports about the death of 116 citizens in the Kurdish regions of western Iran and 15 Kurdish citizens who have also lost their lives during the recent protests in other parts of the country. The youngest killed citizen was 15 years old, and the most senior casualty was 70. At least 13 individuals among those killed were under 18, and five were women.[2]

IHRDC has conducted several interviews with eyewitnesses inside Iran and reviewed government records, media reports, and social media accounts reporting on the situation in the Kurdish region. In addition, IHRDC geolocated dozens of video evidence and pictures, analyzed their contents through open-source research, and corroborated them with testimonies and other published accounts of events.

IHRDC has found that at least 27 citizens died after being shot in their vital organs, including the head and chest; 13 citizens were killed by metal pellets fired by security forces; 11 citizens died in suspicious circumstances in prison or shortly after being released; 12 citizens were shot from behind while they posed no threat to security forces; six citizens were killed inside or in front of their homes; six citizens were shot while riding in a car; and two citizens were fatally shot because of writing slogans on walls. In several cases, unarmed citizens were fatally beaten on the head. One citizen died after having been run over by a police vehicle, and another citizen lost his life due to respiratory failure after security forces fired extensive tear gas. The bodies of at least 30 citizens were buried at night. The families of at least six citizens had to pay money to the authorities in order to retrieve the remains of their loved ones.

After Tehran, Kurdish-majority areas have experienced the most internet outages in recent months.[3] In addition, the ongoing internet filtering and pressure on the families of killed citizens and those behind bars have made collecting and corroborating information more time-consuming. Despite these challenges, the available evidence and accounts of witnesses suggest that the Islamic Republic has committed crimes against humanity, including murder, torture, imprisonment, rape, and other forms of sexual violence, in Iran’s Kurdish region since late September 2022.

 

Introduction

The Iranian’s security forces have used excessive and unlawful lethal force against anti-government protestors and bystanders in the Kurdish-majority areas in violation of international human rights law. The violent crackdowns that occurred on September 21, October 27, and seven days between November 15 and November 21, were particularly deadly.

During these periods, using shotguns and AK-47 assault rifles, the Iranian security forces indiscriminately fired live ammunition and metal pellets at protestors and bystanders. They also heavily shot rubber bullets that are deadly for humans when fired at close range. On several occasions, security forces raided private residences and destroyed their properties. They have also fired tear gas canisters and live ammunition into homes, causing several deaths. Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) forces have specifically used heavy artillery in several cities and, on at least one occasion, launched smoke ammunitions believed to be nerve agents.[4]

Due to such violence, hundreds of citizens have been wounded, but many have been deprived of medical care. Victims have avoided seeking medical treatment as the government has infiltrated hospitals and misused ambulances to detain people.[5] In addition, security forces did not allow necessary medical treatment for some of the injured in hospitals, causing several deaths.

Moreover, hundreds of people have been arrested, and their conditions are unknown. Several news outlets have reported that women are subjected to rape and sexual violence in detention centers.[6] Dozens of indictments have been issued for the detainees whose due process rights have been systematically denied.[7] In several cases,  minors have been charged with capital crimes.[8] At least 109 protestors are at risk of being executed on fabricated charges across the country, including nine protesters in the Kurdish-majority areas.[9]

In addition to providing false causes of death, the Islamic Republic’s security apparatus has tried different tactics to keep victims’ families silent, including offering financial benefits in exchange for accepting the designation of “martyr” for their loved ones, which implies that they were killed by anti-regime protesters or even foreign agents. The authorities have also demanded vast sums of money or demanded financial surety to hand over the bodies. Another tactic has been  forcing family members to appear in televised interviews to provide a false narrative about the death of their loved ones. Threatening and arresting other family members has been another method used by the authorities. In many cases, these families had no choice but to bury the bodies of their loved ones privately, often at night.

According to Article 4 of the United Nations Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms, law enforcement personnel “shall, as far as possible, apply non-violent means before resorting to the use of force and firearms.” Using deadly force must be seen as the last resort and only when other means are proven ineffective.[10] Moreover, the latest U.N. guideline on less-lethal weapons in law enforcement rejects the usage of metal pellets that can be fired from shotguns. Accordingly, several projectiles being fired simultaneously are inaccurate in targeting, and therefore, using them does not comply with the “principles of necessity and proportionality.”[11]

The Iranian security forces have committed serious violations of human rights law in the Kurdish-majority areas of Iran for which they must be held accountable.

 

1.   The First Wave of Violent Suppression of Protests

According to Amnesty International, the top-level Iranian officials ordered the armed forces to “mercilessly” confront protestors across the country since the early days after Mahsa (Jina) Amini’s death.[12] The unprecedented level of brutality and violence shown by the government’s security forces in the Kurdish region indicate that they were following this order.

On September 19, sporadic protests broke out in Saqez, Divandarreh, and Dehgolan, during which at least four people were killed.[13] One video circulated on social media shows uniformed security forces shooting directly at protestors in Divandarreh, which resulted in at least two deaths.[14]

Foad Qadimi (pictured), 40, was shot in the wrist and abdomen in a street near the IRGC barracks in Divandarreh. According to one source, he was not taken to the hospital immediately because people feared being arrested. Although Qadimi was eventually transferred to a hospital in Sanandaj, he did not survive and died due to the severity of his injuries. On his death certificate, the cause of death is recorded as unknown.[15] His father was later forced to sit for an interview with state TV.[16] In this interview, the father of Foad Qadimi blamed counter-revolutionary forces for the death of his son. His family later denied this allegation.[17] Mohsen Mohammadi (pictured) was also shot and wounded by security forces in Divandarreh on September 19.[18] He died later at a hospital in Sanandaj, and under pressure by security forces, his body, like Foad Qadimi, was buried at night.[19]

On September 20, the tension intensified in Dehgolan. One video shows a convoy of anti-riot vehicles moving in Dehgolan.[20] The protests also expanded to other cities, including Kermanshah, Mahabad, Piranshahr, and Oroumieh, where at least five citizens were killed.[21]

On September 21, casualties increased dramatically as at least 11 people lost their lives in Oroumieh (Ballou Village), Oshnavieh, Eslamabad-e Qarb, Kermanshah, and Ilam.[22] Abdulsalam Qader Galvan (pictured) was severely wounded during the protest in Oshnavieh and died several days later in a hospital in Oroumieh. His body was buried while his family were under pressure by security forces. On September 21, at least three more people were killed in Oshnavieh.[23]

On the same day, at least three persons were shot dead by security forces in Eslamabad-e Qarb, Kermanshah Province. Iman Mohammadi was 25 years old, and Saeed Mohammadi (pictured) was 21.[24] Sporadic protests continued in different cities from late September to early October 2022.[25] One video shows a group of people, , standing in the street while the sounds of constant gunfire can be heard.[26] Samad Bargi Nia (pictured), 52, was shot by security forces during a protest in Piranshahr on September 28 and died seven days later at a hospital in Oroumieh.[27]

From October 8 to October 12, 13 citizens were killed in Sanandaj, Saqez, Salas Babajani, Ilam, Bukan, and Kermanshah.[28] Dariush Alizadeh (pictured) was shot by the security forces and died later on the way to the hospital in Sanandaj on October 8. His burial took place while his family was under pressure by the authorities.[29] Aziz Moradi (pictured), a restaurant owner in Sanandaj, was also killed by security forces in Sanandaj on October 12.[30]

From October 23 to October 28, at least 15 people were killed by security forces in Sanandaj, Qasr-e-Shirin, Mahabad, and Baneh.[31] In Sanandaj, government agents used excessive deadly force to confront protestors. On October 26, Ebrahim Mirzaei, 42, died from respiratory failure after security forces used extensive tear gas to disperse the protestors.[32] One day later, Mohammad Shariati (pictured) was shot dead during a protest in Sanandaj.[33] In Baneh, Fereydoun Faraji (pictured), a 28-year-old, was fatally shot from behind by IRGC forces on October 27. His body was buried at night due to pressure by the authorities.[34]

In Mahabad, tension escalated when thousands of people attended the funeral of Ismaeil (Semko) Mauludi, who had been killed by security forces on October 27.[35] His death sparked protests. In a video published by the Norway-based human rights group Hengaw, a group of people can be seen trying to breach the fence of the governor’s office while the majority are chanting. Soon after a hail of gunfire and tear gas, the protesters dispersed.[36] Several persons were killed during the clashes that ensued afterward.[37] One of them was Masoud Ahmadzadeh (pictured), who was shot and injured during the protest and died the next day due to the severity of his injuries.[38] Thousands of people attended the funerals of killed protesters in Mahabad on October 28.[39] Jalal Mahmoudzadeh, Mahabad’s representative in the Iranian parliament, later confirmed that those killed in Mahabad were all shot by live ammunition.[40]

Students at universities across the Kurdish-majority areas staged many protests on their campuses. Per video evidence, nonviolent students were chanting anti-government slogans or inviting others to join their protests.[41] Young girls have often led or played a leading role in the protests.[42] Various sources reported shooting by security forces on different university campuses. On October 31, the security entered Sanandaj Azad University and closed its gates. At least in one video, gunfire can be heard from inside the university while people run toward its entrance to help the students.[43]

Moreover, shopkeepers in different cities in Kurdistan, West Azerbaijan, and Kermanshah Provinces went on strike twice in September and October 2022.[44]

 

 

2.   Two Cases of Murder in Broad Daylight

 

2.1 Yahya Rahimi

Yahya Rahimi was shot in the head and died instantly behind the wheel in Sanandaj on October 8, 2022.[45] Multiple videos taken by bystanders show the seconds leading to his death in a busy street of Sanandaj. Rahimi, 31, had honked in support of the protesters who had taken to the streets on that day.[46]

A video shows a group of plainclothes men attacking a green vehicle, identified as Rahimi’s car, and shattering its windshield. The location is the beginning of Pasdaran Street, also known as Sheshum Bahman Street.[47] This incident happened next to the Golha Shopping Center, marked on the map below as the “First Scene.”[48] When Rahimi drove off, the group of plainclothes men ran after his car. About eight seconds later, a gunshot sound can be heard.[49]

In the second video, taken by a bystander about sixty meters further in Pasdaran Street, a masked man in plainclothes was leading other men going down the street. His location is marked as the “Second Scene” on the map above. He and at least one other plainclothes man were armed with rifles, while others had wooden batons.[50] They were a few meters away from where Yahya Rahimi was shot dead.

The last video was taken in front of the Red Crescent Pharmacy, which is about 140 meters away from the Golha Shopping Center.[51] In this video, Yahya Rahimi can be seen unresponsive and severely bleeding behind the wheel, while people in the street were screaming. According to an informed source, Rahimi had been shot in the head at close range.[53]

In another video, in which the body of Yahya Rami is laying backwards in his car, a police officer with antiriot gear can be seen on the sidewalk close to the Khayyam shopping center.[54]

Yahya Rahimi’s father stated that the authorities offered financial benefits to his family provided that they agreed that the government present Yahya Rahimi as a shahid, or martyr, which they rejected.[55] This term is often used to refer to persons killed by the opponents of the Islamic Republic.

In addition to the videos taken by  bystanders, there are CCTV cameras on Pasdaran Street.[56] Although the evidence is accessible and clear, the authorities have not taken any meaningful action to hold the perpetrators accountable.[57] Roqiye Fattahi, the assistant prosecutor of Sanandaj, has claimed that Yahya Rahimi was killed by members Komala, a Kurdish party opposed to the Islamic Republic.[58] She also alleged that Ramin Fatehi had killed Yahya Rahimi.[59] Ramin Fatehi was arrested five days after the murder of Yahya Rahimi and died later in custody. His family and the family of Yahya Rahimi both denied the government’s allegations.[60] Yahya Rahimi’s father has stated that government agents attacked his son’s car and killed him.[61]

 

2.2  Motaleb Saeed-Pirou

On October 27, 2022, CCTV cameras recorded the scene of a cold-blooded murder in the small city of Baneh, Kurdistan Province. Motaleb Saeed-Pirou was standing by his car in a quiet street, checking his phone. The time was 4:15 PM. According to the Iranian calendar reflected on the recording, the date was 1401/08/05. Suddenly, Motaleb Saeed-Pirou looked over his right shoulder and jumped into his car quickly.[62]

Within a few seconds, a group of armed men in two pickup trucks stopped next to Motaleb Saeed-Pirou. One man on the back of the first truck pointed what appeared to be a shotgun at Motaleb Saeed-Pirou. Another man quickly got out of the same truck and started smashing his car’s windows. The third man with a shotgun stood next to Motaleb’s car. The passengers of the second truck were watching and did not intervene.

Another man also jumped out of the first truck and did not interact with Motaleb Saeed-Pirou; instead, he went after several bystanders who ran away when the trucks arrived. As soon as Motaleb Saeed-Pirou’s car drove away, the two armed men shot directly into the driver’s window and the rear windscreen.[63] All this happened within 14 seconds.[64]

Motaleb Saeed-Pirou was severely wounded, but he managed to drive about 240 meters back to his home. Shortly after being taken to hospital, he died due to extensive bleeding.[65]

Forty-year-old Motaleb Saeed-Pirou (pictured) was a father of two and owned a real estate-related business in Baneh. He was very sociable and well-respected in his community.[66] In an interview with Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (IHRDC), Raman Chomani, Motaleb Saeed-Pirou’s cousin, described the chain of events on October 27.

“Motaleb had gone to his friend’s poultry shop across the street from his home. It was his daily routine to stop by and catch up with his friend after work. [All of a sudden], the Islamic Republic’s security forces showed up. Motaleb left his friend’s shop and went to his car to get in. [The security forces] searched in empty alleys and shot at anyone outside. There was no protest there at that time. Unfortunately, as evident in the CCTV videos, they attacked Motaleb and shot at him […] His family transferred him to the hospital, but he died later […] Motaleb had nothing to do with any demonstrations when he was martyred […] He was not politically active and was not involved in the protests […] He was a bystander. He was shot randomly by the [government’s] security forces where no protest was happening.”[67]

The CCTV provides vital evidence of the fatal attack. The assailants rode in two pickup trucks: a khaki Type 1 Technical (Toyota Land Cruiser 70 Series) and a white Toyota Hilux. Six plainclothes men were in the white Toyota Hilux, and they led the attack. Another six men were on the back of the khaki Toyota Land Cruiser. The driver and at least one of the men on the back of the khaki Toyota Land Cruiser were in the IRGC uniform. At least four other people on this truck had Basij uniforms, gear, and weapons.[68]

When Motaleb Saeed-Pirou’s car drove off, the plainclothes men riding the white Toyota Hilux, including its driver, attacked and vandalized another vehicle parked on the side of the street. The passengers of the Toyota Land Cruiser did not intervene again.

The khaki color Toyota Land Cruiser 70 Series is a standard vehicle in the Iranian armed forces, including the IRGC.[69] The same color and model of this truck has been pictured as an IRGC’s official vehicle in reports produced by the official Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) and the state-sponsored Tasnim News Agency. [70]

The white Toyota Hilux is also commonly used by the government’s security and military apparatus. Different outlets reported that IRGC and Basij militia use the very same model of this car in their operations across the country.[71] Razavioun units cooperate and work closely with law enforcement and IRGC. According to Hossein Alizadeh, the deputy commander of the 25^th Karbala Division of IRGC, more than 70,000 people work in Razavioun units. They employ this vehicle to monitor and patrol neighborhoods [72] Ali Azadi, the police commander of Kurdistan Province, has also confirmed that Razavioun units are active in different cities of Kurdistan Province.[73]

The government’s surveillance programs at the neighborhood level have been going on for several years and have become more widespread amid the recent nationwide protests. On October 26, 2022, a memorandum of understanding was signed between the Task Force to Promote Virtue and Prevent Vice, the Basij force, and the Judiciary; accordingly, the Basij commander in each neighborhood in the country has been designated as a judicial officer.[74]

It has been reported that the same or similar trucks (khaki Toyota Land Cruiser and white Toyota Hilux) are being used to patrol the streets and attack civilians in Baneh.[75] Per the CCTV videos, they are seen crossing a road that seems to be Sardasht Boulevard moments before the attack on Motaleb Saeed-Pirou.

Raman Chomani confirmed to IHRDC that the shooting of Motaleb Saeed-Pirou took place on a side street of Sardasht Boulevard, a residential area in the northwest of Baneh.[76] According to Google Maps, the Islamic Republic Guard Corps (IRGC) barracks is about one kilometer from this side street, and Police station #12 is across from it.

The CCTV camera recorded no sign of protest in this street around 4:15 PM on October 27^th. Behind the wall where Motaleb Saeed-Pirou was shot, several people were working in an open field, which appeared to be a building materials warehouse. Things seemed normal to them, and they paid no attention to what was happening in the street.[77]

The government-backed Fars News Agency reported that sporadic protests took place in the downtown neighborhoods of Baneh on October 27.[78] The average distance between Bilal Habashi Blvd, Hayman Blvd, Jihad Square, and Madar Square and the place of murder is about 2.5 kilometers. No evidence suggests that Motaleb Saeed-Pirou was in that part of town or had been involved with any protest before his death.

In many cases, IRGC and Basij forces, uniformed or in plainclothes, are dispatched together in their operations. Therefore, it is highly likely that the armed men who attacked Motaleb Saeed-Pirou were under one command. Also, it has been reported that IRGC and Basij patrol neighborhoods where protests have taken place previously to intimidate the residents.[79]

The actions of the men who attacked and killed Motaleb Saeed-Pirou were chaotic and uncoordinated. It does not seem they were after him specifically, as they spent some time intimidating him. Despite this, they shot him with the explicit intention of killing him. Per the video evidence, they were equipped with rifles that appear to be 12 gauge shotguns. The government’s security forces have widely used this type of firearm to suppress the recent protests.[80]

 The details of Motaleb Saeed-Pirou’s wound, including its depth and magnitude, suggest that the armed men likely used slug shotgun ammunition, which is designed to kill with one shot.

A slug is an actual bullet and the most potent type of shotgun ammunition. It fires a single direct projectile, which is made of lead or filled with lead covered in copper and may have a plastic tip inflicting more cuts into the target. For this reason, the slug goes straight through the skin and punctures the target’s internal organs. Slug is also accurate when fired and can hit a target up to 68 meters.[81]

Members of the IRGC and Basij militia receive military training at various levels, including how to use a gun. The men who attacked and killed Motaleb Saeed-Pirou knew that he could not survive this form of deadly bullets. Yet they fired indiscriminately and wantonly toward him. They did not realize that their actions had been caught on camera.

Despite all evidence, Iranian officials allege that Motaleb Saeed-Pirou was a rioter and had been killed by a group of unknown armed men.[82] As Raman Chomani described, they forced his family to bury Motaleb’ s body not in his hometown of Baneh, but in a village next to the border with Iraqi Kurdistan.[83]

Raman Chomani also confirmed to IHRDC that the IRGC commander in the city of Baneh, Amir-Abbas Amri, requested to meet the family of Motaleb Saeed-Pirou.[84] The governor’s office of Baneh has also contacted his family several times and asked to meet and console them. They offered to pay the diya and to have Motaleb Saeed-Pirou recognized as a martyr by the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs.[85]

The Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs, also known as Bonyad Shahid va Omur-e Ithargaran, is a state-run organization initially established to provide different services, including financial support, to veterans and families of those killed during the Iran-Iraq war.[86] In recent years, this foundation has offered financial aid to other groups, including those killed during the clashes between «the armed forces and the Ministry of Intelligence (MOI) with the enemies, the counter-revolutionaries, and the villains.»[87] In the Islamic Republic’s propaganda, protestors are usually described as the enemies, the counter-revolutionaries, and the villains.

In November 2019, nationwide protests took place across Iran. The government showed unprecedented brutality, and its security forces killed hundreds of protesters. According to a Reuters report quoting unnamed government officials, the number of those killed stood at 1500.[88] The Supreme National Security Council approved a plan to whitewash the government’s brutality. Accordingly, those who did not participate in the November 2019 protests but were killed in the middle of the clashes could be recognized as a martyr by the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs.[89] On several occasions, the officials forced the families of those killed during the November 2019 protests to declare that their loved ones fell victim to armed opposition groups.[90]

The authorities have used similar pressure and threats against the families of individuals who were killed by security forces during the nationwide protests after the death of Mahsa (Jina) Amini in September 2022.[91] By describing the killed protestors as martyrs, Islamic Republic rejects any responsibility for their death and hijacks their political identities.[92]

As Raman Chomani described, the family of Motaleb Saeed-Pirou refused to meet government officials. They also declined the offer of financial benefits provided by the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs and filed a complaint demanding justice for him.[93]

After the video footage of the murder scene was widely circulated on social media, security forces arrested the person whose CCTV camera recorded armed men in uniform attacking Motaleb Saeed-Pirou.[94] The family of Motaleb Saeed-Pirou has also been placed under pressure because of publishing the videos. Thirteen of his relatives were summoned and interrogated, some of whom were taken into custody and then released on bond.[95] According to Chomani,

[They] are still under the control of the government’s security forces […] The authorities told them that the CCTV video should have been surrendered to them… The authorities have threatened his family to drop their complaint. Otherwise, they will “take action.” […] Currently, it isn’t easy to contact the family of

 

3.   The Second Wave of Violent Suppression of Protests

Between November 15 and November 21, 2022, at least 45 people were killed in Sanandaj, Kamyaran, Saqez, Bukan, Baneh, Mahabad, Divandarreh, Dehgolan, Piranshahr, and Javanrud.[97] Alongside the anti-government protests held on these days, the bazaars in different cities across the Kurdish-majority areas went on an unprecedented strike.[98]

In response to the protests, however, the Islamic Republic showed nothing but an iron fist. Although the exact number of the injured and the details of the government’s crackdown are still unknown, the confirmed figures are appalling. On November 19, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei asked the government’s security-military apparatus to end the nationwide protests, which he described as “wickedness” by a small group of people.[99] Following his speech, many troops were deployed to the majority-Kurdish region of the western part of Iran.[100] They shot directly at protestors, raided houses, arrested dozens of citizens, cut off electricity and the Internet, and placed curfews in the Kurdish region.[101] Their unprecedented level of brutality could constitute crimes against humanity.

 

3.1 Mahabad

After the funeral of Ismaeil (Semko) Mauludi on October 27, at least five people were killed in Mahabad.[102] Mauludi had been shot dead on the very same day and thousands of people attended his funeral.[103] The protests escalated again on November 17 and November 18, when the security forces killed Azad Hosseinpour, Mohammad Ahmadi Gagesh, and Kamal Ahmadpour. Thousands of people attended their funerals.[104]

After that, people remained in the streets and continued their protest. In the evening, the authorities cut off the electricity of light poles to force people to leave the streets.[105]

On November 20, the authorities handed over the security affairs of Mahabad to the command of the IRGC Hamzeh base located in Oroumieh.[106] After that, IRGC forces were stationed in various parts of the city. They were equipped with armed vehicles and heavy artillery, including DShK machine guns.[107] Although there was an unofficial curfew, the protests continued, and scattered shootings were reported from different neighborhoods until the next day.[108]

Special Unit and IRGC Forces. Mahabad. Nov. 20, 2022. Source Twitter (@FSeifikaran)

Mehran Rahmani (pictured), who was shot during the protest on November 19, 2022, died two days later at a hospital in Oroumieh.[109] Shomal Khadiri (pictured), 32, was attacked by IRGC forces and died in a hospital in Oroumieh on November 24, 2022.[110] Shuresh Niknam (pictured), 33, was also shot by live ammunition fired by IRGC forces on November 17 and died after several days of hospitalization.[111] Mahabad’s prosecutor, Mehrab Pourakbar, alleged that the security forces had no role in these fatal shootings, and an investigation has been launched.[112] There is no public report about the outcome of this investigation.

 

3.2  Javanrud

 

On November 20, 2022, protesters in Javanrud came to the streets in solidarity with protestors in Mahabad. However, security forces began shooting them with live ammunition.[113] Amid the crackdown, Erfan Kakaee and Bahauddin Veisi were killed.[114] On November 21, 2022, thousands of people attended their funerals and chanted anti-government slogans.[115] Upon the return of mourners to the city, IRGC forces violently attacked them.[116] As Hengaw reported, they used AK-47s, Heckler & Koch G3 rifles, and semi-heavy machine guns in Javanrud.[117]

According to an informed source, the way back to Javanrud from the Haji Ebrahim cemetery passes in front of an IRGC barracks. On their way to the city, some people chanted slogans against the IRGC, and some threw stones toward the barracks. Despite some sporadic shooting by IRGC forces, no confrontation occurred, and protesters continued to Palestine Square.[118]

“The clashes started when people walked out of Palestine Square toward the street where the house of martyr Bahauddin is located […] It was a full-scale war and [they] shot at people from different directions simultaneously,” the informed source added in an interview with Radio Zamaneh.[119]

In a video taken by a bystander, some people are seen throwing stones toward the other side of a street while gunfire can be heard.[120] Another video, taken from the same direction, shows a group of IRGC forces standing at the beginning of a street (10 seconds onwards).[121] In another video, several men are seen running away from direct shooting and trying to take shelter in the side alleys. The bullets follow them until some get shot and fall to the ground.[122]

Shooting at people in Javanrud. Nov. 21, 2022. Source Twitter (@RadioZamaneh)

Tahsin Miri (pictured) was one of those who was shot dead on the sidewalk. In another video, taken from across the street, at least three injured individuals can be seen on the ground while others were trying to stop their bleeding. Intense gunshot sounds can be heard in the video.[123] Jamal Azami (pictured) went to assist Tahsin Miri but was shot and killed.[124]

Johar Fatahi (pictured), Masoud Timuri (pictured), and Ismail Gol-Anbar (pictured) were also killed there.[125] In addition, at least 100 citizens were injured, some critically.[126]

The government-backed Fars News Agency first denied that IRGC forces fired live ammunition in Javanrud. In less than 24 hours, Fars acknowledged that IRGC forces had to shoot at so-called separatists to “protect the Basij base and the IRGC ground force brigade.”[127] One video shows a group of armed men in uniform shooting and moving down a street while some of them were chanting “Allahu Akbar” (God is great). Despite the appearance of being in peril, these men were walking relaxed as no shooting could be noticed from the opposite side of the street.[128] Another video shows a large group of IRGC forces walking in a neighborhood. Similarly, their appearance does not indicate they were on the verge of being attacked.[129]

The tension remained high in Javanrud for several days, and anti-riot and IRGC forces stationed in various parts of the city checked citizens’ cars and cell phones.[130] The actual number of the wounded and those who were arrested are still unknown and most likely are more than the reported figures.[131]

Police officials have denied that their personnel have used live ammunition against people during the protests in Piranshahr and Mahabad and promised to launch an investigation into the murder of several citizens.[132] There is no report publicly available about the outcome of such an investigation, if any.

 

3.3 Piranshahr

The security forces killed Amir Ferasati Shad in Piranshahr on November 18, 2022.[133] According to a source, the local authorities cut off the city’s electricity to prevent crowds to gather for his funeral. His family had no choice but to hold the funeral night.[134] After this incident, the tension remained high in Piranshahr.[135] On November 20, the city was described as a “war zone.”[136] Demonstrators staged a massive protest after the funeral of 16-year-old Karvan Qadershukri, who had been shot dead by security forces.[137] In response, IRGC forces fired live ammunition at protesters.[138] The constant sound of gunfire could be heard in the city.[139] On November 20 and 21, at least four people were killed in Piranshahr.[140]

In one video published by Hengaw, several people are seen running toward a public square amid the sound of intense gunfire.[141] The geolocation analysis and image comparison indicate that this video was taken in Oraz Square in the southern part of Piranshahr. At least three more people were killed in Piranshahr.[142]

3.4 Bukan

From November 15 to November 21, 2022, at least thirteen people were killed in Bukan.[143] The security forces killed Hiva Janan (pictured), Hazhar Mam Khosravi (pictured), Amjad Enayati (pictured), Asad Rahimi, and Ghafour Moloudi (pictured) on November 16 and 17.[144]

Twenty-nine-year-old Ebrahim Sharifi (pictured), who also had been shot by the security forces in Bukan on November 16, died in hospital on November 29.[145]

 

3.5  Other Cities

In mid-November, people came to the streets in Sanandaj, Saqez, Kamyaran, Divandarreh Dehgolan, Kermanshah, and Baneh.[146] During this period, at least seven persons in Sanandaj, two in Saqez, two in Kamyaran, and two in Divandarreh were killed.[147] IRGC forces killed Farhad Khosravi (Pictured) in Sanandaj on November 16 and Foad Savari (pictured) in Divandarreh on November 19.[148]

 On November 20, 2022, security forces opened fire on the protestors who came to Dehgolan to show their solidarity with the people in Mahabad.[149] One video shows the heavy presence of uniformed and plainclothes security forces in the streets of Dehgolan while sporadic gunshot sounds can be heard.[150] During the clashes, many people were wounded, and at least one citizen was killed.[151]

On November 21, protesters gathered in Dareh Deraz and chanted slogans against the government. The majority of people in this unprivileged suburb of Kermanshah are Yarsani.[152] The Yarsan, also known as Ahl-e Haqq or Kaka’i, are followers of a syncretic religion founded in the late 14th century in western Iran.[153] Security forces killed Koroush Pazhuck (pictured) in Kermanshah on November 21, 2022.[154]

Amid the crackdown in mid-November, the government also limited access to basic necessities, such as water and electricity, in Kurdish cities.[155]

 

4.   More Casualties at the Funerals of Killed Citizens

The funerals of killed citizens in Kurdish-majority areas were occasions for further protest against the Islamic Republic. At least nine citizens have been killed during these funerals since late September 2022. Danesh Rahnama (pictured) was killed after the funeral of his close friend, Farjad Darvishi (pictured), in Oroumieh on September 21.[156] Farjad Darvishsi, 23, had been killed during a protest in Urmia a day earlier.[157]

On October 27, thousands of people in Mahabad attended the funeral of Ismaeil (Semko) Mauludi, who had been killed by security forces earlier that day.[158] Kobra Sheikhe Saqa (pictured), Zaniar Abubakri (pictured), and Shahou Khezri (pictured) were shot and killed by security forces during the clashes after Mauludi’s funeral.[159]

During the funeral of 16-year-old Karvan Qadershukri in Piranshahr on November 20, the security forces attacked the mourners and killed at least two individuals. One video circulated on social media captured the moments when people were running away from bullets fired by security forces.[160] Heydar Mohali (pictured) was killed inside a mosque.[161] Jalal Qorbani was also shot dead by IRGC forces, and they buried his body at night.[162]

The death certificate of 18-year-old Zaniar Abubakri indicates that he died due to being hit by “hard or sharp objects.”[163] A photo of his body showing a large wound on the right side of his abdomen makes it clear that he was shot by live ammunition.[164]

 

5.   More Casualties at the 40^th Day Memorials of Killed Citizens

Chehelom, the fortieth day after death, is a significant milestone in Iranian culture, as it marks the end of the mourning period. The survivors commemorate the memory of their loved ones usually by going to the graveyard. This tradition has become a day of protest in the recent anti-government movement. of killed protestors across the country, including the Kurdish-majority areas, people took to the streets and chanted against the Islamic Republic and its security-military apparatus. On many of these occasions, the security forces have brutally attacked mourners and bystanders.[165]

On October 26, 2022, the chehelom of Mahsa (Jina) Amini was held at her hometown of Saqez.[166] Before that day, the government tried to dissuade people from attending her chehelom. The officials threatened the Amini family to cancel the memorial service. They also shut down schools and universities in the Kurdistan Province under the pretext of an influenza outbreak.[167]  On the day of her chehelom, the security forces also closed the roads to Aichi Cemetery of Saqez. Despite this, thousands of people went to her grave through side roads on foot.[168]

Although her chehelom in the cemetery remained calm, tensions rose as people returned to the city.[169] In addition to Saqez, protestors in various parts of the country took to the streets and chanted anti-government slogans. The bazaar in some cities also went on strike, and shop owners closed their businesses. Security forces opened fire at people and arrested dozens of them in response.[170] One day later, on October 27, the security forces shot directly at the people who attended the chehelom of Foad Qadimi and Mohsen Mohammadi in Divandarreh.[171]

The security forces killed Aram Habibi and Shahou Bahmani after the chehelom of Dariush Alizadeh, Peyman Menbari, Yahya Rahimi, and Mohammad Amini in Sanandaj on November 17. [172] At least one source reported that a police officer fatally shot Aram Habibi.[173]

On December 31,2022, IRGC forces surrounded the cemetery of Javanrud to prevent people from gathering for the chehelom of seven Javanrudi protesters who had been killed in mid-November. They fired live ammunition and metal pellets at unarmed mourners, leaving at least one dead and several injured.[174] Borhan Elyasi (pictured), 22, was shot twice and died shortly afterward due to the severity of his injuries.[175] His body was buried immediately on the same day, and thousands of people attended his funeral.[176]

6.   Murder and Indifference to Human Life   

According to the government narrative, separatist groups, terrorists, and unknown individuals are responsible for the deaths of dozens of people.[177] In several cases, they had to admit that live ammunition had caused the death of protesters, but they denied any role of security forces.

