Aadel Collection

Report by the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Bacre Waly Ndiaye, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1992/72

          
          Distr.
          GENERAL
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          23 December 1992
          Original: ENGLISH
          COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
          Forty-ninth session
          Item 12 of the provisional agenda
          QUESTION OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS
          IN ANY PART OF THE WORLD, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COLONIAL
          AND OTHER DEPENDENT COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES
          Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          Report by the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Bacre Waly Ndiaye, submitted
          pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1992/72
          CONTENTS
          Paragraphs Page
          Introduction 1 - 4 1
          Chapter
          I. Themandate 5-41 2
          A. Terms of reference 7 - 10 2
          B. Procedures 11 - 41 4
          1. Communications received by the
          Special Rapporteur 12 - 25 4
          2. Communications sent by the
          Special Rapporteur 26 - 28 8
          3. Communications from Governments . . . . 29 - 34 8
          GE.92-14937 (E)
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page ii
          CONTENTS ( continued )
          B. Procedures ( continued )
          4. Visits
          5. Cooperation with other United Nations
          procedures
          Paragraphs
          35 - 37
          38 - 41
          Page
          10
          11
          H. The rights of victims
          III. Activities
          A. Consultations . . .
          B. Communications . . .
          C. Visits
          IV. Situations
          A. General
          B. Country situations .
          Afghanistan . . . .
          Albania
          Angola
          Argentina
          . . 60 - 61 15
          . . 62 - 63
          . . 64 - 66
          67
          68
          69 - 91
          70 - 71
          72 - 87
          88 -
          92 -
          92 -
          95 -
          95 -
          98
          99 -
          102
          II. Legal framework within which the mandate
          of the Special Rapporteur is implemented
          A. Violations of the right to life in
          connection with the death penalty .
          B. Deaths in custody
          C. Deaths due to the use of force
          by law enforcement officials . . . .
          D. Violations of the right to life
          during armed conflicts
          E. Expulsion of persons to a country
          where their lives are in danger . .
          F. Obligation to investigate
          G. Genocide
          . . 42 - 68 12
          . . 49 - 53 13
          . . 54 - 57 14
          . . 58 - 59 14
          15
          16
          16
          17
          18
          18
          18
          21
          22
          22
          22
          22
          23
          23
          23
          91
          656
          94
          656
          97
          101
        
          
          CONTENTS ( continued )
          B. Country situations ( continued )
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page iii
          Paragraphs
          Page
          Azerbaijan . . . .
          103 - 104
          24
          Bangladesh . . . .
          105 - 118
          24
          Bhutan
          119
          27
          Bolivia
          120
          27
          Brazil
          121 - 142
          28
          Burkina Faso . . .
          143
          33
          Burundi
          144 - 151
          33
          Cambodia
          152 - 156
          35
          Cameroon
          157 - 162
          36
          Chad
          163 - 169
          37
          Chile
          170 - 171
          38
          China
          172 - 184
          39
          Colombia
          185 - 215
          42
          Cuba
          216 - 229
          50
          Dominican Republic
          230 - 232
          53
          Egypt
          233 - 236
          54
          El Salvador . . .
          237 - 251
          55
          Equatorial Guinea
          252 - 254
          60
          Ethiopia
          255 - 257
          61
          Ghana
          258 - 261
          62
          Grenada
          262
          63
          Guatemala
          263 - 304
          63
          Haiti
          305 - 323
          72
          Honduras
          324 - 329
          77
          India
          330 - 347
          78
          Indonesia
          348 - 353
          85
          Iran (Islamic Republic of)
          354 - 369
          88
          Iraq
          370 - 376
          92
          Israel
          377 - 385
          93
          Jamaica
          386
          95
          Jordan
          387 - 388
          95
          Kenya
          389 - 390
          95
          Kuwait
          391 - 392
          96
          Lesotho
          393 - 398
          96
          Liberia
          399
          97
          Madagascar
          400
          97
          Malawi
          401 - 408
          97
          Malaysia
          409 - 411
          98
          Mali
          412 - 415
          99
          Mauritania
          416
          100
          Mexico
          417 - 426
          100
          Morocco
          427 - 430
          102
          Myanmar
          431 - 441
          102
          Nepal
          442 - 443
          105
          Nicaragua
          444 - 445
          106
          Niger
          446
          106
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page iv
          CONTENTS ( continued )
          B. Country situations ( continued )
          Paragraphs
          Page
          Nigeria
          Pakistan
          Paraguay
          Peru
          Philippines . . .
          Rwanda
          Saudi Arabia . . .
          Senegal
          Somalia
          South Africa . . .
          Sri Lanka . . . .
          Sudan
          Suriname
          Thailand
          Togo
          Trinidad and Tobago
          Tunisia
          Turkey
          Uganda
          Ukraine
          United Republic
          United States of
          Venezuela . . .
          Yemen
          Zaire
          . . 447
          . . 448 - 454
          . 455 - 459
          . . 460 - 487
          . . 488 - 501
          . . 502 - 509
          . . 510 - 511
          . . 512 - 513
          . . 514
          . . 515 - 531
          . . 532 - 544
          . . 545 - 556
          . . 557
          . . 558 - 563
          . . 564 - 572
          . 573
          . . 574 - 579
          . . 580 - 617
          . . 618
          . . 619 - 621
          . . 622
          . . 623 - 636
          . . 637 - 649
          . . 650 - 653
          . . 654 - 656
          106
          106
          108
          109
          118
          121
          123
          124
          124
          124
          127
          13 0
          132
          132
          133
          135
          135
          13 7
          151
          151
          152
          152
          155
          157
          158
          159
          163
          of Tanzania
          America .
          V. Visits to the former Yugoslavia
          VI. Conclusions and recommendations
          A. Allegations received and acted upon
          by the Special Rapporteur . . . .
          657 - 672
          673 - 706
          677 - 688
          163
          167
          B. Other procedural aspects .
          689 - 706
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 1
          Introduction
          1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights
          resolution 1992/72 of 5 March 1992, entitled “Extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions” . This resolution, which renewed the mandate of the
          Special Rapporteur and extended it for another three years, was approved by
          the Economic and Social Council in its decision 1992/242 of 20 July 1992.
          2. After presenting his ninth report (E/cN.4/1992/30) to the Commission on
          Human Rights, Mr. Amos Wako resigned as Special Rapporteur on summary or
          arbitrary executions in early March 1992. In conformity with paragraph S of
          resolution 1992/72, the Chairman of the Commission on Human Rights appointed
          Mr. Bacre Waly Ndiaye to succeed Mr. Wako in this function.
          3. The present report is the first presented to the Commission on Human
          Rights by the new Special Rapporteur. It is the tenth since the mandate was
          established by the Economic and Social Council in its resolution 1982/35 of
          7 May 1982.
          4. In chapter I of the present report, the Special Rapporteur offers an
          interpretation of the mandate entrusted to him and sets forth his personal
          approach to several issues that have arisen during the first months of his
          activities. Chapter II contains the legal framework within which he carried
          out his mandate. In chapter III, the Special Rapporteur reports on the
          activities he has undertaken since his appointment. In chapter IV, he
          presents country-specific situations in which he has pursued his mandate:
          these include a general description of the allegations received by the Special
          Rapporteur and a more detailed summary of the correspondence with the
          Governments concerned regarding those allegations. In chapter V, the Special
          Rapporteur gives account of the findings, of relevance to his mandate, of
          two missions to the former Yugoslavia in which he participated. Finally, in
          chapter VI, the Special Rapporteur sets forth his conclusions and closes his
          report with recommendations designed to ensure more effectively, in future,
          respect for the international instruments and standards to which his mandate
          refers.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 2
          I. THE MANDATE
          5. The present Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions was appointed in April 1992 by the Chairman of the Commission on
          Human Rights pursuant to Commission resolution 1992/72 of S March 1992. He
          assumed his functions after that resolution had been approved by the Economic
          and Social Council in its decision 1992/242 of 15 July 1992. He took over the
          mandate from Mr. Amos Wako, who had been Special Rapporteur on summary or
          arbitrary executions from the establishment of the mandate in 1982 until
          March 1992. The experience of the first 10 years, both the achievements and
          the difficulties encountered, as they have been reflected in Mr. Wako's yearly
          reports to the Commission on Human Rights, was of great value to the Special
          Rapporteur when he assumed his functions, particularly since he had only some
          six months in which to deal with a large number of allegations.
          6. In this chapter the Special Rapporteur will address a series of issues
          relating to his mandate. They include the task entrusted to him by the
          Commission on Human Rights, the procedures resorted to and some problems
          encountered during the first months. He wishes to emphasize that these
          observations do not pretend to be an exhaustive interpretation of his mandate;
          rather, they should be seen as personal remarks aimed at setting initial
          coordinates for his work, which will certainly undergo adjustments and
          improvements in the future. He believes that this may enhance understanding
          and, as a consequence, fruitful cooperation with Governments and those who
          provide him with allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions.
          A. Terms of reference
          7. The Commission on Human Rights, in resolution 1992/72, requests the
          Special Rapporteur to “continue to examine situations of extrajudicial,
          summary or arbitrary executions” (para. 7) . It should be noted that in this
          resolution the Commission has widened the title of the mandate, which now
          includes “extrajudicial” as well as “summary or arbitrary” executions. This
          seems to indicate that the members of the Commission have adopted a broad
          approach to the mandate on executions which encompasses all violations of the
          right to life as guaranteed by a large number of international human rights
          instruments (see chapter II of the present report) .
          8. In the same resolution the Commission also requested the Special
          Rapporteur “to pay special attention to extrajudicial, summary and arbitrary
          executions of children” (para. 8) .
          9. In addition, in several other resolutions of the Commission on Human
          Rights special rapporteurs are asked to pay particular attention to a number
          of issues within the framework of their mandates. In particular:
          (a) In resolution 1992/22, entitled “Right to freedom of opinion and
          expression”, the Special Rapporteur is invited “to pay particular
          attention . . . to the situation of persons . . . discriminated against for having
          exercised the right to freedom of opinion and expression” and the Commission
          expressed concern about the “intrinsically linked rights to freedom of
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 3
          thought, conscience and religion, of peaceful assembly and freedom of
          association, and the right to take part in the conduct of public affairs as
          affirmed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights”. Violations of these rights have been
          reported to the Special Rapporteur, for example in the context of violence
          against demonstrators, journalists and writers, trade unionists and members of
          religious or other groups and associations;
          (b) In resolution 1992/31, entitled “Human rights in the administration
          of justice”, the Special Rapporteur is called upon “to give special attention
          to questions relating to the effective protection of human rights in the
          administration of justice”. Within the framework of the mandate of the
          Special Rapporteur, this concerns particularly the independence of judges and
          lawyers, the right to a fair trial, human rights and states of emergency, and
          the question of impunity of perpetrators of violations of human rights;
          (c) In resolution 1992/37, entitled “World Conference on Human Rights”,
          the Commission encourages “ ... special and thematic rapporteurs . . . to
          contribute as observers by taking part as appropriate, in the work of the
          Preparatory Committee and the World Conference” . The Special Rapporteur
          participated in the African regional preparatory meeting for the World
          Conference;
          (d) In resolution 1992/39, entitled “Strengthening of United Nations
          action in the field of human rights through the promotion of international
          cooperation, and the importance of non-selectivity, impartiality and
          objectivity”, the Commission “requests all human rights bodies within the
          United Nations system, as well as special rapporteurs”, to carry out their
          responsibilities guided by the principles of non-selectivity, impartiality and
          obj ectivity;
          (e) In resolution 1992/41, entitled “Human rights and thematic
          procedures”, the Commission recommends that Governments which have invited any
          of the thematic special rapporteurs to visit their countries should consider
          follow-up visits”. Governments are also encouraged “to respond expeditiously
          to requests for information . . . so that the thematic special rapporteurs
          concerned . . . may carry out their mandates effectively”. Governments
          encountering problems in the field of human rights are further encouraged “to
          cooperate more closely with the Commission through the pertinent thematic
          procedures, in particular by inviting a thematic special rapporteur . . . to
          visit their countries”. In addition, this resolution requests special
          rapporteurs to take follow-up action;
          (f) In resolution 1992/42, entitled “Consequences on the enjoyment of
          human rights of acts of violence committed by armed groups that spread terror
          among the population and by drug traffickers”, the Special Rapporteur is
          requested “to continue paying particular attention to the adverse effect on
          the enjoyment of human rights of acts of violence” committed by such groups;
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 4
          (g) In resolution 1992/57, entitled “civil defence forces” the Special
          Rapporteur is requested “to pay due attention ... to the matter of civil
          defence forces in relation to the protection of human rights and fundamental
          freedoms”;
          (h) In resolution 1992/59, entitled “Cooperation with representatives
          of United Nations human rights bodies”, Governments are urged “to refrain from
          all acts of intimidation or reprisal against” those cooperating with
          representatives of United Nations human rights bodies availing themselves of
          human rights protection procedures established under United Nations auspices
          or providing legal assistance for this purpose, as well as those who submit
          communications under procedures established by human rights instruments and
          relatives of victims of human rights violations.
          10. In examining and analysing the information brought to his attention, the
          Special Rapporteur has taken into consideration these requests by the
          Commission on Human Rights. Reference to the issues concerned will be made in
          chapter IV, within the description of the specific country situations. They
          will also be addressed in the conclusions and recommendations contained in
          chapter V of the present report.
          B. Procedures
          11. During the 10 years of the existence of the mandate, a certain number of
          procedures have been established. Their nature is determined by the specific
          requirements defined by the nature of the human rights violations encompassed
          by the mandate as well as practical considerations such as the availability of
          resources and time constraints. Thus, the Special Rapporteur has in the past
          sent different types of communications to Governments. He has also carried
          out field missions. In the future, this will be continued and, where
          possible, contacts with all those involved in the functioning of the mandate
          will be extended.
          1. Communications received by the Special Rapporteur
          12. The Special Rapporteur receives a large number of communications
          providing him with information about violations of the right to life. The
          main source of these communications is non-governmental organizations, but
          they also come from individuals, intergovernmental organizations, other
          United Nations procedures concerned with the protection of human rights, and
          sometimes also Governments. The Special Rapporteur analyses this information,
          which constitutes a fundamental element for the working of his mandate and
          lies at the basis of his activities.
          13. The communications received from Governments containing information in
          reply to urgent appeals and other letters sent to them by the Special
          Rapporteur will be referred to below (see below, paras. 29 et seq. ) .
          14. Concerning the reports and allegations received by the Special
          Rapporteur, there are two principal difficulties he is continuously confronted
          with. First, he is only mandated to act upon information about human rights
          violations which “comes before him” (Commission on Human Rights
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 5
          resolution 1992/72, para. 9) . More than once, the Special Rapporteur has
          found himself in a situation where there were serious grounds to believe that
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions were being committed in certain
          countries, sometimes even on a large scale and, on occasion, covered by
          extensive reports in the media, concerning which he had not received any
          allegations. Since he does not act exclusively on the basis of media reports,
          with regard to some situations his report may appear incomplete.
          15. It should be borne in mind, however, that the present report of the
          Special Rapporteur does not pretend to provide the international community
          with a comprehensive picture of all instances of extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions in the world. Rather, it gives an account of how the
          Special Rapporteur discharged the mandate entrusted to him by the Commission
          on Human Rights, within the means and possibilities at his disposal.
          16. Secondly, it is sometimes very difficult for the Special Rapporteur to
          decide whether an allegation is credible, or whether it is politically or
          otherwise motivated. The Special Rapporteur and his supporting staff are not
          in a condition to verify all allegations received. In virtue of his human
          rights activities in the past, the Special Rapporteur has ample personal
          knowledge of non-governmental organizations. Many of them have been
          cooperating with different United Nations human rights procedures for years.
          In such cases, this experience has allowed the Special Rapporteur to form an
          opinion of the credibility of those sources. Allegations are also received
          from non-governmental organization that are less well known and sometimes from
          entirely new sources.
          17. Nevertheless, when the Special Rapporteur has not had sufficient
          experience with a non-governmental organization to be able to judge the
          credibility of the information coming from the organization, greater care is
          exercised in evaluating the apparent credibility of each allegation received.
          The main criterion used is the tenor of the allegation itself: the more
          information it contains concerning the particulars of the purported victim or
          victims (full name, age, place of residence or origin, profession, marital
          status etc.) and the precise circumstances of the incident (date, place,
          description of how the event occurred, etc.), the more likely it is that the
          allegation will be considered credible and forwarded to the State concerned.
          In some cases, where doubts persist, the Special Rapporteur may seek
          corroboration from another source, in particular non-governmental
          organizations of undisputed credibility. In principle, though, the Special
          Rapporteur transmits all allegations he receives unless he has serious grounds
          to believe that the information provided is not credible.
          18. Information received from States in their replies to allegations which
          have been forwarded to them is also taken into account in evaluating the
          credibility of the source. Information that simply clarifies facts reported
          by a non-governmental organization or sheds new light on them does not, of
          course, adversely affect the credibility of the source, nor do general
          accusations concerning the motives or reliability of the source. It is to be
          expected that the Government has more information than a non-governmental
          organization concerning factual aspects of incidents involving the loss of
          life, and it is also normal that their evaluation of the significance of such
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 6
          incidents may differ. However, replies which clearly establish that
          allegations submitted to the Special Rapporteur were unfounded or
          substantially distorted may oblige him to revise his appreciation of the
          credibility of the source.
          19. Problems arise where no replies are received from Governments, sometimes
          for years. Should the Special Rapporteur in such cases consider the
          allegations to be substantiated until he receives proof to the contrary?
          Should he seek to meet with the representatives of the countries concerned to
          find out the reasons for their silence? Or should he envisage other measures,
          and if so, which? In certain situations, the only possibility for the Special
          Rapporteur to form an opinion on the circumstances prevailing in a given
          country is to conduct an on-site visit. Consequently, he will seek to do so
          in cases where there are important discrepancies between information received
          from different sources.
          20. Another question which was raised by a Government in its reply to
          allegations submitted by the Special Rapporteur concerned the “value which the
          Special Rapporteur attributes to domestic national legislation and legal
          remedies available on the national level in the determination, processing and
          investigation of the truth or falsehood of allegations of summary and
          arbitrary executions”, and whether or not the requirement of exhaustion of
          such remedies is applicable.
          21. National law and procedures may be relevant to cases of alleged
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions in different ways, depending on
          the nature of the execution. In so far as the death penalty is concerned, the
          relevant national law includes the substantive law indicating the crimes for
          which the death sentence is applicable; the law concerning age and other
          factors which preclude the imposition or application of the death penalty; the
          law concerning the discretion of the sentencing authority, and the kinds of
          information which may be taken into account; post-sentencing procedures; the
          law specifying how the sentence is to be carried out, as well as legislation
          concerning the due process procedural rights of the defendant during trial and
          appeal. Where extrajudicial executions are concerned, different laws and
          procedures come into play. Relevant law includes the law and regulations
          concerning justifiable homicide and the use of force by law enforcement
          officials; the administrative and judicial procedures for investigating such
          deaths, and the right of the family of the deceased to be informed of the
          cause and circumstances of the death, and to receive compensation for wrongful
          death. Given the different types of legislation, including regulations, and
          procedures which may be relevant, it is difficult to generalize as to the
          value attributed by the Special Rapporteur to national laws and remedies in
          the carrying out of the mandate.
          22. The Special Rapporteur is guided primarily by international standards.
          The main substantive legal framework, as indicated by the Commission on Human
          Rights most recently in its resolution 1992/72 and the General Assembly in its
          resolution 45/162 of 18 December 1990, are the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights and articles 6, 14 and 15 of the International Covenant on Civil and
          Political Rights. These standards, which are applicable to all countries, are
          interpreted in the light of a number of other United Nations instruments,
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 7
          enumerated in the sixth preambular paragraph of Commission on Human Rights
          resolution 1992/72 (see also below chapter II ) . In most cases, it is the
          Special Rapporteur's primary concern to establish whether the State has
          complied with its obligation under international law to prevent violations of
          the right to life, or, where extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          have already occurred, to investigate the cause and circumstances of the
          death, identify the perpetrators and impose appropriate sanctions.
          23. This leads to the question of whether or not the exhaustion of domestic
          remedies should be required. In so far as the death penalty is concerned,
          exhaustion of domestic remedies would mean waiting until the highest court of
          appeal has announced its decision, or until all possibilities for requesting
          commutation of sentence and pardon have been exhausted. However, loss of life
          is irreparable. If the Special Rapporteur considers that there is reason to
          believe that the application of the death penalty in a given case might
          violate applicable international standards, it would be unconscionable to wait
          until domestic proceedings have reached a stage at which execution is
          unavoidable in order to convey his concern to the national authorities.