Seyyed Hossein Hosseini, the head of the Ministry of Justice in Kurdistan Province, acknowledged that Foad Mohammadi was fatally shot by live ammunition from a distance of 20 meters (about 65 feet) in Kamyaran on November 15. Hosseini also alleged that a court case had been filed and an investigation into his death would continue.[178] In another case, the family of Motaleb Saeed-Pirou, whose murder by IRGC and Basij militia was recorded on CCTV camera, filed a complaint in court. They were forced to drop the case after they rejected the local authorities’ offer to remain silent.[179]

6.1 Killing of Minors

During the recent anti-government protests, at least twelve children were reportedly killed in the Kurdish region of the western part of Iran and one in the Kurdish-majority city of Quchan.[180] Sixteen-year-old Zakaria Khial (pictured) was shot to death in Piranshahr, West Azerbaijan Province, on September 20.[181]

September 21, 2022, was a bloody day during which at least four teenagers were killed across the Kurdish region. Amir-Ali Fouladi (pictured), 16, was shot and killed by security forces in Eslamabad-e Gharb, Kermanshah Province.[182] Sixteen-year-old Abdollah Mohammadpour (pictured) was also shot and killed in Ballou village of Oroumieh, West Azerbaijan Province.[183] Amin Marefat (pictured), also 16, was fatally shot in the chest in his hometown Oshnavieh, West Azerbaijan.[184] Videos circulated on social media show that his body was buried at night.[185]

On the same day, 15-year-old Amir-Hossein Basati (pictured) was shot from behind by metal pellets and live ammunition in Kermanshah.[186] A heartbreaking video taken by a bystander captured the last moments of his life. In this video, the bleeding wounds that appear to be from pellet rounds are visible on his back, in addition to at least two larger circular wounds.[187] For about one week, his family was unaware of his whereabouts and eventually found him after watching the video of his last moments on social media.[188] His father, a retired IRGC officer, was arrested on October 3, 2022.[189] IHRDC has found no report about the outcome of his arrest.

The death count of children continued to rise in October 2022. Sixteen-year-old Sarina Saedi (pictured) died after being severely beaten by the government’s security forces in Sanandaj in October.[190] Her body was buried at night and under strict security measures.[191] The security officials threatened her family to announce that she died from suicide.[192]  The authorities also denied any responsibility for her death.[193] Hassan Askari, the local governor of Sanandaj, alleged that she died due to an overdose of drugs.[194] Ali Azadi, the police commander of Kurdistan, also claimed that her death had nothing to do with the protests in Sanandaj.[195] Although her father was forced to repeat the officials’ allegations, other family members publicly rejected the government’s false narrative.[196]

On October 30, 2022, Kumar Daroftadeh (pictured), 16, was shot by metal pellets in Piranshahr, West Azerbaijan Province. He died one day later in a hospital due to the severity of his injuries.[197] According to his father, the officials have summoned him and asked him to declare that Kurdish opposition groups have killed his son, which he refused.[198]

The government killed my son and must be held accountable […] I said if they [Kurdish opponent groups] killed him, why were you there at the same time? Why did you take his body? Why his cellphone was in your possession? […] My 16-year-old son was out with his friends. They were two or three individuals. [They] were standing [in the street]. Plainclothes agents riding in a private car shot at them […] The whole right side of his body was full of bullets […] The coroner also stated that they fired at him from one meter away.[199]

According to eyewitnesses, there was no protest taking place where Kumar Daroftadeh was shot. Two cars, white and green Samands with no plate numbers, stopped next to him and two other teenagers and opened fire at them. One of the teenagers was taken into custody, and there is no report about his whereabouts.[200] As the father of Kumar Daroftadeh explained, the authorities denied any role in his death. “They said that the weapon with which Kumar was shot was not ours [a registered police rifle],” he added.[201]

Sixteen-year-old Karvan Qadershukri (pictured) was killed during a protest in Piranshahr on November 20.[202] In an interview with Etemad newspaper, his father explained that he was shot twice with live ammunition. He was taken to a hospital and held in the outpatient section, where he died after two hours.[203]

Two days later, Reza Kazemi (pictured) was shot by IRGC forces outside of a village near Kamyaran, Kurdistan province.[204] A video circulated on social media shows that his body, covered in blood, was left on the side of a road at night. Someone behind the camera states that IRGC forces shot him and left him there in the mountain.[205] According to local sources, he was on his way back from a nearby village with his friends when they were ordered to stop at a checkpoint. After he got out to talk with one of the IRGC forces that he knew, he was shot multiple times.[206] Although people eventually took him to Kowsar Hospital of Sanandaj, 16-year-old Kazemi did not survive and died after several days of being in a coma.[207]

 

6.2 Attacking Peaceful Protests Using Heavy Artillery 

On November 2022, the Islamic Republic reinforced its military presence in the Kurdish-majority areas by deploying IRGC special units and heavy artillery.[208] Per video evidence, military helicopters flew over towns and cities to intimidate people.[209] Several sources confirmed the use of heavy ammunition, including DShK machine guns, by IRGC forces against unarmed civilians.[210] In one video taken by a bystander, the person behind the camera states that the security forces were firing at the people with DShK, and even the Syrian war was not like it. The heavy gun shooting could be heard in the background.[211]

DshK is a heavy artillery (50. Caliber) designed for armed conflicts.[212] The Islamic Republic security forces, however, used this heavy machine gun to suppress the protests in Mahshahr, Khuzestan Province, in November 2019.[213]

Islamic Republic officials have consistently denied that security forces have fired live ammunition at protesters.[214] The spokesman for the Iranian government, Ali Bahadori Jahromi, however, indicated that shooting protesters would have been easy and defensible for security forces. He stated, “[I]t was straightforward, like drinking water, for the government to allow law enforcement personnel to use live ammunition from the very first days and beat anyone who came to the street, and [make people] go to sit in their homes.”[215]

 

6.3 Massive Use of Pellet-Firing Shotguns and Metal Pellets

Iranian security forces have indiscriminately fired pellet ammunition, using shotguns, at unarmed protestors, cars, and private residences. A shotgun can shoot three types of bullets: birdshot, buckshot, and slug. The Iranian security forces have used all three of them.[216]

The lower half of the cartridges are relatively similar among the three types of shotgun shells; the only difference is in the projectile itself.[217] Birdshot is used for bird hunting, and there are about 100 pellets in each cartridge. Buckshot, suitable for hunting larger animals, has more extensive and fewer pellets in one single cartridge. A slug is an actual bullet with one projectile and is used for hunting large animals like deer or bears.[218] Like in other parts of Iran, dozens of people in the Kurdish-majority areas have been shot by this ammunition, resulting in severe and irreparable injuries. At least thirteen citizens have been killed due to being  hit by [219]

September 20, 2022, was a bloody day during which metal pellets fired by security forces caused the death of at least four unarmed citizens. Hajar Abbasi (pictured), a senior citizen, was shot in the face and later died due to the severity of her injuries in Mahabad.[220] Reza Shahparnia (pictured), 22, was hit by more than 100 metal pellets fired from close range.[221] After seeing his dead body, his family was appalled by the violence inflicted on him.[222] “[There were] bullet holes in his eyes, his teeth, his chest […] [It was like] a firing squad practically executed him,” one of his relatives stated.[223]

Although the government’s officials claimed that he had been shot in an intersection in Kermanshah, no one was reported being killed in that part of the city, and no one witnessed him getting hit.[224] Minoo Majidi (pictured), 62, was shot from behind by 167 metal pellets in Kermanshah. As her daughter described, her back and neck were full of metal pellets. It indicates that she might have been shot from close range, most likely twice. “My mother had gone to protest the murder of Mahsa [Jina] Amini, and it was not very crowded at that time,” her daughter added.[225] The prosecutor’s office, however, blamed political opponents for Majidi’s death and declared that she was killed by ammunition not used by Iranian security forces.[226]

Around the same time, Mohsen Qeysari (pictured), 32, was shot with more than 50 metal pellets in his chest and head. He died later because of his injuries in a hospital in Ilam.[227] Milad Maroufi (pictured), 23, was shot in the head by metal pellets fired by security forces in Bukan on November 17. He died at a hospital several hours later.[228] Ribaz Salehivand (pictured), 21, was similarly shot with more than 100 metal pellets.[229] According to one of his relatives, IRGC forces fired at him from close range while he was riding a motorcycle.[230] His family was not allowed to bury him in his hometown of Mahabad.[231]

At least in three cases, the unarmed citizens were shot by metal pellets and then beaten to death by security forces. Farjad Darvishsi was shot by metal pellets during a protest in Oroumieh on September 20.[232] Despite being wounded, the security forces beat him with batons. He died later due to his injuries.[233] Hooman Abdullahi (pictured), 21, was shot by metal pellets fired from close range during a protest in Sanandaj on December 7. Despite his injuries, the security forces beat him by baton and taser.[234] He died due to the severity of his injuries in a hospital.[235]

Momen Zand Karimi (pictured), an 18-year-old conscript in the Iranian armed forces, was shot by metal pellets fired from close range in Sanandaj on November 2, 2022. According to eyewitnesses, the security forces then severely beat him in the head multiple times. He died due to internal bleeding on the way to the hospital.[236] In video footage showing his body being washed for burial, dozens of pellet wounds could be seen on his back.[237] As one report indicates, there was no protest on the street where security forces attacked Momen Zand Karimi.[238] His father publicly accused the government’s agents of killing his son.[239] His body was buried at night and under pressure by security forces.[240]

After the 2019 nationwide protests, Iranian officials not only denied any responsibility for the reckless and massive use of shotguns but also alleged that a large number of this type of rifle had been smuggled into the country and used by rioters to kill people and accuse the government of doing that.[241] They have made similar allegations about the metal pellets’ casualties in the recent anti-government protests. Despite this, at least one report indicates that a Franco-Italian ammunition manufacturer has sold shotgun cartridges and their components on a massive scale to Shahid Shiroudi Military Industries, a government-backed company, since 2011. Shahid Shiroudi Military Industries manufacture antiriot cartridges for Iranian forces.[242]

 

6.4 Deadly Shooting of Unarmed People from Behind

Videos,pictures, and witnesses’ statements suggest that security forces have fired live ammunition deliberately at protestors from behind in different Kurdish cities. The people who were shot from behind did not pose any threats to the security forces, as they were either running away or were not facing the forces. IHRDC has identified at least twelve unarmed people who were shot from behind.

Danesh Rahnama, 25, was killed in Oroumieh on September 21, 2022. Security forces shot him three times from behind while he was trying to help Abdollah Mohammadpour, a teenager who had been shot. According to Rahnama’s cousin, the bullets hit his vital organs, causing his death.[243] Fereydoun Faraji was similarly shot from behind in Baneh on October 27.[244]

Azad Hosseinpour (pictured) was shot from behind in Mahabad on November 17, 2022, and died shortly afterward.[245] Three days later, 25-year-old Mohsen Niazi (pictured) was shot from behind in Dehgolan and lost his life due to the severity of his injuries in Kowsar Hospital of Sanandaj on November 20.[246]

On October 12, people staged a peaceful rally in Dare Darizh, an underprivileged suburb of Kermanshah. The majority of people in this area are either Sunni Muslims or Yarsanis. When police and plainclothes forces started firing live ammunition, protestors responded by throwing stones. IRGC forces who were stationed on the rooftop of a Basij base shot from behind at the crowd. Sina Naderi (pictured), 23, was one of those who was shot twice from back there.[247]

 

6.5  Shooting People in the Head, Neck, and Chest

IHRDC has found that at least 27 unarmed citizens died after being shot in the head, neck, and chest by security forces.

Fereydoun Mahmoudi, 33, was shot during a protest in Mahsa Amini’s hometown of Saqez on September 19, 2022.[248] A very graphic video taken by a bystander shows the moment of his death. Mahmoudi was shot in the chest by live ammunition.[249]

Sadruddin Litani (pictured), 27, was shot in the head (or neck) in Oshnavieh, West Azerbaijan Province, on September 21, 2022.[250] In Sanandaj, 33-year-old Mohammad Amini (pictured) was fatally shot in the head on October 8. His body was buried at night and under pressure by security forces.[251] In Divandarreh, Habibullah Fathi (pictured) was similarly shot in the head during a protest on November 19, 2022.[252]

Far from protests in the Kurdish cities, border patrol guards shot 20-year-old Dastan Rasoul Mohammad Agha (pictured) in the head on October 28, 2022.[253] He and his family came from a neighboring Iraqi village to attend the funeral of Motaleb Saeed-Pirou.[254] According to his family members, they had proper permission to cross the border.[255]

Suleiman Shukri Yaskandi was shot by metal pellets in the head and neck in Bukan on November 17, 2022. He died three days later due to the severity of his injuries in a hospital in Oroumieh.[256] Salar Mojaver (pictured) , 30, was similarly shot in the head and died instantly on November 16, 2022.[257] The next day, the government’s security forces blocked the roads to the Bukan cemetery and attacked those who wanted to attend his funeral.[258] Arian Moridi (pictured), 22, was fatally shot in the chest and the neck during a protest in Salas Babajani, Kermanshah Province, on October 9, 2022. He died a day later at a hospital in Kermanshah.[259]

 Peyman Menbari (pictured), 29, was shot in the chest in Sanandaj on October 8, 2022.[260] In an interview with Human Rights Watch, a man who was with Menbari during the protest in the Ghatarchian neighborhood of Sanandaj stated, “I saw that he threw a stone toward the IRGC and [plainclothes] agents. Then, I heard him sigh and fall in front of me.” According to this witness, the man who shot Menbari was a local Basij member.[261] Under pressure from security forces, the family of Peyman Menbari had to bury him on the very same night.[262]

 

6.6  Shooting at Unarmed Civilians by Snipers

At least in three cases, unarmed protestors have been shot randomly by snipers in different cities. Ismaeil (Semko) Mauludi (pictured) was shot during a protest and later died in Mahabad.[263] According to his cousin, 35-year-old Mauludi had been targeted by a sniper.[264]

“The bullet hit his back and exited from the other side of his body […] A few meters away from him, at least three other people were also shot and seriously wounded […] I was informed that one of them [the injured] have died […] Two hours later, his father and uncles were summoned and threatened by the security forces; [they were told that] they were not allowed to hold a funeral and must bury his body immediately at night. His father, however, […] rejected this. [They] told him that his son had been shot by Komola and Democrat [two Iranian Kurdish political parties]. He responded, […] the bullet had been fired from your military base! What the Komola and Democrat forces are doing in your location?! If they have done that, why they shot at people, but no one from your forces has been killed?!”[265]

Nasser Atabati, the head of the Ministry of Justice in West Azerbaijan Province, claimed that Ismaeil (Semko) Mauludi was shot by live ammunition, and his body was found in a place where no protest was happening. He also alleged that the security forces do not use live ammunition and accordingly denied any responsibility for Mauludi ‘s murder.[266]

On November 15, 2022, a bystander recorded Borhan Karami (pictured) along with a group standing in a street located in the Farhangsara neighborhood in the southwestern part of Kamyaran.[267] They had gathered in front of the house of Foad Mohammadi, who had been shot dead earlier that day.[268]

     

At the beginning of the video, a single shot was fired, which could be from a shotgun.[269] People, including Borhan Karami, 32, started walking toward one side of the street. Their actions do not suggest that they were afraid of imminent danger, as they walked toward that side of the street calmly.[270]

Suddenly, the second shot rang out, and a few seconds apart, the third shot cracked, and Borhan Karami fell to the ground. The video captured the moment that a bullet struck him.[271] He died on the spot.[272] At his burial at night, mourners chanted “down with Jash,” a Kurdish derogatory phrase referring to those who work and cooperate with the Iranian security forces.[273] The head of the Ministry of Justice in Kurdistan Province, Seyyed Hossein Hosseini, confirmed that Borhan Karami was shot by live ammunition in the head and died on the spot.  Healso alleged that no law enforcement personnel were present, and an investigation has been launched on this matter.[274]

Most recently, Borhan Elyasi was killed in Javanrud on December 31, 2022. At least one report indicates that snipers shot him.[275]

 

6.7  Shooting at Bystanders and People outside Protests  

In several cases, unarmed civilians and bystanders who were not in the protests have been fatally shot. On October 1, 2022, Mokhtar Ahmadi (pictured), 19, was struck with a stray bullet in a dead-end alley where he and his family lived. After hours of working as a salesperson on street sidewalks, he was killed on his way back home in the darkness of the night. The authorities first tried to bribe his family by offering financial benefits through the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs. Upon the family’s rejection of the offer, the security officials threatened and forced them into silence. Ahmadi’s body was buried at night, and no memorial was allowed to be held for him.[276]

Several unarmed individuals have been fatally shot on roads outside cities. At least in two cases, security forces fired at people near checkpoints. Awat Qaderpour (pictured), 20, was shot by IRGC forces at a checkpoint near Bukan on November 30, 2022. He died due to the severity of his injuries at a hospital in Oroumieh several days later.[277] Reza Kazemi was also fatally shot at a checkpoint near Kamyaran.[278]

Fereshteh Ahmadi (pictured), 32, was shot dead in Mahabad on October 27, 2022.[279] According to her brother, a bullet fired by the security forces came through the window and killed her while a protest was happening outside her house.[280] Although the head of the Justice Department in West Azerbaijan Province, Nasser Atabati, also confirmed her death inside the house, he alleged that someone inside the house fired the bulletand that there was no ongoing protest around the house. He also claimed that an investigation had been launched into the matter.[281] There is no public report about the outcome of this investigation.

Kobra Sheikhe Saqa was also fatally shot in front of her home in Mahabad on October 27, 2022. According to her husband, several individuals in military uniform shot at their home with live ammunition. A bullet struck her in the neck, and she died instantly.[282]

Kamal Feqhi, a 52-year-old citizen, was on the rooftop of his house in Bukan, West Azerbaijan Province, when he was shot in the head on October 12, 2022.[283] According to an informed source, after he chanted slogans in support of the protestors, the security forces shot him with metal pellets.[284] According to his death certificate, he died because of being hit by a “hard object”, which was a e.[285] Mohammad Ahmadi Gagesh, 43, was similarly shot in the head in Mahabad on November 18, 2022.[286] Per a video circulated on social media, he was apparentlyon a rooftop when he was shot.[287] In a picture showing Ahmadi Gagesh’s body, the asphalt of the rooftop can be seen.[288] Although he had not been in the streets to protest, he was shot and killed.

In some cases, the authorities acknowledged that the people who had not been involved in the protest were shot to death.[289]

 

6.8 Deadly Shooting of Disabled People

Zaniar Allahmoradi (pictured), 26, had a visible physical disability. He had lost his right hand after being electrocuted last year.[290] Despite having this physical impairment, security forces shot him with more than 100 metal pellets from close range. He died due to internal bleeding shortly afterward in Tohid Hospital of Sanandaj on November 15, 2022.[291] Allahmoradi, however, was not the only handicapped person who fell victim to the Islamic Republic’s violent suppression.

Many people in his community knew Mostafa Shabani, who suffered from mental retardation and bipolar disorder. On November 17, 2022, the mourners who had attended the funeral of several killed protestors confronted security forces in Bukan. During the clashes, Mostafa Shabani was shot at by metal pellets at close range .[292]

 

6.9 Deadly Shooting at Vehicles

In addition to Yahya Rahimi, killed behind the wheel, at least six citizens have been fatally shot while riding in vehicles. Ramin Sayadi (pictured), 18, was shot inside a vehicle in the Dare Darizh neighborhood of Kermanshah on October 12, 2022.[293] Retired teacher Abdulrahman Bakhtiari (pictured) was shot in the head while in his car in Saqez on November 17, 2022.[294]

In Mahabad, IRGC forces opened fire at the car of Fayegh Mam Qaderi (pictured), 37, on October 15.[295] Earlier that day, his family had informed him that the IRGC Intelligence agents were after his younger brother to arrest him because of his participation in the protests. On the way to his family home, IRGC forces shot at Mam Qaderi’s car when he was about to brake following their order to stop. He was hit by eight bullets and rushed to the hospital where he died after 25 days of being in a coma. Another passenger in the car was severely wounded but survived.[296]

Jabar Farqizadeh (pictured), 36, was also shot twice in the head while driving to his home village in Marivan on November 24, 2022.[297] Asoo Qaderi (pictured) was similarly shot in the head and shoulder in Baneh on November 17, 2022.[298] As his brother described, he was in the car heading back from their grandmother’s house while getting shot.[299] According to him, IRGC forces fired at him and later claimed that he was carrying ammunition and weapons in his car. His family, however, have vehemently denied this allegation.[300]

6.10   Attacking Private Residences

On several occasions, plainclothes forces raided private residences at night, beat the homeowners, and destroyed their belongings. On November 19, 2022, armed plainclothes men attacked the Maskan-e Mehr apartments in the Baharan neighborhood of Sanandaj, beat and insulted the residents, and arrested many.[301] During the clashes, 70-year-old Hossein Abdpanah was severely beaten and shot. He died shortly afterward at a hospital.[302]

On November 22, 2022, IRGC and plainclothes forces were reported raiding houses in several neighborhoods of Bukan, destroying people’s properties, and arresting citizens.[303] At least one report indicates that IRGC forces raided the houses of people in the Hasanabad neighborhood of Sanandaj in early December.[304] They opened fire at the protesters and arrested several individuals.[305]

Jalal Mahmoudzadeh, the Representative of Mahabad in the Iranian parliament confirmed that some security forces have shot at the windows of private residences and shops. “There is no doubt that these individuals were affiliated with the government’s security forces, but it has not yet been determined whether they were IRGC forces, the police, or plainclothes forces,” he added.[306] Several videos on social media also show that the security forces shot into houses and shops.[307]

 

6.11  Firing Unknown Smoke-Causing Ammunition at Protestors

On November 21, 2022, security forces fired smoke-causing munitions at protestors in Javanrud. In video of the event, the fumes produced were dense and greenish.[308] This incident occurred in downtown Javanrud, between Palestine Square and Seventh Isaar Alley (Behdari) on Taleghani Street. Many stores and shopping centers are located in this area.[309] According to one source, Basij forces stationed in Hamzeh Seyyed al Shohda Base came to Taleghani Street and fired the unknown smoke-causing ammunition.[310]

Different reports indicated that the unknown green smoke was hexachloroethane.[311] This organochlorine compound is used for smoke-producing ammunition, alloy production, and also as an ingredient in insecticides. Hexachloroethane acts primarily as a central nervous system depressant in humans acutely exposed to it and irritates the skin, mucous membranes, and liver. Hexachloroethane has been classified as a possible human carcinogen.[312]

Hexachloroethane and zinc oxide, used in military smoke and obscurants, can impact the lung’s airways.[313] In fact, unlike tear gas, exposure to a smoke bomb that releases potent respiratory irritant agents created by hexachloroethane and zinc oxide can cause severe lower respiratory injury.[314]

People in Javanrud most likely have seen the same or similar smoke grenade slugs that have been used in the suppression of 2019 anti-government protests in Iraq by Iraqi security forces.[315] According to Amnesty International, 40mm military-style M651 tear gas grenades and M713 smoke grenades are manufactured by the Defense Industries Organization (DIO) of the Islamic Republic. They are effective smoke bombs containing a single heavy metal slug and are up to 10 times as heavy as standard tear gas canisters.[316]

IHRDC cannot confirm that the fired smoke grenades at the protest in Javanrud on November 21, 2022, were less lethal crowd-control ammunition or contained hazardous components. Without analyzing evidence collected at the scene, any conclusion would be speculative.

 

7.   Uncertain Fate of Detainees

Hundreds of people have been arrested in Kurdish-majority cities in Iran after widespread “women, life, freedom” protests. According to different reports, the detainees have been subjected to arbitrary detention, torture, and denial of medical treatment. The detainee’s families have also been denied information about the conditions and whereabouts of their loved ones.

The Ministry of Intelligence (MOI) runs notorious detention centers in Oroumieh and Sanandaj, where prisoners are subjected to systematic torture, including, but not limited to, rape and sexual abuse. On average, they are held in unsanitary conditions and have only two square meters of cell space per person. several unofficial prisons within its military compounds in the West Azerbaijan Province (Al-Mahdi barracks and Malek Ashtar barracks) and Kermanshah Province (Nabi Akram barracks). In IRGC facilities, inmates are subjected to inhumane behavior and torture, such as mock execution and sexual assault, to confess to what the interrogators wish them to admit. In an interview by IHRDC, an informed source described the horrific conditions of a detention center in Sanandaj:

My 20-year-old cousin was arrested [during a protest] and transferred to the IRGC Intelligence detention center in Sanandaj, also known as Shahramfar. As he described, [the security forces] tortured him. They hit him with a shocker in the head, [so that] he got a seizure [afterward]. He also was forced to use his thumb [instead of his signature] on a piece of paper while he was blindfolded. He has no idea what was written on that paper. They kept him for about three days in Shahramfar [detention center] and then transferred him to the Central Prison [in Sanandaj], where he was held for about one week […] He was held in prison quarantine, which had a small space, so he had to sleep next to the restroom for the first few days. As he explained, the prison guards continuously beat the detainees and said, ‘we have no mercy [for you]. In addition, he [and other detainees] were given a pill that its ingredients were unknown. He was later released on a bail of 450 million tomans (roughly $13,000).[317]

A media report indicates Oroumieh prison officials forcefully gave prisoners sleep pills every night. In some cases, the prisoners who had protested the prison conditions were injected with an unknown substance and transferred to a mental institute.[318]

According to a CNN investigation, police stations have been used as filtration points, where the detained person are first interrogated and then, in some cases, moved from one detention center to another, including secret facilities in military bases. The families of hundreds who are held in this labyrinthine prison system often have no information about their loved ones’ condition and whereabouts.[319]

 

7.1 One Case of Death due to Torture in Custody

On October 22, 2022, tens of thousands of Iranians in the diaspora staged a massive rally in Berlin to show their support and solidarity with their fellow Iranians fighting the Islamic Republic.[320] Various media outlets provided live coverage of the rally and interviewed individuals participating in the rally. When 25-year-old college student Ramtin Fatehi was asked about his reason for participating in the demonstration, he stated that three family members, including his father,were behind bars.[321] When he talked about his arrested family members in a live televised interview, his father had already died under torture, but Fatehi did not know it.[322]

In an interview with IHRDC, Ramtin Fatehi explained the details of his father’s death and the harassment against his family afterward. According to his son, 48-year-old Ramin Fatehi (pictured) was a diligent worker and a family man beloved by all. The Ministry of Intelligence (MOI) agents arrested him around the city of Saqez, where he went to unload cargo, on October 13, 2022. Ramin Fatehi was working as a pickup driver in a truck service company.[323]

“My family neither knew the reason for his arrest nor his whereabouts. They went to the MOI local office, the court, and Sanandaj prison, looking for news about him several times. They, however, received no response and were even threatened not to hire an attorney and not to share the news about his disappearance. About one week later, the MOI local officials in Sanandaj contacted one of our relatives and asked him to go to their location at 9 pm alone for face recognition. They showed my father’s face to him. He recognized signs of fracture in his head. He also noticed that my father’s body was covered in blood.”[324]

As Ramtin Fatehi described, the MOI officials first intended to bury Ramin Fatehi in a specific area reserved for what they called “the cursed,” which refers to Baha’is, political opponents, and those whom the Islamic Republic has killed and has refused to return their remains to their families. This place is situated near the city of Qorveh, in Kurdistan Province. The relative who identified Ramin Fatehi pled to the MOI agents to bury him in his hometown of Sanandaj and even provided collateral. They eventually buried him in a cemetery in Sanandaj at night. The authorities, however, did not allow an autopsy and denied his family the last chance to see him.[325]

“I do not doubt that my father had been subjected to brutal torture and died after a heavy object hit his head. The MOI agents, however, alleged that my father committed suicide. In the MOI detention centers, the agents take away all personal belongings, including clothes and even shoelaces, and place the person in a tiny cell under the surveillance of cameras. In such circumstances, committing suicide is impossible […] On October 22, my family held a memorial service. The MOI agents raided our home and threatened my family that no such gathering should be held for my father.”[326]

On October 13, 2022, the same day Ramin Fatehi was arrested, about 30 MOI agents raided his father’s house in Sanandaj and arrested his brother, Voria Fatehi. As Ramtin Fatehi explained, the agents did not knock on the door, but instead “jumped over the walls into the house’s courtyard.” They provided no warrant and no explanation for his arrest and confiscated the cell phones of the family. On October 14, 2022, they stormed the house of his sister, Rada Fatehi, at night and took her into custody. They threatened her daughter that she was not allowed to inform others of what had happened to her mother, and they seized her cell phone. After about three weeks, Voria and Rada Fatehi were released temporarily on bail. “They have never been politically active […] and are not in good mental and physical condition,” Ramtin Fatehi added.[327]

“I am the only child of my parents. I have lost my father, the dearest person in my life, and could not talk with my mother because of the Internet interruption and confiscation of her cell phone […] My father was martyred under brutal torture while he was in the custody of MOI agents. He, sadly, is not the only innocent person who fell victim to the security establishment […] I never forget what they have done to my father, and I never forgive them. [] must be held accountable for their crimes.”[328]

 

7.2  Other Cases of Suspicious Deaths in Custody

IHRDC has found that at least eleven citizens have died in suspicious circumstances in custody or shortly after being released.[329] In five cases, signs of torture have been seen on the bodies of the killed citizens.