          24. With regard to extrajudicial executions, the Special Rapporteur is of the
          opinion that considerations which apply to other international procedures for
          examining human rights violations do not necessarily apply to violations of
          the right to life. The public interest in protecting the right to life
          prevails over private interests. The duty of the State to investigate any
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary execution that has occurred, to identify
          those responsible and to impose appropriate sanctions is of the highest order
          and is independent of any right of action, whether penal or civil, of the
          aggrieved parties. Failure of the dependants or legal representatives of the
          deceased to take legal action against those allegedly responsible in no way
          absolves the State of its responsibility to investigate and, if appropriate,
          prosecute. It would therefore be inappropriate to impose exhaustion of
          remedies as a prerequisite for bringing a case to the attention of the Special
          Rapporteur.
          25. In cases of consummated extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions,
          the main concern of the Special Rapporteur, as indicated above, is to evaluate
          how the State fulfils its duty to investigate, identify and sanction. In
          general, it would be inappropriate to reach any firm conclusions on the merits
          of an allegation until the investigations undertaken by national authorities
          are concluded. An exception might be made when investigations or prosecution
          are unduly prolonged, or when there is convincing evidence that they are not
          being pursued in good faith. However, this does not necessarily mean that the
          Special Rapporteur should on principle refuse to begin consideration of an
          allegation until domestic proceedings are final. In the experience of the
          Special Rapporteur, criminal investigations and trials often last years.
          Precluding consideration of allegations until such proceedings are completed
          would, in practice, mean that the information contained in his reports would
          not reflect current trends and situations. Moreover, a policy of refraining
          from any consideration of a case until proceedings are complete would prevent
          the Special Rapporteur from having a timely and constructive impact on the
          efforts made by national authorities to redress cases of extrajudicial,
          summary or arbitrary executions. Consequently, imposition of the exhaustion
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 8
          of the internal remedies requirement would be incompatible with the request
          that the Special Rapporteur “respond effectively to information which comes
          before him, in particular when an extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          execution is . . . threatened” (Commission on Human Rights resolution 1992/72,
          para. 9) or “when such an execution has recently occurred” (General Assembly
          resolution 45/162, para. 7) .
          2. Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          (a) Urgent appeals and other allegations
          26. The main types of communications sent by the Special Rapporteur have
          traditionally been “urgent appeals” in cases of an imminent extrajudicial,
          summary or arbitrary execution of death threats, and letters transmitting
          allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions of a less urgent
          character. In both cases, the Special Rapporteur has to rely exclusively on
          allegations he receives, mainly from non-governmental organizations but also
          from individuals, intergovernmental organizations and Governments.
          27. Pursuant to a special request made by the Commission on Human Rights in
          resolution 1992/59, entitled “Cooperation with representatives of
          United Nations human rights bodies”, the Special Rapporteur has also
          intervened through urgent appeals in cases where he had received allegations
          of acts of intimidation or reprisal in violation of the right to life against
          those cooperating with United Nations human rights procedures and their legal
          advisors and against relatives of victims of human rights violations.
          (b) “Follow-up letters”
          28. A third type of communication which should become increasingly important
          in the future consists of letters following up on earlier communications. In
          its resolution 1992/72, the Commission on Human Rights requested the Special
          Rapporteur to “enhance his dialogue with Governments by following up on
          communications dispatched to Governments transmitting allegations of
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions (para. 14) . The following
          up of communications will be an important element of the Special Rapporteur's
          work in the future. It is hoped that the Governments concerned will support
          him in this matter by providing him with updated information on cases under
          investigation.
          3. Communications from Governments
          29. Communications from Governments providing information on allegations
          transmitted and other issues related with the phenomenon of extrajudicial,
          summary or arbitrary executions are essential to the work of the Special
          Rapporteur.
          30. In the past, a number of replies have been received which could not be
          considered as complete, since they did not “clarify” the allegations
          transmitted to the Governments concerned. Different types of such replies can
          be distinguished:
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 9
          (a) In some instances, replies are general in character and do not
          refer to the particular cases transmitted;
          (b) Sometimes, Governments address special issues related with the
          mandate without going into detail with regard to the cases;
          (c) Often, Governments inform the Special Rapporteur that the cases are
          being investigated.
          31. This kind of information is most welcome and helpful for the Special
          Rapporteur to form an opinion on the situation in a given country. However,
          it may also be useful to consider what details would allow the Special
          Rapporteur to consider a case as “clarified” . This varies according to the
          type of allegations transmitted. The following are some examples of steps and
          measures taken by the competent authorities that would be considered
          appropriate if the allegations prove to be well founded:
          (a) Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions: an independent
          investigation has been carried out; the authors of the execution have been
          identified and brought to justice; measures have been taken to ensure
          effective protection from extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions in
          the future;
          (b) Death threats and fear of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions: an independent investigation has been carried out; the authors of
          the threats have been identified and brought to justice and the persons whose
          lives are in danger are granted effective protection;
          (c) Execution of death sentences in breach of international standards
          relating to the death penalty: irregularities in trial procedures have been
          redressed effectively; the right to appeal and to seek pardon or commutation
          of sentence has been ensured; the execution of the death penalty in the case
          of a minor, mentally deficient person, pregnant woman or young mother has not
          taken place;
          (d) Deaths in custody due to the use of force, torture or neglect: an
          independent investigation has been carried out; those responsible have been
          identified and brought to justice; measures have been adopted to ensure
          adequate conditions of detention and prevent such incidents from happening
          again;
          (e) Deaths due to abuse of force by law enforcement personnel: an
          independent investigation has been carried out; those responsible have been
          identified and brought to justice; measures have been undertaken to
          effectively prevent such incidents from happening in the future;
          (f) Fear of execution after extradition or refoulement : the persons in
          danger of execution in the receiving State have not been expatriated; measures
          have been taken to effectively protect them from extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary execution upon their arrival in the receiving country.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 10
          32. By its resolution 1992/41, the Commission on Human Rights “encourages
          Governments to respond expeditiously to requests for information made to them
          through the procedures, so that the thematic special rapporteurs concerned . . .
          may carry out their mandates effectively” (para. 2) . The Special Rapporteur
          is aware that in some cases it takes time to examine the allegations
          transmitted, particularly since they have to be sent to the competent
          authorities in the countries concerned. However, it would be very much
          appreciated if in exceptional cases, where there are particular difficulties
          in forwarding the information requested, Governments could, in a spirit of
          cooperation, provide the Special Rapporteur with the reasons justifying the
          delay, as has been done by some countries in the past.
          33. In this context, it should be noted that dates indicated in
          communications by the Special Rapporteur as time-limits for submitting
          information have no other reason than the constraints set by technical
          considerations in connection with the time required to process reports so that
          they may be made available to the Commission on Human Rights.
          34. In coming years, the Special Rapporteur will endeavour to send
          allegations not only once but three or four times a year, in order to allow
          Governments more time to investigate the cases transmitted and to send their
          replies.
          4. Visits
          35. By resolution 1992/41, the Commission on Human Rights also “encourages
          Governments encountering problems in the field of human rights to cooperate
          more closely with the Commission through the pertinent thematic procedures, in
          particular by inviting a thematic special rapporteur . .. to visit their
          countries”.
          36. It has been repeatedly stated that on-site visits are the only means by
          which the Special Rapporteur can make himself familiar with the situation in a
          given country and report to the Commission on Human Rights on all its aspects.
          The lack of reaction, or the negative reaction, to his endeavours to obtain an
          invitation from a Government to carry out an on-site mission experienced by
          the Special Rapporteur on some occasions seems to be caused by differences in
          the perception of the purpose of such a visit.
          37. The Special Rapporteur would like to emphasize that to visit a country
          does not mean to “accuse” the Government concerned beforehand of human rights
          violations. Visits aim at understanding a situation and its problems, taking
          into account all the circumstances that contribute to them. The
          recommendations made by the Special Rapporteur following a visit should help
          the Government concerned to find solutions to problems that affect the right
          to life. This may be especially important in order to enable the Special
          Rapporteur to comply with the request of the Commission on Human Rights in
          resolution 1992/42 that special rapporteurs pay particular attention to human
          rights violations by armed groups. Visits can also be the only means of
          verifying contradictory information from different sources. The Special
          Rapporteur also wishes to state that visits do not have the character of a
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 11
          judicial inquiry; they cannot replace investigations by the competent judicial
          authorities. Furthermore, the existence of an independent inquiry does not
          impede a visit by the Special Rapporteur.
          S. Cooperation with other United Nations procedures
          38. For an overall increase in efficiency, and with a view to benefiting from
          the experience gathered by any of them in their particular field of interest,
          the different procedures that deal with human rights issues, whether they
          operate under mandates established by the Commission on Human Rights or by any
          other decision-making body of the United Nations, should increase their
          cooperation and coordination.
          39. During the first six months of his mandate, the Special Rapporteur was
          able to establish contacts with some of the other special rapporteurs, special
          representatives and working groups operating under mandates established by the
          Commission on Human Rights. Cooperation included the sharing of information,
          consultations and two joint missions to the former Yugoslavia. The tendency
          towards field missions to countries with problems in the field of human rights
          by two or more special rapporteurs with relevant mandates seems to be most
          interesting and important. It will allow them to present the Commission on
          Human Rights with a much more comprehensive and thorough analysis of the
          situation in a given country.
          40. Joint visits, however, should not result in an overall reduction in the
          number of missions by special rapporteurs and working groups to countries
          encountering problems in the field of human rights. Careful coordination of
          such activities will therefore be needed.
          41. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur wishes to cooperate and coordinate
          his efforts with other United Nations procedures that operate in some
          countries. Thus, copies of the allegations of extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions transmitted to the Governments of Angola, Cambodia and
          El Salvador were sent to the United Nations Angola Verification Mission
          (UNAVEM) , the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) and
          the United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) . In the future,
          such cooperation might also include on-site visits to ensure that legal and
          practical steps are put into practice to eliminate the phenomenon of
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions which, in the past, has
          constituted one of the most tragic manifestations of the human rights crisis
          in the countries concerned.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 12
          II. LEGAL FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH THE MANDATE OF THE
          SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR IS IMPLEMENTED
          42. The Special Rapporteur is mandated “to examine situations of
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions” (Commission on Human Rights
          resolution 1992/72) . The acts and omissions to be taken into account by the
          Special Rapporteur therefore include all those which constitute a violation of
          the right to life as established in the international human rights instruments
          providing the normative framework for the implementation of the mandate.
          43. The right to life finds its most general recognition in article 3 of the
          Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 6 of the International
          Covenant on Civil and Political Rights recognizes the inherent right of every
          person to life, adding that this right “shall be protected by law” and that
          “no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of life”. Moreover, the right to life
          of persons under the age of 18 and the obligation of States to guarantee the
          enjoyment of this right to the maximum extent possible are both specifically
          recognized in article 6 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
          44. By article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articles 2
          and 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and under
          several other United Nations declarations and conventions, everyone is
          entitled to the protection of the right to life without distinction or
          discrimination of any kind, and all persons shall be guaranteed equal and
          effective access to remedies for the violation of this right.
          45. Further, article 4, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant on Civil
          and Political Rights and principle 8 of the Basic Principles on the Use of
          Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, adopted by the Eighth
          United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of
          Offenders, held at Havana, Cuba, from 27 August to 7 September 1990, provide
          that exceptional circumstances such as internal political instability or any
          other public emergency may not be invoked to justify any derogation from the
          right to life and security of the person.
          46. The general recognition of the right to life of every person in the
          aforementioned international instruments constitutes the basis for the work of
          the Special Rapporteur. A number of other treaties, resolutions, conventions
          and declarations adopted by competent United Nations bodies contain provisions
          relating to specific types of violations of the right to life. They, too,
          form part of the legal framework within which the Special Rapporteur operates.
          47. One of the most pertinent of these instruments is the Principles on the
          Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary
          Executions, adopted by the Economic and Social Council in its resolution
          1989/65 of 24 May 1989. In particular, principle 4 sets forth the obligation
          of Governments to guarantee effective protection through judicial or other
          means to individuals and groups who are in danger of extralegal, arbitrary or
          summary executions, including those who receive death threats.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 13
          48. An analysis of the international instruments concerning the protection of
          the right to life makes it possible to group the situations falling within the
          mandate of the Special Rapporteur according to the categories set forth below.
          A. VIOLATIONS OF THE RIGHT TO LIFE IN CONNECTION
          WITH THE DEATH PENALTY
          49. Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
          sets forth several important restrictions on the imposition and execution of
          the death penalty. Paragraph 2 provides, inter alia , that it may be imposed
          “only for the most serious crimes” and only “pursuant to a final judgement
          rendered by a competent court” . Paragraph 4 recognizes the right of persons
          sentenced to death to seek pardon or commutation of the sentence, and
          paragraph S prohibits the imposition of the death sentence for crimes
          committed by persons below 18 years of age and the application of the sentence
          to pregnant women. Article 14, concerning the right to a fair trial, is also
          relevant, as is article 15, which prohibits, among other things, the
          retroactive imposition of heavier penalties than those applicable at the time
          when the offence was committed.
          SO. Apart from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the
          instrument most relevant to cases concerning the death penalty is the
          “Safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the death
          penalty”, adopted by the Economic and Social Council in resolution 1984/SO of
          25 May 1984. This instrument provides expressly that the death penalty may
          only be carried out after a trial “which gives all possible safeguards to
          ensure a fair trial, at least equal to those contained in article 14 of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights”, reaffirms the standards
          contained in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
          concerning persons under the age of 18 and pregnant women, and adds certain
          other restrictions, in particular in paragraph 3, which provides that the
          death penalty shall not be carried out on persons who have become insane.
          51. The Economic and Social Council, in resolution 1989/65 of 24 May 1989 on
          implementation of the safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of
          those facing the death penalty, inter alia recommends that States further
          strengthen the protection of those charged with off ences for which the death
          penalty exists by allowing time and facilities for the preparation of their
          defence, eliminating the death penalty for mentally retarded persons,
          providing for a mandatory appeal or review with provisions for clemency or
          pardon in all cases.
          S2. The imposition of the death penalty for crimes committed by persons under
          the age of 18 is also prohibited by article 37 (a) of the Convention on the
          Rights of the Child and rule 17.2 of the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules
          for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules) , adopted by the
          General Assembly in resolution 40/33 of 29 November 198S.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 14
          53. The views of the Human Rights Committee in the case of Canton Reid v.
          Jamaica, contained in its communication No. 250/1987, adopted on 20 July 1990
          (A/45/40, vol. II, chap. IX, sect. J), concerning the right of persons accused
          of a capital offence to legal assistance and the right to appeal, have also
          been taken into consideration by the Special Rapporteur.
          B. DEATHS IN CUSTODY
          54. The Special Rapporteur receives many allegations concerning deaths in
          custody under different circumstances. When the death results from torture or
          other deliberate mistreatment, article S of the Universal Declaration of Human
          Rights and article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
          Rights are relevant. In addition, the Special Rapporteur takes into account
          the Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to
          Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, adopted
          by the General Assembly in its resolution 3452 (XXX) of 9 December 1975, and
          the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
          or Punishment, adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 39/46
          of 10 December 1984.
          55. If the death appears to have been due to the use of force, for example to
          prevent escape or control a disturbance, principles 15 and 16 of the Basic
          Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials and
          article 3 of the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, adopted by the
          General Assembly in resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979, are relevant.
          56. If the death results from other causes, such as starvation or lack of
          medical care, the Special Rapporteur takes into account the Standard Minimum
          Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, adopted by the First United Nations
          Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders and
          approved by the Economic and Social Council in its resolutions 663 C (XXIV) of
          31 July 1957 and 2706 (LXII) of 13 May 1977, the Basic Principles for the
          Treatment of Prisoners, adopted by the General Assembly in its
          resolution 45/111 of 14 December 1990, and the Body of Principles for the
          Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, adopted
          by the General Assembly in its resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988.
          57. With regard to the treatment of prisoners under 18 years of age, the
          Special Rapporteur also takes into consideration rules 13.5 and 27.2 of the
          United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile
          Justice (The Beijing Rules) and article 37 of the Convention on the Rights of
          the Child.
          C. DEATHS DUE TO THE USE OF FORCE BY LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS
          58. Deaths due to the use of force by law enforcement officials, in response
          to public demonstrations or communal violence, for example, constitute an
          important category of cases brought before the Special Rapporteur. The main
          instrument taken into consideration in such cases is the Basic Principles on
          the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials. These provide
          that law enforcement officials, in carrying out their duties, shall, as far as
          possible, apply non-violent means and shall use force only when it is
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 15
          unavoidable, for example for self-defence or the defence of others against the
          imminent threat of death or serious injury. Such force must be proportional
          to these objectives as well as the seriousness of the crime and must minimize
          damage and injury. Force may only be used when less extreme means are
          insufficient. Also relevant is article 3 of the Code of Conduct for Law
          Enforcement Officials, which provides that “law enforcement officials may use
          force only when strictly necessary and to the extent required for the
          performance of their duty” .
          59. Of particular relevance in the context of demonstrations or other
          assemblies are principles 12 to 14 of the Basic Principles on the Use of Force
          and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials which prohibit the use of force
          against participants in lawful and peaceful assemblies. Force may only be
          used to the minimum extent necessary in the dispersal of unlawful assemblies.
          D. VIOLATIONS OF THE RIGHT TO LIFE DURING ARMED CONFLICTS
          60. The Special Rapporteur receives many allegations concerning
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions during armed conflicts. In
          considering and acting on such cases, the Special Rapporteur takes into
          account the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and the Additional Protocols
          thereto of 1977. Of particular relevance are common article 3 of
          the 1949 Conventions, which protects the right to life of members of the
          civilian population as well as combatants who are injured or have laid down
          their arms, and article 51 of Additional Protocol I and article 13 of
          Additional Protocol II concerning the protection of the civilian population
          against the dangers arising from military operations.
          61. With regard to the situation of children and women in armed conflicts,
          the Special Rapporteur also takes into account articles 38, paragraphs 1
          and 4, of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, by which State Parties
          undertake to respect and to ensure respect for the rules of international
          humanitarian law applicable to children in armed conflicts, and the
          Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed
          Conflict, adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 3318 (XXIX)
          of 14 December 1974. This resolution provides that States shall ensure that
          the suffering inflicted upon women and children in situations of armed
          conflict is restricted to the minimum and that their inalienable rights are
          ensured, in accordance with international law.
          E. EXPULSION OF PERSONS TO A COUNTRY WHERE
          THEIR LIVES ARE IN DANGER
          62. The Special Rapporteur has received some allegations concerning the
          imminent expulsion of refugees or asylum seekers to their country of origin,
          in circumstances where they would be in serious danger of execution upon their
          return. In responding to such allegations, the Special Rapporteur takes into
          account principle S of the Principles on the Effective Prevention and
          Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions, which provides
          that “no one shall be involuntarily returned or extradited to a country where
          there are substantial grounds to believing that he or she may become a victim
          of extra-legal, arbitrary or summary execution in that country”.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 16
          63. Where pertinent, the Special Rapporteur also takes into account
          article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which recognizes the
          right to asylum. If the persons concerned are refugees, the Convention
          relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951 may also be relevant. Article 33
          of that Convention prohibits the refoulement (or forcible return) of a refugee
          to a territory “where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of
          his race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or
          political opinion”. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
          considers that the principle of non-refoulement forms part of customary
          international law.
          F. OBLIGATION TO INVESTIGATE
          64. On several occasions, the Special Rapporteur has received allegations
          that States have not taken any steps to investigate violations of the right to
          life and to identify and bring to justice those responsible. In such cases,
          the Special Rapporteur takes into consideration principles 9 to 19 of the
          Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-legal,
          Arbitrary and Summary Executions provide that a thorough, prompt and impartial
          investigation of all suspected cases of extrajudicial, arbitrary or summary
          executions must be carried out in order to determine the cause, manner and
          time of death and the person(s) responsible and that such findings shall be
          made public. Persons identified by the investigation as having participated
          in such executions in any territory under the State's jurisdiction shall be
          brought to justice. Investigative offices and procedures shall be maintained
          to undertake investigations, and complainants, witnesses, those conducting the
          investigation and their families shall be protected from violence or any other
          form of intimidation.
          65. As regards deaths as a result of excessive use of force, the Special
          Rapporteur also takes into account the Basic Principles on the Use of Force
          and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials. Principle 7 provides that
          arbitrary or abusive use of force and firearms by law enforcement officials is
          to be punished as a criminal offence under national law.
          66. In May 1991, the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Branch of the
          United Nations Centre for Social Development and Humanitarian Affairs
          published a document of major importance for guaranteeing the right to life.
          Entitled Manual on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-legal,
          Arbitrary and Summary Executions (ST/CSDHA/12), it lays down procedures for
          conducting investigations into extra-legal executions or killings. The
          Special Rapporteur urges all Governments to incorporate these procedures into
          national legislation and practice, as well as in training programmes for law
          enforcement officials.
          G. GENOCIDE
          67. Article II of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
          Crime of Genocide, approved by the General Assembly in its
          resolution 260 A (III) of 9 December 1948 and in force since 12 January 1951,
          lists a number of acts of genocide, including killing members of a national,
          ethnic, racial or religious group with intent to destroy this group, as a
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 17
          whole or in part. Genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct and public
          incitement to commit genocide, attempt to commit genocide and complicity in
          genocide are punishable under article III of the Convention.
          H. THE RIGHTS OF VICTIMS
          68. The Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and
          Abuse of Power, recommended for adoption by the Seventh United Nations
          Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders and adopted
          by the General Assembly in its resolution 40/34 of 29 November 1985, is also
          relevant to the mandate of the Special Rapporteur. In particular,
          principle 11 provides that “where public officials or other agents acting in
          an official or quasi-official capacity have violated national criminal laws,
          the victims should receive restitution from the State whose officials or
          agents were responsible for the harm inflicted”. It should be noted that the
          term “victim” includes “the immediate family or dependants of the direct
          victim” (principle 2) . Also relevant are principles 18 and 19, concerning
          abuse of power, and principle 6, concerning the participation of victims in
          legal proceedings to obtain redress for the injury suffered. Thus far, the
          number of cases in which the Special Rapporteur has received information
          concerning compensation for the families of victims of extrajudicial, summary
          or arbitrary executions is very small.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 18
          III. ACTIVITIES
          69. Since assuming his functions, the Special Rapporteur has carried out a
          number of different activities, including those referred to below.
          A. Consultations
          70. The Special Rapporteur visited Geneva from 16 to 20 June 1992, from 17 to
          21 August 1992 and from 23 to 30 November 1992. During those periods, he held
          consultations with the Secretariat and with other special rapporteurs of the
          Commission on Human Rights. He also met with a number of government
          representatives and consulted with representatives of non-governmental
          organizations. During his visit in November 1992, he held meetings with
          representatives of regional groups represented in United Nations bodies.
          71. In addition, from 2 to 6 November 1992, the Special Rapporteur
          participated in the Regional Meeting for Africa held in the context of the
          preparations for the World Conference on Human Rights.
          B. Communications
          72. As in the past, the Special Rapporteur has received an enormous amount of
          information; some referred to the phenomenon of extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions in general, and some consisted of allegations of
          violations of the right to life in particular cases.
          Urgent appeals
          73. The Special Rapporteur has responded to the information that has come
          before him by sending urgent appeals to the Governments concerned in cases of
          death threats, fear of imminent extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions, or particularly grave incidents of violations of the right to
          life, especially abuse of force. In each urgent appeal, the Special
          Rapporteur recalled to the Government concerned the norms and principles
          guaranteeing the right to life of every person, as provided for in
          international human rights instruments. The Special Rapporteur requested the
          competent authorities to carry out a full, independent and impartial
          investigation in order to determine the cause and circumstances of the case
          and to identify and bring to justice those responsible. The Special
          Rapporteur also asked to be provided with information on such proceedings, the
          decisions taken as a result thereof and any measures adopted, as a
          consequence, to ensure respect for, and effectively protect, the right to life
          in the future.
          74. In so far as the urgent appeal concerned the imminent execution of death
          sentences, the Special Rapporteur also recalled to the Government concerned
          the internationally recognized restrictions on the application of capital
          punishment and urged the authorities to ensure that those facing the death
          penalty were able to benefit from all the guarantees provided for in the
          pertinent international standards, in particular with regard to fair trial
          procedures, the right to adequate defence and the right to appeal and to seek
          pardon or commutation of the sentence.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 19
          75. The Special Rapporteur also sent a number of urgent appeals in cases of
          alleged abuse of force by members of security forces against participants in
          demonstrations and manifestations. In these cases, the Special Rapporteur
          drew the attention of the Governments concerned to the restrictions on the use
          of force and firearms contained in the pertinent international instruments,
          requesting them to inform him about all steps and measures taken to ensure
          that these norms and principles would be respected so as to prevent the
          recurrence of such incidents in the future.
          76. Where pertinent, the Special Rapporteur also referred to the
          international instruments prohibiting the use of torture and any other form of
          cruel or inhuman treatment and appealed to the authorities to ensure adequate
          conditions of detention, in particular with regard to medical attention, so as
          to protect the right to life and physical integrity of detainees.
          77. The Special Rapporteur has sent 143 urgent appeals, concerning the
          alleged violation of the right to life of more than 1,500 persons, to the
          following countries: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Brazil, Burundi,
          Cameroon, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador,
          Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran (Islamic
          Republic of) , Iraq, Israel, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Myanmar, Peru,
          Philippines, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Thailand,
          Togo, Turkey, Ukraine, United States of America, Venezuela, Yemen and Zaire.
          The present report reflects all the urgent appeals sent by the Special
          Rapporteur until 11 December 1992.
          Other allegations
          78. In addition, the Special Rapporteur transmitted information of a less
          urgent character, concerning the alleged extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          execution of more than 1,900 persons, to the following countries: Angola,
          Bangladesh, Brazil, Burundi, Cambodia, Chad, China, Colombia, Cuba, Egypt,
          El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India,
          Iran, (Islamic Republic of) , Israel, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mexico,
          Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Rwanda, South Africa,
          Sri Lanka, Sudan, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, United States of America
          and Venezuela.
          79. The Special Rapporteur requested cooperation by the Governments concerned
          in clarifying the substance of the allegations transmitted. Where applicable,
          Governments were asked to provide, in particular, the following information:
          (a) Whether the allegations were factually accurate;
          (b) Any other factual circumstances that should be taken into account
          in assessing the implications of the allegations;
          (c) The cause of death as indicated in the death certificate, and the
          results of the autopsy, if any, together with the identity of the responsible
          person or agency;
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 20
          (d) The court, agency or other competent body which had been, or was,
          responsible for investigation of the allegations and/or the prosecution of
          those responsible;
          (e) The identity of the person or persons, group or unit responsible
          for the killing, if known, as well as the identity of any military, police,
          paramilitary, civil defence or similar body, or armed group not under
          government control, to which those responsible belonged;
          (f) The decision on a complaint, the grounds for the decision and any
          disciplinary or criminal sanctions imposed, and information as to whether or
          not the measure(s) imposed were final;
          (g) The present status of any investigation or legal action not yet
          completed;
          (h) The nature and amount of any compensation made to the family of the
          victim;
          (i) In the event that the investigation had not been completed, the
          responsible parties had not been identified, prosecuted or punished, or
          compensation had not been paid, the reasons why such was the case;
          (j) Any other information or observations which the Government
          concerned deemed pertinent.
          80. These cases were sent to the Governments concerned between 31 August
          and 18 September 1992. Allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions which were received by the Special Rapporteur at a later date and
          which did not warrant an urgent intervention will be considered in his report
          to the Commission on Human Rights at its fiftieth session. They will be
          transmitted to the Governments concerned early in 1993.
          Follow-up
          81. Pursuant to the request for follow-up made to the Special Rapporteur by
          the Commission on Human Rights in its resolution 1992/72, a series of letters
          were sent to Governments in October 1992 concerning cases which had been
          transmitted to them in 1991. These letters referred to cases in which no
          reply at all had been received from the Governments and to allegations for
          which the replies provided could not be considered as final. This applied, in
          particular, where Governments informed the Special Rapporteur that
          investigations had been initiated but were still under way. The Special
          Rapporteur welcomes the fact that efforts were made to carry out inquiries
          into the allegations transmitted and to identify and bring to justice those
          responsible for extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions. However,
          without knowing the final decisions taken as the result of such proceedings,
          it is very difficult for him to evaluate these endeavours.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 21
          82. The following countries had not replied at all to the cases transmitted
          in 1991: Albania, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Chad, Dominican Republic,
          Egypt, Ethiopia, Grenada, Israel, Jamaica, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malaysia,
          Mauritania, Mexico, Niger, Nigeria, Paraguay, South Africa, Suriname, Togo,
          United Republic of Tanzania, United States of America, Yemen and Zaire.
          83. The following countries had provided replies to some of the cases:
          Argentina, El Salvador, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Jordan, Kuwait,
          Nicaragua and Philippines.
          84. The following countries had provided replies to some or all of the cases,
          informing the Special Rapporteur that investigations were still under way:
          Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Morocco, Myanmar, Peru, Rwanda, Sudan,
          Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey and Venezuela.
          85. The Governments of China, Cuba and Pakistan had supplied the Special
          Rapporteur with replies that dealt in some detail with the legislation and
          practice concerning capital punishment in those countries.
          86. The Governments concerned were invited to provide the Special Rapporteur
          with updated information on the cases in question. Given the late date of the
          transmittal to the Governments of these letters, a full assessment of the
          replies received will be included in the Special Rapporteur's report to the
          Commission on Human Rights at its fiftieth session.
          87. A more detailed account of the follow-up action taken by the Special
          Rapporteur is included in chapter IV, within the description of the specific
          country situations.
          C. Visits
          88. During the first six months of his mandate, the Special Rapporteur twice
          accompanied the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the
          situation of human rights in the former Yugoslavia on field missions to
          Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Yugoslavia, from 21 to 26 August 1992 and
          from 14 to 22 October 1992. An account of these visits is contained in
          chapter V.
          89. The Special Rapporteur has received an invitation from the Government of
          Peru to visit that country. After consultations with representatives of the
          Peruvian Government, this visit has been scheduled for May/June 1993.
          90. The Government of Turkey has, in principle, agreed to a visit by the
          Special Rapporteur, to be carried out in the future at a date yet to be fixed.
          The Government of Bangladesh, on the other hand, in response to an initiative
          by the Special Rapporteur to seek an invitation for an on-site visit to that
          country, has stated that this would not be considered appropriate (see below
          para. 116) . The Special Rapporteur has also solicited invitations to carry
          out an on-site mission to China.
          91. The Special Rapporteur will continue to seek cooperation with all
          Governments and hopes to be able to carry out field missions in the future.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 22
          IV. SITUATIONS
          A. General
          92. In this chapter, the Special Rapporteur gives an account of the reports
          and allegations that have come before him concerning extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions. It describes the way he has dealt with this information
          by sending urgent appeals and letters to the Governments concerned as well as
          the replies he has received. Where applicable, follow-up action taken by the
          Special Rapporteur is also mentioned.
          93. It may be noted that the dates of urgent appeals sent by the Special
          Rapporteur and of communications received from Governments are included in
          parenthesis at the end of the respective paragraphs. The communications
          described as “other allegations” were sent between 31 August 1992
          and 18 September 1992. Allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions received by the Special Rapporteur at a later date will be dealt
          with in his report to the Commission on Human Rights at its fiftieth session.
          Follow-up letters were sent to the Governments concerned in October 1992 (see
          above, para. 81) .
          94. All communications received from Governments before 11 December 1992 were
          taken into consideration in the preparation of the present report. Replies
          and other information that have reached the Special Rapporteur at a later date
          will be included in his report to the Commission on Human Rights at its
          fiftieth session.
          B. Country situations
          Afghanistan
          95. The Special Rapporteur has received reports about public executions of
          death sentences in the Islamic State of Afghanistan following the change of
          Government in April 1992. Islamic courts were set up in May and all laws not
          in conformity with their interpretation of Islamic injunctions declared void.
          As a consequence, it was reported, the death penalty could now be imposed for
          crimes that were not sanctioned with capital punishment before. It was also
          alleged that those convicted and executed were not given the possibility to
          appeal to a higher court or to seek pardon.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          96. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of the
          Islamic State of Afghanistan, after he had received reports that
          Sayed Sakander, Mohammad Gul and Mohammad Raf it had been publicly hanged in
          Kabul on 7 September 1992. They had reportedly been convicted and sentenced
          to death for looting, robbery and murder by an Islamic court in Kabul.
          According to the source, they had been tried in camera , and they had had no
          right to appeal against their sentence to a higher court. On 7 June 1992,
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 23
          four members of the militia had also been hanged publicly after having been
          sentenced to death by an Islamic court. A government spokesman reportedly
          announced more executions to follow as similar cases were pending before
          Islamic courts (21 September 1992) .
          Communications received from the Government
          97. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Afghanistan.
          Albania
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          98. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Albania
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been received
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 38-41).
          Angola
          99. The Special Rapporteur has received reports according to which human
          rights violations, including extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions,
          continue to occur in Angola despite the cease-fire agreed in May 1991 between
          the Government of Angola and the Uniao Nacional para a Independ ncia Total de
          Angola (UNITA) . A recrudescence of violence in Angola was reported in October
          and November 1992.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          100. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Angola the case
          of Francisco Dos Santos Queiros, who reportedly died on 28 May 1992 as a
          result of injuries suffered during interrogation at the 10th Squadron police
          station in Bairo Cazanga, Luanda, where he had allegedly been subjected to
          severe beating (18 September 1992) . A copy of these allegations was sent to
          the United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM) in Angola.
          Communications received from the Government
          101. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          have been received from the Government of Angola.
          Argentina
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          102. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Argentina
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991 (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 48-53) . The
          Government of Argentina had replied on some of these cases. With regard to
          the remaining allegations, for which no replies had been received, the Special
          Rapporteur requested to be provided with information.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 24
          Azerbaij an
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          103. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of
          Azerbaijan after receiving information according to which Grachik Petrosyan,
          Gagik Arutyunyan, Arno Mkrtchyan, Arvid Mangasaryan and Garnik Arustamyan had
          been convicted of murder and sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of
          Azerbaijan on 19 March 1992. Having been tried by the Supreme Court, they
          were allegedly deprived of the right to appeal (4 August 1992) .
          Communications received from the Government
          104. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Azerbaijan.
          Bangladesh
          105. The Special Rapporteur has received a number of reports concerning the
          occurrence of human rights violations, including extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions, in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, a remote area under
          military control in south-east Bangladesh, traditionally inhabited by tribal
          people known as Jumma.
          106. Since the mid-1970s, the Shanti Bahini, the armed wing of the tribal
          political organization Jana Shanghati Samiti (People's Solidarity Association)
          aiming at regional autonomy, has been operating in the area. The
          Shanti Bahini are said to be responsible for a large number of killings.
          However, it has been reported to the Special Rapporteur that many deaths of
          civilians - mostly tribal people - occurred in the context of the
          counter-insurgency policy pursued by the Government of Bangladesh. Those
          allegedly responsible for extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions,
          which are often said to take place in reprisal for attacks by the Shanti
          Bahini, are the armed forces, civil defence groups called “village defence
          guards” and paramilitary forces linked to the Government, such as the
          Bangladesh Rifles or the “Ansar” guards.
          107. Sometimes killings are reportedly carried out by Bengali settlers who
          were brought to the Chittagong Hill Tracts under a settlement strategy that
          was described as a part of the Government's counter-insurgency policy. These
          settlers were said to operate with the complicity or acquiescence of the
          security forces.
          108. It was further alleged that, in most cases, human rights abuses are not
          investigated. In part, this is said to be due to the lack of civil
          administration and the restriction of movement in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
          109. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur has received reports about deaths in
          police and military custody, allegedly caused by torture.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 25
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          110. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Bangladesh
          allegations according to which at least 280 people had died as victims of
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions. In 77 cases, the victims were
          said to be minors. By sending two urgent appeals, the Special Rapporteur
          intervened on behalf of more than 203 people. The remaining 77 cases were
          transmitted in a separate letter. Three communications were received from the
          Government on the situation in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, and, more
          specifically, the allegations transmitted in the second urgent appeal.
          Urgent appeals
          111. The Special Rapporteur intervened after receiving information according
          to which a group of 15 tribal people had been arrested by members of the armed
          forces on 14 January 1992 during the campaign for local elections in the
          Chittagong Hill Tracts. They were reportedly taken to Baraitali army camp,
          where 11 persons were said to have been released. Allegedly, one of those
          arrested, Abiran Chakma, died at Baraitali army camp after having been
          subjected to torture. Fears were expressed for the lives of the remaining
          three prisoners, Kanti Charan Chakma (19) , Bandi Charan Chakma (17) and
          Tungo Chakma (24 June 1992) .
          112. The Special Rapporteur sent a second urgent appeal to the Government of
          Bangladesh after he had received reports that at least 200 unarmed civilians
          of the “Logang cluster village” had been killed on 10 April 1992 by a mob
          composed of Bengali settlers, members of the Village Defence Party and “Arisar”
          guards. The killings were reportedly motivated by revenge for the murder of a
          Bengali youth by the Shanti Bahini. The Bangladesh Rifles reportedly also
          arrived at the scene and surrounded the village to prevent people from
          escaping. Allegedly, police and security personnel hindered an independent
          investigation of the incident. A list with the names of 167 victims reported
          to the Special Rapporteur may be consulted in the files of the Secretariat
          (29 July 1992) .
          113. In connection with this incident, the Special Rapporteur communicated to
          the Government of Bangladesh his wish to conduct an on-site mission to that
          country with a view to obtaining a full view of the situation, reporting
          thereon to the Commission on Human Rights and providing recommendations to
          help find a solution to the problem affecting the Chittagong Hill Tracts and
          prevent such incidents for the future.
          Other allegations
          114. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Bangladesh
          allegations concerning the extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary execution
          of 77 persons in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Shagor Basha Chakma, Buddho Chakma, Shanti Chakma and Gyan Roton
          Chakma were reportedly killed on 30 March 1992 when military personnel started
          firing at random in the tribal village of Boshontopara, Bulukhali Union,
          Rangamati District;
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 26
          (b) JIIupam Chakma (22), Borohuls Chakma (50), Mosi-tJ-Marma (20),
          Aungmrachu Marma (40) , Sashi Mohan Chakma (65), Nilmni Chakma (32) and
          Dhaleswari Chakma (55) were reportedly killed when the tribal village of
          Choto Dalu was attacked on 30 May 1992 by Bengali settlers and members of the
          village defence guards, allegedly instigated by the military. Law-enforcement
          personnel reportedly observed the incident without intervening;
          (c) Thirty-one persons were reportedly killed on 2 February 1992 when a
          bomb exploded on a motor boat which was on its way to Rangamati town. Members
          of the armed forces were said to have been responsible for the explosion.
          Thirty more tribal people were allegedly killed by Bengali settlers when they
          tried to swim to the shore;
          (d) Three persons were reportedly killed on 18 August 1992 in
          Chotodarogat when policemen shot at random into a crowd of people who had
          gathered around a shop in which a policeman accused of attempted robbery was
          held;
          (e) JIIiran Chakma was reportedly killed on 15 January 1992 while in
          military custody in Baraitali army camp (see above, para. 111) , allegedly
          after having been subjected to torture. It was further alleged that no
          inquiry into the case had been opened;
          (f) A man named Shukchand reportedly died on 20 March 1992 while in
          police custody in the village of Bheramara, Kushtia District. He was said to
          have been arrested after an incident in which members of the Range Reserve
          Police Force had allegedly opened fire on a crowd of people in Beshamara.
          Allegedly, no judicial or disciplinary measures have been taken in relation
          with his death.
          Communications received from the Government
          115. The Government of Bangladesh provided the Special Rapporteur with general
          information on the situation in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Efforts made by
          the Government to find a peaceful and constitutional solution to the problem
          of full integration of the tribal population in these areas, which accounts
          for 0.4 per cent of the total population of Bangladesh, were said to be
          continuously frustrated by a small group of tribal terrorists, the Shanti
          Bahini. It was stated that the Government had responded with a very
          restrained use of force to restore law and order in the area and to secure the
          life and property of the members of smaller tribes and the non-tribal
          population. Law enforcement agencies in the hill districts of Chittagong were
          operating under close supervision of the civil administration (6 July 1992) .
          116. In a more specific communication, in reply to the Special Rapporteur's
          urgent appeal concerning the massacre at Logang cluster village (see above
          para. 112), the Government of Bangladesh stated that the killing of some
          people in an attack by the Santi Bahini had led to a mob reprisal on
          10 April 1992. Under the Commission of Enquiry Act 1956, a one-member
          judicial commission consisting of Justice Sultan Hussain Khan was instituted
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 27
          to investigate the incident and determine the responsibilities. The Logang
          incident being an act of civil violence, and given the fact that a judicial
          inquiry was in process, the Government expressed its view that a visit by the
          Special Rapporteur would not be appropriate (9 September 1992) .