Ismaeel Dezvar was arrested on the road to Saqez on October 9, 2022. On the very same night, a group of plainclothes IRGC Intelligence agents transferred his dead body to Shafa Hospital in Saqez and asked the medical personnel to record a car accident as the cause of his death. The medical staff refused to obey as the signs of torture, including bruises and fractures in his chest, were evident. [330]

Mohammad Abdullahi, 36, was arrested during a protest in front of the Ilam governor’s office on October 12, 2022. He reportedly died under torture after a few hours in security forces’ custody. According to one of his relatives, there were apparent bruises all over his body. His head was also seriously injured due to a hard object hitting him. His family was forced to declare that he died of natural causes.[331]

Omid Hasani, 22, was arrested on November 13 and transferred to a police station near Davazdah-e-Farvardin Square in Sanandaj, where he was reportedly beaten.[332] Hasani was later transferred to Tohid Hospital of Sanandaj andwas pronounced dead on November 17.[333] It has been reported that severe signs of torture were seen on his head and neck.[334]

In several cases, people were taken into custody despite being injured and needing medical treatment. Heyman Aman, 26, was arrested two days after being injured by metal pellets fired by the security forces in Bukan.[335] Aman was transferred to a detention center in Oroumieh, where he was reportedly tortured. He died on November 23, and his body was buried at night under pressure from security forces.[336]

Shadman Ahmadi, 33, was similarly arrested in his home in Dehgolan on December 8, 2022. The security forces provided no warrant.[337] He died reportedly due to torture within a few hours in security forces’ custody.[338] In a picture of his body, marks of extensive bruises are evident on his back.[339] State-run news outlets alleged that he committed self-harm while in custody and died because of self-inflicted injuries.[340]

At least in two cases, arrested individuals lost their lives after being released due to the injuries they sustained while in custody. Shahriar Adeli, 27, was arrested because he participated in an anti-government protest in Sardasht, West Azerbaijan Province, on November 22, 2022. Eleven days later, he was released temporarily on bail while in grave physical condition. He was hospitalized and died due to internal bleeding on December 8, 2022.[341] According to several sources, he had been severely tortured in the MOI local office in Sardasht.[342] The signs of torture are also evident in a published photo of his body. Despite this, it was declared that he died because of cardiac arrest.[343] Mohammad Haji Rasoulpour, 57, similarly died in a hospital after being released temporarily on bail. Rasoulpour had been arrested in Bukan and reportedly tortured during his detention. He was discharged from prison on December 13 and was hospitalized in an intensive care unit of a hospital until his death on December 19, 2022.[344]

There are also three cases of death while in the custody of security forces outside the Kurdish region. Saman Qaderpour, 37, was arrested in Tehran and died in custody on October 29, 2022. Despite the security forces’ allegation that he died because of heart failure, the signs of torture were seen on his face and body. His family had to bury him under pressure by security forces.[345] Saman Rahmani, 28, was arrested while writing slogans on a wall in Ghale Hasan Khan, Tehran Province, on November 11, 2022. Eyewitnesses saw him being beaten severely in the head by security forces. A day later, his family was informed of his death.[346] Ehsan Qasemifar, 32, was arrested while doing a live Instagram in Karaj. After several hours, the security officials told his family of his death. They forced them to declare that he died due to a heart seizure.[347]

 

7.3  Systematic Sexual Assault in Detention Centers

Several covert testimonies have revealed the extent of sexual assaults on male and female protestors in detention. Since the early days of the anti-government protests that started in September 2022, many women have been arrested in Iran’s Kurdish-speaking regions. The exact number of detained individuals is unknown yet. Several news outlets have documented the rape and sexual abuse of detained women in different detention centers, a gross human rights violation that seems to be happening systematically.

About 150 women from the Kurdish cities of West Azerbaijan Province, such as Mahabad and Bukan, have been transferred to Oroumieh prison in northwestern Iran. Before being incarcerated, they were interrogated in the IRGC Intelligence detention centers, where they were reportedly subjected to various sorts of abuse, including rape. These women were separated from other prisoners in Oroumieh prison. Despite this, they have informed other incarcerated women that at least eight of them, including a 17-year-old girl, were raped during the interrogation in the IRGC Intelligence detention centers. They also asked other women to give them “a pack of LD pills and birth control pills,” as they feared getting pregnant due to rape.[348]

It has been reported that a young girl, upon entering the prison, loudly shouted that IRGC Intelligence officers repeatedly raped her during the initial interrogation. She was later taken to a mental institute, where she was held for a while. She committed suicide soon after being released from custody.[349]

According to CNN, most reports of sexual violence amid the ongoing uprising came from the predominantly Kurdish-speaking region of western Iran. In some cases, the sexual assault was filmed and later used to threaten the protesters and force them into silence. A young Kurdish woman who spoke to CNN revealed that she witnessed and suffered sexual violence while in police custody. She was held in a police facility in the Islamabad neighborhood of Oroumieh.[350]

[T]here [were] about 30 to 40 women and the rest were boys […] There were kids as young as 13 and 14 captured in the demonstrations. They were brutally hurt. They hurt the girls even more. They sexually violated the girls […] There was a main hall with private interrogation rooms off it. An officer would take a pretty girl and go to a space to be alone and sexually assault her.[351]

Many of these women avoid talking about what happened to them while in custody as they fear the stigma attached to victims of sexual violence. The torture and sexual abuse these women are said to have experienced, however, has been shared by other detainees, including young men.[352]

A witness interviewed by IHRDC, who wants to remain anonymous due to his fear of retribution by the government, stated that at least several young men have been sexually assaulted by dangerous criminals in the Central Prison of Sanandaj.

Those who have been raped will not talk about what happened to them. They will not do it out of fear of being dishonored, particularly in our region (Kurdistan Province) […] A drug inmate, a career felon who is currently released on bail, told me that the mobs who either are serving a life sentence or awaiting execution have nothing to lose. They have been sexually deprived for a long time and have no hesitation in abusing the young detainees sexually. The young detainees have no choice but to do that; otherwise, the mobs will beat them. The prison officials are well aware of this situation. They intentionally incarcerate underaged and young detainees of recent protests in the proximity of dangerous criminals and pedophiles, not in a separate ward. They want these kids to be victimized in this manner.[353]

Young boys have fallen victim to incarcerated criminals as well as security forces. A 17-year-old boy has told CNN that he and his friends were raped and tortured while in detention. He described witnessing other men being beaten and screaming intensely in another cell. When he asked the reason for their screams, one of them stated, “they [prison guards] are raping the men.”[354]

 

7.4  Show Trials and Capital Punishment

At least nine individuals arrested during protests in the Kurdish-majority areas are in danger of execution based on uncorroborated charges.[355] Pouria Javaheri was arrested by IRGC Intelligence forces in Kamyaran, Kurdistan Province, on November 29, 2022. [356] He has been charged with moharebeh, or waging war against God, which is a capital crime.[357] Javaheri’ s trial lasted for a couple of minutes, and he did not have access to counsel.[358]

Reza Rasayi was arrested in relation to the murder of an IRGC commander during a protest in Sahneh, Kermanshah Province. He has been subjected to severe torture and forced to make self-incriminating confessions to the murder. He has been charged with moharebeh.[359]

Farhad Tajazadeh and his brother Farzad Tahazadeh, along with Hazhar Hamidi, Karvan (Heyman) Shahiparvaneh, Shahram Marouf Moula, and Reza Eslamdoust, and Ayoub Aghliani were all arrested in Oshnavieh, West Azerbaijan Province. They have been charged with offenses, such as moharebeh, that carry the death penalty.[360]

 

8.   Continuation of Horror

8.1 Depriving the Injured of Proper Medical Care

Some reports indicate that the injured have been deliberately denied medical care in hospitals. According to a source in Nabi Akram Hospital of Oshnavieh, West Azerbaijan Province, the security officials prevented the urgent surgery of Milan Haqiqi (pictured), who had been fatally shot in the chest on September 21.[361] He died shortly afterward. According to his father, 21-year-old Haqiqi had been hit by three bullets.[362]

Ardalan Qasemi was shot from behind with live ammunition while he and another person were writing anti-government slogans on a wall in Kermanshah on November 10. According to a source close to his family, “three bullets hit his shoulder, kidney, and groin […] He was transferred to Taleqani Hospital in Kermanshah, but the security forces did not allow his surgery, and he died due to severe bleeding after several hours.”[363]

The security forces shot at Najmuldin Veisi‘ s car and severely wounded him in Javanrud on November 20.[364] His younger brother, Bahauddin Veisi, had been killed on the very same day.[365] Instead of transferring him to a hospital, IRGC forces arrested him. According to several sources, he has been denied medical care and subjected to torture in custody.[366]

It has been reported that Jalil Azizpour has been deliberately deprived of medical care in prison. He was arrested on November 29 after being hit by the MOI agents’ car. In addition to his broken leg, two teeth were also smashed during the interrogation, but prison officials refused to send him to a hospital outside the prison. On his first day in court, he announced that he had been tortured and forced to confess.[367]

 

8.2 Abduction of an Injured Person from Hospital

Mohammad Lotfollahi, 22, was shot and wounded by IRGC forces in Sanandaj on October 26, 2022. He was subsequently arrested and transferred to an unknown location. On the next day, his body was buried in the presence of security forces.[368] One of Mohammad Lotfollahi’s acquaintances, speaking to IHRDC on the condition of anonymity, explained the circumstance of his death:

Mohammad and his wife were living in Naisar, a suburb of Sanandaj […] He and a few [of his friends] went to the protest for Mahsa Amin’s chehelom […] A person who had also gone to that protest told me later that the security forces attacked and arrested many people. He could manage to escape […] After several hours, the same person called me and confirmed that Mohammad was martyred.[369]

According to Mohammad’s friends who were with him during the protest, he was injured by metal pellets fired by security forces. They transferred him to Kowsar Hospital in Sanandaj. Shortly after that, Mohammad’s uncles and relatives showed up and took him away. They transferred him to an IRGC van.[370]

I knew that Mohammad’s father and several of his uncles are members of Basij and IRGC […] Mohammad’s uncles and one of his uncles’ son-in-law are all the Islamic Republic’s paid men […] Mohammad, however, was very against them and never followed their words […] Until his murder, I didn’t know that one of his uncles is in fact a high-ranking official [in IRGC] and has several goons working with him. Amjad Lotfollahi [his uncle] joined the Basij in 1993 and has been an active member throughout the past years. The father of his son-in-law was also a notorious Jash [a Kurdish slur referring to those who work and cooperate with the Islamic Republic]. He (father of son-in-law) was killed in an Islamic Republic conspiracy in Marivan several years ago. The mentioned son-in-law is the head of Herasat in Kowsar Hospital in Sanandaj.[371]

Herasat refers to the Ministry of Intelligence (MOI) offices in state agencies, organizations, and universities in Iran. These offices are tasked with identifying potential security threats. They surveil employees, function as informants, and influence hiring and firing practices.[372]

One of Mohammad’s cousins has confirmed that there were severe bruises around his neck and other signs of torture in his body.[373] It is not clear, however, that he died due to the severity of his injuries or torture within a few hours of detention.[374]

[The security forces] buried his body very quickly. By order of Amjad Lotfollahi, Mohammad’s uncle, a minibus full of thugs went to his funeral to make sure that no one would dare to chant anti-government slogans. They dispersed the people who went to the cemetery and only allowed close family members. [His family] also claimed that he got sick when they were heading back home from their family village on October 26. Accordingly, his condition worsened overnight, and he passed away on the way to the hospital. The cause of his death was announced as a heart attack […] Several months ago, Mohammad’s brother also died in suspicious circumstances, although it was officially announced that he died in a car accident.[375]

 

8.3  Blindness Caused by Metal Pellets

Since late September 2022, many people across the country have suffered irreparable damages, particularly severe eye injuries, inflicted by the Iranian security forces. The security forces have indiscriminately fired rubber bullets and metal pellets against protestors, mostly from close range.[376] The exact number of eye injuries is difficult to determine in the Kurdish region, similar to in other parts of the country, as many people avoid seeking medical treatment out of fear of being arrested. Despite this, available evidence suggests that dozens of people have been wounded in the eyes. Doctors in Kurdistan Province have estimated that they had treated at least eighty eye-injured patients.[377]

On September 17, 2022, protesters in Mahsa (Jina) Amini’s hometown of Saqez gathered in front of the governor’s office to demonstrate. This peaceful protest, however, quickly escalated to violence when the security forces attacked the people. According to videos circulated on social media, the security forces openly and indiscriminately fired live ammunition.[378] The exact number of the injured is not known. Nechirvan Maroufi, 18, was shot by metal pellets in the head, leaving him blind in one eye.[379] Mohammad Parsa Sehhat, 21, was also hit by metal bullets in the head causing gross injuries in his eyes.[380]At least two other civilians in Saqez were also reported to have been shot in the head and face.[381]

It has been reported that at least five other civilians received eye injuries in Oroumieh, Piranshahr, and Sanandaj during the protests.[382] In Kermanshah, 18-year-old Parsa Qubadi was shot in the eyes by metal pellets.[383] He lost his eyesight in both eyes as a result.[384]

 

8.4  A Fatal Case of Not Seeking Medical Care

The Iranian security forces have injured thousands of people in the current nationwide protests. Injured protesters avoid going to hospital due to the infiltration of security forces and the threat of being captured in health care facilities.[385] Due to this situation, many of the injured have resorted to home remedies and advice from others on social media to treat their injuries.[386] At least in one case, the result has been fatal.

Nima Shafaqdust (pictured) was 17 years old and worked in a restaurant in Oroumieh, West Azerbaijan Province. He died from a severe infection in a hospital in Oroumieh on October 5, 2022.[387] According to a report, he had been shot by the security forces during a protest a few days before his death. Still, he avoided going to the hospital for fear of being arrested.[388] In a recent interview, his mother confirmed that Shafaqdust had been shot in his legs and received medical care through a physician at home for twelve days. After his condition deteriorated, he was transferred to a hospital but died within 30 minutes.[389]

On September 21, Nima had gone to his workplace in the Islamabad neighborhood to receive his salary, [but] he was shot from behind and wounded by security forces during the protest there […] We took Nima to the hospital because of the seriousness of his injuries. After we saw the large presence of security forces around the hospital, we returned him home because we were afraid he might be arrested. […] His body was not handed over to us for two days. The security officials threatened us that if we talked about his death and held a public memorial service for him, they would harm the family’s youth as they did to Nima.[390]

Hasan Sheikhnejad, Oroumieh police chief, alleged that Nima Shafaqdust died due to an infection caused by a dog bite.[391] As his mother described, their family were threatened to provide this false narrative.[392]

 

8.5  Denial of Medical Care and Harassment of Families

Undercover security forces in hospitals have arrested injured protestors, seized dead bodies, and sometimes even attacked their families and survivors. On November 15, 2022, the security forces fired metal pellets at the family members of Foad Mohammadi around the Sina Hospital of Sanandaj, leaving at least five persons injured.[393] They gathered in the hospital after Foad Mohammadi, who had died due to the severity of the wounds he had sustained after being shot by the IRGC.[394]

According to several sources, herasat personnel in Kowsar Hospital of Sanandaj have assisted security forces in identifying and arresting hospitalized protesters.[395] At least one injured protestor was arrested inside Kowsar Hospital and later died in custody.[396] At least one report indicates that several injured protesters have been abducted from medical centers in Mahabad.[397]

In the aftermath of the violent crackdown against protests in mid-November 2022, hospitals in Javanrud, Bukan, and Mahabad ran out of medicine and medical necessities, such as blood, due to the high number of the injured.[398] The security forces seized the tools and equipment for blood drawing in Javanrud hospital.[399] After that, dozens of people in Kermanshah donated their blood to support those who needed a blood transfusion in Javanrud.[400] However, the security forces shot at the car that transferred the donated blood and did not allow its entrance to Javanrud.[401]

 Moreover, the Iranian security forces have been reported to co-opt ambulances to infiltrate protests and detain people. They are also reported to have been used as military vehicles to transport security forces and transfer arrested protestors to detention centers.[402] Iran’s medical community has staged different protests and condemned the Islamic Republic’s misuse of medical emblems.[403]

 

9.   Shootings of Cross-Border Porters

In the aftermath of the nationwide protests of 2022, the Iranian side of the border with Iraqi Kurdistan has been heavily militarized, and security forces regularly shoot to kill those who cross, mostly kulbars.[404]Kulbars are porters hauling imported goods on their backs, mostly over long distances in the mountainous border from Iraqi Kurdistan to Iran, without state authorization. Widespread poverty and lack of economic opportunities in the Kurdish-majority areas have left some people with no choice but to become kulbars to put food on the table.[405] In recent years, dozens of kulbars have been killed due to border guards’ firing, stepping on landmines, frostbite, hypothermia, and avalanche.

On October 2, 2022, the border guard patrols opened fire at a group of kulbars in a border area of Kurdistan Province, which caused the death of 37-year-old Saman Zarei. A few days before this incident, another group of kulbars in Piranshahr, West Azerbaijan Province, were shot without any prior warning. Shovaneh Moradi Aqdam was shot at close range and died afterward.[406] On October 19, 2022, another kulbar, Rahman Mam Khezri, was killed in the border area near Baneh, Kurdistan Province.[407]

On November 11, 2022, border guards raided a village near Sardasht in an attempt to seize the cross-border traders’ goods. They opened fire at locals who refused to hand over their goods. Heyman Hamzeh (pictured), 30, was shot and died shortly afterward. A demonstration was held in front of the governor’s office, but security forces attacked the crowd, leaving two injured.[408] For several days, protests continued, and demonstrators chanted anti-government slogans in Heyman’s home village.[409] No report indicates that the government has launched an investigation into his death caused by border guards.

 

10.  Harassing the Families of Killed Citizens 

10.1 Faking the Cause of Death   

In several cases, the authorities have pressured the family of killed citizens to accuse the regime’s opposition, including Kurdish political parties, of the murder of their loved ones. [410] IHRDC has found that at least eight families were specifically asked to make such accusations.

According to a report, the authorities pressured the family of Fereydoun Mahmoudi (pictured), killed in Saqez on September 19, 2022, to condemn so-called anti-revolutionary forces for the murder of their son. In return, they would receive eight hundred million toman (roughly $22,800) and other financial benefits as the family of a “martyr”.[411] Fereydoun Mahmoudi’s family rejected these offers.[412]

The family of Reza Lotfi (pictured) was also reportedly under duress to declare that security forces had no role in the murder of their son.[413] Lotfi had been shot in the heart in Dehgolan on September 19, 2022.[414] His father later stated that a group of government officials tried to convince them to accuse opposition Kurdish parties of the murder of his son, which he rejected.[415]

Peyman Menbari was killed in Sanandaj on October 8, 2022.[416] The officials offered financial benefits to his family, provided that they would agree to the government introducing him as a “martyr”, but they rejected this offer.[417] The officials asked the family of Kobra Sheikhe Saqa to declare that the passengers of a car with no plate number shot her. They also have been under pressure to accept the official title of a martyr, but they rejected it. Kobra Sheikhe Saqa was killed in Mahabad on October 27, 2022.[418]

At least in sixteen cases, the authorities have forced the families of killed citizens in the recent protests to declare that the death of their loved ones was due to heart attack, suicide, confrontation with law enforcement, car accident, or preexisting medical conditions. In at least one case, the local authorities alleged that a teenager died from an infection caused by a dog bite.[419]

Mohammad Keyvan Darvishi (pictured), 42, was shot in his vital organs by metal pellets during a protest in Sanandaj on October 23, 2022. The coroner’s office declared that he died due to a heart seizure.[420] Matin Nasri (pictured), a 19-year-old conscript, died under suspicious circumstances in Sanandaj on November 7 after he reportedly refused to attack people following his commanders’ order.[421] His family members were forced to declare that he died due to a heart attack. His body was buried under pressure by security forces.[422]

On October 12, 2022, the family of Ramin Karami (pictured) were forced to sign a statement declaring that he died due to a heart attack. Karami, 31, had been shot during a protest and died after several days, during which his family members were unaware of his whereabouts. The authorities also threatened his family to remain silent about his death, and that they would be fined if they spoke out.[423] According to at least one source, the authorities seized the body of Saman Qaderbeigi (pictured), who had been shot dead in Mirzaei Street of Bukan on November 18 and threatened his family to declare that he committed suicide.[424]

In another incident, Ardalan Qasemi (pictured), 44, was shot while writing anti-government slogans on a wall in Kermanshah on November 10, 2022. His family members were forced to sign a paper declaring that he was shot while stealing a car.[425] Another source stated that they were also threatened to declare that Qasemi was transferring weapons to rioters when law enforcement officers killed him.[426]

Ismaeel Dezvar was killed in the custody of IRGC forces in Saqez on October 9, 2022, but his family was forced to declare that he lost his life in a car accident.[427] The state TV broadcasted a short interview with his father, in which he repeated the government’s false narrative.[428] Seyed Mohammad Hosseini (pictured) was hit by an ant-riot force truck in Saqez on October 12, 2022, after he objected to the destruction of private property by security forces. According to eyewitnesses, the government’s vehicle deliberately ran over him two times, but his family were forced to declare that he died in a car crash.[429]

Moreover, several Kurdish citizens have lost their lives in suspicious circumstances in other parts of the country. At least in two cases, their families were reportedly forced to declare that their children died due to medical conditions and suicide.

Nasrin Qaderi (pictured) was originally from Marivan and lived in Tehran, where she was a graduate student. According to Kurdish resources, she died at a hospital after being beaten by security forces in Tehran on November 4, 2022.[430] The local officials, including the IRGC commander in Marivan and the Friday prayer Imam of Marivan, visited her family.[431] At least one source reported that her family were under pressure to remain silent about the details of her death.[432] Her body was buried under security pressure at night.[433] In an interview with the state-sponsored news outlets, Nasrin Qaderi’s father stated that she died in her home because of a preexisting medical condition.[434] Several days later, Hamid Asgaripour, the prosecutor of Shahriar, a city near Tehran, claimed that Nasrin Qaderi died in her home because of Methanol poisoning.[435]

Alireza Karimi (pictured), 20, who was an undergraduate student in Arak, was severely beaten in the head during a student protest and died shortly afterward. His family were forced to declare that he had committed suicide. Otherwise, his parents would have been laid off from their teaching jobs. His body was later buried under pressure from security forces in Eslamabad-e Qarb, Kermanshah Province.[436]

 

10.2 Confiscating the Bodies

To prevent demonstrations, the security forces have seized the bodies of several killed citizens and either buried them without the knowledge and consent of their families or returned them only on the condition of burial at night.[437]

Reza Lotfi was killed in Dehgolan on September 19, 2022, and the security forces abducted his body and buried it without the knowledge of his family at night.[438] The body of Fereydoun Mahmoudi, killed in Saqez on September 19, was also buried at night without the presence of his family.[439] Once again, in Saqez, the body of Ismaeel Dezvar, who had died under suspicious circumstances in the custody of IRGC forces on October 9, was buried by them at night.[440] The body of 70-year-old Hossein Abdpanah (pictured), killed in Sanandaj on November 19, was also taken away by the authorities from the hospital.[441]

In separate incidents, the bodies of three killed citizens were seized and transferred to a military base. The security forces shot Aram Habibi and Shahou Bahmani in Sanandaj on November 17, 2022.[442] Their bodies were taken and transferred to the barracks of the 28th Division of the Army.[443] The security forces killed Hooman Abdullahi in Sanandaj on December 7.[444] His body was similarly abducted and transferred to the 28th Division of the Army.[445] Although his body was eventually given to his family, they had no choice but to bury him at night.[446]

The security forces seized the body of Issa Beyglari from Kowsar Hospital of Sanandaj, where he died due to gunshot wounds. He had been shot twice from behind by live ammunition. The head of the hospital’s herasat, , and Tayeb Mohammadi, the head of hospital guards, arranged for his body to be taken away by the security forces. The officials eventually allowed his close family to bury him at night.[447]

At least in four cases, the families of killed citizens kept the bodies of their loved ones at home, and not in a morgue or funeral house, to prevent security forces from seizing the bodies before burial.

Erfan Kakaee and Bahauddin Veisi were both killed in Javanrud on November 20, 2022.[448] The family of 16-year-old Veisi kept his body under a pile of ice at home before his funeral.[449] The family of Kakaee did the same, and a group of people were stationed outside their homes and remained there until the morning to prevent the abduction of their bodies by the government.[450] Similarly, people remained in the streets of Piranshahr on November 20 to prevent the security forces from abducting the bodies of killed protestors.[451]

Mohammad Hassanzadeh (pictured), 28, was killed by security forces in Bukan on November 16, 2022, and his family kept his body at home until his burial the following day.[452] Shahriar Mohammadi (pictured), his close friend, was also killed by the security forces in Bukan on November 19, 2022.[453] On the very same day, the chief police of Bukan, Salman Heydari, declared that the murderer of both Mohammad Hassanzadeh and Shahriar Mohammadi was identified and arrested.[454]After that, the prosecutor of Oroumieh, Hassan Majidi, alleged that Hassanzadeh died after being stabbed following a personal fight with a group of former felons. According to Hassan Majidi, a judicial investigation has been launched into this matter.[455] There is no report about the outcome of this investigation.

However, Shahriar Mohammadi’s body was seized a few hours after his death. More than 50 IRGC forces raided Qolipour Hospital of Bukan and shot at his family, who were in the hospital, leaving at least five injured. They took his body away and buried him at night.[456]

 

10.3 Demanding Money in Exchange for Bodies

In continuation of its repressive policies, Iranian officials have asked the families of at least six killed protestors to deposit a bond, and in some cases cash, in exchange for handing over the bodies of their loved ones.

Amir-Ali Fouladi, 16, was killed during an anti-government protest in Eslamabad-e Qarb, Kermanshah Province, on September 21, 2022.[457] At least one report indicates that his family were asked to pay some money to be given his body.[458] Similarly, the family of 17-year-old Ali Mozaffari Salanquch (pictured) paid fifty million tomans (roughly $1,400) to be allowed to bury him at night. He was killed after being shot by security forces in Quchan, Khorasan-e Razavi Province, on September 21, 2022.[459]

The authorities also demanded 250 million tomans (roughly $7,000) from the family of Afshin Asham (pictured) to return his remains. Asham, 28, had been shot in the chest and abdomen by the security forces in Qasr-e-Shirin, Kermanshah Province, on October 26, 2022.[460] The family of Ardalan Qasemi, killed in Kermanshah on November 10, were also forced to pay sixteen million tomans (roughly $500).[461]

The family of Suleiman Shukri Yaskandi (pictured) were informed that they must either pay 90 million tomans (roughly $2,500) or declare that Kurdish political parties had killed their son to be given his remains. [462] After they deposited the requested money, which had been collected through donations by private citizens, the IRGC Intelligence officials handed over the body of their 22-year-old son.[463] Shukri Yaskandi was killed after being shot by metal pellets in the head and neck On November 20, 2022.[464]

The family of Sadi Shahroukhifar (pictured) had to deposit two billion tomans (roughly $57,000) as a bond so that his remains would be returned to them. The officials threatened them to remain silent about the murder of their son. Otherwise, their deposit would be confiscated by the government. Sadi Shahroukhifar was shot and stabbed multiple times in Bukan on November 19, 2022. His body was buried under pressure by security forces.[465]

 

10.4 Burial at Night

Threatened by the security forces, many families had to bury the bodies of their loved ones privately, often at night, and in some cases in remote areas. If they wanted to hold a funeral, the security forces would not have given them the bodies of their sons and daughters.[466] At least the bodies of thirty citizens were buried at night.

Danial Pabandi, (pictured), 17, was killed in Saqez on November 15, 2022.[467] According to his father, the passengers of a Peugeot, which had no plate number, shot at him from behind.[468] When the news of his death spread, people gathered outside Tamin Ejtemaei Hospital of Saqez and tried to prevent the abduction of his body by the government agents.[469] Some sources indicate that his family buried him secretly at night.[470] At least two sources report that IRGC forces took his body away and buried him at night without the consent of his family.[471]

Many videos circulated on social media show grieving families who shout anti-government slogans on the side of their loved ones’ graves.[472] Although burial at night is permissible according to the Sunni Islamic jurisprudence, it is not considered a widespread practice.[473]

The bodies of Fereydoun Faraji, Hiva Janan, Asoo Qaderi, Taher Azizi, Shomal Khadiri, Shuresh Niknam, and Awat Qaderpour were all buried at night.[474] Twenty-year-old Qaderpour had been shot by IRGC forces at a checkpoint near Bukan and died after 12 days on November 30.[475]

 

Conclusion

As of January 9, 2023, at least 481 people were killed across Iran in the protests that began after the custodial death of Mahsa (Jina) Amini in September 2022. Of those, at least 133 deaths occurred in West Azarbaijan, Kurdistan, and Kermanshah provinces.[476]

The Islamic Republic has used the violent methods to suppress protests in the Kurdish region, including attacking unarmed civilians with live ammunition and heavy artillery and targeting people with pellet-firing shotguns from close range. Hundreds of people have been detained and subjected to torture and mistreatment, particularly sexual violence. Iranian security officials have committed egregious international human rights law violations to terrorize people and deter them from participating in the ongoing protests.

Unable to contain the popular uprising, the government has recently started sham trials sentencing protestors to death. The Islamic Republic’s actions in the Kurdish region since September 2022 should be investigated as crimes against humanity.

The newly established United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on Iran should investigate the suppressive action of the Islamic Republic, including the use of excessive and unlawful lethal force against protesters in the Kurdish-majority areas, alongside its broader reporting on the grave human rights violations committed by the security forces across the country.

 

 Methodology

IHRDC gathered and analyzed information for this report from the following sources:

Testimony of victims and witnesses. IHRDC interviewed four witnesses for this report. One of the witnesses lives in Iran, but the rest are in exile in different European countries.

Documents issued by non-governmental organizations. Reports and press releases from different human rights organizations have been used in drafting this report.

Academic articles and books. Books and articles written by or about the Kurdistan region of Iran and the current suppression of protests have been consulted and cited in this report.

Media reporting. Various Iranian media sources, as well as non-Iranian media sources, have been used to provide details and context for this report.

Where the report cites or relies on information provided by government actors or other involved parties, it specifies the source of such information and evaluates the information considering the relative reliability of each source. The IHRDC has meticulously cross-checked all the sources of information used to compile this report to ensure their credibility and accuracy.