          117. In November 1992, the Government of Bangladesh informed the Special
          Rapporteur that the Enquiry Commission had submitted its report, which had
          been made public by the Government. The Enquiry Commission had, inter alia ,
          clearly established that “not a single case of extrajudicial execution ... or
          extralegal detention had been brought to the notice of the Commission”. It
          also stated that the number of deaths of tribal people had been “inflated and
          magnified in a section of international press”; they did “not exceed more than
          12 tribals and the number of huts burnt were admittedly about 500”. The
          Commission also established responsibility for the incident and recommended
          that the case should be thoroughly investigated by competent police officers
          of the Criminal Investigations Department (CID) . The Government declared
          itself fully satisfied with the findings and recommendations of the Commission
          and reiterated that no useful purpose would be served by any further
          investigation (24 November 1992) .
          118. Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1992/42, the Government
          of Bangladesh supplied information about acts of violence, including killings
          of tribal people and bomb attacks against villages, committed by tribal
          terrorists in the hill districts of Bardarban, Khagrachari and Rangamati
          between 12 December 1991 and 26 February 1992. The Government of Bangladesh
          also provided details about a total of 785 incidents of Shanti Bahini violence
          in the Chittagong Hill Tracts from 1976 to 1991.
          Bhutan
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          119. In reply to the allegations transmitted by the Special Rapporteur in
          1991, the Government of Bhutan had requested more detailed information so as
          to be in a position to conduct investigations into the alleged extrajudicial,
          summary or arbitrary execution of 185 persons (see E/CN.4/1992/30, para. 58).
          The Special Rapporteur requested the source of these allegations to provide
          him with additional details. Since the source did not supply any information,
          the Special Rapporteur considered that, at that stage, it was not possible to
          arrive at any conclusion as to the merits of the case and therefore decided
          not to pursue the matter further.
          Bolivia
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          120 The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Bolivia
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been received
          (E/cN.4/1992/30, paras. 62-63).
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 28
          Brazil
          121. The reports and allegations received by the Special Rapporteur indicate
          that violence arising out of land conflicts and violence against children and
          adolescents continue to be, as in former years, the main causes of
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions in Brazil.
          122. Rural violence is said to be rooted in the concentration of land
          ownership and income in the hands of a small number of rich and powerful
          landowners. This impedes the access of a larger number of people to small
          property and hinders modernization of the rural economy. Peasants, trade
          unionists and their advisers, human rights workers and other activists for
          agrarian reform are the main targets of human rights violations, which include
          death threats, assaults, abductions and killings. Often these are perpetrated
          by pistoleiros , gunmen hired by landowners. In some cases the involvement of
          members of the police was alleged. In spite of a new “Programa da Terra”
          (Plan for Land) announced by the Brazilian Government in January 1992, several
          reports indicate that little progress has been made to curb rural violence and
          promote land reform. In many cases it was alleged that the pistoleiros and
          police involved in human rights violations enjoy a high degree of impunity, as
          the authorities reportedly fail to investigate most of these cases and to
          provide effective protection to potential victims.
          123. Violence against children and adolescents was described as the second
          major cause of death threats and extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions in Brazil. According to figures published by the Federal Police,
          there were 4,611 recorded killings of children and adolescents between 1988
          and 1990. According to the Centro da Articula9ao de Popula9oes Marginalizadas
          (CEAP) , 442 children were killed in 1991. According to the reports received
          by the Special Rapporteur, street children are threatened, beaten, tortured -
          sometimes to death - and killed, either by police, death squads or private
          security agents virtually every day. Various sources report that only in very
          few cases are violators of the human rights of children brought to justice.
          The climate of impunity in which they act is said to be fostered by the
          absence of protection for witnesses and human rights workers, the collusion of
          some members of the police and the judiciary with members of death squads and
          long delays in judicial proceedings.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur :
          124. The Special Rapporteur communicated to the Government of Brazil
          allegations concerning violations of the right to life of at least 149
          persons, four of them minors. Nine cases allegedly constituted violations of
          the rights to freedom of opinion and expression, peaceful assembly and
          association. By sending 14 urgent appeals, the Special Rapporteur intervened
          on behalf of at least 144 persons. The remaining five cases were transmitted
          in a separate letter. The Government replied to almost all allegations,
          providing information concerning 137 persons (dates of communications in
          brackets) .
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 29
          Urgent appeals
          125. The persons listed below had reportedly received death threats or
          suffered attempts against their lives by pistoleiros :
          (a) Atanangildo de Deus (“Gatao”) , leader of the Federation of
          Agricultural Workers (FETAGRI) , and Expedito Pinheiro, peasant, after pressing
          for a thorough inquiry into the circumstances of the disappearance of two
          peasants, Domingos Mendes Cardoso and Joao, on 4 January 1992, in the region
          of Pimanteira, near Marab , state of Pars (24 June 1992) ;
          (b) Josefa Batista de Oliveira, her brother (first name unknown) ,
          Dimas S. Souza Neves and Leila S. Jacob Bisinoto, all four human rights
          workers at the Dom Maximo Biennes Diocesan Human Rights Centre in the city of
          C ceres, State of Mato Grosso, on 10 and 27 April 1992 (25 June 1992) ;
          (c) Mariano Domingos Freire, one of the leaders of the Associa9ao dos
          Pequenos Agricultores de Matagipe (Association of Smallholders of Matagipe) ,
          after demanding compensation for peasants who had lost their land owing to the
          construction of a hydroelectric dam in the region of Matagipe, on
          10 April 1992 (25 June 1992) ;
          (d) Jose Alves de Souza, Antonio Fernandes Pereira and Isaias Mendo9a
          Araujo, members of the Sindicato de Trabalhadores Rurais (Rural Workers Union)
          of Sitio Novo in the region known as Bico do Papagaio, Tocantins. Following
          death threats and two attempts against the life of Mr. Alves de Souza in 1985
          and 1991, they were reportedly placed under police protection, which was
          withdrawn later in 1991 although they had been informed by police that they
          should beware because they were on a death list. A third attempt on
          Mr. Alves de Souza's life reportedly took place on 10 April 1992
          (25 June 1992) ;
          (e) Rafael Jose Dos Santos, Cicero da Concei9ao Dos Santos, Damiao da
          Concei9ao Dos Santos and Jose Cosme da Concei9ao Dos Santos (14), all four
          sugar cane workers at the Usina Grande Vale, in the municipality of Neopolis,
          state of Sergipe, after they refused to leave their factory-owned homes before
          they were paid outstanding wages, on several occasions since March 1992
          (17 July 1992) ;
          (f) Jose Galindo and 2IIdr Luis Costa de Pula, President and legal
          advisor of the association Moradores do Barrio dos Metas, on repeated
          occasions in July 1992, after they had initiated proceedings aiming at the
          prosecution of two police officers allegedly involved in an attempt against
          the life of Claudio Dos Santos, former president of the association
          (27 July 1992) ;
          (g) Nivaldo Vieira do Nascimento, a member of the Comissao Pastoral da
          Terra (CPT) and the Rural Workers Union of Concei9ao do Araduaia, State of
          Pars, on 13 August 1992 (16 November 1992) ;
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 30
          (h) Luiz Francisco Fartas Moura, “Didi”, an activist of the Rural
          Workers Union of Buriti, Bico do Papagaio, Tocantins, in September 1992
          (25 September 1992) .
          126. The following persons had reportedly received death threats in connection
          with violence against children and adolescents:
          (a) Marilene Lima de Souza, Vera Li cia Flores, Edm ia da Silva Eusebio,
          Denise Vasconcelos, Euzilar Joana da Silva Oliveira, Edn ia Santos Cruz and
          Teresa Souza Costa, the mothers of some of the 11 children who had
          “disappeared” on 26 July 1992 from a farm in Mag , State of Rio de Janeiro,
          having being abducted by a group of armed men, after denouncing the kidnapping
          and actively campaigning for an investigation (4 March 1992) ;
          (b) Carlos Alberto Ivanir Dos Santos, Executive Secretary of CEAP, and
          human rights workers at the CEAP headquarters in Rio de Janeiro, on several
          occasions throughout 1992. On 13 June 1992, they were reportedly threatened
          with death if they did not refrain from denouncing acts of violence against
          street children. On 24 August 1992, Mr. Dos Santos was allegedly shot at by an
          officer of the Military Police who accused him of being a drug trafficker.
          The bullet reportedly missed him (17 July 1992) ;
          (c) Various collaborators of non-governmental organizations working with
          “street children” also reportedly received anonymous death threats in
          September 1992. One street educator, Jorge Antonio de Oliveira Filho of the
          Brazilian Institute for Social Health Innovations (IBISS) , died on
          5 November 1992 in circumstances that suggest the implication of police.
          After his death further death threats against collaborators of the institute
          and “street children” were received daily at IBISS offices (4 December 1992) .
          127. The Special Rapporteur also sent an urgent appeal on behalf of Caco
          Barcellos, a journalist who had allegedly received death threats after
          publishing, on 31 August 1992, a book in which he denounced the implication of
          some police officers in extrajudicial executions in Sao Paulo
          (25 September 1992) .
          128. The Special Rapporteur furthermore intervened after it had been reported
          to him that four men had been detained in Itapevi by the Sao Paulo State
          Military Police on 22 April 1991. One of them, Luiz Alexandre da Silva,
          allegedly died as a consequence of torture by civil police at Itapevi police
          station. Fears had been expressed to the Special Rapporteur that the life and
          physical integrity of the remaining three, Reginaldo Silva, Ironaldo Batista
          and a minor known as “Marquinhos”, were in danger (24 June 1992).
          129. The Special Rapporteur also requested the Brazilian authorities to take
          all the necessary steps to ensure the safety of Carlos Cabral Pereira, Roberto
          Neto da Silva and Orlando Canuto, all three trade-union leaders, and of
          Sebastiao Vieira, a local councillor, after reports had been received that the
          police protection that had been extended to these four men after repeated
          death threats and attempts against their lives would be withdrawn as of
          15 October 1992 (20 October 1992) .
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 31
          130. The Special Rapporteur sent another urgent appeal to the Government of
          Brazil concerning the alleged extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary execution by
          members of the Military Police of at least 111 prisoners at Pavillion 9 of the
          Casa da Deten9ao prison in Sao Paulo on 5 October 1992 (27 October 1992) .
          Other allegations :
          131. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Brazil
          information he had received about the killing of three minors
          (31 August 1992) :
          Jose Erivan da Silva (14) and Jose Fernandez de Almeida (15) were
          allegedly killed by two Military Police agents in cooperation with a
          landowner in Largato, State of Sergipe, on S May 1992. It was reported
          that their corpses presented marks of torture. No investigation into the
          case was said to have been conducted.
          Flavio Silva Dias, a minor, was reportedly killed on 28 October 1991 in
          Sergipe after having testified in criminal proceedings against a police
          official in connection with the murder of four street children in
          November 1990. Involvement of the security forces was alleged.
          132. Two more cases transmitted on 31 August 1992 concerned:
          The killing of Severo da Silva on 19 May 1992 in Santa Luzia, State of
          Maranhao, allegedly perpetrated by pistoleiros hired by the owner of the
          fazenda (estate) where he had worked. Allegedly, no investigation into
          the case was conducted.
          The killing of Fausto Ribeiro da Silva Filho on 13 August 1991 in
          Sao Miguel Paulista, Sao Paulo. It was alleged that two men charged with
          the crime had been released and that no one had been brought to justice.
          Communications received from the Government
          133. The Government of Brazil provided the Special Rapporteur with the
          following information.
          134. Concerning the measures adopted to protect the lives of the seven mothers
          of the children who had disappeared from Mag in June 1990 (see above,
          para. 126 (a)), police investigations had led to the accusation of five civil
          and military policemen, three of whom were under arrest by 1 May 1992. The
          case was then transmitted to the Judicial branch. The State Secretary of
          Rio de Janeiro's Civil Police had taken the necessary steps to ensure police
          protection for Mrs. Edneia Santos Cruz and Sonia Cristina Louren9o (whose name
          had not been reported to the Special Rapporteur) , who had identified the
          military policemen charged with the abduction of the children. Police
          protection had also been extended to the other six women, although they were
          not expected to be witnesses in the ongoing investigation
          (30 March, 1 May, 2 June and 6 July 1992) .
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 32
          135. Caco Barcellos, Josefa Batista de Oliveira et al. Carlos Alberto Ivanir
          Dos Santos and Mariano Domingos Freire were also granted police protection and
          investigations were opened to look into the allegations of intimidation and
          death threats against them. In the case of Carlos Alberto Ivanir Dos Santos,
          the investigations were carried out by the military justice, while his
          protection was ensured by civil police (10 and 13 November 1992) . Police
          protection was continued for Carlos Cabral Pereira, Roberto Neto da Silva,
          Orlando Canuto and Sebastiano Vieira.
          136. With regard to the following cases, the Ministry of Justice had requested
          the Secretariats of Public Security of the states concerned to carry out
          investigations: Rafael Jose dos Santos et al. and
          Luiz Francisco Fartas Moura (10 and 13 November 1992) and Severo da Silva
          (25 November 1992) .
          137. In the case of Jose Alvez de Souza, the investigation into the attempts
          on his life had led to the inculpation of one person. A special police
          officer was nominated to investigate acts of violence against rural workers,
          clergymen and the vicar of Sitio Novo, Tocantins State. The case was
          transmitted to the Judicial branch on 6 May 1992. After a further attempt on
          the life of Jose Alvez de Souza on 9 April 1992, a new police inquiry was
          opened. Aware of the close connection of violence in that region to land
          disputes and the agrarian structure, the National Institute for Colonization
          and Agrarian Reform (INCRA) expropriated the San Jose farm at Sitio Novo,
          where 62 peasant families will be settled, and subsidized several food,
          housing credit and agricultural assistance projects (13 November 1992) .
          138. Police investigations had led to the indictment of several persons
          charged with the murder of Erivan Jose da Silva and Jose Fernando Almeida,
          Flavio Silva Dias and Fausto Ribeiro da Silva Filho. All cases have been
          brought before the judicial branch (25 November 1992) .
          139. With regard to the events in Sao Paulo's Casa da Deten9ao on
          2 October 1992 (see above, para. 130), the authorities, appalled by the tragic
          consequences of the incident and aware of their responsibility for the lives
          of detainees under police custody, were carrying out the required
          investigations. Action already taken included an extraordinary session of the
          Council for the Defence of Human Rights (CDDPH) , which decided to establish a
          federal commission of inquiry, a visit to the prison by the Minister of
          Justice together with members of the aforementioned commission, the
          establishment of a State Secretariat for Penitentiary Affairs in Sao Paulo,
          the dismissal of several commanders, and an invitation by the State Governor
          to all non-governmental organizations active in the field of human rights to
          follow the investigations. Furthermore, the State Prosecutor publicly
          acknowledged the right of families of the inmates to a fair reparation, the
          National Council for Criminal and Penitentiary Police made sure that the
          detainees would testify freely in the current legal procedures and the
          Sao Paulo State Assembly established on 16 October 1992 a Parliamentary
          Commission of Inquiry (CPI) to define responsibilities for the incident within
          30 working days (11 November 1992) .
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 33
          Observations
          140. The Special Rapporteur recognizes the effort made by the Government of
          Brazil to provide information in reply to a large number of the allegations
          transmitted. In particular, he appreciates that police protection has been
          granted to persons under death threats. The steps and measures taken in
          response to the events at Sao Paulo's Casa da Deten9ao, as well as the opening
          of investigations into a number of other cases, seem to indicate the
          Government's willingness to ensure respect for the right to live. The Special
          Rapporteur hopes to be provided with the results of these measures as well as
          information concerning the remaining cases transmitted to the Government of
          Brazil.
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          141. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Brazil
          following up on the allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions that had been transmitted to that country in 1991.
          142. The Government of Brazil had provided replies to those allegations. In a
          number of cases, it had been stated that investigations were still under way.
          The Special Rapporteur asked the Government of Brazil to provide him with
          updated information, in particular about any decisions taken as a result of
          such proceedings and measures adopted as a consequence thereof
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 64-81) . In reply, the Government of Brazil stated
          that in the case of the alleged death threats against Antonio Rodrigues de
          Amorim (see E/CN.4/1992/30, para. 68) the police inquiry had been concluded
          and the judicial process filed after it was established that the threats had
          been made by a drunken man in the middle of a discussion. Another purported
          victim of death threats, Father Ricardo Rezende (see E/CN.4/1992/30, para 69) ,
          had declared to the press that the police protection extended to him since
          September 1991 had preserved his life and well-being. Decisions on the
          remaining cases were still pending in the courts (3 December 1992) .
          Burkina Faso
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          143. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Burkina Faso
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been received.
          Burundi
          144. The Special Rapporteur has received reports concerning human rights
          violations, including extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, in
          Burundi.
          145. Most human rights abuses are said to occur in the context of a violent
          conflict between the Hutu, who constitute the majority of the population, and
          the Tutsi. Although since Major Pierre Buyoya became President, in 1987,
          efforts towards a reconciliation of the two groups were said to have led to an
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 34
          improvement in the human rights situation in the country and to the
          institution of a Government composed of 50 per cent Tutsi and SO per cent
          Hutu, the security forces, in particular the army, are still said to be
          dominated by the Tutsi. Allegedly, they are responsible for a large number of
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions of members of the Hutu.
          146. According to the information that has come before the Special Rapporteur,
          in many instances human rights abuses by the security forces take place in
          reprisal for violent attacks by the illegal Hutu People's Liberation Party
          (PALIPEHUTU) , which was set up by Hutu exiles in the early 1980s to campaign
          against Tutsi domination. The Special Rapporteur also received information
          about the execution of the death penalty against PALIPEHUTU supporters,
          allegedly after trials which did not conform to the internationally recognized
          fair trial standards.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur :
          147. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Burundi
          allegations according to which at least 55 persons had suffered violations of
          their right to life. One case allegedly constituted a violation of the right
          to freedom of opinion and expression.
          Urgent appeals
          148. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of Burundi
          after he had received information according to which the following five people
          were sentenced to death in Bujumbara in two trials on S and 6 July 1992, in
          connection with the activities of PALIPEHUTU: B noit Ndikumana, Athanase
          Ndereyimana, Thomas Barwihigire, Ernest Nshirmirimana and Antoine Ntirabampa,
          Vice-President of PALIPEHUTU. According to the source, none of those tried
          had legal representation or were given an adequate opportunity to defend
          themselves. It was alleged that statements extracted from the defendants
          under torture may have been used as evidence to convict them (22 July 1992) .
          Other allegations
          149. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Burundi
          allegations he had received according to which more than SO persons may have
          lost their lives as victims of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          (31 August 1992) :
          (a) R novant Ndikumana, a journalist for the Burundi News Agency, was
          reportedly arrested by the military together with 13 other members of the Hutu
          ethnic group in late November 1991. He was said to have been shot dead at a
          military camp in Bujumbara. Reportedly, those responsible have not been
          brought to justice;
          (b) At least 30 people were said to have been killed when soldiers
          opened fire, apparently without provocation, on a group of people in Citiboke
          on 27 November 1991. The incident was said to have been a reprisal for
          violent attacks by PALIPEHUTU in November 1991 which reportedly led to the
          death of several Tutsi;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 35
          (c) Antoine Muhitira and 13 other people reportedly “disappeared” after
          being arrested and taken in military custody in late November and early
          December 1991 in Bujumbara. Antoine Muhitira was reportedly held at Gatumba
          barracks. Different sources had expressed concerns that he and the other
          detainees may have been extrajudicially executed.
          Communications received from the Government
          150. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Burundi.
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          151. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Burundi
          following up on an urgent appeal transmitted to that country in 1991, for
          which no reply had been received (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 85-87) .
          Cambodia
          152. The Special Rapporteur has received information according to which
          human rights abuses, including extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions,
          occurred in Cambodia during demonstrations that took place in Phnom Penh
          between 17 and 21 December 1991. The Special Rapporteur has also received
          reports about politically motivated violence against persons publicly opposing
          the Government, including some former prisoners who had been released after a
          Peace Agreement was signed in October 1991 by four Cambodian parties and
          representatives of 18 other countries.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          153. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Cambodia
          allegations according to which the Cambodian security forces had used
          excessive force, causing the death of at least 10 civilians, including one
          minor, and injuring many others during the demonstrations in December 1991 in
          Phnom Penh. Those reported killed are: Kim Phy (17), Yin Taorm, Mock Paeng,
          Tang Long and six unidentified persons. Reportedly, none of the
          demonstrators, who were protesting against corruption and against the arrest
          of students by the police, had been equipped with firearms, nor had any of
          those killed used Molotov cocktails. It was further reported that the
          Government did not carry out a full investigation into the incident and that
          no legal action was taken against the security forces personnel involved in
          the killings (18 September 1992) .
          154. The Special Rapporteur also communicated to the Government of Cambodia
          the case of Tea Bun Long, an official of the Cambodian Government, who was
          killed on 22 January 1992 in Phnom Penh, allegedly for having protested
          against corruption in the country's administration and criticized Chea Sim,
          the President of the National Assembly of Cambodia. It was also reported to
          the Special Rapporteur that Tea Bun Long had been involved in plans for
          founding a new opposition party. His assassination was said to have been
          politically motivated.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 36
          155. Copies of these allegations were sent to the United Nations Transitional
          Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) .
          Communications received from the Government
          156. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Cambodia.
          Cameroon
          157. The reports and allegations that have come before the Special Rapporteur
          indicate that since November 1991 as many as 70 common-law prisoners held on
          death row in Section II of the Tchollir prison camp in Northern Cameroon had
          died as a result of malnutrition and medical neglect.
          158. A report published in the national press in late June 1992 by the
          National Commission for Human Rights and Freedoms, a human rights organization
          established by the Government, confirmed that prisoners throughout Cameroon
          were kept in overcrowded and insanitary conditions, with an inadequate diet,
          without separate facilities for sick inmates, and that epidemics of scabies,
          tuberculosis and bronchitis were frequent. This Commission further reported
          that at Tchollir II over 130 prisoners under sentence of death were kept in
          chains, day and night, unable to leave their cells for exercise or fresh air,
          and that there was no medical care available, which meant that ill prisoners
          either recovered without treatment or died. It was alleged that these
          conditions at Tchollir II might be a deliberate method of provoking the death
          of inmates, or at least the result of very serious negligence on the part of
          the Cameroonian authorities.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          159. In the light of the reports about the situation in Tchollir prison camp,
          and after receiving further reports that up to 30 inmates suffering from
          tuberculosis were in a critical state of health, the Special Rapporteur sent
          an urgent appeal to the Government of Cameroon (7 August 1992) .
          160. The Special Rapporteur sent a second urgent appeal to the Government of
          Cameroon after receiving reports indicating that the life of Victorin Hamami
          Bieuleu, leader of the Union of Democratic Forces of Cameroon (UFDC) , was in
          serious danger. Although suffering from diabetes and in a deteriorating state
          of health, Mr. Bieuleu, who was said to be held in detention at the General
          Gendarmerie station in Yaound , was reportedly denied medical treatment and
          supplied only with insufficient and inadequate food. Fears were also
          expressed with regard to the situation of another detainee, Nyo Wakai, former
          President of the Supreme Court (17 November 1992) .
          161. On the same lines, the Special Rapporteur intervened on behalf of
          Alhadji Umaru Sakini and Joseph Ekosene, leader of UFDC, whose lives were also
          reported to be in danger (19 November 1992) .
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 37
          Communications received from the Government
          162. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government.
          Chad
          163. The reports and allegations that have come before the Special Rapporteur
          indicate that, following decades of civil war in the country, the
          demobilization of thousands of armed soldiers had led to an increase in
          criminal offences involving firearms, including murder and assault, as well as
          in alleged extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions of opponents and
          critics of the Government. Several hundred people, among them members of
          opposition movements, members of former President Habr 's Government and human
          rights workers, were reported to have been extrajudicially executed by members
          of the security forces since President Idriss D bry came to power in
          December 1990. Different observers have suggested that one of the factors
          contributing to the violence could be tensions between the Zaghawa and
          Hadjerai ethnic groups, the respective power bases of the present and previous
          governments.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          164. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Chad allegations
          he had received concerning the violation of the right to life of 52 persons.
          By sending two urgent appeals, he intervened on behalf of five persons. The
          remaining 47 cases were sent in a separate letter. The Government replied to
          the first urgent appeal.
          Urgent appeals
          165. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of Chad
          after receiving reports according to which Ahmed Seid Ali, Bisso Mahmadou,
          Director of the State-owned Chadian Electricity and Water Company, and
          Moussa Mahamat, founding member of the opposition Rally for Democracy and
          Progress (RDP) , had been shot on 11 January 1992 by members of the Chadian
          security forces, including the security police unit known as Centre for
          Investigation and Coordination of Intelligence (CRCR) , because they protested
          against their arrest, at night, by armed men who had no arrest or search
          warrants. In addition to the above three deaths, members of the security
          forces allegedly killed RDP activists who were reportedly targeted because of
          their peaceful opposition to the Government (30 January 1992) .
          166. The Special Rapporteur sent another urgent appeal to the Government of
          Chad after receiving information that Daoud Ahmat Cherif and Awat Abdou, both
          members of the Chadian security forces, had been sentenced to death for murder
          by a special military court on 18 August 1992. It was alleged that they had
          not been granted the right of appeal to a higher court and that their
          execution in public was imminent (14 September 1992) .
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 38
          Other allegations
          167. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Chad information
          he had received concerning the alleged extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          execution of at least 47 persons, including the following (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Assali Adil, Gabriel Belel, Dabon Mahamat and Etenna Issa, who were
          reportedly arrested on 13 October 1991 by members of the Chadian security
          forces, allegedly solely for their membership of the Hadjerai ethnic group.
          In the light of reports that at least 40 persons of the same ethnic origin had
          been extrajudicially executed by soldiers loyal to the Government, it was
          feared that they, too, might have been killed;
          (b) Joseph Behidi, lawyer and Vice-President of the Chadian Human Rights
          League, who was shot dead on 16 February 1992 by two off-duty soldiers,
          allegedly because he had defended the weekly newspaper N'djamena Hebdo against
          libel charges filed by the army;
          (c) Goukouni Guet, leader of the Movement for Democracy and Development,
          and Ahmet Saker Bidon, former Assistant Secretary of State for Foreign
          Affairs, who were reported to have been forcibly expatriated from Nigeria
          along with more than 40 other Chadian nationals in February 1992. In
          March 1992, the two were reported to have been extrajudicially executed by
          members of the Chadian security forces.
          Communications received from the Government
          168. The Government of Chad provided the Special Rapporteur with information
          in reply to his urgent appeal concerning the alleged killing by the Chadian
          security forces of three persons on 11 January 1992 (see above, para. 165) :
          On 8 and 11 January 1992, the security forces indeed took in 18 persons for
          questioning. Despite the warnings, some of those persons responded with the
          use of firearms, which resulted in the death of one police officer. The other
          members of the security forces were forced to return the fire in order to
          defend themselves. Mahmadou Bisso, Mahamat Seid Ali (not Ahmed Seid Ali) and
          Moussa Ali (not Moussa Mahamat) were killed. The Government of Chad published
          the list of those killed and of those arrested, who were released on
          24 January 1992 along with all other political prisoners (10 February 1992) .
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          169. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Chad following
          up on allegations transmitted in 1991, for which no reply had been received
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 89-90).
          Chile
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          170. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of Chile
          after he had received allegations according to which members of the Committee
          for the Defence of the Rights of the People (CODEPU) had received death
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 39
          threats on 29 January 1992. Reportedly, on that day members of a paramilitary
          group called “Nationalist Combat Front” had broken into the CODEPU offices in
          Santiago de Chile. After the assault, CODEPU had reportedly received nine
          threatening telephone calls from the same group (7 February 1992) .
          Communications received from the Government
          171. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Chile.
          China
          172. The information that has come before the Special Rapporteur indicates
          that human rights violations, including extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions, continue to occur in China.
          173. Several reports concerned the practice of the death penalty in China.
          Death sentences are said to be announced at mass sentencing rallies following
          trials which reportedly do not conform to the internationally recognized fair
          trial standards. In particular, defendants reportedly do not always have
          access to legal counsel, and if lawyers are available, they are said to have
          only one or two days in which to prepare the defence. Often, death sentences
          were said to be decided in advance of the trial by so-called “adjudication
          committees” whose decision was seldom challenged by the courts. In an
          increasing number of cases, capital punishment was said to have been imposed,
          and executed, for economic crimes.
          174. The Special Rapporteur also received information regarding continuing
          acts of violence by security forces leading to the death of Tibetans and
          members of the Roman Catholic Church. In this context, the Special Rapporteur
          would like to refer to the report presented to the Commission on Human Rights
          at its forty-eighth session by the Special Rapporteur appointed by the
          Commission in its resolution 1986/20 (E/CN.4/1992/52) , which deals with
          questions of intolerance and discrimination based on religion or belief.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          175. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of China information
          concerning the alleged extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary execution of
          40 persons. Two cases allegedly constituted violations of the right to
          freedom of opinion and expression, religion and peaceful assembly. By sending
          an urgent appeal, he intervened on behalf of three persons. The remaining 37
          cases were sent in a separate letter. The Government replied to all
          allegations.
          Urgent appeals
          176. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of China
          after receiving reports about the imminent execution of Li Wenhua, Liu Shulan
          and Hang (or Huang) Xuncai, who had reportedly been sentenced to death on
          23 January 1992 by a court in Beijing for economic offences, including
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 40
          embezzlement. It was reported that they had 10 days to lodge an appeal
          against this sentence before the Beijing Higher People's Court
          (4 February 1992) .
          Other allegations
          177. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of China the
          following allegations of the extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary execution of
          37 persons (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Thirty-five men and women were reportedly executed immediately after
          having been tried and sentenced to death for drug-related offences in a public
          stadium packed with 40,000 people. The trial procedures were said to have
          fallen short of minimum international standards for fair trial, in particular
          with regard to the guarantees of a proper defence;
          (b) Bishop Joseph Fan Cueyan, aged 86, a leading figure among Chinese
          underground catholics, reportedly died in police custody on 13 April 1992. It
          was alleged that he had been subjected to severe torture;
          (c) One monk from Drepung Monastery reportedly died in Gutsa Prison,
          Tibet, on 7 May 1992, allegedly after having been subjected to severe beating
          and torture. He was said to have been arrested by members of the security
          forces together with nine monks from Gaden Monastery when marching round the
          Jhokhang Tempel with a Tibetan flag.
          Communications received from the Government
          178. The Government of China replied to the allegations transmitted by the
          Special Rapporteur in 1992.
          179. In response to the urgent appeal, the Government supplied the following
          information: Li Wenhua, Pang Shuncai (not Hang Suncai) and Liu Shulan were
          sentenced to death for corruption and accepting bribes, in conformity with the
          Chinese Penal Code and the Supplementary Regulations on Suppression of the
          Crimes of Corruption and Bribery. Their sentences had been handed down, in
          accordance with the procedure laid down by Chinese law, after investigation,
          prosecution and open trial in the people's courts providing for ample rights
          to defence, which were fully exercised by the defendants. All three had
          lodged appeals with the Beijing's Municipal People's Higher Court. At the
          time of the reply (27 April 1992) , the Court was hearing those appeals. The
          ratification of a death sentence in the first or second instance for economic
          offences was mandatory before capital punishment could be carried out. The
          conviction of the three defendants was handed down in accordance with Chinese
          law and was consistent with the International Covenant for Civil and Political
          Rights and the Safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of those
          facing the death penalty approved by the Economic and Social Council on
          25 May 1984 (27 April 1992) .
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 41
          180. In reply to the other allegations, the following information was sent by
          the Government:
          (a) Four lamas (not 10) from Ganden (not Gaden) monastery had staged an
          unlawful incident in the streets of Lhasa and were removed from the scene by
          the Lhasa public security forces, in accordance with Chinese law. That one
          lama from Drepung monastery had died in Gutsa prison as a result of torture
          was pure rumour;
          (b) Smuggling, peddling, transporting or manufacturing opium in
          quantities of 1,000 grams or more, heroin in quantities of 50 grams or more,
          or other narcotics in large quantities, were punishable under Chinese law
          by 15 years' imprisonment, life imprisonment or the death penalty. The
          35 traffickers tried and sentenced to death in Kunming had dealt in and
          transported narcotics in large quantities. Their offences had been
          investigated, and the evidence was reliable. Hearings were conducted in
          accordance with trial procedures as established in the law, and the verdict
          was reviewed before the final judgment was delivered by the Yunnan People's
          Higher Court. There was no question of summary or arbitrary execution;
          (c) Bishop Fan Xueyan had been imprisoned from 1983 to 1987, when he was
          released on parole. In April 1992, he was admitted to hospital with pneumonia
          and other illnesses. Attempts to rescue him failed. Claims that he was
          tortured to death were completely untrue.
          181. The Government of China reiterated that extremely strict limits were
          imposed on the use of the death penalty in China, which was only applied to
          the most heinous criminals. Any final sentence of a court of second instance
          in a capital case tried in a court other than the Supreme People's Court had
          to be referred to the People's Supreme Court or to a people's high court duly
          empowered by the Supreme Court, for a thorough review of facts, evidence,
          verdict, sentence and trial procedure. Only after ratification did the
          sentence acquire legal force. Detection of a possible error, even after
          ratification, led to a stay of execution (26 October 1992) .
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          182. In reply to the allegations transmitted by the Special Rapporteur
          in 1991, the Government of China replied that there were no summary or
          arbitrary executions in China. There were narrow restrictions on the
          application of the death penalty, which was only imposed on a small number of
          highly vicious elements for grave breaches of Chinese criminal law. Death
          sentences were also subject to stringent review procedures. Upon
          investigations into allegations of Tibetans being tortured to death, it had
          been concluded that these were sheer fabrications. No religious figures had
          died under torture. (See E/cN.4/1992/30, paras. 91-98.)
          Observations
          183. The Special Rapporteur appreciates the will to cooperate shown by the
          Government of China by providing replies to all allegations transmitted both
          in 1991 and 1992. However, it must be noted that there are remarkable
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 42
          contradictions between the general denials contained in the replies of the
          Government of China concerning those allegations, and the precise and detailed
          allegations he had received from credible non-governmental sources.
          Consequently, the Special Rapporteur considers that it would not be possible
          to arrive at any conclusions as to the merits of these allegations without
          receiving more information concerning the factual aspects of these cases. The
          Special Rapporteur therefore decided to write to the Government of China,
          indicating that he would be prepared to undertake a visit to the country,
          should the Government issue an invitation.
          184. In so far as the application of the death penalty is concerned, the
          Special Rapporteur is especially concerned by the large number and broad
          range of offences subject to capital punishment. In one of its replies,
          the Government of China cited the 1979 Penal Code, according to which some
          21 off ences are punishable with death, including intentional homicide,
          aggravated rape, inciting a riot leading to death, disability or personal
          injury, robbery, arson leading to death or serious injury or major destruction
          of property and sabotage of public transport or utilities, as well as
          13 “crimes of counter-revolution” . Moreover, subsequent decisions of the
          Standing Committee of the National People's Congress have made many more
          off ences subject to the death penalty, among them fostering prostitution,
          traffic in persons, sale or production of pornographic books, smuggling
          (previously punishable by 3 to 10 years' imprisonment) and theft or export of
          cultural relics (previously punishable by imprisonment of 10 years to life) .
          Colombia
          185. The reports and allegations that have come before the Special Rapporteur
          indicate that excessive and arbitrary use of force by security forces as well
          as paramilitary groups and civilian “death squads” purportedly collaborating
          with them, so-called “social cleansing” activities and violence by the
          guerrilla and armed groups cooperating with drug traffickers are the main
          causes for the persisting human rights violations, including extrajudicial,
          summary or arbitrary executions, in Colombia.
          186. After the formal surrender of weapons in March 1990 by the
          “Movimiento 19 de JIIril”, three more guerrilla organizations began talks
          with the Government and demobilized their troops, handing over their weapons,
          in early 1991: the Popular Liberation Army (EPL), the Revolutionary Workers'
          Party and the indigenous peoples' organization Quintin Lame. A Commission on
          Ways to Overcome Violence was established to study the roots of violence in
          the regions where these three insurgent groups had been active. On
          4 July 1991, a new Constitution containing extensive references to human
          rights was introduced and the state of siege, in force since 1984, was lifted.
          187. Nevertheless, conditions for the continuation of human rights violations
          still exist. The failure, in May 1992, of peace negotiations which had
          started on 25 June 1991 between the Government and the Sim6n Bolivar National
          Guerrilla Coordinator (CNGSB) , a coordinating body of the oldest and largest
          guerrilla groups, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), the
          National Liberation Army (ELN) and a dissident faction of EPL, reportedly led
          to an intensification of the armed conflict and an increase in violence.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 43
          Between 10 and 16 July 1992, a state of conmoci6n interna (internal unrest)
          was imposed for six days in the entire country after a rise in terrorist
          activities by subversive groups and drug traffickers. A recrudescence of
          guerrilla activities was again reported after the celebration of Columbus'
          discovery of America in October 1992. On 8 November 1992, the Government
          again imposed the state of conmoci6n interna .
          188. As in former years, several human rights organizations drew the
          attention of the Special Rapporteur to the persisting and alarming trend of
          extrajudicial killings in Colombia against the background of ongoing political
          violence in the country. During the first six months of 1992, more than
          1,200 people were said to have been killed for political reasons or in
          so-called “social cleansing” activities. A large number of trade unionists,
          human rights workers, civic community workers and members of legal leftist
          parties, in particular the Patriotic Union (UP) , were said to have been among
          the victims of politically motivated executions and death threats.
          189. A large number of deaths were allegedly caused by excessive and arbitrary
          use of force by State agents. The armed forces, the police and various
          paramilitary groups and civilian “death squads”, many of them reportedly
          operating under the command or with the support of the Colombian security
          forces, were said to be responsible for many extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary killings. In particular, the Special Rapporteur received
          information concerning a high number of civilian casualties caused by the
          activities of paramilitary groups created and trained by the armed forces to
          cooperate with military units in counter-insurgency operations. Together with
          special counter-insurgency units of the armed forces, the so-called mobile
          brigades, these paramilitary forces are said to be responsible for a number of
          civilian deaths in rural areas where guerrilla groups are still active, such
          as the regions of Magdalena Medio (ELN) and Uribe/Meta (FARC) . Allegedly, all
          the inhabitants of such zones are considered by the military as potential
          supporters of the guerrilla and are therefore subjected to human rights
          violations, including execution.
          190. The Special Rapporteur also continued to receive reports concerning
          so-called “social cleansing” killings, that is, executions of prostitutes,
          beggars, street children, mentally deficient and other “socially undesirable”
          persons by death squads, which are often said to collaborate with the police.
          191. About 30 per cent of the attempts against lives in which the perpetrators
          could be identified were attributed to guerrilla activities. Violence arising
          out of drug trafficking, in particular, in the form of killings perpetrated by
          armed irregular groups, also called “private justice” groups, acting under the
          auspices of drug traffickers, also contributed to the persisting phenomenon of
          violations of the right to life.
          192. The Special Rapporteur was further informed that in most cases those
          responsible for human rights abuses were not brought to justice. According to
          the reports received, this applies in particular to the “mobile brigades”,
          which allegedly act with total disregard for the lives of civilians and enjoy
          virtual impunity. Figures published by the Office of the Attorney-General of
          the Nation in September 1991 indicate that from January 1990 to April 1991
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 44
          only a small number of armed forces or police personnel were sanctioned in
          disciplinary proceedings relating to more than 760 complaints of homicide and
          threats whose potential or proven authors were law enforcement officials:
          lists of charges were drawn up against 72 officials; 43 were punished, and in
          8.1 per cent of the proceedings an official disciplinary inquiry was opened
          into complaints of homicide; 4 members of the National Police and the armed
          forces were convicted for multiple homicide, 12 others were found guilty of
          threats. However, since late August 1992, some steps appear to have been
          taken towards investigation of human rights abuses: reportedly, judicial
          proceedings have been initiated against several members of the army and the
          police.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          193. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Colombia
          allegations he had received concerning the violation of the right to life of
          more than 215 persons. In three cases, the victims were said to be minors.
          Twenty-one cases allegedly constituted violations of the right to freedom of
          opinion and expression, religion or peaceful assembly and association. By
          sending 13 urgent appeals, the Special Rapporteur intervened on behalf of more
          than 32 persons. Allegations concerning violations of the right to life of a
          further 177 people were transmitted in a separate letter. The Government
          replied to nine of these cases.
          Urgent appeals
          194. The Special Rapporteur sent urgent appeals to the Government of Colombia
          after receiving reports concerning death threats and attempts on the lives of
          the following persons, reportedly for their membership of, or links with,
          human rights organizations, political groups or trade unions.
          195. On 15 January 1992, Fabio Velasquez and his two sons, Luis Fernando (17)
          and Oliverio, were reportedly abducted by armed men allegedly linked to the
          Colombian security forces at Puente Iglesia, Tarso, Antioquia. The corpses of
          Fabio and Luis Fernando Velasquez were said to have been found some days
          later. Fears were expressed that Oliverio Velasquez, whose whereabouts were
          not known, might also be at risk of execution (6 February 1992) .