All names of places, people, organizations, and others in the footnotes originally written in Persian have been transliterated using the system of the International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies (IJMES), available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/information/author-resources/ijmes-translation-and-transliteration-guide

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Appendix I – List of the Dead Citizens in the Kurdish Region

Name	Age	Other Details	Place of Death	Time of Death
Fereydoun Mahmoudi	33	Father of two children.	Saqez, Kurdistan	Sep. 19, 2022
Mohsen Mohammadi		Name of father, Khalifeh Masoud.	Divandarreh, Kurdistan	Sep. 19, 2022
Foad Qadimi	40	Father of two children. Name of father, Abdullah. His body was buried at night, and under security pressure.	Divandarreh, Kurdistan	Sep. 19, 2022
Reza Lotfi		Name of father, Kamal.	Dehgolan, Kurdistan	Sep. 19, 2022
Hajar Abbasi			Mahabad, West Azerbaijan	Sep. 20, 2022
Minoo Majidi	63	Mother of three children. Originally from Qasr-e-Shirin. Was allegedly shot at Vahdat Blvd., Kermanshah.	Kermanshah, Kermanshah  Province	Sep. 20, 2022
Reza Shahparnia	22	Name of father, Morteza. Was allegedly shot at Nobahar Intersection, Kermanshah. His body was given to his family after two days.	Kermanshah, Kermanshah Province	Sep. 20, 2022
Farjad Darvishi	23	Name of father Younes. Professional volleyball player. Was shot at Valiasr neighborhood, Urmia.	Urmia, West Azerbaijan	Sep. 20, 2022
Zakaria Khial	16	Name of father, Suleiman.	Piranshahr, West Azerbaijan	Sep. 20, 2022
Danesh Rahnama	25	Name of father, Ali. Was shot after the funeral of Farjad Darvishi, in Ballou Village and died shortly at a hospital. His body was buried under security pressure.	Urmia, West Azerbaijan	Sep. 21, 2022
Abdollah Mohammadpour	16	Was shot by Basij forces during a protest in Ballou Village.	Urmia, West Azerbaijan	Sep. 21. 2022
Abdulsalam Qader Galvan (Abdulsalam Galvani)	32	Name of father, Nader. Was shot by the government’s security forces during a protest in Oshnavieh and died four days later at a hospital in Urmia. His body was buried under security pressure.	Oshnavieh, West Azerbaijan	Sep. 21. 2022
Milan Haqiqi	21	Was born in Gothenburg, Sweden. Name of father, Salim.	Oshnavieh, West Azerbaijan	Sep. 21. 2022
Amin Marefat	16	Name of father Abubakr. Was shot in the chest by AK-47 fired by the security forces.	Oshnavieh, West Azerbaijan	Sep. 21, 2022
Sadruddin Litani	27	Name of father, Qader.	Oshnavieh, West Azerbaijan	Sep. 21, 2022
Iman Mohammadi	25	Was shot by the security forces during a protest around the governor’s office.	Islamabad Qarb, Kermanshah	Sep. 21. 2022
Saeed Mohammadi	21	Name of father, Ali. Athlete. Was shot by the security forces during a protest around the governor’s office.	Islamabad Qarb, Kermanshah	Sep. 21. 2022
Anushirvan (Amir-Ali) Fouladi	16	Name of father Alimardan. Was shot by the security forces during a protest around the governor’s office.	Islamabad Qarb, Kermanshah	Sep. 21. 2022
Amir-Hossein Basati	15	Name of father Qolamreza. Was shot in Modares Street, Kermanshah. His body was buried under security pressure.	Kermanshah, Kermanshah Province	Sep. 21. 2022
Mohsen Qeysari	32	Was shot in Taleghani Street, Ilam.	Ilam, Ilam Province	Sep. 21. 2022
Samad Bargi Nia	52	Name of father, Mohammad. Was shot by the government’s security forces during a protest in Piranshahr and died seven days later at a hospital in Urmia.	Piranshahr, West Azerbaijan	Sep. 28. 2022
Mokhtar Ahmadi	19		Marivan, Kurdistan	Oct. 1, 2022
Nima (Aslan) Shafaqdust	17	Name of father, Behrouz. Was shot in Islamabad neighborhood, Urmia.	Urmia, West Azerbaijan	Oct. 5, 2022
Dariush Alizadeh	33	Was shot by the government’s security forces in Sirous Street, Sanandaj, and died later on the way to the hospital. His body was buried under security pressure.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Oct. 8, 2022
Mohammad Amini	33	Name of father, Gol-Mohammad. Was shot from close range.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Oct. 8, 2022
Peyman Menbari	29	Name of father, Ayyub. Was shot in Ghatarchian neighborhood, Sanandaj.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Oct. 8, 2022
Yahya Rahimi Sarabshahraki	31	Name of father, Ahmad. His body was buried at night and under security pressure.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Oct. 8, 2022
Ismaeel Dezvar		Name of father Ebrahim.	Saqez, Kurdistan	Oct. 9. 2022
Arian Moridi	22	Name of father, Hossein.	Salas Babajani, Kermanshah	Oct. 9. 2022
Mohammad Abdullahi	36		Ilam, Ilam Province	Oct. 12, 2022
Kamal Feqhi	47	Name of father, Mohammad. Was shot in Hesar neighborhood, Bukan. Died later at a hospital.	Bukan, West Azerbaijan	Oct. 12, 2022
Ramin Karami	31	Name of father, Parviz. Yarsani. Originally from Sarpol-e Zahab. His body was buried under security pressure.	Kermanshah, Kermanshah Province	Oct. 12. 2022
Ramin Sayadi	18	Yarsani. Was shot by IRGC forces while in a car and died instantly. Other passengers were seriously injured.	Kermanshah, Kermanshah Province	Oct. 12. 2022
Seyed Mohammad Hosseini		Was intentionally hit by an anti-riot police car in Mehr Kohdasht housing neighborhood, Saqez.	Saqez, Kurdistan	Oct. 12. 2022
Aziz Moradi	46	Name of father, Abdullah. Owner of a restaurant in Sanandaj. Was shot by an AK-47 fired by the security forces in Haji Faiza Intersection in Naisar neighborhood, Sanandaj.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Oct. 12, 2022
Sina Naderi	23	Yarsani. Was shot by IRGC forces and died shortly at a hospital.	Kermanshah, Kermanshah Province	Oct. 12. 2022
Ramin Fatehi	48		Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Oct. 21, 2022
Mohammad Keyvan Darvishi	42	Name of father, Mohammad-Ali. Was shot in beltway 25, in Sanandaj.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Oct. 23, 2022
Mohammad Lotfollahi	22	Name of father, Mohammad-Baqer.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Oct. 26, 2022
Ebrahim Mirzaei	42	Death due to respiratory failure after security forces fired extensive tear gas in Abbas Abad Intersection, Sanandaj.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Oct. 26, 2022
Afshin Asham	28	Yarsani.	Qasr-e-Shirin, Kermanshah	Oct. 26. 2022
Ismaeil (Semko) Mauludi	35	Name of father Abdulqader. Father of one child.	Mahabad, West Azerbaijan	Oct. 27. 2022
Shahou Khezri		Was shot after the funeral of Ismaeel Moloudi.	Mahabad, West Azerbaijan	Oct. 27, 2022
Zaniar Abubakri	18	Name of father, Sultan. Was shot after the funeral of Ismaeel Moloudi.	Mahabad, West Azerbaijan	Oct. 27, 2022
Kobra Sheikhe Saqa	55	Name of father, Karim. Was shot in the neck after the funeral of Ismaeel Moloudi.	Mahabad, West Azerbaijan	Oct. 27. 2022
Masoud Ahmadzadeh		Was injured during a protest and died the next day due to the severity of his injuries.	Mahabad, West Azerbaijan	Oct. 27, 2022
Fereshteh Ahmadi	32	Mother of two minor children.	Mahabad, West Azerbaijan	Oct. 27, 2022
Mohammad Shariati	21	Name of father Asadullah. Was shot in beltway 25, in Sanandaj.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Oct. 27, 2022
Sarina Saedi	16	Name of father, Hashem. Was beaten in Naisar neighborhood, Sanandaj. Died due to a cerebral hemorrhage.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Oct. 27, 2022
Motaleb Saeed-Pirou	40		Baneh, Kurdistan	Oct. 27, 2022
Fereydoun Faraji	28	Name of father, Mostafa. Originally from Saqez. His body was buried under security pressure at night.	Baneh, Kurdistan	Oct. 27, 2022
Dastan Rasoul Mohammad Agha	20	Iraqi citizen. Was shot by IRGC forces at the border.	Choman village (Baneh), Kurdistan	Oct. 28, 2022
Kumar Daroftadeh	16	Name of father, Hasan. Was shot in Kuhne Khane neighborhood, Piranshahr. His body was buried under security pressure.	Piranshahr, West Azerbaijan	Oct. 30, 2022
Momen Zand Karimi	18	Name of father, Ubayd. Was shot in Golshan Intersection, Sanandaj. His body was buried at night.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Nov. 2, 2022
Matin Nasri	19		Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Nov. 7, 2022
Fayegh Mam Qaderi	37	Name of father, Rasoul. Father of two children. Was shot near Esteqlal Square, Mahabad.	Mahabad, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 9, 2022
Ardalan Qasemi	44	Name of father, Mostafa.	Gilan-e Gharb, Kermanshah	Nov. 10, 2022
Heyman Hamzeh	30		Sardasht, Kurdistan	Nov. 11, 2022
Zaniar Allahmoradi	26	Was shot in Kani Kuzaleh neighborhood, Sanandaj. His body was buried under security pressure.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Nov. 15, 2022
Issa Beyglari	39	Name of father Nematollah. Father of two children. His body was buried under security pressure.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Nov. 15, 2022
Foad Mohammadi	38	Father of two children. Name of father Ismaeel. Was shot by IRGC forces and died at a hospital.	Kamyaran, Kurdistan	Nov. 15, 2022
Borhan Karami	30	Name of father, Mahmoud. His body was buried at night.	Kamyaran, Kurdistan	Nov. 15, 2022
Danial Pabandi	17	Name of father, Bahman. Was shot in Bahman Street, Saqez.	Saqez, Kurdistan	Nov. 15, 2022
Salar Mojaver	30	Name of father, Rahman. Was shot from close range in Mirava neighborhood, Bukan.	Bukan, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 15, 2022
Asad Rahimi	30	Was shot dead the security forces.	Bukan, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 16, 2022
Amjad Enayati	18	Was shot dead by the security forces.	Bukan, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 16, 2022
Mohammad Hassanzadeh	28	Name of father, Ahmad. Was killed in Shahrdari Square, Bukan.	Bukan, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 16, 2022
Hiva Janan		Was shot with live ammunition by the security forces. His body was buried at night.	Bukan, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 16, 2022
Hazhar Mam Khosravi		Was shot with live ammunition fired by the security forces.	Bukan, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 16, 2022
Farhad Khosravi	38	Name of father, Suleiman. Was shot dead by IRGC forces, while his friend, Khodadad Rezaei, was severely wounded. His body was buried under security pressure.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Nov. 16, 2022
Aram Habibi	28	Was shot after the Chehelom Dariush Alizadeh. His body was buried under security pressure.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Nov. 17, 2022
Shahou Bahmani		Name of father Sediq. Originally from Divandarreh. Was shot after the Chehlom Dariush Alizadeh, Peyman Menbari, Yahya Rahimi, and Mohammad Amini. His body was buried under security pressure.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Nov. 17, 2022
Abdulrahman Bakhtiari	60	Was shot in front of his house in Sadi Street, Saqez. His body was buried under security pressure.	Saqez, Kurdistan	Nov. 17, 2022
Asoo Qaderi		Name of father, Abbas. Originally from Sardasht. His body was buried at night.	Baneh, Kurdistan	Nov. 17, 2022
Azad Hosseinpour		His body was buried under security pressure.	Mahabad, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 17, 2022
Milad Maroufi	23	Was shot from  close range.	Bukan, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 17, 2022
Mostafa Shabani	44	Name of father, Abdullah. Was shot in Majbourabad neighborhood, Bukan.	Bukan, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 17, 2022
Ghafour Moloudi		Father of three children. Was shot with live ammunition fired by the security forces.	Bukan, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 17, 2022
Saman Qaderbeigi	33	Father of two children. Name of father Abdulkarim. Before his death, had been injured during a protest.	Bukan, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 18, 2022
Mohammad Ahmadi Gagesh	43	Name of father, Qader.	Mahabad, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 18, 2022
Kamal Ahmadpour	34	Father of two children. Name of father, Taher. Was shot in Manba neighborhood, Mahabad, and died on the way to the hospital.	Mahabad, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 18, 2022
Amir Ferasati Shad		Was shot in beltway of Piranshahr.	Piranshahr, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 18, 2022
Omid Hasani	22	Name of father, Heydar.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Nov. 18, 2022
Foad Savari		Was shot by live ammunition fired by IRGC and Basij forces during a protest.	Divandarreh, Kurdistan	Nov. 19, 2022
Habibullah Fathi	62	Name of father, Saeed.	Divandarreh, Kurdistan	Nov. 19, 2022
Hossein Abdpanah	70	Was severely beaten and shot in Baharan neighborhood, Sanandaj.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Nov. 19, 2022
Sadi Shahroukhifar	35	Name of father, Qader. Father of two children. His family was unaware of his whereabouts for several days.	Bukan, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 19, 2022
Shahriar Mohammadi		Was shot during the funeral of his friend Mohammad Hassanzadeh.	Bukan, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 19, 2022
Mehran Rahmani		Was severely injured during a protest and died two days later at a hospital in Urmia.	Mahabad, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 19, 2022
Suleiman Shukri Yaskandi	22	Name of Father Osman.	Bukan, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 20, 2022
Mohsen Niazi	25	His body was buried at night.	Dehgolan, Kurdistan	Nov. 20, 2022
Erfan Kakaee	51	Teacher and father of two children. Name of father, Mohammad. Was shot in the chest and head while standing in front of his house.	Javanrud, Kermanshah	Nov. 20, 2022
Bahauddin Veisi	16	Name of father, Abdullah.	Javanrud, Kermanshah	Nov. 20, 2022
Taher Azizi	30	Was shot and killed by the security forces.	Piranshahr, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 20, 2022
Karvan Qadershukri	16	Name of father, Edris. Was shot twice and died shortly afterward at a hospital.	Piranshahr, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 20, 2022
Jalal Qorbani		Was shot during the funeral of Karvan Qadershukri.	Piranshahr, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 20, 2022
Heydar Mohali		Was shot during the funeral of Karvan Qadershukri.	Piranshahr, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 21, 2022
Ismail Gol-Anbar		Father of one child. Was shot and killed by IRGC forces.	Javanrud, Kermanshah	Nov. 21, 2022
Tahsin Miri	45	Father of two children. Was Kulbar and shot dead by IRGC forces.	Javanrud, Kermanshah	Nov. 21, 2022
Jamal Azami		Name of father, Abdullah. Was shot and killed by IRGC forces.	Javanrud, Kermanshah	Nov. 21, 2022
Johar Fatahi		Was shot and killed by IRGC forces.	Javanrud, Kermanshah	Nov. 21, 2022
Masoud Timuri		Father of one child. His family did not allow his body to be taken to the morgue.	Javanrud, Kermanshah	Nov. 21, 2022
Koroush Pazhuck		Name of father, Mohammad-Morad. Yarsani and originally from Qasr-e-Shirin. Was shot by live ammunition fired by the security forces in Elahiyeh neighborhood, Kermanshah.	Kermanshah, Kermanshah	Nov. 21, 2022
Ribaz Salehivand	21		Mahabad, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 22, 2022
Heyman Aman (Rash)	26	Name of father, Abdulnaser. Was injured during the funeral of Mohammad Hassanzadeh in Bukan. Was violently arrested in his home and died later in a detention center in Urmia.	Urmia, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 23, 2022
Jabar Farqizadeh			Marivan, Kurdistan	Nov. 24, 2022
Mohammad-Omid (Shomal) Khadiri	32	Environmentalist. Name of father, Hassan. Was shot in Esteqlal Square, Mahabad, after the funeral of Azad Hosseinpour.	Mahabad, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 24, 2022
Suleiman (Shuresh) Niknam	33	Was shot in the chest.	Mahabad, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 26, 2022
Reza Kazemi	16	Was shot in the chest near Mochesh village of Kamyaran.	Kamyaran, Kurdistan	Nov. 27, 2022
Ebrahim Sharifi	29	Was shot in the chest and died at a hospital in Urmia several days later.	‌Bukan, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 29, 2022
Awat Qaderpour	20	Name of father, Karim.	‌Bukan, West Azerbaijan	Nov. 30, 2022
Hooman Abdullahi	21	Was shot and beaten in Hasanabad neighborhood, Sanandaj.	Sanandaj, Kurdistan	Dec. 7, 2022
Shahriar Adeli	27		Sardasht, Kurdistan	Dec. 8, 2022
Shadman Ahmadi	33	Name of father, Mohammad. Was accused of participation in an anti-government protest.	Dehgolan, Kurdistan	Dec. 8, 2022
Mohammad Haji Rasoulpour	57	Former political prisoner. Accused of participation in an anti-government protest.	‌Bukan, West Azerbaijan	Dec. 19, 2022
Borhan Elyasi	22	Athlete. Was shot in the shoulder and abdomen.	Javanrud, Kermanshah	Dec. 31, 2022

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Appendix II – List of the Dead Kurdish Citizens in Other Provinces

Name	Age	Other Details	Place of Death	Time of Death
Erfan Khazei	30	Name of father, Hatam. Originally from Kangavar, Kermanshah. Was shot in the head by the security forces.	Shahriar, Tehran	Sep. 21, 2022
Mehdi Babrnezhad	22	Was shot by the government’s security forces. They did not allow his surgery and he died due to the severity of his injuries.	Quchan, Razavi Khorasan	Sep. 21, 2022
Ali Mozaffari Salanquch	17	Professional volleyball player. Was shot in the abdomen and died later at a hospital.	Quchan, Razavi Khorasan	Sep. 21, 2022
Alireza Fathi	26	Name of father, Rahim. Originally from Sonqor, Kermanshah. Was shot in Alvand industrial town in Qazvin. His body was given to his family after they signed a commitment to remain silent about his death.	Qazvin, Qazvin Province	Sep. 21. 2022
Roozbeh Khademian	32	Originally from Sonqor, Kermanshah, and resided in Karaj. Was shot by IRGC forces inside a house.	Karaj, Alborz	Sep. 21. 2022
Mohammad Zarei	22	Name of father, Baba Khan. A resident of Qarchak Varamin and originally from Sonqor, Kermanshah. Was severely wounded and died on the way to the hospital. His body was buried under security pressure.	Bagher Abad Village, Tehran	Sep. 21. 2022
Seyyed Alireza Hosseini	23	Name of father, Seyyed Morad. Originally from Kermanshah and resided in Tehran. Was shot and killed by the security forces inside his home.	Tehran	Oct. 19. 2022
Hamid Goli	46	Name of father, Mohammad. Originally from Sanandaj and lived in Tehran. Was severely beaten and died later at a hospital. The cause of his death was cerebral hemorrhage and skull fracture. His body was buried under security pressure.	Tehran	Oct. 27, 2022
Saman Qaderpour	37	Name of father, Abdulwahed.	Tehran	Oct. 29, 2022
Nasrin Qaderi	35	Name of father, Ahmad.	Tehran	Nov. 4, 2022
Alireza Karimi	20	Name of father, Jalil.	Arak, Markazi	Nov. 10, 2022
Saman Rahmani	28	Name of father, Sediq. Originally from Takab, West Azerbaijan Province, and resided in Tehran. His family was forced to remain silent about his death. His body was buried under security pressure.	Ghale Hasan Khan, Tehran	Nov. 12, 2022
Farzin Maroufi	22	Originally from Mahabad. Was shot in the head by the government’s security forces when people were celebrating the U.S. victory over Iran in the World Cup football games. His body was buried under security pressure.	Tehran (Ekbatan neighborhood)	Nov. 30, 2022
Ehsan Qasemifar	32	Was arrested in Sarasiyab neighborhood, Karaj. Died while in custody and his body was buried in his hometown of Kangavar, Kermanshah Province.	Karaj, Alborz	Nov. 30, 2022
Sepehr Azami	24	Yarsani. Name of father, Mohammad-Reza. Originally from Kermanshah. Was shot in the chest by the security forces during Hadis Najafi’s Chehlum and died at a hospital several days later. His body was buried under security pressure.	Karaj, Alborz	Dec. 6, 2022

Appendix III – Burial and Death Certificates of Killed Citizens  

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

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[1] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Jan. 11, 2023, 7:17 AM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1613148006735388673 See also Guzārish Shumārih 11 Hengaw Az ʿtirāżāt Dar Shahr Hāay Kurdistān, 122 Kushti va Bish as 8 Hizār Majrūḥ [Hengaw’ s 11th Report About the Protests in the Kurdistan Cities, 122 dead, and More Than 8000 Were Injured], Hengaw (Dec. 7, 2022), available at https://bit.ly/3ikpqL8 (discussing the latest list of casualties collected by Hengaw). Some names have not been mentioned in both lists of Hengaw and Kurdistan HRN.

[2] See Appendix I and Appendix II.

[3] Zan, Zindigī, Āzādī; Guzārish Tafżīlī Az 82 Ruz ʿtirāż Dar Sarāsari Irān [Woman, Life, Freedom; The Detail Report of 82 Days of Protest in Iran], HRANNA (Dec. 9, 2022), https://www.hra-news.org/periodical/a-129/

[4] Istifādih Az Gāz Aʿṣāb Dar Sarkūb Muʿtariżān Javānrūd [Use of Nerve Gas to Suppress the Protestors in Javanroud], IranWire (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3FqLah6

[5] Nilo Tabrizy and Ishaan Jhaveri, How Iran’s Security Forces Use Ambulances to Suppress Protests, New York Times (Nov. 23, 2022), https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/23/world/middleeast/iran-protesters-detained-ambulance.html

[6] Tamara Qiblawi et.al., How Iran’s Security Forces Use Rape to Quell Protests, CNN (Nov. 21, 2022), https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2022/11/middleeast/iran-protests-sexual-assault/index.html See also Samaneh Ghadarkhan, Ravāyat Hāyyi Hūlnāk Az Tajavuz Dar Zindān; Zanān Zindānī Qurṣ Żidi Bārdārī Mī Khāhand [Horrifying Accounts of Rape in Prison; Prisoner Women Want Birth Control Pills], Iran Wire (Nov. 30, 2022), available at https://bit.ly/3FrgI6m (discussing the eyewitness accounts of systematic rape in prisons in Iran).

[7] Zan, Zindigī, Āzādī; Guzārish Tafżīlī Az 82 Ruz ʿtirāż Dar Sarāsari Irān [Woman, Life, Freedom; The Detail Report of 82 Days of Protest in Iran], HRANA (Dec. 9, 2022), https://www.hra-news.org/periodical/a-129/

[8] ʿtirāżāt Sarāsarī Dar Irān; Muḥākimih Kūdakān Bi Etihām Ifsād Fil Ārż Dar Karaj va Ijbār Bi ʿtirāfāt Dar Ilām [Nationwide Protests in Iran; Trial of Children on Charges of “Corruption of the Earth” in Karaj and Forced to Make False Confessions in Ilam], Center for Human Rights in Iran (Nov. 30, 2022), https://persian.iranhumanrights.org/1401/09/karaj-child-execution-iran/

[9] List of 109 Protesters at Risk of Execution, Death Penalty Charges or Sentences; At Least 481 Protesters Killed, Iran Human Rights (Jan. 9, 2023), https://iranhr.net/en/articles/5687/

[10] 8^th U.N. Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. art. 4 (Sept. 7, 1990).

[11] U.N. Human Rights Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement, at. 36, Sales No. E.20.XIV.2 (2020).

[12] Iran: Leaked Documents Reveal Top-Level Orders to Armed Forces to ‘Mercilessly Confront’ Protesters, Amnesty International (Sept. 30, 2022), https://bit.ly/3BMtcTI

[13] See Appendix I.

[14] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Sept. 26, 2022, 5:38 AM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1574332669919481856

[15] Farzad Seifikaran, Fuʾād Qadīmī, Pidari Dū Farzand Ki Bā Gulūli Jangī Kushti Shud [Foad Qadimi, the Father of Two, Was Killed by Two Bullets], Radio Zamaneh (Oct. 3, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/734064/

[16] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Sept. 25, 2022, 5:57 AM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1573974952755216385

[17] Farzad Seifikaran, Fuʾād Qadīmī, Pidari Dū Farzand Ki Bā Gulūli Jangī Kushti Shud [Foad Qadimi, the Father of Two, Was Killed by Two Bullets], Radio Zamaneh (Oct. 3, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/734064/

[18] Nirūhāy Sarkūb, Muḥsin Muḥammadī, Shahrvand Muʿtariż Dīvāndarihiyy Rā Kushtand [Repressive Forces Killed Mohsen Mohammadi, a Protestor in Divandarreh], Radio Zamaneh (Sept. 19, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/731447/

[19] Jān Bākhtan Muʿtareżīn 1401 / Dāryūsh ʿlīzādih Dar Sanandaj Jān Khūd Rā Az Dast Dād [Death of 1401 Protesters/ Dariush Alizadeh Died in Sanandaj], Kurdpa (Oct. 8, 2022), https://bit.ly/3sPZBUO

[20] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Sept. 20, 2022, 10:20 AM), https://twitter.com/HengawO/status/1572229275461521409

[21] See Appendix I.

[22] See Appendix I.

[23] Yīkī Az Majrūḥān Ūshnavīyih Jān Bākht [One of the Injured in Oshnavieh Died], Hengaw (Sept. 26, 2022), https://bit.ly/3ivpMyq

[24] Kaveh Kermanshahi (@KavehKermashani), Twitter (Nov. 2, 2022, 2:15 PM), https://twitter.com/KavehKermashani/status/1587871148934676483

[25] Fīlm Shilīk Mustaqīm Yigān Vīzhih Bi Samti Mardum Dar Deihgulān [Video of Special Forces Shooting Directly at People in Dehgolan], IranKargar (Oct. 1, 2022), https://bit.ly/3QAzyM8 See also شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Oct. 1, 2022, 6:31 AM), available at  https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1576157960874512385 (discussing protests in Dehgolan),

[26] Tavaana (@Tavaana_TavaanaTech), Telegram (Oct. 1, 2022), https://t.me/Tavaana_TavaanaTech/57525

[27] Shabakih Ḥuqūq Bashari Kurdistān: Dasti Kam 53 Shahrvand Kūrd Dar Jaryān ʿtirāżāt Kushti Shudand [Kurdistan Human Rights Network: At least 53 Kurdish Citizens Were Killed During the Protests], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 6, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19459

[28] See Appendix I.

[29] Jān Bākhtan Muʿtareżīn 1401 / Dāryūsh ʿlīzādih Dar Sanandaj Jān Khūd Rā Az Dast Dād [Death of 1401 Protesters/ Dariush Alizadeh Died in Sanandaj], Kurdpa (Oct. 8, 2022), https://bit.ly/3sPZBUO

[30] Sanandaj; Yīk Muʿtariż Bar Asari Shilīk Nīrū Hāay Āmnīyatī Jān Bākht [Sanandaj; A Protestor Was Killed by Security Forces], Kurdpa (Oct. 13, 2022), https://bit.ly/3CGUFqs

[31] See Appendix I.

[32] Guzārishī Darbārih Ebrāhīm Mirzāeei Ki Dar Jaryān ʿtirāżāt 4 Ābān Sanandaj Kushti Shud [A Report about Ebrahim Mirzaei Who Was Killed During the Protests on October 26 in Sanandaj], Hengaw (Oct. 29, 2022), https://bit.ly/3U6cCoO

[33] Shabakih Ḥuqūq Bashari Kurdistān: Dasti Kam 53 Shahrvand Kūrd Dar Jaryān ʿtirāżāt Kushti Shudand [Kurdistan Human Rights Network: At least 53 Kurdish Citizens Were Killed During the Protests], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 6, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19459

[34] Kushti Shudan Dū Shahrvand Dar Jaryān ʿtirāżāt Mardumī Bānih [Two Citizens Were Killed During the Protest in Baneh], Hengaw (oct. 28, 2022), https://bit.ly/3hX3hSN

[35] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Oct. 27, 2022, 3:50 AM), https://twitter.com/HengawO/status/1585539544178429955 See also Saghi Laghaie, Ekhtiṣāṣī; Pisar ʿamih Simkū Mūlūdī: Bā Gulūlih Tak Tīrandāz Majrūḥ Va Dar Bimāristān Jān Bākht [Exclusive; Ismaeil Mauludi s Cousin: He Was Injured by a Sniper’s Bullet and Died in the Hospital], VOA Perian (Oct. 27, 022), available at https://bit.ly/3icfDXa (discussing the murder of Ismaeil Mauludi).

[36] Hengaw Organization for Human Rights (@Hengaw_English), Twitter (Oct. 27, 2022, 4:07 AM), https://bit.ly/3vwk963

[37] Kushti Shudan Dasti Kam Si Shahrvand Bar Asari Shilīk Nīrū Hāay Ḥukūmatī Dar ʿtirāżāt Emrūz Mahābād [At Least Three Citizens Were Killed as a Result of Shooting by the Security Forces in Today’s Protests in Mahabad], Hengaw (Oct. 27, 2022), https://bit.ly/3C9TorU

[38] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Oct. 28, 2022, 8:45 AM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1585975934095605760

[39] کانون حقوق بشر ایران (@iranhrs99), Twitter (Oct. 28, 2022, 4:56 AM ), https://twitter.com/iranhrs99/status/1585918460567388161

[40] Namāyandih Mahābād Dar Majlis: Kushti Shudan 11 Nafar Dar Mahābād/ Afrādī Dar Mīyān Kushti Shudigān Hastand Ki Dar ʿtirāż Ḥużūr Nadashtand [The Representative of Mahabad in Majlis: 11 People Were Killed in Mahabad / There Are People Among the Dead Who Were Not Present in the Protest], Modara.Ir (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3VG7KqU

[41] Behnam Zarei (@BehnamZarei21), Twitter (Oct. 31, 2022, 7:05 AM), https://twitter.com/BehnamZarei21/status/1587037955243261953 (Students at Engineering School of Azad University of Sanandaj are chanting “Respectable Professor, Support [us], Support [us].”)

[42] Rafiq Hosein Panahi (@PanahiRafiq), Twitter (Oct. 30, 2022, 6:57 AM), https://twitter.com/PanahiRafiq/status/1586673558268379136 (A group of young women in the Polytechnic of Saadi Town, in Sanandaj, were chanting against the government’s oppressive forces).

[43] Soran Mansournia (@Soranmansournia), Twitter (Oct. 31, 2022, 7:08 AM), https://twitter.com/Soranmansournia/status/1587038706262855681

[44] Nirūhāy Sarkūb, Muḥsin Muḥammadī, Shahrvand Muʿtariż Dīvāndarihiyy Rā Kushtand [Repressive Forces Killed Mohsen Mohammadi, a Protestor in Divandarreh], Radio Zamaneh (Sept. 19, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/731447/  See also IranWire (@Farsi_Iranwire), Telegram (Sept. 19, 2022), available at https://t.me/Farsi_Iranwire/58037 (showing the bazaar’s strike in the city of Dehgolan, Kurdistan Province). See also HRANNA (@Hranews1), Telegram (Sept. 19, 2022), available at https://t.me/hranews/72136 (showing the bazaar’s strike in the city of Piranshahr, West Azerbaijan Province).

[45] ۱۵۰۰تصویر_لیست (@1500tasvir_list), Twitter (Oct. 13, 2022, 4:48 AM), https://twitter.com/1500tasvir_list/status/1580480470542086145

[46] Farzad Seifikaran, Yaḥyā Raḥīmī; Hanūz Pidar va Madar Ṣaḥnih Qatl Ḥukūmatī Uo Rā Dar Pīrāydash Nadīdihand [Yahya Rahimi; His Parents Have Not yet Seen the Scene of His Government Murder in His Car], Radio Zamaneh (Oct. 25, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/737749

[47] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Oct. 9, 2022, 8:44 AM), https://bit.ly/3C8yoBO

[48] Guzārish Ekhtiṣāṣī Tīm Ḥuqūqī Hingāv Dar Khuṣūṣ Shakhṣī Ki Dar Khīyābān Bahman Sanandaj Tavasuṭ Nīrū Hāay Āmnīyatī Kushti Shudih Ast + Vīdiou [Hengaw’ s Legal Team Exclusive Report of the Person Who Was Killed by the Security Forces on Bahman Street of Sanandaj + video], Hengaw (Oct. 9, 2022), https://bit.ly/3hZnF5L

[49] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Oct. 9, 2022, 8:44 AM), https://bit.ly/3C8yoBO

[50] ERSHAD ALIJANI (@ErshadAlijani), Twitter (Oct. 9, 2022, 12:14 PM), https://mobile.twitter.com/ErshadAlijani/status/1579143290456223744

[51] Guzārish Ekhtiṣāṣī Tīm Ḥuqūqī Hingāv Dar Khuṣūṣ Shakhṣī Ki Dar Khīyābān Bahman Sanandaj Tavasuṭ Nīrū Hāay Āmnīyatī Kushti Shudih Ast + Vīdiou [Hengaw’ s Legal Team Exclusive Report of the Person Who Was Killed by the Security Forces on Bahman Street of Sanandaj + video], Hengaw (Oct. 9, 2022), https://bit.ly/3hZnF5L

[52] ERSHAD ALIJANI (@ErshadAlijani), Twitter (Oct. 9, 2022, 12:14 PM), https://mobile.twitter.com/ErshadAlijani/status/1579143290456223744

[53] Farzad Seifikaran, Yaḥyā Raḥīmī; Hanūz Pidar va Madar Ṣaḥnih Qatl Ḥukūmatī Uo Rā Dar Pīrāydash Nadīdihand [Yahya Rahimi; His Parents Have Not yet Seen the Scene of His Government Murder in His Car], Radio Zamaneh (Oct. 25, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/737749

[54] Farzad Seifikaran, Yaḥyā Raḥīmī; Hanūz Pidar va Madar Ṣaḥnih Qatl Ḥukūmatī Uo Rā Dar Pīrāydash Nadīdihand [Yahya Rahimi; His Parents Have Not yet Seen the Scene of His Government Murder in His Car], Radio Zamaneh (Oct. 25, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/737749

[55] Fereshteh Qazi, Pidari Yaḥyā Raḥīmī: Guftand Pūl Khūn Pisarat Rā Mīdahīm, Ghabūl Nakardam [Yahya Rahimi’s Father: They Said We Will Pay the Blood Money for Your Son, But I Did Not Accept It], Radio Farda (Nov. 1, 2022), https://www.radiofarda.com/a/32110609.html

[56] Fereshteh Qazi, Pidari Yaḥyā Raḥīmī: Guftand Pūl Khūn Pisarat Rā Mīdahīm, Ghabūl Nakardam [Yahya Rahimi’s Father: They Said We Will Pay the Blood Money for Your Son, But I Did Not Accept It], Radio Farda (Nov. 1, 2022), https://www.radiofarda.com/a/32110609.html

[57] BBC NEWS فارسی (@bbcpersian), Twitter (Dec. 10, 2022, 2:19 PM), https://twitter.com/bbcpersian/status/1601657875952271360

[58] BBC NEWS فارسی (@bbcpersian), Twitter (Dec. 10, 2022, 2:19 PM), https://twitter.com/bbcpersian/status/1601657875952271360

[59] Farzad Seifikaran, Yaḥyā Raḥīmī; Hanūz Pidar va Madar Ṣaḥnih Qatl Ḥukūmatī Uo Rā Dar Pīrāydash Nadīdihand [Yahya Rahimi; His Parents Have Not yet Seen the Scene of His Government Murder in His Car], Radio Zamaneh (Oct. 25, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/737749

[60] BBC NEWS فارسی (@bbcpersian), Twitter (Dec. 10, 2022, 2:19 PM), https://twitter.com/bbcpersian/status/1601657875952271360

[61] Iran: Brutal Repression in Kurdistan Capital, Human Rights Watch (Dec. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3W1O5Sj

[62] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 1, 2022, 10:45 AM ), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1587455674648248321

[63] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 1, 2022, 10:45 AM ), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1587455674648248321

[64] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 1, 2022, 10:45 AM ), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1587455674648248321

[65] IHRDC Interview with Raman Chomani (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC). See also The death certificate of Motaleb Saeed-Pirou in the Appendix II.

[66] IHRDC Interview with Raman Chomani (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[67] IHRDC Interview with Raman Chomani (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[68] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 1, 2022, 10:45 AM ), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1587455674648248321

[69] Harold Biondo, Type 1 Technical (Toyota Land Cruiser 70 Series), The Online Tank Museum (Apr. 24, 2021), https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/type-1-technical/

[70] Razmāyīsh “Eqtidār Shuhadāy Kūrd Musalmān” Dar Kurdistān Bi Ravāyat Taṣvir [Drills of “The Authority of Muslim Kurdish Martyrs” in Kurdistan According to the Picture], Tasnim (June 22, 2020), https://bit.ly/3UDL621 See also Kārvān Ehdāyī Sipāh Bi Siyl Zadigān Junūb Kirmān Ersāl Shud [The Convoy Donated by the IRGC Was Sent to the Flood Victims in the South of Kerman Province], IRNA (Apr. 9, 2020), available at https://bit.ly/3UFT8aY (showing an IRGC’s official vehicle in other provinces).

[71] Chahārumīn Marḥali Kumak Mūmināni Dar Parand Barguzār Shud [The Fourth Stage of Faithfully Aid Was Held in the City of Parand], Tasnim (June 16, 2020), https://bit.ly/3G24xxJ (showing IRGC official vehicles in Tehran Province). See also Eghdāmāt Kār Gurūh Rafʿ Ālūdigi Nāḥiyeh Muqāvimat Basīj Shahīd Mufatiḥ [Actions of the Decontamination Working Group of the Shahid Muftah’s Basij Resistance District], Basij News (May 6, 2020), available at https://khabarfarsi.com/u/85684226 (showing the IRGC and Basij forces’ vehicles in Tehran Province). See also Taṣāvīr Bāzdīd Farmāndih Sipāh Ālbūrz Az Barkhī Marākiz Vāksīnāsīūn Saṭḥ Ustān [Pictures/ The Visit of Alborz Province IRGC Commander of Some of the Vaccination Centers in the Province], Defa (Aug. 31, 2021), available at https://bit.ly/3TmdPrh (showing IRGC vehicles in Alborz Province). See also Khidmat Risānī Sipāh Va Basīj Dar Manaṭiq Siyl Zadih Māzandarān [Providing Help to the Flooded Areas in Mazandaran by IRGC and Basij in the Flooded Areas of Mazandaran], Bloghnews (Mar. 23, 2019), available at https://bit.ly/3fYe5im (showing IRGC vehicles in Mazandaran Province).

[72] Farmāndih Entiẓāmī Irān: Pūlīs Khuṣūṣī Va Gasht Rażavīūn Dar Maḥali Hā Taghvīyat Mīshavad [Iran’s Police Chief: Private Police and Razavioun Patrols Are Being Strengthened in the Neighborhoods], PeykeIran (Nov. 29, 2022), https://www.peykeiran.com/Content.aspx?ID=258122

[73] Gasht Rażavīūn Basīj Barāy Kāhish Sirqat Dar Ustān Kurdistān Bi Miydān Āmad [Basij’s “Razavioun” Patrol Came to the Field to Reduce Theft in Kurdistan Province], Tasnim (Dec. 25, 2021), https://bit.ly/3G2rQXX

[74] Farmāndih Entiẓāmī Irān: Pūlīs Khuṣūṣī Va Gasht Rażavīūn Dar Maḥali Hā Taghvīyat Mīshavad [Iran’s Police Chief: Private Police and Razavioun Patrols Are Being Strengthened in the Neighborhoods], PeykeIran (Nov. 29, 2022), https://www.peykeiran.com/Content.aspx?ID=258122 See Eṣlāhīyeh Sanad Rāhbūrdī Sitād Amri Bi Maʿrūf Va Nahi Az Munkar [Amending the Strategic Document of the Headquarters of Commanding Good and Forbidding Evil], Setad-abm (Aug. 20, 2019), available at https://bit.ly/3FaMeFr (discussing that the Headquarters of Amr Be Maruf [commanding good and forbidding evil], also known as Sītād Āmri Bi Maʿrūf Va Nahi Az Munkir, is a governmental entity that was established in 1993 to promote and enforce the Islamic Republic’s values in the society). See also Qanuni Himayat az Ameran Bi Maruf va Nahian Az Monkar [Law of Protecting Those Who Command the Good and Forbid the Evil], 1393 [2014], available at https://bit.ly/3EOR9uA (discussing the law that the Iranian parliament passed in 2014 to reorganize and expand the Headquarters of Amr Be Maruf).

[75] Sanya Burgess and Victoria Elms, Iran Protests: Who Killed This Man? CCTV Offers Vital Evidence of Lethal Attack, Sky News (Nov. 24, 2022), https://news.sky.com/story/iran-protests-who-killed-this-man-cctv-offers-vital-evidence-of-lethal-attack-12748042

[76] IHRDC Interview with Raman Chomani (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[77] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 1, 2022, 10:45 AM ), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1587455674648248321

[78] Ravāyat Fārs Az Ḥavādis Kurdistān Dar Rūz Panjshanbi 5 Ābān 1401/ Dū Nafar Dar Bānih Kushti Shudand [Fars’ Account of Events in Kurdistan on Thursday, October 27, 2022; Two People Were killed in Baneh], Fars (Oct. 28, 2022), https://bit.ly/3EkT76E

[79] Sanya Burgess and Victoria Elms, Iran Protests: Who Killed This Man? CCTV Offers Vital Evidence of Lethal Attack, Sky News (Nov. 24, 2022), https://news.sky.com/story/iran-protests-who-killed-this-man-cctv-offers-vital-evidence-of-lethal-attack-12748042

[80] Thomson Derek & Ershad Alijani, How Iran’s Security Forces Are Shooting to Kill with ‘Non-combat’ Shotgun Shells, France 24 (Nov. 25, 2022), https://observers.france24.com/en/middle-east/20221125-iran-protests-eu-shotgun-cartridges-cheddite-sanctions

[81] Shotgun Shells Explained – Types of AMMO (Birdshot, Buckshot, Slugs), REM870, https://www.rem870.com/2016/01/25/shotgun-shells-explained-types-of-ammo-birdshot-buckshot-slugs/ (Last visited Jan. 12, 2023).

[82] Khabarguzārī Fārs: Du Nafar Dar “Bānih” Kushti Shudand [Fars News Agency: Two Persons were Killed In Baneh], BaharNews (Oct. 28, 2022), https://bit.ly/3IEZvsh

[83] IHRDC Interview with Raman Chomani (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[84] IHRDC Interview with Raman Chomani (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC). See also Āyīn Tūdīʿ Va Muʿarifī Farmāndih Sipāh Shahristān Bāni Barguzār Shud [The Ceremonial Farewell and Induction of the [IRGC] Commander of the City of Bane Was Held], Basij News (Jan. 13, 2021), available at https://khabarfarsi.com/u/97936079 (indicating the name of the current IRGC commander in Baneh, Kurdistan Province).

[85] IHRDC Interview with Raman Chomani (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC). See also Marāsim Muʿarifīh Farmāndār Bānih Barguzār Shud [The Introduction Ceremony of the Baneh’s Governor Was Held], Tasnim (Apr. 21, 2022), available at https://bit.ly/3tLOJI9 (indicating that Kamal Khedri is the current governor of Baneh since April 2022).

[86] Tārīkhchi Tāsīs Bunyād Shahīd [History of Establishing the Shahid Foundation], Political Studies, and Research Institute (Mar.17, 2015), https://psri.ir/?id=cz0va97s

[87]Ayin Nameh Taeen Masadiq Amali Shahid va Khanevade Haye Shahed [Regulations on Determining Practical Examples of the Martyr and Families of Martyrs], Tehran 1382 [2003], art. 3(9), https://qavanin.ir/Law/PrintText/105393 See also Mohammad Hasan Hassanzadeh Mehrabadi, Ahamīyat Tadāvum Maqūli Shahādat Va Shahīd Parvarī Dar Niẓām Jumhūrī Islāmī [Importance of Continuity of Martyrdom and Bringing up Martyrs in the Islamic Republic], Enghelabe-eslami (Apr. 11, 2020), available at https://bit.ly/3UKVUvA (discussing the importance of having more martyrs for the Islamic Republic government). 88 Special Report: Iran’s leader ordered crackdown on unrest – ‘Do whatever it takes to end it’, Reuters (Dec. 23, 2019), https://reut.rs/3hGdjHy

[88] Special Report: Iran’s leader ordered crackdown on unrest – ‘Do whatever it takes to end it’, Reuters (Dec. 23, 2019), https://reut.rs/3hGdjHy

[89] Pāsukh Bi Guzārish Dabīr Shūrāay ʿālī Āmnīyat Milī Darbāri Mudīrīyat Vażʿiyat Jan Bakhtigān Va Maṣdūmīn Ḥavādis Akhīr [Response to the Report of the Secretary of the Supreme National Security Council on Managing the Situation of the Dead and Injured in Recent Incidents], Khamenei.ir (Dec. 4, 2019), https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=44322 See also Raha Bahraini, “Shahīd Sāzī” Rasmī Az Kushti Shudigān ʿtirāżāt Ābān 98: Sīyāsatī Barāy Takrīm Enfiʿāl [Official Fabrication of ‘Martyr’ of Those Who Were Killed in the November 2019 Protests: a Policy to Honor Passivity], BBC Persian (May 30, 2020), available at https://www.bbc.com/persian/blog-viewpoints-52832253 (discussing that the Islamic Republic forces the families of those who died during protests to deny their presence in any demonstrations and accept the title of martyr).

[90] Raha Bahraini, “Shahīd Sāzī” Rasmī Az Kushti Shudigān ʿtirāżāt Ābān 98: Sīyāsatī Bar āy Takrīm Enfiʿāl [Official Fabrication of ‘Martyr’ of Those Who Were Killed in the November 2019 Protests: a Policy to Honor Passivity], BBC Persian (May 30, 2020), https://www.bbc.com/persian/blog-viewpoints-52832253

[91] Maryam Sinaee, Iran Authorities Force Families Of Protesters They Killed To Lie, Iran International (Nov. 5, 2022), https://www.iranintl.com/en/202211050978

[92] Raha Bahraini, “Shahīd Sāzī” Rasmī Az Kushti Shudigān ʿtirāżāt Ābān 98: Sīyāsatī Barāy Takrīm Enfiʿāl [Official Fabrication of ‘Martyr’ of Those Who Were Killed in the November 2019 Protests: a Policy to Honor Passivity], BBC Persian (May 30, 2020), https://www.bbc.com/persian/blog-viewpoints-52832253

[93] IHRDC Interview with Raman Chomani (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[94] IHRDC Interview with Raman Chomani (Nov. 21, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[95] IHRDC Interview with Raman Chomani (Nov. 21, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[96] IHRDC Interview with Raman Chomani (Nov. 21, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[97] See Appendix I.

[98] EuroNews (@euronewspe), Telegram (Nov. 15, 2022), https://t.me/euronewspe/50160

[99] Fīlm / Rahbar Enqilāb: Iīn Basāṭ Sharārat Jamʿ Khāhad Shud [Video/ The Supreme Leader: This Wickedness Will Be Collected], Mashregh News (Nov. 19, 2022), https://bit.ly/3WsyA6v

[100] ايران اينترنشنال (@IranIntl), Twitter (Nov. 24, 2022, 1:10 AM), https://twitter.com/IranIntl/status/1595661052720840705

[101] Sāzmān Hāay Ḥuqūq Basharī: Ḥudūd 50 Muʿtariż Ṭayi Yīk Hafti Dar Kurdistān, Kirmānshāh va Āzarbāyjān Qharbī [Human Rights Organizations: About 50 Protesters Were Killed in Kurdistan, Kermanshah, and West Azerbaijan in One Week], VOA Persian (Nov. 21, 2022), https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-kurdistan-protests/6843762.html

[102] See Appendix I.

[103] Saghi Laghaie, Ekhtiṣāṣī; Pisar ʿamih Simkū Mūlūdī: Bā Gulūlih Tak Tīrandāz Majrūḥ Va Dar Bimāristān Jān Bākht [Exclusive; Ismaeil Mauludi s Cousin: He Was Injured by a Sniper’s Bullet and Died in the Hospital], VOA Persian (Oct. 27, 022), https://bit.ly/3icfDXa

[104] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Nov. 18, 2022, 4:58 AM ), https://twitter.com/HengawO/status/1593544263995891713 (showing the funeral of Mohammad Ahmadi Gagesh). See also Omid Barin | امید برین (@barin_omid), Twitter (Nov. 19, 2022, 5:04 AM), available at https://twitter.com/barin_omid/status/1593908086745481220 (showing the funeral of Kamal Ahmadpour). See also VOA Farsi صدای آمریکا (@VOAfarsi), Twitter (Nov. 18, 2022, 3:31 PM), available at https://twitter.com/VOAfarsi/status/1593522145480429568 (showing the funeral of Azad Hosseinpour).

[105] Guzārish Rukhdād Hā – Razm Shabānih Rūzī Dar Mahābād, Ātash Khashm Dar Mūr Mūrī [The Report of Incidents – Round-the-Clock Combat in Mahabad, Fire of Anger in Murmuri], Radio Zamaneh (Nov. 20, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/742040

[106] Sarkūb ʿtirāżāt Dar Manāṭtigh Kūrdnishīn Irān; Sipāh Az Taghvīyat Ḥużūr Niẓāmī Khūd Dar Gharbi Kishvar Khabar Dād [Suppression of Protests in Kurdish Areas of Iran; IRGC Announced Reinforcing Its Presence in the West of the Country], Radio Farda (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3CkKDeu

[107] Farzad Seifikaran (@FSeifikaran), Twitter (Nov. 20, 2022, 6:15 AM), https://bit.ly/3Ijc5x9

[108] Maryam Dehkordi, ʿtirāżāt Sarāsarī Dar Irān; Ragbār Gulūlih Dar Javānrūd Va Pīrānshahr [Nationwide Protests in Iran; Barrage of Bullets in Javanrud and Piranshahr], IranWire (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3ZiJxtM

[109] Chahār Shahrvand Ahli Mahābād Bā Shilīk Gulūlih Jangī Nīrū Hāay Ḥukūmatī Kushti Shudand [Four Citizens from Mahabad Were Killed by War Ammunition Fired by Security Forces], Hengaw (Nov. 19, 2022), https://bit.ly/3QBUKSk

[110] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 24, 2022, 4:02 AM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1595704402140336130

[111] Jān Bākhtan Dū Shahrvand Dar Asari Shidat Jarāḥāt Dar Bimāristān Hāay Urūmīyih Va Sanandaj [Death of Two Citizens Due to the Severity of Their Injuries in Urmia and Sanandaj Hospitals], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 28, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19645

[112] Dādsitān Mahābād: Shūrish Nīknām Bā Gulūlih Māmūrān Fūt Nakardih / Khānivādih Uo Bi Dustash Maẓnūn Hastand [Prosecutor of Mahabad: Shuresh Niknam Did Not Die with the Bullets Fired by Law Enforcement Officers / His Family Are Suspicious of His Friend], Khabar Online (Nov. 27, 2022), https://bit.ly/3Vi3DRI

[113] DW فارسی (@dw_persian), Twitter (Nov. 20, 2022, 12:32 PM), https://bit.ly/3WZYC1i

[114] Maryam Dehkordi, ʿtirāżāt Sarāsarī Dar Irān; Ragbār Gulūlih Dar Javānrūd Va Pīrānshahr [Nationwide Protests in Iran; Barrage of Bullets in Javanrud and Piranshahr], IranWire (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3ZiJxtM

[115] Maryam Dehkordi, ʿtirāżāt Sarāsarī Dar Irān; Ragbār Gulūlih Dar Javānrūd Va Pīrānshahr [Nationwide Protests in Iran; Barrage of Bullets in Javanrud and Piranshahr], IranWire (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3ZiJxtM

[116] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Dec. 12, 2022, 2:31 PM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1602385602963554304 See also Khabar Guzārī Fārs Ezʿān Kard Māmūrān Dar Javānrūd Bā Silāḥ Jangī Tīrandāzī Kardihānd [The Fars News Agency Admitted That the Government’s Forces Had Opened Fire in Javanroud], Radio Farda (Dec. 1, 2022), available at https://www.radiofarda.com/a/32142428.html (discussing the use of live ammunition).

[117] Nīrū Hāay Ḥukūmatī Ṭī Emrūz 5 Shahrvand Kūrd Rā Dar Javānrūd Bā Aslaḥi Jangī Kushtand [Security Forces Killed 5 Kurdish Citizens in Javanroud with Live Ammunition Today], Hengaw (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3hyG9de

[118] Farzad Seifikaran, Guzārish Mīdānī Az Javānrūd: “Mīdān Filisṭīn Qatlgāh Būd” [Field Report from Javanroud: “Palestine Square was a Killing Ground”], Radio Zamaneh (Nov. 21, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/742245

[119] Farzad Seifikaran, Guzārish Mīdānī Az Javānrūd: “Mīdān Filisṭīn Qatlgāh Būd” [Field Report from Javanroud: “Palestine Square was a Killing Ground”], Radio Zamaneh (Nov. 21, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/742245

[120] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Dec. 12, 2022, 2:31 PM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1602385631786696704

[121] Farzad Seifikaran (@FSeifikaran), Twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 4:38 AM), https://bit.ly/3ZaVuBs

[122] Radio Zamaneh (@RadioZamaneh), twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 6:38 AM), https://bit.ly/3jEi0lZ

[123] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Dec. 12, 2022, 2:31 PM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1602385702594953216

[124] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Dec. 12, 2022, 2:31 PM),

https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1602385715371069440

[125] Nīrū Hāay Ḥukūmatī Ṭī Emrūz 5 Shahrvand Kūrd Rā Dar Javānrūd Bā Aslaḥi Jangī Kushtand [Security Forces Killed 5 Kurdish Citizens in Javanroud with Live Ammunition Today], Hengaw (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3hyG9de

[126] Nīrū Hāay Ḥukūmatī Ṭī Emrūz 5 Shahrvand Kūrd Rā Dar Javānrūd Bā Aslaḥi Jangī Kushtand [Security Forces Killed 5 Kurdish Citizens in Javanroud with Live Ammunition Today], Hengaw (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3hyG9de

[127] Khabar Guzārī Fārs Ezʿān Kard Māmūrān Dar Javānrūd Bā Silāḥ Jangī Tīrandāzī Kardihānd [The Fars News Agency Admitted That the Government’s Forces Had Opened Fire in Javanroud], Radio Farda (Dec. 1, 2022), https://www.radiofarda.com/a/32142428.html

[128] Masih Alinejad (@AlinejadMasih), Twitter (Nov. 22, 2022, 9:44 AM), https://twitter.com/AlinejadMasih/status/1595065725416251392

[129] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 24, 2022, 3:36 PM), https://bit.ly/3WouFYm

[130] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 24, 2022, 3:36 PM), https://bit.ly/3WouFYm

[131] Shahram Mouselchi, Yīk Rūz Pas Az Kushtār Khūnīn Javānrūd; ʿtiṣāb Gustardih Dar Shahr Hāay Kurdistān [One Day After the Bloody Massacre of Javanrud; Massive Strike in Cities of Kurdistan Province], Radio Zamaneh (Nov. 22, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/742447/

[132] Pulīs Barāy Shināsāyī ʿavāmil Tīrandāzī Dar Tajamuʿ t Akhīr Mahābād Va Pīrānshahr Dastūr Vīzhih Ṣādir Kard [Police: A Special Order Has Been Issued to Identify the Shooters in the Recent Gatherings in Mahabad], Entekhab (Oct. 31, 2022), https://bit.ly/3YVvF8z

[133] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Nov. 18, 2022, 12:33 PM), https://twitter.com/HengawO/status/1593658751625699329

[134] Omid Barin | امید برین (@barin_omid), Twitter (Nov. 18, 2022, 1:05 PM), https://twitter.com/barin_omid/status/1593666746170351620 See also ايران اينترنشنال (@IranIntl), Twitter (Nov. 18, 2022, 2:59 PM), available at https://twitter.com/IranIntl/status/1593695417379667968 (showing the burial of Amir Ferasati Shad at night).

[135] Omid Barin | امید برین (@barin_omid), Twitter (Nov. 18, 2022, 1:05 PM), https://twitter.com/barin_omid/status/1593666746170351620

[136] Istifādih Az Gāz Aʿṣāb Dar Sarkūb Muʿtariżān Javānrūd [The Use of Nerve Gas to Suppress the Protestors of Javanroud], IranWire (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3UGVk1g

[137] Maryam Dehkordi, ʿtirāżāt Sarāsarī Dar Irān; Ragbār Gulūlih Dar Javānrūd Va Pīrānshahr [Nationwide Protests in Iran; Barrage of Bullets in Javanrud and Piranshahr], IranWire (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3ZiJxtM

[138]  Kolbarnews | کولبر نیوز (@Kolbarnews), Twitter (Nov. 20, 2022, 4:01 PM), https://bit.ly/3ia4iXI

[139] Istifādih Az Gāz Aʿṣāb Dar Sarkūb Muʿtariżān Javānrūd [The Use of Nerve Gas to Suppress the Protestors of Javanroud], IranWire (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3UGVk1g

[140] See Appendix I.

[141] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 3:41 AM), https://bit.ly/3GAj2bD

[142] See Appendix I.

[143] See Appendix I.

[144] Sāzmān Hāay Ḥuqūq Basharī: Ḥudūd 50 Muʿtariż Ṭayi Yīk Hafti Dar Kurdistān, Kirmānshāh va Āzarbāyjān Qharbī [Human Rights Organizations: About 50 Protesters Were Killed in Kurdistan, Kermanshah, and West Azerbaijan in One Week], VOA Persian (Nov. 21, 2022), https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-kurdistan-protests/6843762.html See also Istifādih Nīrū Hāay Ḥukūmatī Az Silāḥ Marg Āvar Dar Būkān Rūz Guzashti Munjar Bi Kushti Shudan Shish Nafar Dra Būkān Shud [Security Forces Use of Lethal Weapons in Bukan Yesterday Resulted in the Death of Six People in Bukan], Hengaw (Nov. 18, 2022), available at https://bit.ly/3VYBDCU (discussing the death of people in Bukan).

[145] Būkān; Jān Bākhtan Yīkī Az Majmūʿan ʿtirāżāt Mardumī [Bukan; The death of One of the Injured in the People’s Protest], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 29, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19659

[146] Guzārish Rukhdād Hā – Kushti Shudan Dasti Kam Dū Nafar Dar Shaṣtu Shishumīn Ruz “Junbish Zan, Zindigī, Āzādī” [The Report of Incidents – At Least Two People Were Killed on the 66th Say of the “Women, Life, Freedom Movement”], Radio Zamaneh (Nov. 21, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/742227

[147] See Appendix I.

[148] Sanandaj; Kushti Shudan Yīk Shahrvand Ahli Kirmānshāh Va Bi Kumā Raftan Yīkī Dīgar Pas Az Iṣābat Gulūlih Nīrū Hāay Ḥukūmatī [Sanandaj; Death of a Citizen From Kermanshah and Another One Went Into a Coma After Being Shot by the Security Forces], Hengaw (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3GYBPhb See also Du Shahrvand Kūrd Bi Dasti Niẓāmīyān Ḥukūmatī Dar Dīvāndarih Jān Bākhtand [Two Kurdish Citizens Died at the Hands of Security Forces in Divandarreh], IranWire (Nov. 19, 2022), available at https://bit.ly/3CI8HYT (discussing Foad Savari’s death).

[149] Maryam Dehkordi, ʿtirāżāt Sarāsarī Dar Irān; Ragbār Gulūlih Dar Javānrūd Va Pīrānshahr [Nationwide Protests in Iran; Barrage of Bullets in Javanrud and Piranshahr], IranWire (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3ZiJxtM

[150] Farsi VOA (@farsivoa), Telegram (Nov. 20, 2022), https://t.me/farsivoa/140483

[151] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Nov. 20, 2022, 12:37 PM), https://bit.ly/3vxUtG8

[152] Guzārish Rukhdād Hā – Intirnit Rā Ghaṭʿ Kardand Tā Bizanand Va Bikushand [Report of Incidents They Have Cut off the Internet to Hit and Kill], Radio Zamaneh (Nov. 21, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/742321

[153] BAHRAM ELAHI, THE PATH OF PERFECTION, THE SPIRITUAL TEACHINGS OF MASTER NUR ALI ELAHI (1987).

[154] Kushti Shudan Yīk Shahrvand Bā Shilīk Mustaqīm Nīrū Hāay Ḥukūmatī Dar Kirmānshāh [A Citizen Was Killed by Direct Fire of Security Forces in Kermanshah], Hengaw (Nov. 22, 2022), https://bit.ly/3GWld9U

[155] Taẓāhurāt Dar Dihlurān, Ravānsar va Qarvi; Hushdār Darbārih ʿadam Dastrisī Majrūḥān Dar Javānrūd Bi Dārū Va Darmān [Demonstrations in Dehluran, Ravansar , and Qorveh; Warning About the Lack of Access to Medicine and Medical Treatment for the Injured in Javanrud and Mahabad], Radio Farda (Dec. 1, 2022), https://www.radiofarda.com/a/32142239.html

[156] Dānish Rahnamā; Pisarī Ki Dar Marāsim Khaksipārī Dūsti Nazdikash Kushti Shud [Danesh Rahnama; A Young Man Who Was Killed at the Funeral of His Close Friend], Manoto Tv (Nov. 9, 2022), https://www.manototv.com/article/24947

[157] Urmīā; Kushti Shudan Yīk Muʿtariż Dar Natijih Tīrandāzī Nīrū Hāay Żid Shurish [Urmia; the Death of a Protester as a Result of the Shooting of Anti-riot Forces], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Sept. 20, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19099

[158] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Oct. 27, 2022, 3:50 AM), https://twitter.com/HengawO/status/1585539544178429955 See also Saghi Laghaie, Ekhtiṣāṣī; Pisar ʿamih Simkū Mūlūdī: Bā Gulūlih Tak Tīrandāz Majrūḥ Va Dar Bimāristān Jān Bākht [Exclusive; Ismaeil Mauludi s Cousin: He Was Injured by a Sniper’s Bullet and Died in the Hospital], VOA Perian (Oct. 27, 022), available at https://bit.ly/3icfDXa (discussing the murder of Ismaeil Mauludi).