          196. Blanca Cecilia Valero de Dur n, a secretary of the Human Rights
          Commission (CREDHOS) of Magdalena Medio, was reportedly assassinated on
          29 January 1992 in Barrancabermeja. The President of CREDHOS, Jorge G6mez
          Lizarazo, was said to have been subjected to death threats by paramilitary
          groups (7 February 1992) .
          197. A group of soldiers identifying themselves as members of the Intelligence
          Battalion “Charry Solano” reportedly searched the home of Hernando Cruz
          Modesto during his absence, asking his children about the whereabouts of their
          father and several other persons, including Hernando Cruz Modesto's brother, a
          leader of the National Farm Workers' Association (ANUC), on 15 February 1992.
          Hernando Cruz Modesto had allegedly suffered two earlier attempts on his life
          by security forces personnel (24 June 1992) .
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 45
          198. C sar Chaparro Nivia, trade unionist and active member of UP, was
          reportedly detained by members of the Department of State Security (DAS)
          on 29 February 1992 and died on 4 March 1992, allegedly as a consequence of
          torture inflicted upon him during interrogations at a DAS base in Bogota. His
          wife, Margarita Agudelo Alzate, and her brother, Hernando Agudelo Alzate, were
          said to have been subjected to death threats after reporting his death to the
          Colombian Procurator General (24 June 1992) .
          199. Leonardo Salazar Portilla, Juan Gustavo Zuluaga, Carmen Eliza Pereira,
          Carlos Arturo Ramos Minota and William Javier Almario Alvarez, all members of
          the Movement of Socialist Renewal (CRS) , were reportedly detained and executed
          by members of the security forces on 15 April 1992. Fears were expressed that
          a sixth person arrested, Aldemar Rodriguez Carvajal, whose whereabouts were
          unknown, might also be in danger of execution (25 June 1992) .
          200. In connection with the recrudescence of violence in mid-1992, it was
          reported that the Albergue Campesino de Barrancabermeja, a hostel for the
          temporary housing of displaced families of the Magdalena Medio region, had had
          to be closed in July 1992 after repeated death threats and acts of harassment
          and intimidation against its inhabitants by paramilitary forces linked to the
          XIV Brigade of the Colombian armed forces. A woman named Elvira Maria C6rdoba
          Quintana, who allegedly had been forced to work for a paramilitary group and
          identified those responsible for the threats against the Albergue, was found
          dead on 19 May 1992 (21 July 1992) .
          201. Death threats and attacks made against members of CREDHOS, including
          Jorge G6mez Lizarazo, Rafael G6mez Serrano and Joel Quiroga, were again
          reported in June 1992. Moreover, a former member of CREDHOS, Julio C sar
          Berrio Villegas, was said to have been killed by unknown gunmen linked to the
          security forces on 28 June 1992 (28 July 1992) .
          202. Raquel Judith Bernal Dueffias, a UP activist, and her brother Jorge Ernesto
          Bernal Dueffias, a teacher and trade unionist, reportedly suffered acts of
          intimidation and received death threats from members of the State security
          forces in October 1992 (29 October 1992) .
          203. Several national leaders of the opposition parties UP and Colombian
          Communist Party (PCC) , including Manuel Cepeda Vargas, Aida Abella and
          Alvaro V squez del Real, reportedly received death threats on repeated
          occasions during October 1992. Allegedly, UP had been informed that a
          paramilitary group based in Puerto Boyac , Santander, had been contracted to
          assassinate leaders of both parties (3 November 1992) .
          204. The Special Rapporteur sent another urgent appeal to the Government of
          Colombia after receiving information that members of the police and the
          military had opened fire indiscriminately and without provocation at
          participants in a demonstration held by farmers and indigenous people at
          Rio Blanco, near Popay n, Cauca, on 8 October 1992 (29 October 1992) .
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 46
          205. Two cases transmitted by the Special Rapporteur to the Government of
          Colombia concerned death threats against, and the execution of, civilians in
          the context of counter-insurgency operations carried out by the military and
          paramilitary forces cooperating with them:
          (a) Olivia Ballona and Avelino Dominguez, both regional leaders of ANUC
          in San Vicente de Chucuri, reportedly received death threats after reporting,
          in July 1992, to the local authorities acts of harassment and intimidation
          committed against farmers in the region by members of the Second Mobile
          Brigade of the Colombian Army and paramilitary forces acting under their
          command. During counter-insurgency operations, the farmers were allegedly
          threatened with death if they did not pay “taxes” to finance paramilitary
          groups or participate actively in paramilitary patrols. In September 1992,
          Octavio Sierra, a farmer resident in Pamplona, San Vicente de Chucuri, was
          reportedly threatened with death by members of the Second Mobile Brigade if he
          did not leave the region (15 October 1992) ;
          (b) On 2 October 1992, Hector Audelo Chaparro, Reynaldo Riveros
          Chaparro and Ismael Amaya were reportedly executed at Toquilla, Aquitania,
          Boyac , by a military patrol from the Tarqui Battalion based in Sogamoso. The
          soldiers were said to have arrived at the village with a list of 10 persons,
          all employees of a construction firm, among them Rosa Alvarado, Manuel Abella,
          Humberto Preciado and Dario Bonilla. Before leaving, the soldiers reportedly
          painted slogans on the walls according to which the FARC had carried out the
          operation (15 October 1992) .
          Other allegations
          206. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government the following cases
          of alleged extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions in Colombia
          (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Carolina Tombe and 19 other members of the indigenous community
          El Paez (names may be consulted in the files of the Secretariat) were
          reportedly killed on 16 December 1991 at “El Nib”, Caloto, Cauca, by a
          group of armed men. An investigation into the case by DAS was said to have
          confirmed the involvement of National Police agents in the case;
          (b) Carlos Edgar Torres Aparicio, Rodolfo Alvarez, both lawyers, and
          the anthropologist Etnio Vidardo, all three participating in an independent
          investigation of the massacre at “El Nib” on 16 December 1991, were
          reportedly killed on 8 January 1992 at their homes in Cali, Valle, by armed
          men, allegedly linked to the State security forces;
          (c) Hector Serrano Rocha was reportedly killed on 8 March 1991 by
          soldiers from a military patrol who detained him and took him to the military
          camp “El Triunfo” at El Mango, La Esmeralda, Arauca, where they tied him to a
          pole and fired on him;
          (d) Carlos Guegia was reportedly killed on 5 June 1992 at Restrepo,
          Valle del Cauca, by three armed men who had asked him his name. Allegedly, he
          had previously received death threats from members of the National Police;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 47
          (e) Wilmar Andr s Cardona (14) was reportedly found dead on
          21 July 1992 at Canteras de Colombia. After being injured by a taxi-driver,
          he was said to have been taken to the Santander Military Base in Medellin,
          where he was allegedly killed.
          207. The following cases concern deaths of civilians that were reported to
          the Special Rapporteur in the context of counter-insurgency operations
          (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Marta Cecilia Ayure Quintero (11) and two alleged members of FARC
          were reportedly killed on 13 May 1992 during an attack by members of the First
          Mobile Brigade of the Colombian Army on the home of her family at Vereda
          Santander, tJribe, Meta;
          (b) Tom s Cerinza Tunarosa and Salvador Rodriguez, both students,
          were reportedly killed on 14 May 1992 by soldiers of a military patrol near
          Paz de Ariporo, Arauca, who accused them of being guerrilleros, allegedly
          solely because their identity cards showed that they came from Arauquita;
          (c) Marlene de Jesi s Giraldo was reportedly killed on 24 November 1991
          during a military operation at Campo Vijao, Yondo, Antioquia.
          208. The Special Rapporteur also transmitted to the Government of Colombia the
          following cases of alleged violations of the right to life in the context of
          strikes in April 1992 (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Employees of Telecom, the Colombian Telecommunications, were
          reportedly threatened with death by members of the National Police for their
          participation in a strike from 22 to 27 April 1992 in Bogota, in protest
          against Government decisions affecting the firm;
          (b) Joaquin Maria Caicedo Angulo, an employee of Telecom, was
          reportedly found dead after he had disappeared on 18 April 1992 from Boacha,
          Bogota. Police involvement in his death was alleged;
          (c) Luis Enrique Lazaro Uribe and Luis Fernando Le6n, both members of
          the Colombian Oil Workers' Union (ECOPETROL), were reported to be among more
          than 120 persons extrajudicially executed in the region of Barrancabermeja
          since the beginning of 1992, allegedly by elements linked to the State
          security forces. Of those killed, 45 were said to have belonged to the same
          trade union.
          209. The following cases transmitted by the Special Rapporteur to the
          Government of Colombia concern the alleged extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          execution of eight persons for their membership of political parties, or human
          rights and other civic organizations (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Oscar Elias L6pez, lawyer and legal advisor to the Cauca Regional
          Indigenous Council (CRIC), was reportedly killed on 29 May 1992 by unknown
          assailants allegedly linked to the State security forces. It was reported
          that he and other lawyers cooperating with CRIC had received death threats
          before;
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 48
          (b) Hugo Varela Mondrag6n, lawyer and journalist, President of the
          National Body of Community Housing Organizations (CENPAVI) and former
          member of the peace negotiation commission established by ex-President
          Belisario Betancourt, was reportedly killed on 21 April 1992 in Palmira,
          Valle, by members of the F-2 Intelligence Unit of the Colombian Police;
          (c) Five members of the town government of El Castillo, Granada, Meta,
          Maria Mercedes M ndez, William Ocampo Castaflo, Rosa Peffia, Pedro Agudelo and
          Ernesto Saralde, all members of UP, were reportedly killed on 3 June 1992 by
          members of the armed forces when they were on their way back to El Castillo
          from a meeting with the Governor of the Department and the Commander of the
          VII Army Brigade at which they had reported death threats they had received
          from the military;
          (d) Ligia Patricia Cortez, a member of CREDHOS, Parmenio Ruiz,
          President of the San Silvestre Transport Company Drivers' Union, and
          Rena Tavera, a member of the ANUC, were reportedly assassinated on
          30 July 1992 at a restaurant in Barrancabermeja by three unknown assailants,
          allegedly linked to the State security forces.
          210. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Colombia the
          following cases of alleged death threats and extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions in which it was alleged that judicial investigations had
          been closed and that those responsible had not been brought to justice
          (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Juan Alberto Garay, reportedly killed on 2 October 1991 at Umbria,
          Risaralda;
          (b) David Florez Gonzalez, Secretary-General of the Santander Teachers'
          Union, Jose Angel Lasso Sierra, President of the Arauca Teachers' Association
          (ASEDAR) and Urbano Barreto Arenas and Enrique Pertuz, members of ASEDAR,
          reportedly subjected to death threats.
          Communications received from the Government
          211. The Government of Colombia provided the Special Rapporteur with
          information on the following cases:
          (a) Blanca Cecilia Valero de Dur n, killed on 29 January 1992: all
          investigative mechanisms to identify the intellectual and material authors of
          her killing were activated. An exhumation of her body was carried out at
          Barrancabermeja, and the testimony of 25 people was taken. However, a strike
          from 29 to 31 January 1992 hindered the investigation, which was nevertheless
          being carried out by the Preliminary Investigation Unit of Barrancabermeja
          (18 February 1992) ;
          (b) Jorge G6mez Lizarazo, Rafael G6mez Serrano and Joel Quiroga of
          CREDHOS (see above, para. 201) : personal protection was granted to them as
          of 10 February 1992 by DAS (18 February 1992) . The Government of Colombia
          further informed the Special Rapporteur that the protection of Jorge G6mez
          Lizarazo and members of his family DAS had been reinforced in early
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 49
          September 1992 and was now provided by four detectives of DAS and four
          agents of the Fiscalia Regional del Cuerpo OEcnico de Investigaci6n. One
          detective was said to have been injured during an attack against Jorge G6mez
          Lizarazo on 11 June 1992 (22 September 1992) ;
          (c) Fabio de Jesi s Velasquez and his sons Luis Fernando and Oliverio
          Velasquez Parra (see above para. 195) : investigations carried out by DAS had
          confirmed their arrest on 15 January 1992 by three armed men. Later, the
          bodies of Fabio de Jesi s and Luis Fernando Velasquez were found with marks
          of bullet impacts. It was impossible to find out the whereabouts of
          Oliverio Velasquez Parra. Judicial investigations were continued
          (19 March 1992) ;
          (d) Raquel Judith and Jorge Ernesto Bernal Dueffias (see above
          para. 202) : the competent authorities had been requested to provide the
          protection required. The purported victims should specify why they affirmed
          that the telephone threats were made by security forces personnel, and they
          should contact the Defensoria del Pueblo (18 November 1992) .
          212. In addition, the Government of Colombia informed the Special Rapporteur
          that the imposition of the state of internal unrest on 8 November 1992 was
          necessary to prevent the escape from justice of people charged with serious
          crimes. Following the lifting of the state of siege, a large number of
          prisoners, including some involved in terrorist activities, were about to be
          released, contrary to special norms concerning the deprivation of liberty
          (10 November 1992) .
          213. Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1992/42, the Government
          of Colombia supplied information about acts of violence leading to an
          increasing number of deaths of civilians and members of the security forces,
          committed by armed terrorist groups and armed irregular groups operating under
          the auspices of drug traffickers (see above para. 191) .
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in previous years
          214. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Colombia
          following up on allegations transmitted earlier as well as the recommendations
          made by the former Special Rapporteur after his on-site visit to that country
          in 1989. In this letter, the Special Rapporteur expressed his appreciation of
          the efforts made by the Colombian authorities to ensure the right to life by
          providing police protection to a number of persons under death threats. On
          the other hand, the Special Rapporteur also expressed his concern at reports
          about continued human rights violations, including extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions. In almost all cases, information supplied by the
          Government of Colombia seemed to indicate that, even when investigations were
          ordered and preliminary inquiries opened, in most cases those responsible were
          not sanctioned nor did the families of the victims receive any compensation.
          This is especially preoccupying since the conviction of the authors of
          executions is indispensable for bringing to an end the climate of impunity
          which constitutes one of the main problems in Colombia.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 50
          215. The Special Rapporteur requested the Government of Colombia to provide
          him with additional and updated information concerning the cases which, at
          the time of the reply, were still under investigation, as well as those for
          which no reply had been received so far from the competent authorities.
          The Special Rapporteur also conveyed to the Government of Colombia his
          availability for a second visit to the country to ensure the effective
          follow-up of the recommendations made after the first visit and to assist
          the authorities in their efforts to ensure effective protection of the right
          to life.
          Cuba
          216. The Special Rapporteur has received reports and allegations concerning
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions in Cuba. Several reports
          concerned cases of capital punishment after trials in which the defendants
          allegedly did not benefit from all the internationally recognized safeguards
          and guarantees for fair trial. Procedural shortcomings reportedly affected
          their right to adequate legal representation and to dispose of sufficient time
          to prepare their defence.
          217. The Special Rapporteur has also received allegations concerning deaths
          due to the excessive use of force by members of the police and the military.
          Moreover, as in former years, he has continued to receive reports about death
          threats against human rights activists.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          218. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Cuba information
          he had received concerning the alleged violation of the right to life of
          11 persons. Two cases allegedly constituted violations of the right to
          freedom of opinion and expression and peaceful assembly and association. By
          sending two urgent appeals, the Special Rapporteur intervened on behalf of
          five persons. The remaining six cases were sent in a separate letter. The
          Government replied to all allegations.
          Urgent appeals
          219. Both urgent appeals sent to the Government of Cuba regarded the alleged
          imminent execution of death sentences:
          (a) Daniel Santovenia Fernandez, Pedro de la Caridad Alvarez Pedroso
          and Eduardo Diaz Betancourt had reportedly been convicted of sabotage against
          the Government and sentenced to death on 11 January 1992 in a trial that was
          said to have lasted only seven hours (15 January 1992) ;
          (b) Luis Miguel Almeida Perez and Rena Salmer6n Mendoza had reportedly
          been convicted of pirateria (piracy) and murder and sentenced to death by a
          State Security Tribunal in Havana. It was alleged that their lawyers had not
          been independent (11 February 1992) .
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 51
          Other allegations
          220. Three persons had reportedly died as a result of excessive use of force
          by law enforcement officials (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Jose Manuel Meja was reportedly killed in May 1992 when he passed
          the entrance of the military unit Vaca Muerta, San Antonio de los BaThos, on
          his motorcycle in search of gasoline. It was alleged that the soldiers did
          not give a warning before shooting him in the back at close range;
          (b) B rbaro O'Reilly was reportedly killed by a policeman in Ciudad de
          Mor6n, Ciego de Avila, in October 1991. According to the source, he had
          reproached the policeman for beating a person;
          (c) Jose Francisco GonIIlez Campo was reportedly shot dead on
          10 May 1992 by a police officer who had arrested him after a bicycle accident
          in the Parraga district of Havana.
          221. One case transmitted by the Special Rapporteur to the Government
          of Cuba concerned the alleged death in custody as a result of torture of
          Angel Luis Merencio Perez, who had reportedly been arrested in October 1991 in
          Ceballos, Mor6n, Ciego de Avila, when he could not present his identity card
          to a policeman who asked for it. His body allegedly showed marks of beatings.
          It was further alleged that the authorities did not open any investigation
          into the case.
          222. The Special Rapporteur also transmitted to the Government of Cuba two
          cases in which human rights activists had reportedly received death threats
          (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Juan Betancourt Morej6n, Secretary-General of the Cuban Human
          Rights Party (PPDHC) , was reportedly approached in the street in Havana on
          21 February 1992 by two men who held a revolver to his head and pulled the
          trigger, telling him that next time the gun would be loaded and that he should
          not continue his human rights activities. It was alleged that the assailants
          were linked to the State security forces;
          (b) Jorge Amores Diaz, Vice-President of PPDHC, was reportedly
          threatened with death by two high-ranking State security officials who stopped
          him in the street in Havana in February 1992.
          Communications received from the Government
          223. The Government of Cuba provided the Special Rapporteur with replies to
          all the cases transmitted in 1992, sending him the following information.
          Urgent appeals
          224. Daniel Santov nia Fernandez, Pedro de la Caridad Pedroso and Eduardo
          Diaz Betancourt were sentenced to death, after trial in which all procedural
          safeguards were respected, for propaganda enemiga (enemy propaganda) , sabotaje
          (sabotage) and terrorismo (terrorism) and illegal entry into Cuba with the
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 52
          intention of carrying out these crimes, in conformity with articles 103, 104,
          105, 106 and 124 of the Cuban Penal Code. All three defendants benefited from
          legal representation. Their conviction was based on the declarations of
          three witnesses, the confiscation of weapons and explosives and their
          confessions in which they had admitted their responsibility. The death
          sentences of Daniel Sant6venia Fernandez and Pedro de la Caridad Pedroso were
          commuted on appeal to 30 years' imprisonment. Eduardo Diaz Betancourt was
          executed (28 January 1992) .
          225. Luis Miguel Almeida Perez and Rena Salmer6n Mendoza were convicted of
          murder for piracy and sabotage and sentenced to death, in conformity with
          article 29 of the Cuban Penal Code. Both had legal representation chosen by
          their families. The death sentences were confirmed in the second instance.
          At the time of the reply, the cases were being heard by the State Council
          (24 February 1992) .
          Other allegations
          226. None of the deaths reported was caused by extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary execution; they were isolated instances. Where excessive use of
          force by security forces personnel was established, those responsible were
          sanctioned in conformity with the law (6 November 1992) :
          (a) Jose Manuel Mija (not Meja) was surprised when he tried to steal
          gasoline and tried to run away towards other military zones to which access
          was prohibited. He did not obey orders to stop nor warning shots until he was
          finally reached by a bullet that caused his death;
          (b) B rbaro Herrada Diez (not O'Reilly) was killed when Sergeant Juan
          Carlos Ramos Escalero fired shots into the air during a discussion with a
          third person. One of these shots killed him. The sergeant was sentenced to
          12 years' imprisonment, in conformity with Cuban law.
          (c) JIIgel Luis Merencio Perez was detained on 22 September 1991. He
          was injured during a fight with a fellow prisoner and died while being treated
          at a medical centre. The prisoner responsible for his death was sentenced to
          five years' imprisonment. Although not directly involved, one prison
          official, Eusebio Rios Gonzalez, was sanctioned for negligence in the process
          that led to Merencio Perez' death;
          (d) Juan Betancourt Morej6n and Jorge Amores Diaz: the allegations
          were false. Betancourt Morej6n left Cuba on 24 April 1992, Amores Diaz during
          the month of July 1992;
          (e) Jose Francisco GonIIlez Sampa tried to steal a bicycle on
          10 May 1992 and was prevented from doing so by Police Sector Chief Juan
          GonIIlez Rego. When he attacked the latter with a machete, the policeman
          fired a shot that killed him. A judicial investigation (case 335/1992)
          established that Juan Gonzalez Rego had used excessive force in the exercise
          of his functions, and he was sentenced to three years' imprisonment.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 53
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          227. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Cuba following
          up on the allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          that had been transmitted to that country in 1991 (see E/cN.4/1992/30,
          paras. 133-137) .