[159] Kushti Shudan Dasti Kam Si Shahrvand Bar Asari Shilīk Nīrū Hāay Ḥukūmatī Dar ʿtirāżāt Emrūz Mahābād [At Least Three Citizens Were Killed as a Result of Shooting by the Security Forces in Today’s Protests in Mahabad], Hengaw (Oct. 27, 2022), https://bit.ly/3C9TorU

[160] Masih Alinejad (@AlinejadMasih), Twitter (Nov. 20, 2022, 11:38 PM), https://twitter.com/AlinejadMasih/status/1594550742815219712

[161] VOA Farsi صدای آمریکا (@VOAfarsi), Twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 12:32 AM), https://twitter.com/VOAfarsi/status/1594564393634758656 See also Bahareh Shabankariayan, Pidari “Kārvān Qādirshūkrī” Dar Guftigū Ekhtiṣāṣī Bā “Eʿtimād” Az Rūz Ḥādisi Mīgūyad [The Father of “Karvan Qadershukri” Talks About the Day of the Accident in an Exclusive Interview with “Etemad;” “Karvan” Left With Two Shots Fired], Magiran (Nov. 27, 2022), available at https://www.magiran.com/article/4361360 (discussing that Heydar Mohali was shot dead inside the mosque).

[162] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 12:55 PM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1594751486361223191

[163] See Appendix III.

[164] Farzad Seifikaran (@FSeifikaran), Twitter (Oct. 28, 2022, 7:01 AM), https://twitter.com/fseifikaran/status/1585949977137799168

[165] DW فارسی (@dw_persian), Twitter (Oct. 28, 2022, 1:14 PM), https://twitter.com/dw_persian/status/1586043632951369729 (People are chanting anti-government slogans during the Chehlum of Foad Qadimi. The government’s security forces killed him during a protest in Divandarreh, Kurdistan Province, on September 19, 2022).

[166] ʿtirāżāt Gustardih Dar Dah Hā Shahr Irān Hamzamān Bā Chihilum Mahsā Āmīnī [Massive Protests in Dozens of Iranian Cities at the Same Time as Mahsa Amini’s Chehlum], BBC Persian (Oct. 26, 2022), https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-63408723

[167] Chihilum Mahsā Āmīnī; ʿtirāż Va ʿtiṣāb Dar Danishgah Hā Va Shahr Hā  Va Ḥamlih Dāʿish Dar Shīrāz [Mahsa Amini’s Chehlum; Protests and Strikes in Universities and Cities and ISIS Attack in Shiraz], EuroNews (Oct. 27, 2022), https://bit.ly/3X9CGBw

[168] Ekhtiṣāṣī Zamānih: Taṣāvīr Az Marāsim Chihlūm Zhīnā (Mahsā) Āmīnī [Exclusive of Zamaneh: Photos of Jina (Mahsa) Amini’s Chehlum], Radio Zamaneh (oct. 26, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/738165/ See also Rafiq Hosein Panahi (@PanahiRafiq), Twitter (Oct. 26, 2022, 7:31 AM), available at https://bit.ly/3CfYumm (a video showing thousands of people walking towards the Saqez cemetery).

[169] Farzad Seifikaran (@FSeifikaran), Twitter (Oct. 26, 2022, 8:50 AM), https://bit.ly/3VEtu6t

[170] ʿtirāżāt Gustardih Dar Dah Hā Shahr Irān Hamzamān Bā Chihilum Mahsā Āmīnī [Massive Protests in Dozens of Iranian Cities at the Same Time as Mahsa Amini’s Chehlum], BBC Persian (Oct. 26, 2022), https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-63408723 See also Victoria Elms and Sanya Burgess, Mass Protests and Government Buildings Attacked – Online Evidence Shows What’s Happening in Iran, Sky News (Oct. 28, 2022), available at https://bit.ly/3VCiI0j (reporting that there were protests in other cities of Iran on October 26, 2022).

[171] Morteza Esmailpour (@mortezaesmilpor), Twitter (Oct. 27, 2022, 9:33 AM), https://twitter.com/mortezaesmilpor/status/1585625784408018945

[172] Sanandaj Resistance; Security Forces Killed Two More Citizens With Live Ammunition [Muqāvimat Sanandaj; Nīrū Hāay Ḥukūmatī Dū Shahrvand Dīgar Rā Bā Gulūlih Jangī Kushtand], Hengaw (Nov. 17, 2022), https://bit.ly/3GwmLWK

[173] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Nov. 20, 2022, 2:14 PM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1594408965730959362 (discussing that it was the driver of Colonel Almas Moradi, the chief of Naisar police station, who shot at Aram Habibi). See also Taṣāvīr Nā Ārāmī Hāay Margbār Sanandaj Dar Ẓuhri Emrūz / Khūdru Hā Rā Ātash Zadand; Pūlīs Gāz Āshk Āvar Shilīk Kard / Rayīs Kalāntrī Bā Chāqū Majrūḥ Shud; 2 Nafar Kushti Shudand [Images of the Deadly Riots in Sanandaj at Noon Today; They Set Fire to the Cars; The Police Fired Tear Gas; The Chief of the Police Station Was Injured with Knife; 2 People Were Killed], Hamshahri Online (Nov. 17, 2022), available at https://bit.ly/3P05nND (discussing that Major Hasan Yousefi from the police forces of Kurdistan Province was stabbed to death on November 17, 2022).

[174] “Yīk Kushti va 10 Zakhmī” Dar Pīy Sarkūb ʿtirāżāt Mardumī Dar Javānrūd [“One Killed and 10 Injured” Following the Suppression of Protests in Javanroud], Radio Farda (Dec. 31, 2022), https://www.radiofarda.com/a/32202453.html

[175] Farzad Seifikaran (@FSeifikaran), twitter (Dec. 31, 2022, 5:59 AM), https://twitter.com/FSeifikaran/status/1609142112192237568 See also +۱۵۰۰تصویر (@1500tasvir), Twitter (Dec. 31, 2022, 4:44 AM), available at https://twitter.com/1500tasvir/status/1609123444234264577 (discussing his age).

[176] Rafiq Hosein Panahi (@PanahiRafiq), Twitter (Dec. 31, 2022, 8:44 AM), https://twitter.com/PanahiRafiq/status/1609183675790376961 See also +۱۵۰۰تصویر (@1500tasvir), Twitter (Dec. 31, 2022, 11:52 AM), available at https://twitter.com/1500tasvir/status/1609231018224979970 (showing the crowd that attended his burial).

[177] Fīlm/ Iʿtirāf Kumūli Bi Dast Dāshtan Dar Āshūb Hāay Irān; Dar Khīyābān Hāay Kurdistān Chi Mīguzarad [Video/ Komala’s Confession of Being Involved in the Riots in Iran; What Is Happening in the Streets of Kurdistan?] Mashregh News (Nov. 23, 2022), https://bit.ly/3ES2v0O See also ʿtirāfāt Kumūli Darbāri Naghsh Āfarīnī Dar Ightishāshāt / Aʿżāyī Iin Ḥizb Dar Guftigū Bā Al-ʿarabīyah [Komala’s Confession about Playing Role in the Riots / What Did the Members of This Party State in an Interview with Al-Arabiya?] Hamshahri Online (Nov. 1, 2022), available at https://bit.ly/3gT3KoB (discussing the alleged statements by members of the Komala party about their role in the ongoing protests).

[178] Tashkīl Parvandi Qazāiyy Barāy Margi Mashkūk “Fūād Muḥammadī” Dar Kāmyārān / Māmūrān Silāḥ Jangī Hamrāh Nadārand [Filing a Court Case for the Suspicious Death of “Foad Mohammadi” in Kamyaran/the Agents Do Not Have Weapons], Tasnim (Nov. 17, 2022), https://bit.ly/3UqZxpQ

[179] IHRDC Interview with Raman Chomani (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[180] Kūrdpā; Jān Bākhtan 118 Shahrvand Kūrd Dar Jaryān Khīzish Sarāsarī [Kurdpa; Death of 118 Kurdish Citizens During the Nationwide Uprising], Kurdpa (Dec. 11, 2022), https://bit.ly/3hJvj46 See also Appendix I and Appendix II.

[181] Kolbarnews | کولبر نیوز (@Kolbarnews), Twitter (Sept. 21, 2022, 12:23 PM), https://twitter.com/kolbarnews/status/1572622668909903872?lang=en

[182] Kaveh Kermanshahi (@KavehKermashani), Twitter (Nov. 2, 2022, 2:15 PM), https://twitter.com/KavehKermashani/status/1587871148934676483

[183] شورای هماهنگی تشکل های صنفی فرهنگیان (CCITTA) (@CoordinatingA), Twitter (Nov. 10, 2022, 2:36 PM), https://twitter.com/CoordinatingA/status/1590790400524292098

[184] Jān Bākhtan Muʿtareżīn Shahrīvar Māh; Āmīn Maʿrifat, 16 Sālih Dar Ūshnavīyih Jān Bākht [Protesters Died in the Month of Shahrivar; Amin Marefat, 16 Years Old, Died in Oshnavieh], Kurdpa (Sept. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3YNosaj See also Kushti Shudan Si Shahrvand Dar Jaryān ʿtirāżāt Ūshnavīyih [Three Citizens Were Killed During the Protests in Oshnavieh], Hengaw (Sept. 22, 2022), available at https://bit.ly/3PGOUOU (confirming the death of Amin Marefat).

[185] Hengaw Organization for Human Rights (@Hengaw_English), Twitter (Sept. 21, 2022, 5:11 PM), https://twitter.com/Hengaw_English/status/1572695122114138112

[186] Kushti Shudan Yīk Nūjavān 15 Sālih Dar ʿtirāżāt Kirmānshāh [A 15-year-old Teenager Was Killed in the Kermanshah Protests], Hengaw (Oct. 2, 2022), https://bit.ly/3vkIbkr

[187] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Sept. 24, 2022, 11:33 AM), https://bit.ly/3VwIJhN

[188] Kaveh Kermanshahi (@KavehKermashani), Twitter (Oct. 3, 2022, 9:24 AM), https://bit.ly/3GlGN7j

[189] Bāzdāsht Ghulāmrizā  Basātī Pidari Nūjavān 15 Sālihiyy Ki Dar ʿtirāżāt Kirmānshāh Jān Bākht [The Arrest of Gholamreza Basati, the Father of a 15-year-old Boy Who Had Been Killed in the Kermanshah Protests], Hengaw (Oct. 5, 2022), https://bit.ly/3G1kZwp

[190] Jān Bākhtan Yīk Dukhtari 16 Sālih Dar ʿtirāżāt Sanandaj [The Death of a 16-Year-Old Girl in Sanandaj Protests], Hengaw (Oct. 28, 2022), https://bit.ly/3TUHl8v

[191] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Oct. 31, 2022, 11:51 AM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1587109942959689729 See also Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Oct. 28, 2022, 5:52 AM), available at https://twitter.com/HengawO/status/1585932583635849219 (discussing the death of Sarina Saedi).

[192] Jān Bākhtan Yīk Dukhtari 16 Sālih Dar ʿtirāżāt Sanandaj [The Death of a 16-Year-Old Girl in Sanandaj Protests], Hengaw (Oct. 28, 2022), https://bit.ly/3TUHl8v

[193] Radio Farda‌ (@RadioFarda_), Twitter (Oct. 31, 2022, 10:11 AM), https://twitter.com/RadioFarda_/status/1587084854616891394

[194] Farmāndār Sanandaj: Barasī Hāay Avalīyih Nishān Mīdahad ʿilat Fūti “Sārīnā Sāʿīdī” Maṣrafi Mavādi Mukhadir Yā Ravān Gardān Hā Būdih [Governor of Sanandaj: Preliminary Investigations Show that the Cause of Death of “Sarina Saedi” Was the Consumption of Drugs or Psychotropic Substances], Entekhab.ir (Oct. 28, 2022), https://bit.ly/3FyTV9c

[195] خبرگزاری هرانا (@hra_news), Twitter (Oct. 28, 2022. 12:25 PM), https://twitter.com/hra_news/status/1586031360250191874

[196] Shabakih Ḥuqūq Bashari Kurdistān: Dasti Kam 53 Shahrvand Kūrd Dar Jaryān ʿtirāżāt Kushti Shudand [Kurdistan Human Rights Network: At least 53 Kurdish Citizens Were Killed During the Protests], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 6, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19459

[197] Kūmār Daruftādih Az Fāṣilih Si Mitrī Hadaf Tīrandāzī Qarār Girift [Kumar Daroftadeh Was Shot from a Three Meters Distance], Hengaw (Oct. 31, 2022), https://bit.ly/3vlrGo1

[198] Fereshteh Qazi, Pidar Kūmār Daruftādih: Hīch Jā va Bā Hīch Qānūnī Pisar 16 Sāli Rā Bā Gulūlih Nimīzanand [Father of Kumar Daroftadeh: Nowhere and Under No Law, a 16-year-old Boy Would be Shot at], Radio Farda (Nov. 13, 2022), https://bit.ly/3jzUreg

[199] Fereshteh Qazi, Pidar Kūmār Daruftādih: Hīch Jā va Bā Hīch Qānūnī Pisar 16 Sāli Rā Bā Gulūlih Nimīzanand [Father of Kumar Daroftadeh: Nowhere and Under No Law, a 16-year-old Boy Would be Shot at], Radio Farda (Nov. 13, 2022), https://bit.ly/3jzUreg

[200] Kūmār Daruftādih Az Fāṣilih Si Mitrī Hadaf Tīrandāzī Qarār Girift [Kumar Daroftadeh Was Shot from a Three Meters Distance], Hengaw (Oct. 31, 2022), https://bit.ly/3vlrGo1

[201] Ekhtiṣāṣī / Pidari Kūmār Daruftādih: Uo Rā Az Dast Dādam, Amā Fadāyi Vaṭan [Exclusive/ Father of Kumar Daroftadeh: I Lost Him, But His Life Was Scarified for the Homeland], VOA Persian (Nov. 5, 2022), https://bit.ly/3WzyVFa

[202] Saman Rasoulpour (@SamRasoulpour), Twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 3:18 AM), https://twitter.com/SamRasoulpour/status/1594606229283905536

[203] Bahareh Shabankariayan, Pidari “Kārvān Qādirshūkrī” Dar Guftigū Ekhtiṣāṣī Bā “Eʿtimād” Az Rūz Ḥādisi Mīgūyad [The Father of “Karvan Qadershukri” Talks About the Day of the Accident in an Exclusive Interview with “Etemad;” “Karvan” Left With Two Shots Fired], Magiran (Nov. 27, 2022), https://www.magiran.com/article/4361360

[204] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Nov. 22, 2022, 3:31 PM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1595152928570212353

[205] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Nov. 22, 2022, 3:31 PM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1595152928570212353

[206] Chihilum Riżā Kāẓimī, Nūjavān 16 Sālih Ki Bi Żarbi Gulūlih Nīrū Hāay  Ḥukūmat Kushti Shud [Chehlum Reza Kazemi, a 16-year-old Teenager Who Was Shot by Security Forces], BBC Persian (Jan. 6, 2022), https://www.bbc.com/persian/live/64183505

[207] Jān Bākhtan Dū Shahrvand Dar Asari Shidat Jarāḥāt Dar Bimāristān Hāay Urūmīyih Va Sanandaj [Death of Two Citizens Due to the Severity of Their Injuries in Urmia and Sanandaj Hospitals], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 28, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19645

[208] Taẓāhurāt Dar Dihlurān, Ravānsar va Qarvi; Hushdār Darbārih ʿadam Dastrisī Majrūḥān Dar Javānrūd Bi Dārū Va Darmān [Demonstrations in Dehluran, Ravansar, and Qorveh; Warning About the Lack of Access to Medicine and Medical Treatment for the Injured in Javanrud and Mahabad], Radio Farda (Dec. 1, 2022), https://www.radiofarda.com/a/32142239.html See also Omid Barin | امید برین (@barin_omid), Twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 11:07 AM), available at https://twitter.com/barin_omid/status/1594724150727577601 (showing IRGC forces on their way to Bukan and Mahabad).

[209] فریبرز کرمی زند (@F_karamizand), Twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 10:43 AM), https://twitter.com/F_karamizand/status/1594718038255104000 (Showing military helicopters patrolling over the city of Javanrud, Kermanshah Province, on November 21, 2022).

[210] Shahram Mouselchi, Yīk Rūz Pas Az Kushtār Khūnīn Javānrūd; ʿtiṣāb Gustardih Dar Shahr Hāay Kurdistān [One Day After the Bloody Massacre of Javanrud; Massive Strike in Cities of Kurdistan Province], Radio Zamaneh (Nov. 22, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/742447/ See also فریبرز کرمی زند (@F_karamizand), Twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 10:43 AM), available at https://twitter.com/F_karamizand/status/1594718038255104000 (discussing the use of heavy artillery against people).

[211] Tīrandāzī Bā Dushkā Bi Sūyi Shirkat Kunandigān Dar Marāsim Khaksipārī Dar Javānrūd; Bīsh Az Dah Kushti Va Zakhmī [Shooting with DshK at the People in the Funeral in Javanroud; More than Ten Dead and Wounded], VOA Persian (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3VLfXtJ

[212] DshK, Weaponsystems.net, https://weaponsystems.net/system/744-DshK (Last visited Jan. 12, 2023).

[213] Tīrandāzī Bā Dushkā Bi Sūyi Shirkat Kunandigān Dar Marāsim Khaksipārī Dar Javānrūd; Bīsh Az Dah Kushti Va Zakhmī [Shooting with DshK at the People in the Funeral in Javanroud; More than Ten Dead and Wounded], VOA Persian (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3VLfXtJ

[214] Tashkīl Parvandi Qazāiyy Barāy Margi Mashkūk “Fūād Muḥammadī” Dar Kāmyārān / Māmūrān Silāḥ Jangī Hamrāh Nadārand [Filing a Court Case for the Suspicious Death of “Foad Mohammadi” in Kamyaran/the Agents Do Not Have Weapons], Tasnim (Nov. 17, 2022), https://bit.ly/3UqZxpQ

[215] Sukhangūyi Dūlat: Barāy Dūlat Misli Āb Khūrdan Būd Ki Ijāzih Dahad Nīrūy Entiẓāmī Az Gulūli Gangī Istifādih Kunad, Amā … [Government Spokesperson: It Was Like Drinking Water for the Government to Allow the Police Force Using Live Ammunition, But …], Donya-e-eqtesad (Nov. 8, 2022), https://bit.ly/3umohEY

[216] Parham Ghobadi, BBC NEWS فارسی (@bbcpersian), Twitter (Oct. 30, 2022, 3:13 PM), https://twitter.com/bbcpersian/status/1586798532195147776

[217] Shotgun Shell Sizes: Comparison Chart and Commonly Used Terms, Gun News Daily, https://gunnewsdaily.com/shotgun-shell-sizes-comparison-chart-terms/ (Last visited Jan. 12, 2023).

[218] Parham Ghobadi, BBC NEWS فارسی (@bbcpersian), Twitter (oct. 30, 2022, 3:13 PM), https://twitter.com/bbcpersian/status/1586798532195147776

[219] See Appendix I.

[220] Shahram Mouselchi (@Sh_Mouselchi), Twitter (Sept. 20, 2022, 12:41 PM), https://twitter.com/Sh_Mouselchi/status/1572264605191135239 See also Rafiq Hosein Panahi (@PanahiRafiq), Twitter (Sept. 20, 2022, 11:39 AM), available at https://twitter.com/PanahiRafiq/status/1572249137147514880 (confirming her death).

[221] Youhanna Najdi, Rizā Shahparnīyā; “Muʿtariżī Ki ʿamala Tīrbārān Shud” [Reza Shahparnia; The Protester Who Was “Practically Shot”], Deutsche Welle Persian (Dec. 15, 2022), https://bit.ly/3v0KubZ

[222] Youhanna Najdi, Rizā Shahparnīyā; “Muʿtariżī Ki ʿamala Tīrbārān Shud” [Reza Shahparnia; The Protester Who Was “Practically Shot”], Deutsche Welle Persian (Dec. 15, 2022), https://bit.ly/3v0KubZ

[223] Youhanna Najdi, Rizā Shahparnīyā; “Muʿtariżī Ki ʿamala Tīrbārān Shud” [Reza Shahparnia; The Protester Who Was “Practically Shot”], Deutsche Welle Persian (Dec. 15, 2022), https://bit.ly/3v0KubZ

[224] Shima Shahrabi, Madar Rizā Shahparnīyā, Az Kushti Shudigān ʿtirāżāt: Az Chi Tarsīdīd, Bachi Am Rā Kushtīd? [Reza Shahparnia Mother, One of the Victims of the Protests: What Were You Afraid of, You Killed My Child?], IranWire (Nov. 1, 2022), https://bit.ly/3v5MNe5

[225] Farzad Seifikaran Mīnū Majīdī; Mādar Muʿtariżī Ki Bā Eṣābati 167 Gulūlih Sāchmiiyy Kushti Shud [Minoo Majidi; The Protesting Mother Who Was Killed by 167 Metal Pellets], Radio Zamaneh (Dec. 6, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/742946/

[226] Farzad Seifikaran Mīnū Majīdī; Mādar Muʿtariżī Ki Bā Eṣābati 167 Gulūlih Sāchmiiyy Kushti Shud [Minoo Majidi; The Protesting Mother Who Was Killed by 167 Metal Pellets], Radio Zamaneh (Dec. 6, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/742946/

[227] اتاق خبر منوتو (@ManotoNews), Twitter (Dec. 28, 2022, 12:20 PM ), https://twitter.com/ManotoNews/status/1608150882818068481 See also Shabakih Ḥuqūq Bashari Kurdistān: Dasti Kam 53 Shahrvand Kūrd Dar Jaryān ʿtirāżāt Kushti Shudand [Kurdistan Human Rights Network: At least 53 Kurdish Citizens Were Killed During the Protests], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 6, 2022), available at https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19459 (discussing Mohsen Qeysari’ s death).

[228] 7 Shahrvand Dar Būkān, Sanandaj va Saqiz Dar Piy Shilīk Niẓāmīyān Ḥukūmatī Jān Bākhtand [7 Citizens Died in Bukan, Sanandaj, and Saqez Due to the Government Military Forces’ Shooting], IranWire (Nov. 17, 2022), https://bit.ly/3Ws7wov

[229] Kūrdpā; Jān Bākhtan 118 Shahrvand Kūrd Dar Jaryān Khīzish Sarāsarī [Kurdpa; Death of 118 Kurdish Citizens During the Nationwide Uprising], Kurdpa (Dec. 11, 2022), https://bit.ly/3hJvj46

[230] Mahābād; Kushti Shudan Yīk Javān Kūrd Dar Asari Tīrandāzī Nīrū Hāay Sipāh Pāsdārān [Mahabad; A Kurdish Youth Was Killed by the IRGC Forces], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 23, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19569

[231] Kurdistan Human Rights Network (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 23, 2022, 6:14 AM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1595375175398293506

[232] Urmīā; Kushti Shudan Yīk Muʿtariż Dar Natijih Tīrandāzī Nīrū Hāay Żid Shurish [Urmia; the Death of a Protester as a Result of the Shooting of Anti-riot Forces], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Sept. 20, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19099

[233] توانا Tavaana (@Tavaana), Twitter (Dec. 23, 2022, 10:16 AM), https://twitter.com/Tavaana/status/1606307641960960004

[234] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Dec. 7, 2022, 5:57 PM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1600625548849561604 See also Farzad Seifikaran (@FSeifikaran), Twitter (Dec. 8, 2022, 6:29 AM), available at https://twitter.com/FSeifikaran/status/1600814931427069954 (discussing the age of Hooman Abdullahi).

[235] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Dec. 7, 2022, 5:57 PM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1600625546668707842

[236] Mūmin Zand Karīmī Az Fāṣilih Dū Mitrī Hadaf Tīrandāzī Qarār Giriftih Va Bi Shidat Mūrid Żarb va Shatm Nirū Hāay Ḥukūmatī Vaqiʿ Shudi Ast [Momen Zand Karimi Was Shot from a Distance of Two Meters and Severely Beaten by The Security Forces], Hengaw (Nov. 3, 2022), https://bit.ly/3Gmx6FD

[237] MIX_Stories, YouTube (Nov. 27, 2022), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELgM4mhFpsU

[238] شورای هماهنگی تشکل های صنفی فرهنگیان (CCITTA) (@CoordinatingA), Twitter (Nov. 3, 2022, 8:34 AM), https://twitter.com/CoordinatingA/status/1588147593250586626

[239] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Nov. 3, 2022, 3:13 AM), https://bit.ly/3hT5sH5

[240] RadioFarda‌|‌راديو فردا (@RadioFarda_), Twitter (Nov. 4, 2022, 5:15 PM), https://twitter.com/RadioFarda_/status/1588641125744648194

[241] Kashif Nasli Jadīd “Shāt Gān” Dar Irān Bā Qābilyat Naṣbi Khashāb / Kushtih Sāzī Dar Ightishāshāt Bā Tuzīʿ ʿādīlāni Silāḥ Hāay Vīzh! + ʿaks [Detection of a New Generation of “Shotguns” in Iran with the Ability to Install a Magazine/Killing People in Riots with a Fair Distribution of Special Weapons! + Photo], Mashregh News (Dec. 18, 2019), https://khabarfarsi.com/u/79908679

[242] Thomson Derek & Ershad Alijani, How Iran’s Security Forces Are Shooting to Kill with ‘Non-combat’ Shotgun Shells, France 24 (Nov. 25, 2022), https://observers.france24.com/en/middle-east/20221125-iran-protests-eu-shotgun-cartridges-cheddite-sanctions

[243] Dānish Rahnamā; Pisarī Ki Dar Marāsim Khaksipārī Dūsti Nazdikash Kushti Shud [Danesh Rahnama; A Young Man Who Was Killed at the Funeral of His Close Friend], Manoto Tv (Nov. 9, 2022), https://www.manototv.com/article/24947

[244] Kushti Shudan Dū Shahrvand Dar Jaryān ʿtirāżāt Mardumī Bānih [Two Citizens Were Killed During the Protest in Baneh], Hengaw (oct. 28, 2022), https://bit.ly/3hX3hSN

[245] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 17, 2022, 5:21 PM), https://bit.ly/3C2b08K See also Āzād Ḥusiynpūr Shahrvand Mahābādī Bi Dasti Nīrū Hāy Musalaḥ Ḥukūmatī Kushti Shud [Azad Hosseinpour, a Resident of Mahabad, Was Killed by the Government Armed Forces], IranWire (Nov. 17, 2022), available at https://bit.ly/3PVh8Wj (showing the picture of his dead body).

[246] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Nov. 20, 2022, 12:37 PM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1594384508740341760

[247] Guzārishī Az ʿtirāżāt Mardumī 20 Mihr Dar Maḥlih “Dari Darizh” Kirmānshāh Va Kushti Shudan 2 Shahrvand [Report of People’s Protests on 20 Mehr in “Dare Darizh” Neighborhood of Kermanshah and Killing of 2 Citizens], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 5, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19449

[248] Farzad Seifikaran (@FSeifikaran), Twitter (Sept. 20, 2022, 6:52 AM), https://twitter.com/FSeifikaran/status/1572176778734731264  See also ۱۵۰۰تصویر_لیست  (@1500tasvir_list), Twitter (Oct. 17, 2022, 4:34 AM), available at https://twitter.com/1500tasvir_list/status/1581926503029551104 (discussing that Fereydoun Mahmoudi was 33 years old).

[249] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Sept. 20, 2022, 7:24 PM), https://twitter.com/HengawO/status/1572366030130774018

[250] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Sept. 21, 2022, 2:54 PM), https://twitter.com/HengawO/status/1572660665478950912

[251] Soran Mansournia (@Soranmansournia), Twitter (Oct. 9, 2022, 5:22 PM), https://twitter.com/Soranmansournia/status/1579220718411452418

[252] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Nov. 19, 2022, 6:07 AM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1593923880170799104

[253] سازمان حقوق بشری ھانا (@hana_humanright), Twitter (Nov. 2, 2022, 3:48 PM), https://twitter.com/hana_humanright/status/1587894477712232452

[254] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Oct. 28, 2022, 2:16 PM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1586059303060111360

[255] Sanya Burgess and Victoria Elms, Iran Protests: Who Killed This Man? CCTV Offers Vital Evidence of Lethal Attack, Sky News (Nov. 24, 2022), https://news.sky.com/story/iran-protests-who-killed-this-man-cctv-offers-vital-evidence-of-lethal-attack-12748042

[256] کانون حقوق بشر ایران (@iranhrs99), Twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 4:27 AM), https://twitter.com/iranhrs99/status/1594623450622353408

[257] Nadia (@NFreeIran2022), Twitter (Nov. 16, 2022, 1:09 PM ), https://twitter.com/NFreeIran2022/status/1592942878132621312

[258] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 17, 2022, 4:14 AM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1593170764370685954

[259] Salās Bābā Jānī; Ārīyān Mūridi Bā Shilīk Mustaqīm Nīrū Hāay Ḥukūmatī Jān Bākht [Salas Babajani; Arian Moridi Was Killed by the Direct Fire of the Security Forces], Hengaw (Oct. 10, 2022), https://bit.ly/3Zmkki8

[260] ايران اينترنشنال (@IranIntl), Twitter (Nov. 16, 2022, 2:05 PM), https://twitter.com/iranintl/status/1592956980158947328

[261] Iran: Brutal Repression in Kurdistan Capital, Human Rights Watch (Dec. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3W1O5Sj

[262] ايران اينترنشنال (@IranIntl), Twitter (Nov. 16, 2022, 2:05 PM), https://twitter.com/iranintl/status/1592956980158947328

[263] KURDPA (@kurdpa_farsi), Twitter (Nov. 2, 2022, 12:54 PM), https://twitter.com/kurdpa_farsi/status/1587850748477558788

[264] Saghi Laghaie, Ekhtiṣāṣī; Pisar ʿamih Simkū Mūlūdī: Bā Gulūlih Tak Tīrandāz Majrūḥ Va Dar Bimāristān Jān Bākht [Exclusive; Ismaeil Mauludi s Cousin: He Was Injured by a Sniper’s Bullet and Died in the Hospital], VOA Perian (Oct. 27, 022), https://bit.ly/3icfDXa

[265] Saghi Laghaie, Ekhtiṣāṣī; Pisar ʿamih Simkū Mūlūdī: Bā Gulūlih Tak Tīrandāz Majrūḥ Va Dar Bimāristān Jān Bākht [Exclusive; Semko Mauludi’ s Cousin: He Was Injured by a Sniper’s Bullet and Died in the Hospital], VOA Perian (Oct. 27, 022), https://bit.ly/3icfDXa

[266] Namāyandih Mahābād Dar Majlis: Kushti Shudan 11 Nafar Dar Mahābād/ Afrādī Dar Mīyān Kushti Shudigān Hastand Ki Dar ʿtirāż Ḥużūr Nadashtand [The Representative of Mahabad in Majlis: 11 People Were Killed in Mahabad / There Are People Among the Dead Who Were Not Present in the Protest], Modara.Ir (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3VG7KqU

[267] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Nov. 16, 2022, 1:13 PM), https://twitter.com/HengawO/status/1592943871159570432 See also Farzad Fattahi (@FattahiFarzad), Twitter (Nov. 16, 2022, 1:13 PM), available at https://twitter.com/FattahiFarzad/status/1592943935818985472 (indicating that the shooting took place in the Farhangsara neighborhood in Kamyaran).