          228. The Government of Cuba had provided replies to these allegations,
          indicating that judicial investigation had led to the conviction and
          imprisonment of several members of the security forces for excessive use
          of force, while others had been acquitted, having acted in legitimate
          self-defence. In two cases, it was stated that investigations were still
          under way. The Special Rapporteur requested the Government of Cuba to provide
          him with updated information, in particular concerning any decisions taken as
          a result of such proceedings and measures adopted as a consequence thereof.
          Observations
          229. The Special Rapporteur welcomes the willingness to cooperate shown by the
          Government of Cuba by providing him with detailed information in reply to all
          allegations transmitted both in 1991 and 1992. The Special Rapporteur has
          noted with satisfaction that judicial investigations have been carried out in
          most of the cases, leading to the conviction and imprisonment of law
          enforcement officials who had used excessive force. As concerns the
          application of the death penalty, the Special Rapporteur has transmitted the
          replies provided by the Government of Cuba to the sources that had alleged
          irregularities in the trial procedures, asking them to forward comments and
          observations. A full assessment of these cases will be presented to the
          Commission on Human Rights at its fiftieth session.
          Dominican Republic
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          230. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of the
          Dominican Republic after he had received information according to which
          the police had used lethal force against demonstrators in Santo Domingo.
          Rafael Efrain Ortiz, the President of the Dominican Human Rights Committee,
          was reportedly killed on 20 September 1992 and one 17-year-old youth on
          23 September 1992 (27 October 1992) .
          Communications received from the Government
          231. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of the Dominican Republic.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 54
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          232. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of the Dominican
          Republic following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been
          received (see E/CN.4/1992/30, para. 139) .
          Egypt
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          233. The Special Rapporteur has received reports according to which three men
          were killed in the village of Bassarta, Governorate of Domyat, in late
          December 1991 or early January 1992. Allegedly, Central Police troops had
          been surrounding the village since 24 December 1991. The Special Rapporteur
          transmitted these cases to the Government of Egypt. The names of the persons
          killed were reported to him as follows: Ez El Din El Ashar, Eid El Shabrawi
          and Taha Lofti El Genadi.
          Communications received from the Government
          234. The Government of Egypt informed the Special Rapporteur that the three
          aforementioned persons formed part of a group of 20 terrorist extremists who
          had attacked two coffee-houses and a furnishing store in the town of Damietta
          on 12 December 1991 and attempted to kidnap the son of one of the officers
          responsible for monitoring and dealing with terrorist extremist activities on
          19 December 1991. On 25 December 1991, the police were informed that the
          wanted fugitives were hiding in a house near the village of Al-Basar Taha
          near Damietta. Police units surrounded the house. The terrorists opened
          fire on them and threw explosives, injuring one policeman and forcing the
          police to take action against them. Izz ed-Din Muhammad al-Ashgar, Taha Lutfi
          al-Junaidi and Eid al-Shubrawi Fath al-Bab were killed. The Department of
          Public Prosecutions conducted an investigation and decided to refer the matter
          to the Criminal Court, which recognized the lawfulness of all measures taken
          by the law enforcement agencies.
          235. The Government of Egypt also informed the Special Rapporteur about the
          constitutional, legal and international safeguards for human rights and
          freedoms in Egypt and referred, in particular, to the inspection and control
          of the conduct and behaviour of law enforcement officials of the Ministry of
          the Interior. It was also stated that allegations of human rights abuses made
          in reports of international and regional organizations were investigated by a
          joint committee of the ministries and other governmental bodies, and that all
          the various branches of law were taught at the Egyptian Police Academy, where
          a separate department had been established for studies and research on human
          rights (23 November 1992) .
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 55
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          236. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Egypt following
          up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991 for which no reply had been received from
          the Government (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 143-144) .
          El Salvador
          237. The reports and allegations that have come before the Special Rapporteur
          indicate that human rights violations, including extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions, continue to occur in El Salvador despite the signing of
          a peace agreement on 16 January 1992 and the subsequent cessation of
          hostilities after 12 years of armed conflict between the Government of
          El Salvador and the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) , which
          caused more than 75,000 deaths.
          238. According to the peace agreement, the FMLN agreed to demobilize its
          forces in exchange for a wide range of political, electoral, military,
          judicial and socio-economic reforms and the creation of new mechanisms for the
          protection of human rights. During the third round of negotiations, held in
          San Jose, Costa Rica, from 20 to 26 July 1990, the Government and FMLN signed
          a human rights agreement by which the two parties undertook to respect
          elementary human rights. The agreement also provided for the establishment
          of an international verification procedure within the framework of a
          United Nations mission. Pursuant to the San Jose Agreement of 26 July 1990,
          the Salvadorian armed forces have established various procedures governing
          arrest and the rights of detainees. Furthermore, members of the armed forces
          and the security forces continued to receive regular instruction on human
          rights and international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts.
          239. During a further round of negotiations in Mexico City from
          4 to 27 April 1991, agreement was reached concerning amendments to several
          articles of the Salvadorian Constitution with a view, inter alia , to
          strengthening respect for and protection of human rights. The establishment
          of a National Civil Police under the control of civilian authorities was
          agreed on, as well as the institution of a Commission on the Truth to
          investigate serious acts of violence that have occurred since 1980. This
          Commission was established on 13 July 1992. It will deliver its report on
          13 January 1993. The Ombudsman for Human Rights started his activities
          on 27 July 1992.
          240. Nevertheless, the Special Rapporteur continued to receive allegations
          concerning violations of the right to life. Reportedly, between January and
          May 1992, the Human Rights Division of the United Nations Observer Mission in
          El Salvador (ONUSAL) received allegations concerning the death of 105 persons.
          Deaths that occurred in the western and central regions of El Salvador were
          often attributed to excessive and arbitrary use of force and firearms by
          members of the Servicio Territorial (Territorial Service) , groups of armed
          civilians collaborating with the armed forces, and members of the now
          disbanded Civil Defence Forces. In other regions of the country, some of the
          killings reported to ONUSAL were said to be common crimes.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 56
          241. Despite the efforts made by the authorities, which included the
          disbanding of certain military units and security forces notorious for human
          rights violations, the Special Rapporteur received a number of reports
          concerning killings and acts of harassment and intimidation perpetrated by
          members of the security forces and so-called “death squads”, allegedly created
          by or linked to the Salvadorian security forces or operating with their
          acquiescence. Members of trade unions, often accused by the security forces
          of being linked with the armed opposition, were repeatedly said to be targets
          of killings and threats. The Special Rapporteur also received allegations of
          violations of the right to life committed by members of the security forces
          against members and suspected supporters of FMLN. Members of FMLN were also
          reported to be responsible for a large number of killings and attempts against
          the lives of security forces personnel and civilians, often in the context of
          armed assaults.
          242. In a large number of cases, it was reported to the Special Rapporteur
          that the Salvadorian authorities failed to investigate thoroughly alleged
          human rights abuses and identify and bring to justice those responsible.
          Several sources expressed their concern that this might undermine the
          effectiveness of the human rights-related reforms resulting from the peace
          accords.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          243. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of El Salvador
          information he had received concerning violations of the right to life of
          43 persons, including two minors; 14 cases allegedly constituted violations of
          the right to freedom of opinion and expression, religion, and peaceful
          assembly and association. The Special Rapporteur intervened on behalf of
          19 persons by sending five urgent appeals; the remaining 24 cases were
          transmitted in a separate letter. The Government provided information
          regarding eight cases.
          244. Copies of these allegations were made available to the Human Rights
          Division of ONUSAL, which, in turn, provided the Special Rapporteur with
          useful information. The Special Rapporteur has also received information
          regarding a number of cases of alleged extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions gathered by the independent Expert of the Commission on Human
          Rights on the situation of human rights in El Salvador during his visit
          to the country in September 1992. These cases are summarized in the
          interim report of the independent Expert to the General Assembly at its
          forty-seventh session (A/47/596) . The Special Rapporteur transmitted
          these cases to the Government of El Salvador in November 1992, asking the
          authorities to provide him with information. Given the late date of
          transmittal, they will be included in his report to the Commission on
          Human Rights at its fiftieth session in 1994.
          Urgent appeals
          245. The Special Rapporteur sent four urgent appeals to the Government of
          El Salvador concerning death threats and attempts against the lives of the
          following persons:
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 57
          (a) The following 11 members of the Protestant National Council of
          Churches (CNI) received written death threats on 7 January 1992 from a group
          called “Secret Army of National Salvation” for their alleged financial and
          logistical support to FMLN during the armed conflict: Victoriano Jimeno,
          Medardo G6mez, Hugo Magaffia, Flora Carolina Fuentes, Carlos N jera,
          Roberto Palacios, Julio C sar Grande, Ignacio Meza, Santiago Flores,
          Luis Serrano and Angel Ibarra. Roberto Palacios and Ignacio Meza had
          allegedly already been subjected to threats (28 January 1992);
          (b) Death threats were reportedly made in late March 1992 against
          Lucia de la Paz Bonilla, mother of Nazario de Jesi s Gracias, a trade unionist
          allegedly assassinated on 2 March 1992 by members of a death squad linked to
          the Salvadorian armed forces. Lucia de la Paz Bonilla reportedly received a
          visit by two armed men after she had been visited by members of ONUSAL who
          were investigating the case of her son (24 June 1992) ;
          (c) Salvador Ivan Ramirez, Conflicts Secretary of the National Trade
          Union Federation of Salvadorian Workers (FENASTRAS) , was reportedly killed on
          31 July 1992 and death threats made against other members of FENASTRAS,
          including its Secretary-General, Juan Jose Huezo, and Miguel Alfredo Ramirez.
          A death squad called “White Hand” was said to be responsible for the killing
          of Salvador Ivan Ramirez, who had reportedly received death threats on several
          occasions since his return from exile in 1991 (21 August 1992) ;
          (d) Jose Eduardo Pineda Valenzuela reportedly suffered an attempt
          against his life on 31 July 1992. Shortly before, Jose Eduardo Pineda
          Valenzuela had joined the office of the Ombudsman for Human Rights after
          having participated, in his capacity as member of the Human Rights Department
          of the Office of the Attorney General of El Salvador in the trial against nine
          members of the military accused of the murder of six Jesuit priests and
          two women in 1989. Reportedly, on 17 August 1992 the wife of Jose Eduardo
          Pineda Valenzuela, who was injured and remained partially paralysed after the
          attempt, was threatened with death by the same armed men if she cooperated
          with the investigators of the case. In the same urgent appeal, the
          Special Rapporteur expressed concern at reports about attempts against the
          life of Reyes Tom s Martinez Ramos, FMLN General Coordinator of the Usulut n
          Reconstruction Commission, in July and August 1992 (14 September 1992) .
          246. The Special Rapporteur sent another urgent appeal to the Government of
          El Salvador after receiving information that on 23 October 1992 Cesar Vielman
          Joya Martinez had been extradited to this country by the authorities of the
          United States of America (see below para. 631) and was held at Mariona prison.
          Mr. Joya Martinez had repeatedly claimed to have been a member of the
          so-called “death squads” of the Salvadorian Army, and the information in his
          possession was said to incriminate various persons. Fears for his safety had
          been expressed (1 December 1992) .
          Other allegations
          247. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of El Salvador the
          following allegations of the extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary execution of
          24 persons (31 August 1992) :
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 58
          (a) Jose Samuel Fuentes Marroquin, by members of the National Police
          and soldiers of the Cavalry Regiment on 25 September 1991 in Lourdes, Col6n,
          La Libertad. Allegedly, the Attorney General's Office has not responded to
          the denunciation of the case by the victim's mother;
          (b) Francisco Antonio Ventura V squez and Marlene Cristina M ndez
          V squez, on 28 September 1991 by soldiers from Military Detachment No. 2 at
          Ciudad Sensuntepeque, Cabaffias. Their bodies were said to have shown signs of
          torture;
          (c) Wilfredo Guill n Garcia, by a former member of the National Guard
          on 29 September 1991 in Lourdes, Col6n, La Libertad. Allegedly, the murderer,
          who had been identified, was not arrested although an arrest warrant had been
          issued;
          (d) Jorge Alberto Aguirre L6pez, by members of the police on
          4 October 1991 at the police prison El Congo, Cant6n El Zacatal, Coatepeque,
          after having been arrested for deserting the army;
          (e) Victor Eduardo Olmedo Escobar, on 18 December 1991 by members of
          the Marine Infantry Battalion (ElM) when he did not obey an order to stop at
          Acajutla, Sonsonate;
          (f) Mauricio Santamaria, Jorge Alberto Alvarez Corvera and
          Carlos Hern ndez Paredes, on 20 December 1991 by soldiers from the Guzman Lara
          Battalion of the Cavalry Regiment, at Finca San Antonio, Talnique;
          (g) Jorge Antonio Mejia Rivera, on 29 December 1991 by soldiers from
          the First Infantry Brigade at Cuscatancingo, San Salvador;
          (h) Nicol s Rodriguez Rivera, when he got off a bus on 19 January 1992
          at Sensunetepeque, Cabaffias, by a soldier from Military Detachment No. 2;
          (i) Nora Marleni Bolaffios Rodriguez, on 24 January 1992 in San Salvador
          (Mejicanos) by members of the National Police who had tried to rape her;
          (j) Edwin Omar de Paz GonIIlez, judge at El Puerto de la Libertad, on
          3 February 1992 by members of a death squad on the road to El Puerto de la
          Libertad, Ciudad Nueva de San Salvador;
          (k) Celestino Flores, on 3 February 1992 by armed men allegedly linked
          to paramilitary forces, at his home in San Pablo Tacachico;
          (1) Pedro Luis Medrano P&ez, on 10 February 1992 by heavily armed men
          allegedly linked to paramilitary forces who abducted him when he was waiting
          for a bus at El Congo, Department of Santa Ana. On the following day, his
          body was said to have been found in the street bearing marks of beating;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 59
          (m) Juan Francisco Cruz Ventura, on 29 February 1992 by an agent of the
          National Police who had detained him in the street at Poblaci6n de Berlin,
          tJsulut n, while he was running away from a man who had threatened him with a
          grenade. Allegedly, members of his family were threatened by the police if
          they continued to investigate his death;
          (n) Fabian Umaffia Ruiz, on 12 March 1992 by unknown armed men allegedly
          linked to paramilitary forces at his home in Apastepeque, San Vicente;
          (o) Carlos Humberto Reinoza Hurtado and Jorge Alejandro Reinoza
          Hurtado (14) , on 21 March 1992 at Finca Patricia, Chalchuapa, by armed men
          linked to paramilitary forces;
          (p) Alicia Guadalupe Portillo Lovo and Emedino Chavez L6pez, reportedly
          found dead on 7 April 1992 at San Luis Tutultepeque, Nejapa, allegedly after
          having been killed by unknown persons linked to the security forces;
          (q) Jose Elias Martinez Mulato, on 16 April 1992 at his home in Nueva
          San Salvador, La Libertad, by a group of soldiers from the Salvadorian Army;
          (r) JIIdres Roberto Oliva Gavidia, on 6 May 1992 at Ciudad de
          San Vicente, allegedly by members of the military;
          (s) Tom s David Espaffia Garcia, on 8 May 1992 by unknown persons
          allegedly linked to the security forces at Texistepeque, Santa Ana;
          (t) Dolores Alberto Serrano Aguirre (14) , on 11 May 1992 by guards of
          the Hacienda Veracruz, Cant6n San Francisco Zaragoza, allegedly for supporting
          the guerrillas;
          (u) Jose Salvador Calder6n Escobar reportedly died on 17 May 1992 as a
          consequence of injuries inflicted upon him during detention at the municipal
          police station of Soyapango, San Salvador, where he was allegedly subjected to
          heavy beating.
          Communications received from the Government
          248. The Government of El Salvador provided the Special Rapporteur with
          information in reply to the following cases:
          (a) Concerning Mirtala L6pez and others (see E/CN.4/1992/38,
          paras. 155-158) , the FAS was a “phantom” organization; there was no
          information on this group. This type of death threat, received by some trade
          unionists and political leaders, had not materialized; none of them had
          suffered any harm so far. Those affected had refused to accept the protection
          offered to them by the security forces. Allegations before international
          organizations thus had the sole aim of disparaging the Government and its
          armed forces (14 January 1992) ;
          (b) Jose Palacios was arrested on 19 November 1991 by members of the
          National Guard on suspicion of supporting the guerrillas. He was handed over
          to the Sixth Criminal Court of San Salvador. During his detention he had not
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 60
          suffered any ill-treatment. Jose Ignacio Meza was arrested by National Guard
          personnel who found him in possession of Marxist-Leninist literature and
          200 M-16 rifle cartridges. After he admitted being an active member of the
          FMLN he was handed over to the court of first instance at Cojutepeque
          (21 April 1992) ;
          (c) Salvador Ivan Ramirez was killed on 31 July 1992 at the cafeteria
          “El Portal” in Redondel Masferrer by David Armando Flores Romero, who was
          arrested by the police on 27 August 1992 and identified by witnesses of the
          incident. He was said to have confessed to having committed the murder for
          private reasons (23 September 1992) ;
          249. Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1992/42, the Government
          of El Salvador submitted a large number of notes verbales concerning numerous
          acts of violence, including killings and death threats, committed by members
          of the FMLN.
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          250. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of El Salvador
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          that had been transmitted to that country in 1991.
          251. The Government of El Salvador had provided the Special Rapporteur with a
          reply on one of these cases (see E/CN.4/1992/30, para. 166) . The
          Special Rapporteur requested the Government of El Salvador to provide him with
          information concerning the cases for which no reply had been received.
          Equatorial Guinea
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          Urgent appeals
          252. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of
          Equatorial Guinea concerning Norberto Ndong Abia, a member of the presidential
          security guard, who was reportedly sentenced to death for murder on 23 or
          24 November 1992 by a military tribunal. It was alleged that those sentenced
          to death by such courts do not have the opportunity to exercise their right to
          appeal (4 December 1992) .
          Other allegations
          253. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Equatorial Guinea
          two cases of alleged death in detention as a result of torture
          (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Alberto Alogo reportedly died in early 1990 after having been
          subjected to torture at a police station in Bata;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 61
          (b) Diosdado Abaga Nvo reportedly died on 5 July 1992 after having been
          tortured by members of the police in Malabo. It was alleged that high-ranking
          government officials were involved in this case. Reportedly, a trial that
          took place after his death did not have consequences for those responsible.
          Communications received from the Government
          254. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Equatorial Guinea.
          Ethiopia
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          255. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of
          Ethiopia after receiving allegations according to which four leaders of the
          Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP) , Tsegaye Gebremedhin,
          Yisehak Bebretsion, Belete Amena and Sitotaw Husseing, were in danger of
          extrajudicial execution. The four were said to have been part of a group of
          23 Ethiopian refugees residing in a transit camp in the Sudan who had been
          handed over by Sudanese security forces to the Ethiopian authorities. While
          19 of them had reportedly been released or were about to be released, these
          four remained in detention at Azezo prison, near Gorder. In the light of
          reports that other leaders of their party had disappeared after being taken
          into custody, fears for their lives were expressed (24 July 1992) .
          Communications received from the Government
          256. The Government of Ethiopia provided the Special Rapporteur with
          information in reply to the aforementioned urgent appeal. The Government
          corrected the names of the four EPRP leaders in detention, stating that from
          the thrust of the communication it was obvious that the reference was to
          Said Hassen, Said Daud, Beyene Gura and Meshesha Moges. These four,
          commanders of the military wing of the EPRP, had not been handed over by
          Sudanese security forces but were apprehended while engaged in unlawful
          military activities in the western part of Ethiopia. Their case was under
          investigation by the competent authorities and they were enjoying every
          protection and all the amenities accorded to detainees under various
          international human rights instruments and the Code of Criminal Procedure of
          Ethiopia. The detainees were awaiting a fair trial. The reports that other
          EPRP leaders had been executed were unfounded and untrue (4 November 1992) .
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          257. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Ethiopia
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991. No reply had been received from the
          Government. The Special Rapporteur requested the Government to provide him
          with information concerning these allegations (see E/CN.4/1992/30,
          paras. 175-180) .
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 62
          Ghana
          258. The Special Rapporteur has received reports indicating that procedures
          leading to the imposition of the death penalty in Ghana were not in conformity
          with all internationally recognized safeguards and restrictions relating to
          capital punishment.