[268] Kushti Shudan Shish Shahrvand Kūrd Dar Jaryān ʿtirāżāt Mardumī Dar Sanandaj, Kāmyārān, Saqiz, va Būkān [Six Kurdish Citizens Were Killed During People’s Protests in Sanandaj, Kamyaran, Saqez, and Bukan], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 16, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19540

[269] Farzad Seifikaran (@FSeifikaran), Twitter (Nov. 16, 2022, 1:53 PM), https://twitter.com/FSeifikaran/status/1592953967474266112

[270] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Nov. 16, 2022, 1:13 PM), https://twitter.com/HengawO/status/1592943871159570432

[271] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Nov. 16, 2022, 1:13 PM), https://twitter.com/HengawO/status/1592943871159570432

[272] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Nov. 16, 2022, 8:41 AM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1593643508568571905 (The brief footage suggests that Borhan Karami was likely shot in the neck. He wore Kurdish clothes and had a sports jacket with a white collar on. The white collar can be seen bloody, while other there is no stain on other parts of his clothing).

[273] Farzad Fattahi (@FattahiFarzad), Twitter (Nov. 16, 2022, 3:30 PM), https://twitter.com/FattahiFarzad/status/1592978352872517632

[274] Juzʾīyāt Kushti Shudan Burhān Karamī Dar Ightishāshāt Kāmyārān; Gulūlih Bi Sar Uo Shilīk Shud / Maʾmūrī Dar Maḥali Qatli Burhān Karamī Ḥużūr Dāsht? [Details of the Killing of Borhan Karami in Kamyaran Riots; He Was Shot in the Head/ Was a Law Enforcement Personnel Presence at the Scene of Borhan Karaim’s Murder?], Hamshahri Online (Nov. 22, 2022), https://bit.ly/3ViXJiY See also Raʾīs Kul Jadīd Dādgustarī Ūstān Kurdistān Manṣūb Shud + Savābiq [The New Head of Justice Department of Kurdistan Province Was Appointed + Records], Tasnim (Nov. 5, 2020), available at https://bit.ly/3HSYKez (discussing the name of current head of Justice Department in Kurdistan Province).

[275] Shahed Alavi (@ShahedAlavi), Twitter (Dec. 31, 2022, 1:06 PM), https://twitter.com/ShahedAlavi/status/1609249670370365440

[276] Maryam Dehkordi, Mukhtār Āḥmadī; ʿarūsak Furūshī Ki Gharībānih Kushti Va Bi Khāk Sipurdi Shud [Mukhtar Ahmadi; A Doll Salesman Who Was Killed and Buried Lonely], IranWire (Nov. 9, 2022), https://bit.ly/3PYDINE

[277] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Dec. 5, 2022, 4:30 AM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1599697706263678976

[278] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Nov. 22, 2022, 3:31 PM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1595152928570212353

[279] Kūrd Pā; Jān Bākhtan 57 Shahrvand Kūrd Dar Jaryān ʿtirāżāt Sarāsarī [Kurdpa; 57 Kurdish Citizens Died During Nationwide Protests], Kurdpa (Nov. 10, 2022), https://bit.ly/3hOjcD1

[280] BBC NEWS فارسی (@bbcpersian), Twitter (Nov. 1, 2022, 6:54 PM), https://twitter.com/bbcpersian/status/1587578816389693445

[281] Chirā Khānivādih “Firishtih Āḥmadī” Shikāyat Nimī Kunand? [Why Doesn’t the Family of “Fereshteh Ahmadi” File a Complaint?], Mehr News Agency (Nov. 2, 2022), https://bit.ly/3WIBHY7

[282] Juzʾīyāt Qatli Ḥukūmatī Kūbrā Shīykhi, Az Fishār Barāy Tabdīl Uo Bi Shahīd Ḥukūmatī Tā Taḥrīf Vaqiʿyat Dar Ṣidā Va Sīmā [Details of the State Murder of Kobra Sheikhe, from Pressures to Make her a Government Martyr to Distorting the Truth in the State TV], Kurdpa (Nov. 5, 2022), https://bit.ly/3QwusAz

[283] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Oct. 15, 2022, 8:53 AM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1581266982984638464

[284] Istiqrār Mamūrān Dar Marākiz Darmānī Barāy Bāzdāsht Majrūḥān Va Kushti Shudan Kamāl Fiqhī Dar Būkān [Stationing Agents in Medical Centers to Arrest the Injured and Kamal Feqhi Was Killed in Bukan], VOA Persian (Oct. 13, 2022), https://bit.ly/3vsmzme

[285] Awin Mostafazade (@AwinMostafazad), Twitter (Oct. 13, 2022, 10:53 AM), https://twitter.com/AwinMostafazad/status/1580572487452352512

[286] Muḥammad Āḥmadī Gāgish Bā Tīrandāzī Nīrū Hāay Āmnīyatī Dar Mahābād Kushti Shud [Mohammad Ahmadi Gagesh Was Killed by Security Forces in Mahabad], Radio Zamaneh (Nov. 18, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/741800/ See also شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 18, 2022, 5:05 AM), available at https://bit.ly/3WwQuoM (showing the body of Mohammad Ahmadi Gagesh).

[287] صدای شهریور (@SedayeShahrivar), Twitter (Nov. 18, 2022, 2:25 PM), https://twitter.com/SedayeShahrivar/status/1593686749271703552  

[288] Saman Hossein Panahi (@Saman_Hpanahi), Twitter (Nov. 18, 2022, 4:19 AM), https://twitter.com/Saman_Hpanahi/status/1593534350737408000

[289] Namāyandih Mahābād Dar Majlis: Kushti Shudan 11 Nafar Dar Mahābād/ Afrādī Dar Mīyān Kushti Shudigān Hastand Ki Dar ʿtirāż Ḥużūr Nadashtand [The Representative of Mahabad in Majlis: 11 People Were Killed in Mahabad / There Are People Among the Dead Who Were Not Present in the Protest], Modara.Ir (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3VG7KqU

[290] Kushtih Shudan Si Shahrvand Dar Jaryān Muqāvimat Mardumī Shar Hāay Kāmyārān Va Sanandaj [Three Citizens Were Killed During the People’s Resistance in the Cities of Kamyaran and Sanandaj], Hengaw (Nov. 16, 2022), https://bit.ly/3gZpijf

[291] کانون حقوق بشر ایران (@iranhrs99), Twitter (Nov. 15, 5:33 PM), https://twitter.com/iranhrs99/status/1592647110792712192 See also Kushtih Shudan Si Shahrvand Dar Jaryān Muqāvimat Mardumī Shar Hāay Kāmyārān Va Sanandaj [Three Citizens Were Killed During the People’s Resistance in the Cities of Kamyaran and Sanandaj], Hengaw (Nov. 16, 2022), available at  https://bit.ly/3gZpijf (discussing the murder of Zaniar Allahmoradi by the government’s security forces).

[292] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Nov. 28, 2022, 4:24 PM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1597340773636526081

[293] Guzārishī Az ʿtirāżāt Mardumī 20 Mihr Dar Maḥlih “Dari Darizh” Kirmānshāh Va Kushti Shudan 2 Shahrvand [Report of People’s Protests on 20 Mehr in “Dare Darizh” Neighborhood of Kermanshah and Killing of 2 Citizens], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 5, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19449

[294] Kushti Shudan Dasti Kam shish Nafar Dar Sivūmīn Ruz ʿtirāżāt Sālgard Ābān 98 Dar Shahr Hāay Kurdistān [At Least Six People Were Killed on the Third Anniversary of the Aban Protests in the Cities of Kurdistan], (Nov. 18, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/741744/ See also صدای شهریور (@SedayeShahrivar), Twitter (Nov. 17, 2022, 3:06 PM), https://twitter.com/SedayeShahrivar/status/1593334742610759680 (discussing that Abdulrahman Bakhtiari was a retired teacher and killed in front of his house).

[295] Mahābād; Jān Bākhtan Yīk Shahrvand Kūrd Dar Asari Shidat Jarāḥāt Dar Bimāristān [Mahabad; The Death of a Kurdish Citizen Due to Severe Injuries in a Hospital], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 9, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19485

[296] Fāyīq Mām Qādirī, Shahrvand Mahābādī Bar Asari Jarāḥāt Nāshī Az Gulūlih Nīrū Hāay Sipāh Pāsdārān Jān Bākht [Fayegh Mam Qaderi, a Citizen of Mahabad, Died Due to Injuries Caused by the IRGC Forces’ Bullets], Iran International TV (Nov. 9, 2022), https://www.iranintl.com/202211096020

[297] Kushtār Zanjīrihiyy Dar Kurdistān; Javān Ahli Marivān Tavasuṭ Nīrū Hāay Ḥukūmatī Kushti Shud [Massacre in Kurdistan; A Young Man From Marivan Was Killed by Security Forces], Hengaw (Nov. 25, 2022), https://bit.ly/3hCS5up See also Rukhdād Hā – ʿtirāżāt Shabānih Dar Ḥimāyat Az Kurdistān [Events – Night Protests in Support of Kurdistan, Radio Zamaneh], Radio Zamaneh, (Nov. 25, 2022), available at https://www.radiozamaneh.com/742820/ (discussing Jabar Farqizadeh’ s age).

[298] Bānih; Yīk Javān Kūrd Bar Asri Shilīk Nīrū Hāay Sarkūbgar Jān Khūd Rā Az Dast Dād [Baneh; A Young Kurdish Man Died After Being Shot by Repressive Forces], Kurdpa (Nov. 17, 2022), https://bit.ly/3v8DPg5

[299] BBC NEWS فارسی (@bbcpersian), Twitter (Nov. 18, 2022, 12:31 AM), https://twitter.com/bbcpersian/status/1593476930455617537

[300] BBC NEWS فارسی (@bbcpersian), Twitter (Nov. 18, 2022, 12:29 AM), https://twitter.com/bbcpersian/status/1593476501881487360

[301] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 19, 2022, 6:35 PM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1594112275031416832

[302] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Nov. 19, 2022, 5:53 PM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1594101680043343872 See also Kaveh Ghoreishi (@KavehGhoreishi), Twitter (Nov. 20, 2022, 7:02 AM), available at https://twitter.com/KavehGhoreishi/status/1594300254132006912 (discussing that government’s forces shot and beat Hossein Abdpanah).

[303] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Nov. 22, 2022, 4:36 PM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1595169497459015683

[304] Nīrū Hāay Āmnīyatī Hūman ʿabdūlahī, Javān 21 Sāli Sanandajī Rā Kushtand Va Jināzih Urā Rubūdand [The Security Forces Killed Homan Abdullahi, a 21-Year-Old Man from Sanandji and Kidnapped His Body], Radio Zamaneh (Dec. 8, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/744847/

[305] Nīrū Hāay Āmnīyatī Hūman ʿabdūlahī, Jāvān 21 Sālih Sanandajī Rā Kushtand Va Jināzih Uo Rā Rubūdand [The Security Forces Killed Hooman Abdullahi, a 21-year-old Man from Sanandji, and Kidnapped His Body], Radio Zamaneh (Dec. 8, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/744847/

[306] Namāyandih Mahābād Dar Majlis: Kushti Shudan 11 Nafar Dar Mahābād/ Afrādī Dar Mīyān Kushti Shudigān Hastand Ki Dar ʿtirāż Ḥużūr Nadashtand [The Representative of Mahabad in Majlis: 11 People Were Killed in Mahabad / There Are People Among the Dead Who Were Not Present in the Protest], Modara.Ir (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3VG7KqU

[307] Maryam Dehkordi, ʿtirāżāt Sarāsarī Dar Irān; Ragbār Gulūlih Dar Javānrūd Va Pīrānshahr [Nationwide Protests in Iran; Barrage of Bullets in Javanrud and Piranshahr], IranWire (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3ZiJxtM

[308] Jamshid Barzegar (@JamshidBarzegar), Twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 1:43 PM), https://twitter.com/JamshidBarzegar/status/1594763436168302592

[309] Fakt Hā Va Ibhāmāt Darbārih Dūd Sabz Rang Muntashir Shudi Dar Javānrūd [Facts and Ambiguities about the Green Smoke Released in Javanrud], FactNameh (Nov. 22, 2022), https://factnameh.com/fa/fact-checks/2022-11-23-iran-protests-javanrood-green-smoke

[310] Diako Muradyaliabady (@MuradyDiako), Twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 2:52 PM), https://twitter.com/MuradyDiako/status/1594780795734003726

[311] Fakt Hā Va Ibhāmāt Darbārih Dūd Sabz Rang Muntashir Shudi Dar Javānrūd [Facts and Ambiguities about the Green Smoke Released in Javanrud], FactNameh (Nov. 22, 2022), https://factnameh.com/fa/fact-checks/2022-11-23-iran-protests-javanrood-green-smoke See also Istifādih Az Gāz Aʿṣāb Dar Sarkūb Muʿtariżān Javānrūd [The Use of Nerve Gas to Suppress the Protestors of Javanroud], IranWire (Nov. 21, 2022), available at https://bit.ly/3UGVk1g (discussing that the green smoke was a nerve agent).

[312] Hexachloroethane, United States Environmental Protection Agency website, https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-09/documents/hexachloroethane.pdf (Last visited Jan. 12, 2023).

[313] James M. Madsen, PULMONARY CHEMICAL-WARFARE AGENTS, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (Feb. 2021), https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/mass-casualty-weapons/pulmonary-chemical-warfare-agents

[314] Paul D. Blanc, ACUTE RESPONSES TO TOXIC EXPOSURES, Murray and Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine (6th. ed. 2016), https://thoracickey.com/acute-responses-to-toxic-exposures/

[315] At least 400 protestors were killed and many more were injured as the result of firing smoke grenades directly at people by Iraqi police and security forces. See Iraq: Iranian Tear Gas Grenades Among Those Causing Gruesome Protester Deaths, Amnesty International (Dec. 13, 2019), https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/10/iraq-gruesome-string-of-fatalities-as-new-tear-gas-grenades-pierce-protesters-skulls/

[316] Iraq: Iranian Tear Gas Grenades Among Those Causing Gruesome Protester Deaths, Amnesty International (Dec. 13, 2019), https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/10/iraq-gruesome-string-of-fatalities-as-new-tear-gas-grenades-pierce-protesters-skulls/

[317] IHRDC Interview with Mohammad (alias name) (Nov. 9, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[318] Samaneh Ghadarkhan, Ravāyat Hāyyi Hūlnāk Az Tajavuz Dar Zindān; Zanān Zindānī Qurṣ Żidi Bārdārī Mī Khāhand [Horrifying Accounts of Rape in Prison; Prisoner Women Want Birth Control Pills], Iran Wire (Nov. 30, 2022), https://bit.ly/3FrgI6m

[319] Tamara Qiblawi et.al., How Iran’s Security Forces Use Rape to Quell Protests, CNN (Nov. 21, 2022), https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2022/11/middleeast/iran-protests-sexual-assault/index.html

[320] Iranian Rally In Berlin Brings Out A Crowd Of 80,000, Iran International (Oct. 22, 2022), https://www.iranintl.com/en/202210222845

[321] Rāmtīn Fātihī Az Bāzdāsht Si Tan Az Aʿżāyī Khānivādihāsh Dar Sanandaj Mīgūyad [Ramtin Fatehi Talks about the Arrest of Three Members of His Family in Sanandaj], YouTube (Oct. 22, 2022), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLBCM7g24DA

[322] ايران اينترنشنال (@IranIntl), Twitter (Oct. 22, 2022, 4:31 PM), https://twitter.com/iranintl/status/1583918965813755904

[323] IHRDC Interview with Ramtin Fatehi (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[324] IHRDC Interview with Ramtin Fatehi (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[325] IHRDC Interview with Ramtin Fatehi (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[326] IHRDC Interview with Ramtin Fatehi (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[327] IHRDC Interview with Ramtin Fatehi (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[328] IHRDC Interview with Ramtin Fatehi (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[329] See Appendix I and Appendix II.

[330] Ismāʿīl Dezvār Yīkī Az Bāzdāsht Shudigān ʿtirāżāt Saqiz Zīr Shikanjih Jān Bākht [Ismail Dezvar, One of the Detainees of the Saqez Protests, Died under Torture], Hengaw (Oct. 10, 2022), https://bit.ly/3HCkTh8

[331] Qatli Dūlatī Dīgar, Javān Ilāmī Taḥti Shikanjih Mamūrān Āmnīyatī Jān Bākht [Another Government Murder, the Young Ilami Man Died Under Torture by Security Forces], Hengaw (Oct. 17, 2022), https://bit.ly/3Ql9moJ

[332] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Nov. 18, 2022, 3:17 PM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1593699933646905344

[333] Rafiq Hosein Panahi (@PanahiRafiq), Twitter (Nov. 18, 2022, 3:45 PM), https://twitter.com/PanahiRafiq/status/1593706899769204736 See also سازمان حقوق بشری ھانا (@hana_humanright), Twitter (Nov. 18, 2022, 6:48 PM), available at https://twitter.com/hana_humanright/status/1593752951247585280 (discussing that Omid Hasani died while he was in custody of police).

[334] کانون حقوق بشر ایران (@iranhrs99), Twitter (Nov. 19, 2022, 4:28 AM), https://twitter.com/iranhrs99/status/1593898956496330752

[335] Hīman Āmān, Javān Ahli Būkān Pas Az Rubūdi Shudan Zīr Shikanjih Jān Bākht [Heyman Aman, a Young Man from Bukan, Died under Torture After Being Kidnapped], Hengaw (Nov. 24, 2022), https://bit.ly/3jcv5To See also BBC NEWS فارسی (@bbcpersian), Twitter (Nov. 24, 2022, 6:17 PM), available at https://twitter.com/bbcpersian/status/1595919608237760513 (discussing that Heyman Aman was shot by metal pellets).

[336] Hīman Āmān, Javān Ahli Būkān Pas Az Rubūdi Shudan Zīr Shikanjih Jān Bākht [Heyman Aman, a Young Man from Bukan, Died under Torture After Being Kidnapped], Hengaw (Nov. 24, 2022), https://bit.ly/3jcv5To

[337] Shāmān Āḥmadī Javān Āhli Deihgulān Zīr Shikanjih Jān Bākht [Shadman Ahmadi, a Young Man from Dehgolan, Died Under Torture], Hengaw (Dec. 9, 2022), https://bit.ly/3BSyxJn

[338] Jāvān 23 Sālih Kūrd Dar Deihgulān Bar Asar Shikanjih Pas Az Bāzdāsht Kushti Shud [A 23-year-old Kurdish Youth Was Killed in Dehgolan Due to Torture After Being Arrested], Iran International (Dec. 9, 2022), https://www.iranintl.com/202212092116

[339] Javad Tavvaf (@ranginkamaan), Twitter (Dec. 9, 2022, 2:37 AM), https://twitter.com/ranginkamaan/status/1601118882831695872

[340] Rusvāyīiyy Dīgar Barāy Żidi Enqilāb Dar Pruzhih Kushti Sāzī / Mājarāye Fut “Shadmān Āḥmadī” Dar Deihgulān Chi Būd? [What Was Another Scandal for the Counter-revolution in the Faking the Dead Project / The Story of “Shadman Ahmadi” Death in Dehgolan?], Tasnim (Dec. 9, 2022), https://bit.ly/3hfVFKK

[341] Margi Shahrīyār ʿādilī Muʿtariż 27 Sālih Bar Asari Shikanjih Dar Bāzdāsht [Death of 27-year-old Protester Shahriar Adeli Due to Torture in Custody], BBC Persian (Dec. 11, 2022), https://www.bbc.com/persian/live/iran-63939523/page/2

[342] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Dec. 11, 2022, 4:23 PM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1602051501517676545 See also Rafiq Hosein Panahi (@PanahiRafiq), Twitter (Dec. 11, 2022, 4:25 PM), available at https://twitter.com/PanahiRafiq/status/1602051993421467650 (discussing that Shahriyar Adeli was tortured in the MOI local office in Sardasht).

[343] Margi Shahrīyār ʿādilī Muʿtariż 27 Sālih Bar Asari Shikanjih Dar Bāzdāsht [Death of 27-year-old Protester Shahriar Adeli Due to Torture in Custody], BBC Persian (Dec. 11, 2022), https://www.bbc.com/persian/live/iran-63939523/page/2

[344] Būkān; Muḥammad Ḥājī Rasūlpūr Bar Asar Shikanjih Dar Zamān Bāzdāsht Jān Bākht [Bukan; Mohammad Haji Rasoulpour Died as a Result of Torture], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Dec. 19, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19826

[345] Yīk Shahrvand Kūrd Zīr Shikanjih Māmūrān Ḥukūmatī Dar Tihrān Kushti Shud [A Kurdish Citizen Was Killed Under the Torture of Government Agents in Tehran], Hengaw (Nov. 1, 2022), https://bit.ly/3Vgdw28

[346] Sāmān Raḥmānī Shahrvand Kūrd Dar Tihrān Dar Ḥīyni Shuʿār Nivīsī Dar Asari Żarabāti Bātūm Nirū Hāay Ḥukūmatī Kushti Shud [Saman Rahmani, a Kurdish Citizen, Was Killed by the Security Forces While Writing Slogans in Tehran], Hengaw (Nov. 13, 2022), https://bit.ly/3hEgiAv

[347] Pīykari Eḥsān Qāsimīfar Muʿtariż Kushti Shudi Dar Zādgāhash Kangāvar Bi Khāk Sipurdi Shud [The Body of Killed Protester Ehsan Qasemifar Was Buried in His Hometown Kangavar], Radio Farda (Dec. 5, 2022), https://www.radiofarda.com/a/32161827.html

[348] Samaneh Ghadarkhan, Ravāyat Hāyyi Hūlnāk Az Tajavuz Dar Zindān; Zanān Zindānī Qurṣ Żidi Bārdārī Mī Khāhand [Horrifying Accounts of Rape in Prison; Prisoner Women Want Birth Control Pills], Iran Wire (Nov. 30, 2022), https://bit.ly/3FrgI6m

[349] Samaneh Ghadarkhan, Ravāyat Hāyyi Hūlnāk Az Tajavuz Dar Zindān; Zanān Zindānī Qurṣ Żidi Bārdārī Mī Khāhand [Horrifying Accounts of Rape in Prison; Prisoner Women Want Birth Control Pills], Iran Wire (Nov. 30, 2022), https://bit.ly/3FrgI6m

[350] Tamara Qiblawi et.al., How Iran’s Security Forces Use Rape to Quell Protests, CNN (Nov. 21, 2022), https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2022/11/middleeast/iran-protests-sexual-assault/index.html

[351] Tamara Qiblawi et.al., How Iran’s Security Forces Use Rape to Quell Protests, CNN (Nov. 21, 2022), https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2022/11/middleeast/iran-protests-sexual-assault/index.html

[352] Samaneh Ghadarkhan, Ravāyat Hāyyi Hūlnāk Az Tajavuz Dar Zindān; Zanān Zindānī Qurṣ Żidi Bārdārī Mī Khāhand [Horrifying Accounts of Rape in Prison; Prisoner Women Want Birth Control Pills], Iran Wire (Nov. 30, 2022), https://bit.ly/3FrgI6m

[353] IHRDC Interview with Mohammad (alias name) (Nov. 9, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[354] Tamara Qiblawi et.al., How Iran’s Security Forces Use Rape to Quell Protests, CNN (Nov. 21, 2022), https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2022/11/middleeast/iran-protests-sexual-assault/index.html

[355] List of 109 Protesters at Risk of Execution, Death Penalty Charges or Sentences; At Least 481 Protesters Killed, Iran Human Rights (Jan. 9, 2023), https://iranhr.net/en/articles/5687/

[356] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Dec. 20, 2022, 6:58 AM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1605170880971247616

[357] List of 109 Protesters at Risk of Execution, Death Penalty Charges or Sentences; At Least 481 Protesters Killed, Iran Human Rights (Jan. 9, 2023), https://iranhr.net/en/articles/5687/

[358] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Dec. 20, 2022, 6:58 AM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1605170880971247616

[359] Rizā Rasāee Dar Āstānih Ḥukm ʿadam Bar Pāyih Etihām Durūghīn [Reza Rasayi is on the Verge of Death Sentence, on a False Claim], IranHRM (Dec. 27, 2022), https://bit.ly/3GrazWY

[360] List of 109 Protesters at Risk of Execution, Death Penalty Charges or Sentences; At Least 481 Protesters Killed, Iran Human Rights (Jan. 9, 2023), https://iranhr.net/en/articles/5687/ See also VOA Farsi صدای آمریکا (@VOAfarsi), Twitter (Dec. 13, 2022, 3:36 AM), available at https://twitter.com/VOAfarsi/status/1602583319220191232 (discussing that execution sentence has been issued for at least three of these detainees).

[361] Kushti Shudan Si Shahrvand Dar Jaryān ʿtirāżāt Ūshnavīyih [Three Citizens Were Killed During the Protests in Oshnavieh], Hengaw (Sept. 22, 2022), https://bit.ly/3PGOUOU

[362] Pidar Mīlān Ḥaqīqī: Pisaram Rā Bā Si Gulūli Jangī Kushtand [Milan Haqiqi’ s Father: They Killed My Son with Three Bullets], Radio Farda (Sept. 27, 2022), https://www.radiofarda.com/a/iran-protests-victems-milanhaghighi/32054154.html

[363] Kushti Shudan Ārdālān Qāsimī Dar Ḥīn Nivishtan Shuʿār Bā Shilīk Mustaqīm Nīrū Hāay Ḥukūmatī Dar Kirmānshāh [Ardalan Qasemi Was Killed by Direct Fire From Security Forces While Writing Slogans in Kermanshah], Hengaw (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3FCXc5A

[364] Maryam Dehkordi, ʿtirāżāt Sarāsarī Dar Irān; Ragbār Gulūlih Dar Javānrūd Va Pīrānshahr [Nationwide Protests in Iran; Barrage of Bullets in Javanrud and Piranshahr], IranWire (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3ZiJxtM

[365] Soran Mansournia (@Soranmansournia), Twitter (Nov. 20, 2022, 3:13 PM), https://twitter.com/Soranmansournia/status/1594423756650422272

[366] Sasan Amjadi (@SasanAmjadi), Twitter (Nov. 22, 2022, 4:06 AM), https://twitter.com/SasanAmjadi/status/1594980646572953600 See also Amjad Hossein Panahi (@amjad_panahi), Twitter (Nov. 22, 2022, 3:27 AM), available at https://twitter.com/amjad_panahi/status/1594970764716933122 (discussing that he is subjected to torture in prison).

[367] Ilām; Maḥrūmīyat Jalīl ʿzīzpūr Az Dastrisī Bi Khadamāt Darmānī Dar Zindān [Ilam; Depravation of Jalil Azizpour from medical Treatment in Prison], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Jan. 5, 2023), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19952

[368] Kushtih Shudan Si Nafar Dar Asari Tīrandāzī Va Żarb Va Shatm Tavasuṭ Nīrū Hāay Niẓāmī-Amnīyatī Dar Sanandaj Va Mahābād [Three People Were Killed as a Result of Shooting and Mayhem by Military-Security Forces in Sanandaj and Mahabad], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Oct. 28, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19420

[369]  IHRDC Interview with Witness 1 (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[370]  IHRDC Interview with Witness 1 (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[371]  IHRDC Interview with Witness 1 (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[372]  Saeid Golkar, Iran’s Coercive Apparatus: Capacity and Desire, Washington Institute for Near East Policy (Jan. 5, 2018), https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/irans-coercive-apparatus-capacity-and-desire

[373] IHRDC Interview with Witness 1 (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[374] Kushtih Shudan Si Nafar Dar Asari Tīrandāzī Va Żarb Va Shatm Tavasuṭ Nīrū Hāay Niẓāmī-Amnīyatī Dar Sanandaj Va Mahābād [Three People Were Killed as a Result of Shooting and Mayhem by Military-Security Forces in Sanandaj and Mahabad], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Oct. 28, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19420

[375] IHRDC Interview with Witness 1 (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC).

[376] Cora Engelbrecht, Hundreds of Protesters in Iran Blinded by Metal Pellets and Rubber Bullets, New York Times (Nov. 19, 2022), https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/19/world/asia/iran-protesters-eye-injuries.html

[377] Cora Engelbrecht, Hundreds of Protesters in Iran Blinded by Metal Pellets and Rubber Bullets, New York Times (Nov. 19, 2022), https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/19/world/asia/iran-protesters-eye-injuries.html

[378] Farzad Seifikaran, Gulūlih, Pāsukh Sūgvārī – Guzārishī Az Shahrvandān Zakhmī Shudih Dar Marāsim Khaksipārī Mahsā Āmīnī [Bullet, the Response to Mourning – Report about the Injured Citizens at Mahsa Amini Funeral], Radio Zamaneh (Sept. 18, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/731184

[379] Nechirvan Maroufi, a Citizen Who Protested against the Murder of Jina Amini, Is Hospitalized in Tabriz Hospital, Kurdpa (Sept. 19, 2022), https://bit.ly/3DyxZrZ

[380] Iran Protests: At Least 7 Civilians Suffer Irreparable Damage to Eye, Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 11, 2022), https://bit.ly/3VBMPFt

[381] Farzad Seifikaran, Gulūlih, Pāsukh Sūgvārī – Guzārishī Az Shahrvandān Zakhmī Shudih Dar Marāsim Khaksipārī Mahsā Āmīnī [Bullet, the Response to Mourning – Report about the Injured Citizens at Mahsa Amini Funeral], Radio Zamaneh (Sept. 18, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/731184

[382] Iran Protests: At Least 7 Civilians Suffer Irreparable Damage to Eye, Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 11, 2022), https://bit.ly/3VBMPFt

[383] VOA Farsi صدای آمریکا (@VOAfarsi), Twitter (Nov. 23, 2022, 5:53 AM), https://twitter.com/VOAfarsi/status/1595369880483921920

[384] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Nov. 22, 2022, 1:22 PM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1595120454523826176

[385] Nilo Tabrizy and Ishaan Jhaveri, How Iran’s Security Forces Use Ambulances to Suppress Protests, New York Times (Nov. 23, 2022), https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/23/world/middleeast/iran-protesters-detained-ambulance.html See also شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 7:41 AM), available at https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1594672269439209473 (discussing that people avoid going to hospitals out of fear of being arrested).

[386] Parham Ghobadi, BBC NEWS فارسی (@bbcpersian), Twitter (oct. 30, 2022, 3:13 PM), https://twitter.com/bbcpersian/status/1586798532195147776 See also Caroline Simas (@carolinejsimas), Twitter (Nov. 9, 2022, 11:19 AM), available at https://twitter.com/carolinejsimas/status/1590378496005533697 (discussing that a group of Iranian physicians in the United States and Canada have created a page on Instagram and provide medical advice to the injured who cannot receive medical care).

[387] Mādar Nimā Shafaqdūst: Pisaram Bā Gulūlih Nīrū Hāay Āmnīyatī Kushti Shud Va Khānivādih Rā Majbūr Kardand Bigūim Dar Asari Ḥamlih Sag Fūt Kardi Ast [Nima Shafaqdust’ s Mother: My Son Was Killed by Security Forces and They Forced the Family to Say That He Died Due to a Dog Attack], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Jan. 3, 2023), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19908

[388] Jān Bākhtan Muʿtareżīn 1401/ Yik Kūdak dar Urūmīyih Jān Khūd Rā Az Dast Dād [Death of 1401 Protestors / A Child Died in Urmia], Kurdpa (Oct. 6, 2022), https://bit.ly/3h5B2R7

[389] Mādar Nimā Shafaqdūst: Pisaram Bā Gulūlih Nīrū Hāay Āmnīyatī Kushti Shud Va Khānivādih Rā Majbūr Kardand Bigūim Dar Asari Ḥamlih Sag Fūt Kardi Ast [Nima Shafaqdust’ s Mother: My Son Was Killed by Security Forces and They Forced the Family to Say That He Died Due to a Dog Attack], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Jan. 3, 2023), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19908

[390] Mādar Nimā Shafaqdūst: Pisaram Bā Gulūlih Nīrū Hāay Āmnīyatī Kushti Shud Va Khānivādih Rā Majbūr Kardand Bigūim Dar Asari Ḥamlih Sag Fūt Kardi Ast [Nima Shafaqdust’ s Mother: My Son Was Killed by Security Forces and They Forced the Family to Say That He Died Due to a Dog Attack], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Jan. 3, 2023), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19908

[391] [Takzīb Margi Nīmā Shafaqdūst Dar ʿtirāżāt Urūmīyih] Denying the Death of Nima Shafaqdust During the Protests in Urmia, Tabnak (Oct. 16, 2022), https://bit.ly/3FKrHIR

[392] Mādar Nimā Shafaqdūst: Pisaram Bā Gulūlih Nīrū Hāay Āmnīyatī Kushti Shud Va Khānivādih Rā Majbūr Kardand Bigūim Dar Asari Ḥamlih Sag Fūt Kardi Ast [Nima Shafaqdust’ s Mother: My Son Was Killed by Security Forces and They Forced the Family to Say That He Died Due to a Dog Attack], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Jan. 3, 2023), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19908

[393] Kushtih Shudan Si Shahrvand Dar Jaryān Muqāvimat Mardumī Shar Hāay Kāmyārān Va Sanandaj [Three Citizens Were Killed During the People’s Resistance in the Cities of Kamyaran and Sanandaj], Hengaw (Nov. 16, 2022), https://bit.ly/3gZpijf

[394] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 24, 2022, 9:02 AM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1595779868805005313

[395] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Sept. 25, 2022, 5:57 AM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1573974952755216385 See also Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Oct. 8, 2022, 12:35 PM), available at https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1578786086540963840 (claiming that Tayeb Mohammadi, one of the Herasat‘s officials in Kowsar Hospital of Sanandaj, aided security forces to stationed undercover in the hospital and arrest the injured protestors). See also IHRDC Interview with Witness 1 (Nov. 4, 2022) (on file with IHRDC) (alleging that the head of Herasat in Kowsar Hospital, a person named Mahmoudpour, was behind the arrest of Mohammad Lotfollahi inside the hospital).

[396] IHRDC Interview with Witness 1 (Nov. 4, 2022).

[397] Istiqrār Mamūrān Dar Marākiz Darmānī Barāy Bāzdāsht Majrūḥān Va Kushti Shudan Kamāl Fiqhī Dar Būkān [Stationing Agents in Medical Centers to Arrest the Injured and Kamal Feqhi Was Killed in Bukan], VOA Persian (Oct. 13, 2022), https://bit.ly/3vsmzme

[398] Khabar Guzārī Fārs Ezʿān Kard Māmūrān Dar Javānrūd Bā Silāḥ Jangī Tīrandāzī Kardihānd [The Fars News Agency Admitted That the Government’s Forces Had Opened Fire in Javanroud], Radio Farda (Dec. 1, 2022), https://www.radiofarda.com/a/32142428.html

[399] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 4:05 PM), https://twitter.com/HengawO/status/1594799202055364608

[400] +۱۵۰۰تصویر (@1500tasvir), Twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 8:35 AM), https://twitter.com/1500tasvir/status/1594685922536263687

[401] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 4:05 PM), https://twitter.com/HengawO/status/1594799199270346905

[402] Nilo Tabrizy and Ishaan Jhaveri, How Iran’s Security Forces Use Ambulances to Suppress Protests, New York Times (Nov. 23, 2022), https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/23/world/middleeast/iran-protesters-detained-ambulance.html See also Āmbūlns; Ābzār Istītār Shudī Nīrū Hāay Sarkūb Barāy Dastgīrī Irānīān [Ambulance; A Camouflaged Tool of Repression Forces to Arrest Iranians], IranWire (Oct. 2, 2022), available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Upc7294LLEo (discussing the use of ambulances by the government’s security forces in cracking down on the protests). See also Behnam Nateghi, Tabdīl Āmbūlns Bi Ābzār Sarkūb Va Margi Sarhangi Pāsdār Dar Damishq; Bāztāb Dar Rasānih Hāay Jahān [Turning the Ambulance into a Tool of Repression, and the Death of the IRGC Colonel in Damascus; Reflection in the World Media], Persian VOA (Nov. 24, 2022), available at https://ir.voanews.com/a/irans-protests-in-the-world-media-nov-23/6847460.html (discussing the misuse of government’s forces of ambulance).

[403] Nilo Tabrizy and Ishaan Jhaveri, How Iran’s Security Forces Use Ambulances to Suppress Protests, New York Times (Nov. 23, 2022), https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/23/world/middleeast/iran-protesters-detained-ambulance.html

[404] Tamara Qiblawi et.al., How Iran’s Security Forces Use Rape to Quell Protests, CNN (Nov. 21, 2022), https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2022/11/middleeast/iran-protests-sexual-assault/index.html

[405] Shahed Alavi, Who are the Kulbars? Why are they Systematically Targeted and Killed? IranWire (Feb. 12, 2020), https://iranwire.com/en/features/66702/

[406] Dū Kulbar Va Kāsibkār Marzī Bar Asari Tīrandāzī Mamūrān Marzī Dar Manṭaqih Bānih Va Pīrānshahr Kushti Shudand [Two Kulbars and Border Traders Were Shot Dead the Border Guards in the Border Area of Baneh and Piranshahr], Radio Zamaneh (Oct. 2, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/news/03-10-2022/#rz-734000

[407] Bānih; Kushti Shudan Kulbarī Ki Pidar Panj Farzand Būd [Baneh; The Killing of a Kulbar, Who Was the Father of Five Children], Saham News (Oct. 19, 2022), https://t.me/sahamnewsorg/76999

[408] Kushti Shudan Yīk Shahrvand Ahli Sardasht Bā Shilīk Nīrū Hāay Intiẓāmi [A citizen from Sardasht Was Killed by Police Forces], Hengaw (Nov. 11, 2022), https://bit.ly/3Ha20SA

[409] BBC NEWS فارسی (@bbcpersian), Twitter (Nov. 13, 2022, 1:20 PM), https://twitter.com/bbcpersian/status/1591858545095577601

[410] Kurdistan Human Rights Network: At Least 53 Kurdish Citizens Were Killed During the Protests [Shabakih Ḥuqūq Bashar Kurdistān: Dasti Kam 53 Shahrvand Kūrd Dar Jaryān ʿtirāżāt Akhīr Kushti Shudand], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 6, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19459

[411] Shahed Alavi (@ShahedAlavi), Twitter (Sept. 21, 2022, 12:37 PM), https://twitter.com/ShahedAlavi/status/1572625988822999041

[412] Soran Mansournia (@Soranmansournia), Twitter (Oct. 28, 2022, 9:00 AM), https://twitter.com/Soranmansournia/status/1585979862807764992

[413] Soran Mansournia (@Soranmansournia), Twitter (Sept. 25, 2022, 6:41 PM), https://twitter.com/Soranmansournia/status/1574167328425754626

[414] Guzārish Hā Ḥākī Az Kushti Shudan 4 Nafar Dar Kurdistān: ” Khāk Sipārī Shabānih Dū Ta Az Kushti Shudigān [The Report indicates That 4 People Were Killed in Kurdistan: “Night Burial of Two of the Dead”], PeykeIran (Sept. 20, 2022), https://www.peykeiran.com/Content.aspx?ID=253462 See also Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Sept. 19, 2022, 4:34 PM), available at https://twitter.com/HengawO/status/1571960891939213314 (discussing that Reza Lotfi was shot in the heart).

[415] Ammar Goli (@goliammar), Twitter (Sept. 30, 2022, 10:30 AM), https://twitter.com/goliammar/status/1575855619579719681

[416] ايران اينترنشنال (@IranIntl), Twitter (Nov. 16, 2022, 2:05 PM), https://twitter.com/iranintl/status/1592956980158947328

[417] ايران اينترنشنال (@IranIntl), Twitter (Nov. 16, 2022, 2:05 PM), https://twitter.com/iranintl/status/1592956980158947328

[418] Juzʾīyāt Qatli Ḥukūmatī Kūbrā Shīykhi, Az Fishār Barāy Tabdīl Uo Bi Shahīd Ḥukūmatī Tā Taḥrīf Vaqiʿyat Dar Ṣidā Va Sīmā [Details of the State Murder of Kobra Sheikhe, from Pressures to Make her a Government Martyr to Distorting the Truth in the State TV], Kurdpa (Nov. 5, 2022), https://bit.ly/3QwusAz

[419] [Takzīb Margi Nīmā Shafaqdūst Dar ʿtirāżāt Urūmīyih] Denying the Death of Nima Shafaqdust During the Protests in Urmia, Tabnak (Oct. 16, 2022), https://bit.ly/3FKrHIR

[420] خبرگزاری هرانا (@hra_news), Twitter (Nov. 3, 2022, 9:23 AM), https://twitter.com/hra_news/status/1588160035640705025

[421] Guzārish Rukhdād Hā – ʿtirāżāt Dar Marāsim Jān Bakhtigān Dar Tihrān va Sanandaj [Report of Incidents – Protests in the Funeral of the Killed Citizens in Tehran and Sanandaj], Radio Zamaneh (Nov. 15, 2022), https://www.radiozamaneh.com/741165/

[422] Matīn Naṣrī; Bi Qīymati Jānash Ham Ḥāżir Nashud Bi Samti Mardum Shilīk Kunih [Matin Nasri; At the Cost of His Life, He Did not Accept to Fire at People], Manoto TV (Nov. 16, 2022), https://www.manototv.com/article/24987

[423] Jān Bākhtan Yīkī Az Majrūḥīn ʿtirāżāt 20 Mihr Māh Dar Kirmānshāh [The Death of One of the Injured in the Protests of October 12 in Kermanshah], Hengaw (Oct. 22, 2022), https://bit.ly/3PYaLkS

[424] صدای شهریور (@SedayeShahrivar), Twitter (Nov. 18, 2022, 1:08 AM), https://twitter.com/SedayeShahrivar/status/1593486274731835392

[425] Kirmānshāh; Kushti Shudan Yīk Shahrvand Kūrd Dar Ḥāl Shuʿār Nivīsī Tavasuṭ Nīrū Hāay Āmnīyatī [Kermanshah; Killing of a Kurdish Citizen While Writing Slogans by Military-Security Forces], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 13, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19514

[426] Kushti Shudan Ārdālān Qāsimī Dar Ḥīn Nivishtan Shuʿār Bā Shilīk Mustaqīm Nīrū Hāay Ḥukūmatī Dar Kirmānshāh [Ardalan Qasemi Was Killed by Direct Fire From Security Forces While Writing Slogans in Kermanshah], Hengaw (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3FCXc5A

[427] Ismāʿīl Dezvār Yīkī Az Bāzdāsht Shudigān ʿtirāżāt Saqiz Zīr Shikanjih Jān Bākht [Ismail Dezvar, One of the Detainees of the Saqez Protests, Died under Torture], Hengaw (Oct. 10, 2022), https://bit.ly/3HCkTh8

[428] “Ismāʿīl Dezvār” Bar Asari Sāniḥi Dilkharāsh Taṣādūf Fūt Kardi Ast [“Ismail Dezvar” Died Due to a Heartbreaking Car Accident], AkharinKhabar.ir (Oct. 2022), https://bit.ly/3YnykaT

[429] Shabakih Ḥuqūq Bashar Kurdistān: Dasti Kam 53 Shahrvand Kūrd Dar Jaryān ʿtirāżāt Kushti Shudand [Kurdistan Human Rights Network: At Least 53 Kurdish Citizens Were Killed During the Protests], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 6, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19459

[430] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Nov. 5, 2022, 12:49 PM), https://bit.ly/3YUnEkk See also KURDPA (@kurdpa_farsi), Twitter (Nov. 6, 2022, 2:05 PM), available at https://bit.ly/3I129Z0 (confirming her death).

[431] Kushti Shudan Yīk Danishjū Kūrd Dar Tihrān; Nasrīn Qādirī; Zhīnāay Dīgar [The Murder of a Kurdish Student in Tehran; Nasrin Qadri, Another Jina], IranWire (Nov. 6, 2022), https://bit.ly/3jAWyi1

[432] Soran Mansournia (@Soranmansournia), Twitter (Nov. 5, 2022, 6:16 PM),  https://twitter.com/Soranmansournia/status/1589018848845783041

[433] Kushti Shudan Yīk Danishjū Kūrd Dar Tihrān; Nasrīn Qādirī; Zhīnāay Dīgar [The Murder of a Kurdish Student in Tehran; Nasrin Qadri, Another Jina], IranWire (Nov. 6, 2022), https://bit.ly/3jAWyi1

[434] Mājarāye Fūt Nasrīn Qādirī Az Zabān Pidarash/ Dukhtaram Marīż Būd Va Dar Hīch Tajamuʿ Ḥużūr Nadasht [The Story of Nasrin Qadri’s Death from Her Father: My Daughter Was Sick and Did not Attend Any Protest], Tasnim (Nov. 6, 2022), https://bit.ly/3WP8hrn

[435] Pizishkī Qānūnī ʿilat Fūt Nasrīn Qādirī Rā Masmūmīyat Nāshī Az Maṣrafi Mitānūl Iʿlām Kardi Ast [The Coroner Has Declared that Nasrin Qadri’s Cause of Death Is Poisoning Due to Methanol Consumption], ISNA (Nov. 10, 2022), https://bit.ly/3WQXPPY

[436] Danishjū 20 Sālih Kūrd Dar Arāk Bar Asar Żarabāti Bātūm Nīrū Hāay Ḥukūmatī Kushti Shud [A 20-year-old Kurdish Student in Arak Was Killed by Batons Sticks of Security Forces], Hengaw (Nov. 10, 2022), https://bit.ly/3vNXSkc

[437] Khārij Kardan Pīykari Ḥamīd Salaḥshūr Az Qabr Va Khāksīpārī Dūbāriash Dar Iʿtiraż Bi Dafni Makhfīyāni Ūo [Removing the Body of Hamed Salahshor from the Grave and Burying Him Again in Protest to His Secret Burial], Iran International (Dec. 2, 2022), https://www.iranintl.com/202212022169

[438] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Sept. 30, 2022, 12:03 PM), https://twitter.com/HengawO/status/1572255178413297665 See also Guzārish Hā Ḥākī Az Kushti Shudan 4 Nafar Dar Kurdistān: ” Khāk Sipārī Shabānih Dū Ta Az Kushti Shudigān [The Report indicates That 4 People Were Killed in Kurdistan: “Night Burial of Two of the Dead”], PeykeIran (Sept. 20, 2022), available at https://www.peykeiran.com/Content.aspx?ID=253462 (discussing the death of Reza Lotfi).

[439] Shahed Alavi (@ShahedAlavi), Twitter (Sept. 20, 2022, 2:49 PM), https://twitter.com/ShahedAlavi/status/1572296994969853952 See also Farzad Seifikaran (@FSeifikaran), Twitter (Sept. 20, 2022, 6:52 AM), available at https://twitter.com/FSeifikaran/status/1572176778734731264  (discussing the death of Fereydoun Mahmoudi).

[440] Ismāʿīl Dezvār Yīkī Az Bāzdāsht Shudigān ʿtirāżāt Saqiz Zīr Shikanjih Jān Bākht [Ismail Dezvar, One of the Detainees of the Saqez Protests, Died under Torture], Hengaw (Oct. 10, 2022), https://bit.ly/3HCkTh8

[441] کانون حقوق بشر ایران (@iranhrs99), Twitter (Nov. 20, 2022, 8:24 AM), https://twitter.com/iranhrs99/status/1594320688101195778

[442] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 17, 2022, 8:42 AM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1593238151966781440 See also Diako Muradyaliabady (@MuradyDiako), Twitter (Nov. 17, 2022, 11:12 AM), available at https://twitter.com/MuradyDiako/status/1593275870575206401 (discussing that Aram Habibi and Shahou Bahmani were shot dead by the government’s security forces in Sanandaj on November 17).

[443] Diako Muradyaliabady (@MuradyDiako), Twitter (Nov. 17, 2022, 11:12 AM), https://twitter.com/MuradyDiako/status/1593275870575206401 See also کانون حقوق بشر ایران (@iranhrs99), Twitter (Nov. 17, 2022, 10:15 AM), available at https://twitter.com/iranhrs99/status/1593261495856644096 (discussing that the bodies of two citizens who had been shot by the government’s security forces were seized by them).

[444] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Dec. 7, 2022, 5:57 PM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1600625548849561604

[445] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Dec. 7, 2022, 5:57 PM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1600625546668707842

[446] Farzad Seifikaran (@FSeifikaran), Twitter (Dec. 8, 2022, 6:29 AM), https://twitter.com/FSeifikaran/status/1600814931427069954

[447] Kushtih Shudan Si Shahrvand Dar Jaryān Muqāvimat Mardumī Shar Hāay Kāmyārān Va Sanandaj [Three Citizens Were Killed During the People’s Resistance in the Cities of Kamyaran and Sanandaj], Hengaw (Nov. 16, 2022), https://bit.ly/3gZpijf See also Morteza Esmailpour مرتضی اسماعیل‌پور (@mortezaesmilpor), Twitter (Nov. 15, 2022, 6:08 PM), available at https://twitter.com/mortezaesmilpor/status/1592655794843308032 (showing the burial of Issa Beyglari at night).

[448] Maryam Dehkordi, ʿtirāżāt Sarāsarī Dar Irān; Ragbār Gulūlih Dar Javānrūd Va Pīrānshahr [Nationwide Protests in Iran; Barrage of Bullets in Javanrud and Piranshahr], IranWire (Nov. 21, 2022), https://bit.ly/3ZiJxtM

[449] Vahid Online (@Vahid), Twitter (Nov. 20, 2022, 4:41 PM), https://twitter.com/Vahid/status/1594445824024772608

[450] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 20, 2022, 6:41 PM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1594476022946201600

[451] Rafiq Hosein Panahi (@PanahiRafiq), Twitter (Nov. 20, 2022, 3:07 PM), https://bit.ly/3vD7azm

[452] Masih Alinejad (@AlinejadMasih), Twitter (Dec. 26, 2022, 9:19 AM), https://twitter.com/AlinejadMasih/status/1607380629762772993

[453] Masih Alinejad (@AlinejadMasih), Twitter (Dec. 26, 2022, 9:19 AM), https://twitter.com/AlinejadMasih/status/1607380634883719168

[454] Bāzdāsht Qātil Shahrīyār Muḥammadī Va Muḥammad Ḥasanzādih Dar Būkān [Arrest of the Murderer of Shahriar Mohammadi and Mohammad Hassanzadeh in Bukan], Rokna (Nov. 19, 2022), https://bit.ly/3jXyhCF See also Payām Tabrīk Farmāndih Nīrūy Intiẓāmi Būkān [Congratulatory Message of Bukan Police Chief], BoukanMukryan (Oct. 9, 2022), available at https://bit.ly/3GRtPhN (discussing the first name of Bukan Police Chief).

[455] Margi Muḥammad Ḥasanzādih Dar Ightishāshāt Būkān? Jināzih Az Bimāristān Duzdīdih Shud!/ Iʿzām Nīrū Hāay Āmnīyatī Barāy Muzākirih Bā Khānivādih Mutivafī / Qātilān Chi Kasānī  Hastand? [The Murder of Mohammad Hassanzadeh in Bukan’s Riots? The Body Was Stolen from the Hospital! | The Security Forces Were Sent to Negotiate with the Family of the Deceased / Who Were the Murderers?], Hamshahri Online (Nov. 20, 2022), https://bit.ly/3hUVMfb

[456] Hengaw Human Rights Organization (@HengawO), Twitter (Nov. 19, 2022, 1:43 AM), https://bit.ly/3I9b7Dt

[457] شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 2, 2022, 6:15 PM), https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1587931475286294529 See also Diako Muradyaliabady (@MuradyDiako), Twitter (Nov. 3, 2022, 9:42 AM), available at https://twitter.com/MuradyDiako/status/1588164663531163649 (discussing the age of Amir-Ali Fouladi).

[458] Jān Bākhtan Muʿtareżīn 1401 / Dāryūsh ʿlīzādih Dar Sanandaj Jān Khūd Rā Az Dast Dād [Death of 1401 Protesters/ Dariush Alizadeh Died in Sanandaj], Kurdpa (Oct. 8, 2022), https://bit.ly/3sPZBUO

[459] Kushti Shudan Yīk Nūjavān Kūrd Dar ʿtirāżāt Qūchān [A Kurdish Youth Was Killed in the Quchan Protests], Hengaw (Sept. 29, 2022), https://bit.ly/3BzLGHg

[460] Kūrd Pā; Jān Bākhtan 57 Shahrvand Kūrd Dar Jaryān ʿtirāżāt Sarāsarī [Kurdpa; 57 Kurdish Citizens Died During Nationwide Protests], Kurdpa (Nov. 10, 2022), https://bit.ly/3hOjcD1

[461] Kirmānshāh; Kushti Shudan Yīk Shahrvand Kūrd Dar Ḥāl Shuʿār Nivīsī Tavasuṭ Nīrū Hāay Āmnīyatī [Kermanshah; Killing of a Kurdish Citizen While Writing Slogans by Military-Security Forces], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 13, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19514 See also Kushti Shudan Ārdālān Qāsimī Dar Ḥīn Nivishtan Shuʿār Bā Shilīk Mustaqīm Nīrū Hāay Ḥukūmatī Dar Kirmānshāh [Ardalan Qasemi Was Killed by Direct Fire From Security Forces While Writing Slogans in Kermanshah], Hengaw (Nov. 21, 2022), available at https://bit.ly/3FCXc5A (discussing the death of Ardalan Qasemi).

[462] Muṣādirih Pīykari Sulīymān Shukrī Tavasuṭ Nahād Hāay Āmnīyatī [Suleiman Shukri’s Body Was Confiscated by the Security Agencies], HANA (Nov. 23, 2022), https://bit.ly/3PUDmYm See also کانون حقوق بشر ایران (@iranhrs99), Twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 4:27 AM), available at https://twitter.com/iranhrs99/status/1594623450622353408 (discussing the death of Suleiman Shukri Yaskandi).

[463] Akhz Vasīqih Barāy Taḥvīl Jasad; Shīvehiyy Barāy Taḥmīl Sukūt Bi Khānivādih Hā [Obtaining Bail for Giving the Dead Bodies; A Way to Force Families into Silence], VOA Persian (Dec. 3, 2022), https://ir.voanews.com/a/6860773.html

[464] کانون حقوق بشر ایران (@iranhrs99), Twitter (Nov. 21, 2022, 4:27 AM), https://twitter.com/iranhrs99/status/1594623450622353408

[465] Akhz Vasīqih Barāy Taḥvīl Jasad; Shīvehiyy Barāy Taḥmīl Sukūt Bi Khānivādih Hā [Obtaining Bail for Giving the Dead Bodies; A Way to Force Families into Silence], VOA Persian (Dec. 3, 2022), https://ir.voanews.com/a/6860773.html

[466] Kurdistan Human Rights Network: At Least 53 Kurdish Citizens Were Killed During the Protests [Shabakih Ḥuqūq Bashar Kurdistān: Dasti Kam 53 Shahrvand Kūrd Dar Jaryān ʿtirāżāt Akhīr Kushti Shudand], Kurdistan Human Rights Network (Nov. 6, 2022), https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/fa/?p=19459

[467] hediekimiaee | هدیه کیمیایی (@hediekimiaee), Twitter (Nov. 17, 2022, 5:29 AM), https://twitter.com/hediekimiaee/status/1593189526201303040

[468] Farzad Seifikaran (@FSeifikaran), Twitter (Nov. 17, 2022, 4:54 PM), https://twitter.com/FSeifikaran/status/1593362031385665538

[469] hediekimiaee | هدیه کیمیایی (@hediekimiaee), Twitter (Nov. 17, 2022, 5:29 AM), https://twitter.com/hediekimiaee/status/1593189526201303040 See also Shahed Alavi (@ShahedAlavi), Twitter (Nov. 16, 2022, 1:07 PM), available at https://twitter.com/ShahedAlavi/status/1592942553716101120 (discussing that people gathered in front of the hospital to prevent abduction of his body).

[470] Farzad Seifikaran (@FSeifikaran), Twitter (Nov. 17, 2022, 9:23 AM), https://twitter.com/FSeifikaran/status/1593248458856894465 See also hediekimiaee | هدیه کیمیایی (@hediekimiaee), Twitter (Nov. 17, 2022, 5:29 AM), https://twitter.com/hediekimiaee/status/1593189526201303040 (discussing that the family of Danial Pabandi buried his body secretly at night).

[471] Diako Muradyaliabady (@MuradyDiako), Twitter (Nov. 17, 2022, 5:07 AM), https://twitter.com/MuradyDiako/status/1593184053653803008 See also کانون حقوق بشر ایران (@iranhrs99), Twitter (Nov. 17, 2022, 5:41 AM), https://twitter.com/iranhrs99/status/1593192597610450944 (discussing that IRGC buried the body of Danial Pabandi at night).

[472] DW فارسی (@dw_persian), Twitter (Nov. 17, 2022, 9:09 AM), https://twitter.com/dw_persian/status/1593244900702949382

[473] Dafni Mayīt [Burial of the Dead], Ahlesonnat (Apr. 14, 2018), https://bit.ly/3XRZPJi

[474] سازمان حقوق بشری ھانا (@hana_humanright), Twitter (Oct. 28, 2022, 2:21 AM), https://twitter.com/hana_humanright/status/1585879484330385410 (showing the burial of Fereydoun Faraji at night). See also اتاق خبر منوتو (@ManotoNews), Twitter (Nov. 18, 2022, 5:22 AM), available at https://twitter.com/ManotoNews/status/1593550249775501312 (showing the burial of Hiva Janan at night). See also BBC NEWS فارسی (@bbcpersian), Twitter (Nov. 18, 2022, 12:31 AM ), available at https://twitter.com/bbcpersian/status/1593476930455617537 (showing the body of Asoo Qaderi is being transferred at night). See also Maryam Moqaddam مریم مقدم (@MaryamMoqaddam), Twitter (Nov. 20, 2022, 3:36 PM), available at https://twitter.com/MaryamMoqaddam/status/1594429399427850244 (showing the burial of Taher Azizi at night). See also Farzad Seifikaran (@FSeifikaran), Twitter (Nov. 25, 2022, 5:55 AM), available at https://twitter.com/FSeifikaran/status/1596095166359535618 (showing the burial of Shomal Khadiri at night). See also Kolbarnews | کولبر نیوز (@Kolbarnews), Twitter (Nov. 28, 2022, 5:34 AM), available at https://twitter.com/Kolbarnews/status/1597176998614290432 (showing the burial of Shuresh Niknam at night). See also KURDPA (@kurdpa_farsi), Twitter (Dec. 1, 2022, 2:43 AM), available at https://bit.ly/3FiupEJ (showing the burial of Awat Qaderpour at night).

[475] KURDPA (@kurdpa_farsi), Twitter (Dec. 1, 2022, 2:43 AM), https://bit.ly/3FiupEJ See also شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان (@KurdistanHRN), Twitter (Nov. 30, 2022, 12:05 PM), available at  https://twitter.com/KurdistanHRN/status/1598000324551135232 (discussing his death due to being shot by IRGC forces near a check point).

[476] List of 109 Protesters at Risk of Execution, Death Penalty Charges or Sentences; At Least 481 Protesters Killed, Iran Human Rights (Jan. 9, 2023), https://iranhr.net/en/articles/5687/ See also Zan, Zindigī, Āzādī; Guzārish Tafżīlī Az 82 Ruz ʿtirāż Dar Sarāsari Irān [Woman, Life, Freedom; The Detail Report of 82 Days of Protest in Iran], HRANNA (Dec. 9, 2022), https://www.hra-news.org/periodical/a-129/ (discussing that at least 481 individuals have been killed across the country as of December 9, 2022).

[477] Ayin Nameh Taeen Masadiq Amali Shahid va Khanevade Haye Shahed [Regulations on Determining Practical Examples of the Martyr and Families of Martyrs], Tehran 1382 [2003], art. 3(9), https://qavanin.ir/Law/PrintText/105393 See also Mohammad Hasan Hassanzadeh Mehrabadi, Ahamīyat Tadāvum Maqūli Shahādat Va Shahīd Parvarī Dar Niẓām Jumhūrī Islāmī [Importance of Continuity of Martyrdom and Bringing up Martyrs in the Islamic Republic], Enghelabe-eslami (Apr. 11, 2020), available at https://bit.ly/3UKVUvA (discussing the importance of having more martyrs for the Islamic Republic government). 88 Special Report: Iran’s leader ordered crackdown on unrest – ‘Do whatever it takes to end it’, Reuters (Dec. 23, 2019), https://reut.rs/3hGdjHy
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