          259. Most of the death sentences in Ghana are said to be passed by the Public
          Tribunals, special courts established by the present military government in
          1982 under the Public Tribunals Law of 1982 (Provisional National Defence
          Council (PNDC) Law 24) . It has been alleged that in practice there is no
          established or binding procedure for cases presented before these tribunals.
          JII amendment to PNDC Law 24 in August 1984 (PNDC Law 78) reportedly instituted
          a National Public Tribunal as a higher court and instance of appeal. The
          National Public Tribunal also tries cases itself and hears appeals against its
          own decisions, sitting as National Appeals Tribunal. Allegedly, judges
          hearing the appeal may be the same as those who imposed the death sentence
          challenged on appeal. Moreover, it was alleged that the members of the
          tribunals, appointed by PNDC, are not fully independent and are not required
          to have legal training. However, no reports were received about the carrying
          out of death sentences in Ghana.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          260. The Special Rapporteur transmitted two cases to the Government of Ghana
          (31 August 1992) . Both concerned death sentences passed on:
          (a) Kofi Ntorie, convicted of murder and sentenced to death by the
          Western Regional Public Tribunal on 18 January 1992; and
          (b) Kwaku Duroh, convicted of murder and sentenced to death by the
          Ashanti Regional Public Tribunal in January 1992.
          Communications received from the Government
          261. The Government of Ghana provided the Special Rapporteur with information
          concerning the cases mentioned in the preceding paragraph, stating that
          neither of the two men had so far been executed (2 November 1992) .
          (a) Kofi Ntorie was tried by the Western Regional Public Tribunal,
          convicted of murder and sentenced to death on 18 December 1991. He was not
          represented by counsel because several requests for representation by the
          Legal Aid Council were not heeded. He will not be executed until he has gone
          through two stages of appeal (Appeal and Review) . Even though, if filed now,
          an appeal would be “out of time”, it would still be considered;
          (b) Kwaku Duroh was duly tried and represented by competent counsel
          throughout his trial. He was convicted on 13 January 1992 by a panel of three
          presided over by a lawyer. An appeal against this sentence was filed on
          16 January 1992, within the statutory period. He will not be executed until
          the Appellate and Review Division confirms the decision.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 63
          Grenada
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          262. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Grenada
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been received
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 185-188) .
          Guatemala
          263. The reports and allegations that have come before the Special Rapporteur
          indicate that widespread human rights violations for political reasons,
          including extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, continue to occur in
          Guatemala.
          264. Although the overall figures regarding extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary killings seem to have declined in 1992 (the accounts presented by
          different human rights organizations vary between 186 and 388 extrajudicial,
          summary or arbitrary executions during the first six months of 1992) , the
          Special Rapporteur still received an alarming number of alleged violations of
          the right to life. According to the reports, these continued to be committed
          by members of the armed forces, the civil defence patrols (PAC) , agents of
          various police units and so-called “death squads” allegedly collaborating with
          them. The Special Rapporteur also received reports of killings carried out by
          members of the guerrilla group National Revolutionary Unit of
          Guatemala (tJNRG) .
          265. Violations of the right to life continued to occur against the background
          of the armed conflict between the Government and UNRG. Peace negotiations
          that started in 1991 reportedly reached a deadlock over human rights issues,
          while armed confrontations between the military and the guerrillas were said
          to persist. Several cases of civilian casualties as a consequence of army
          attacks on villages as part of the Government's counter-insurgency strategy
          were reported to the Special Rapporteur in early 1992.
          266. As in past years, those most often reported as victims of death threats,
          acts of harassment and intimidation and killings imputed to the State security
          forces and their collaborators were persons linked to trade unions and
          political opposition groups, members of organizations that represent
          indigenous people, human rights activists, peasants, students, academics,
          journalists and street children. Violence against the last was said to have
          persisted. A special task force of the police was created in February 1992,
          reportedly to combat common crime, the so-called Hunapi (Hunters) , comprised
          of members of the National Police, the Treasury Police and the Mobile Military
          Police (PMA) . Hunapi agents as well as members of private security firms
          operating under licence of the National Police and the Ministry of the
          Interior were repeatedly said to be responsible for violence against street
          children and those working with them, particularly those affiliated with the
          Casa Alianza (Covenant House) .
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 64
          267. An alarming number of alleged death threats and attacks against, and
          killings of, university students and teachers, in particular of San Carlos
          University (USAC) in Guatemala City, was reported to the Special Rapporteur
          throughout the year. The attention of the Special Rapporteur was also
          repeatedly drawn to violations of the right to life of members of several
          human rights groups, trade unions and other civic organizations including the
          following: the Centre for the Investigation, Study and Promotion of Human
          Rights (CIEPRODH), the Mutual Support Group for the Appearance of Our
          Relatives Alive (GAN) , the National Coordination of Guatemalan Widows
          (CONAVIGUA) , the Council of Ethnic Communities “We are all Equal” (CERJ) , the
          National Union of Guatemalan Workers (UNISTRAGUA), the National Electrical
          Workers' Union (STINDE) and the University Students' Association (AEU) .
          268. Concerning rural areas, the Special Rapporteur received information to
          the effect that peasants, especially from the indigenous communities,
          continued to suffer acts of harassment, intimidation and death threats after
          refusing to join the ostensibly voluntary civilian defence patrols.
          269. The Special Rapporteur received further information according to which
          these human rights violations took place in a climate of impunity. It was
          alleged that only in very few cases were judicial proceedings initiated which
          led to the identification and conviction of those responsible for human rights
          violation. In particular, the civil defence patrols are said to operate with
          impunity. The Special Rapporteur also received several reports concerning
          acts of intimidation and harassment and death threats to deter relatives of
          victims of human rights abuses and witnesses in legal proceedings from
          denouncing human rights violations and/or providing testimony against members
          of the security forces or those collaborating with them.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur :
          270. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Guatemala
          information that had come before him concerning the alleged violation of the
          right to life of at least 100 persons. In eight cases, the victims were said
          to be minors. Twenty-five cases allegedly constituted violations of the right
          to freedom of expression and opinion, religion, and peaceful assembly and
          association. The Special Rapporteur intervened on behalf of more than
          60 persons by sending 20 urgent appeals. Allegations concerning violations of
          the right to life of at least 40 persons were sent in a separate letter. The
          Government provided information regarding 52 persons.
          Urgent appeals
          271. Relatives of the anthropologist and human rights activist
          Myrna Mack Chang, assassinated in September 1991, and journalists covering the
          judicial proceedings against those presumed to be responsible for her death,
          reportedly received death threats during late 1991, and early 1992
          (9 January 1992) .
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 65
          272. Florencio Coj Garcia, Guadalupe Coj Garcia, Manuel Chingo de la Cruz,
          Mariano de la Cruz and 11 others, all members of the Quiche indigenous
          community in Tunaj , Zacualpa, El Quiche, were reportedly threatened by
          military personnel in January 1992 in connection with the exhumation of
          clandestine cemeteries in Tunaj in December 1991 (7 February 1992) .
          273. On 26 January 1992, a leaflet containing death threats signed by a death
          squad called “Anti-Communist Unit” was reportedly handed to Armando Sanchez,
          Secretary-General of the National Federation of State Workers' Trade Unions in
          Guatemala (FENASTEG) . The text also threatened the following persons:
          Amilcar M ndez, President of CERJ, Byron Morales, Coordinator of UNISTRAGUA,
          Rosalinda Tuyuc, President of CONAVIGUA, Nineth Montenegro de Garcia,
          President of GAM, and Juan Mendoza, a leader of the Farmers' Unity Committee.
          On 31 January 1992, Rosa Pu G6mez, member of CONAVIGUA, was reportedly
          threatened in the street by an armed man who accused her of being a member of
          the FARC or the Rebel Armed Forces (17 February 1992) .
          274. Francisco Tziac, a 16-year-old “street child”, was reportedly subjected
          to continuous acts of harassment and threats after he had witnessed the murder
          of his friend Naham n Carmona by four police officers on 4 March 1990. On
          18 December 1991, he was said to have been abducted by police and threatened
          with death but managed to escape (17 February 1992) .
          275. Roberto Yancor and Jorge Ramirez, both members of the Quetzaltenango
          Workers' Union, the “Praxis” theatre group and different students'
          associations, reportedly received anonymous telephone calls and written death
          threats signed by a death squad called “Secret Anti-Communist Army” on various
          occasions since September 1991. The same death squad reportedly also
          threatened another trade unionist, Jose Mercedes Sotz Cat of Guatemala City
          (24 June 1992) .
          276. Pedro Us Soc, assistant professor at USAC and leading member of the
          Guatemalan Teachers' Association and the National Teachers' Assembly, and his
          wife Florindalma Ixtahual n, secretary in an indigenous organization, both
          members of the Quiche indigenous group, reportedly received death threats on
          various occasions between September 1991 and March 1992. It was alleged that
          these threats were related to the killing of Manuel Estuardo Peffia, a professor
          at USAC, on 10 February 1992, allegedly by members of the security forces.
          (24 June 1992) .
          277. On 12 March 1992, David Estuardo Mejia Paz (17) was reportedly abducted
          by armed men who interrogated him about the whereabouts of his brother
          Axel Mejia Paz, a collaborator of Casa Alianza, whom they threatened to kill.
          Axel Mejia Paz had been the principal witness in proceedings against 13
          members of the police unit Civic Protection System accused of beating up three
          street children on 7 November 1991 (24 June 1992) .
          278. Londy Urizar, a receptionist at Casa Alianza, reportedly received
          anonymous telephone death threats on 8 May 1992 at the Casa Alianza
          administrative offices. Allegedly, these threats and other previous incidents
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 66
          were related to the denunciation of human rights violations committed by
          members of the security forces against street children and Casa Alianza
          collaborators (24 June 1992) .
          279. Jose Alberto Nerio Osorio, teacher and delegate of CIEPRODH, reportedly
          suffered an attempt on his life on 17 May 1992 by unidentified armed men
          allegedly linked to the security forces (25 June 1992) .
          280. On 31 May 1992, the mother of Dr. Carlos Le6n Medrano, a member of the
          Quiche indigenous group, reportedly received a telephone call threatening her
          son and recommending that he leave Chichicastenango. Some days before,
          members of the armed forces had reportedly inquired as to his whereabouts.
          Fears for his safety were expressed (26 June 1992) .
          281. Adelina L6pez Castillo, mother of one of 11 persons whose dead bodies had
          been found in Escuintla, Puerto Quetyal, in August 1991, reportedly received
          death threats by the military in connection with accusations against
          six soldiers presumed to be responsible for the killing of the 11 persons.
          Other members of the family were also said to have been threatened
          (27 July 1992) .
          282. Humberto Fuentes Morales, a trade unionist, was said to have suffered
          acts of harassment and intimidation in June 1992, reportedly in connection
          with his participation in labour contract negotiations (4 July 1992) .
          283. Two “street children”, Byron Geovanni Castillo (14) and
          Jose Chicauja (15) , were reportedly abducted, beaten and threatened with death
          by members of a Hunapi patrol on 4 August 1992 in Guatemala City
          (31 August 1992) .
          284. Maritza Urrutia Garcia was reportedly abducted in Guatemala City by
          members of the armed forces on 23 July 1992 and later forced to confess to
          being a member of “subversive organizations” . Since her release, in late
          July 1992, Maritza Urrutia Garcia and members of her family were allegedly
          placed under continuous surveillance by security forces personnel. Fears for
          her safety were expressed (31 August 1992) .
          285. The Special Rapporteur sent a second urgent appeal on behalf of
          Maritza Urrutia Garcia and 12 members of her family, including three minors
          (names may be consulted in the files of the secretariat) after he received
          additional information in October 1992 indicating that death threats continued
          to be made to them by members of the armed forces (20 October 1992) .
          286. Various members of AEU at USAC, including Axel Morales, Otto Perez,
          Julio Sajche, Hugo Gudiel and Otto Peralta, the President of AEU, reportedly
          received death threats from members of the security forces on various
          occasions between May and October 1992, allegedly in relation with their
          involvement in legal proceedings against some members of Hunapi accused of
          being responsible for the death of USAC student Julio Cuc Quim on
          10 April 1992. Threats were also said to have been made against relatives of
          students who had been injured in this incident (16 October 1992) .
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 67
          287. Two minors of the Kakchikel indigenous group, Cristina Par (17) and
          Matea Par (16) , were reportedly attacked and threatened with death by three
          armed persons said to be linked to the security forces on 19 October 1992 in
          Guatemala City, allegedly for their participation in street celebrations of
          the Nobel Peace Prize award to Rigoberta Menchi two days before
          (29 October 1992) .
          288. An urgent appeal was sent after fears had been expressed for the safety
          of Ronalth Ivan Ochaeta, Director of the Human Rights Office of the
          Archbishopric of Guatemala Amilcar M ndez tJrizar, Director of CERJ, and
          Factor M ndez Doninelli, Director of CIEPRODH. Reportedly, they had been
          accused, in November 1992 by the President, the Minister of Defence in
          Guatemala and others, of having links with the guerrillas (1 December 1992) .
          289. Maria “Myriam” Buthy Dard6n Tejada, the wife of Amilcar M ndez tJrizar,
          and otehr members of her family have reportedly been subjected to death
          threaths and acts of harassment on various occasions since late October 1992
          (4 December 1992) .
          290. In addition, the Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the
          Government of Guatemala after he had received reports concerning the imminent
          execution of the soldier Nicol s Guti&rez Cruz on 18 August 1992. According
          to the information received, Nicol s Guti&rez Cruz had been convicted of the
          murder of four peasants in Ciudad Peronia on 16 January 1992 and sentenced to
          30 years' imprisonment. The death sentence was said to have been imposed on
          appeal. Several procedural shortcomings were alleged (18 August 1992).
          Other allegations
          291. The following cases transmitted by the Special Rapporteur concern the
          alleged extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary killing of university teachers and
          students (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Manuel Estuardo Peffia, a professor at USAC and local community
          worker in Zone 12 of Guatemala City, on 10 February 1992 by three armed men
          allegedly linked to the security forces;
          (b) Julio Cuc Quim, a student at USAC, on 10 April 1992, when members
          of Hunapi reportedly opened fire on a group of students who were preparing the
          “Huelga de Dolores”, an annual students' demonstration. Thirty-two members of
          Hunapi were said to have been arrested and an investigation into the case was
          opened;
          (c) 2IIdr s Ramirez Lara, a professor at USAC, on 14 May 1992, by two
          gunmen allegedly linked to the security forces;
          (d) Juan Jose Arana Paz, a student at USAC, on 14 May 1992, reportedly
          some hours after the killing of Andr s Ramirez Lara, by the same gunmen;
          (e) Rodnery Rodriguez Valdizon, Emilio Gonzalez Guerra and Luis Morales
          Zavala, students at USAC, on 5 July 1992, by several men armed with
          machine-guns, allegedly linked to the security forces.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 68
          292. The following cases concern alleged violations of the right to life by
          members of the civil defence patrols (31 August 1992) :
          (a) In January 1991, the inhabitants of Chontal , Santa Cruz del
          Quiche, were reportedly threatened with death by members of PAC to deter them
          from denouncing the existence of clandestine cemeteries in the area;
          (b) Manuel Chumil M ndez (17), Consuelo Ruiz and Maria Luisa Ruiz, all
          members of GAN, were reportedly threatened with death by a local PAC leader at
          Sacpulup, Chichicastenango, on 20 March 1992;
          (c) Death threats were reportedly made by members of the PAC against
          members of human rights organizations in San Pedro Jocopilas, El Quiche, in
          early April 1992;
          (d) Pedro Raguez was reportedly killed on 9 April 1992 by members of a
          PAC patrol in San Pedro Jocopilas, El Quiche, allegedly for having refused to
          participate in PAC activities.
          293. The following cases concern alleged violations of the right to life of
          civilians in the context of counter-insurgency activities by the military
          (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Miguel Garcia Julaju, Antonio Sacalxot, Esteban Coche Xicay,
          Francisco Garcia Chingo, Felipe Petzey (10) and one unidentified person were
          reportedly killed on 9 February 1992 during an army attack between Patulul and
          Santiago Atitlan, Pochuta, Solola;
          (b) Farmers of Aldea las Pozas, Sayaxche, Pet n, were reportedly forced
          by the military under death threats to denounce thefts supposedly committed by
          insurgents in the area;
          (c) Attacks in which the military allegedly used heavy shelling,
          helicopter gunships and fighter planes were reported to have occurred at
          Parcelamientos Santo Tom s and San Lucas, Ixc n, El Quiche (17 January 1992),
          Parcelamiento San Lucas, Ixc n, El Quiche (19 January 1992) , Parcelamiento
          Cuarto Pueblo, Ixc n, El Quiche (19 January and 22 March 1992) , Parcelamiento
          Mayaland, El Quiche (23 March 1992) .
          294. Other cases of alleged violations of the right to life were transmitted
          by the Special Rapporteur to the Government of Guatemala (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Odilio Blanco Barahona, Director of the Centre for Cooperative
          Studies, was reportedly killed on 9 January 1992 in Guatemala City by armed
          men allegedly linked to the security forces;
          (b) Concepci6n Sagastume Cortez and Amilcar Garcia were reportedly
          killed on 10 January 1992 by armed men allegedly linked to the security forces
          near the military zone of Jutiapa;
          (c) Juli n Ordoffiez de Paz, Cruz del Carmen Morales Medio and
          Justo Ixmay M ndez were reportedly killed on 14 January 1992 in San Miguel
          Dueffias, Sacatepequez, by armed men allegedly linked to the security forces;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 69
          (d) Jaime M rida was reportedly killed on 15 January 1992 in Guatemala
          City by three armed men, allegedly linked to the security forces;
          (e) Francisco Jax L6pez, Juan Xan Calel, Juan Calel Grade and Juan Xan
          Santizo (10) were reportedly killed on 16 January 1992 in Ciudad Peronia,
          Mixco, by soldiers of the Guatemalan Army including Nicol s Guti&rez Cruz,
          who was later tried and sentenced to death (see above para. 290) ;
          (f) John Sanford Meyers was reportedly killed on 26 January 1992 at
          Panajachel, Godinez, Solola, by an armed man allegedly linked to the security
          forces;
          295. The following allegations of death threats and intimidation were also
          forwarded to the Government of Guatemala (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Silvino Vel zquez and Leonel Guti rrez, journalists,
          Ernesto Rolando Corzantes Cruz, court official, and Jose L6pez Mendoza, head
          of the Prosecutor's Office of the Public Ministry, reportedly received
          telephone death threats between late December 1991 and January 1992 in
          relation with their involvement in the proceedings following the assassination
          of Myrna Mack Chang in September 1990;
          (b) Carlos Humberto Perez was reportedly subjected to death threats and
          acts of intimidation in February 1992; he was said to have reported these acts
          to the authorities but allegedly was not granted any help or protection;
          (c) Several members of the Administrative and Education Services
          Workers' Union were reportedly subjected to death threats in March 1992 by
          armed men allegedly linked to the security forces;
          (d) Fredy Noel Berganza Bojorques was reportedly subjected to death
          threats and acts of intimidation by armed men allegedly linked to the security
          forces in early April 1992 after he had denounced instances of corruption in
          relation to a government project on funding of agricultural development;
          (e) Otto Leonel GonIIlez Nuffiez was reportedly threatened with death by
          a member of the Public Works Directorate in the Department of Zacapa after he
          had requested, in April 1992, an investigation into the utilization of funds
          granted to the directorate for infrastructural projects.
          Communications received from the Government
          296. The Government of Guatemala provided the Special Rapporteur with
          information concerning the following cases:
          (a) Rosa Pu G6mez, Rosalinda Tuyuc, Nineth Montenegro de Garcia,
          Amilcar M ndez Urizar, Byron Morales, Armando Sanchez, Juan Mendoza and
          Francisco Tziac. Investigations had not revealed any evidence indicating that
          these persons had been a target of death threats. Only Amilcar M ndez
          repeatedly declared that he received threats; however, when asked to file a
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 70
          formal complaint in court he stated that he had no time to do so. He did not
          cooperate with the authorities in trying to establish the origin of the
          threats (30 March 1992 and 21 April 1992) ;
          (b) Florencio Coj Garcia, Guadalupe Coj Garcia, Manuel Chingo de la
          Cruz, Mariano de la Cruz and 11 other members of the Quiche indigenous
          community of Tunaj . Investigations had revealed that no judicial proceedings
          had been opened before the competent courts, since no formal complaint had
          been filed concerning the alleged threats (30 March 1992 and 21 April 1992) ;
          (c) Maritza Ninette Urrutia Garcia. All pertinent investigations had
          been carried out to establish the truth with regard to this case.
          Mrs. Urrutia Garcia had applied for political amnesty at the Attorney
          General's Office for having been a member of an armed insurgent group. Her
          disappearance over several days formed part of her strategy to quit the
          subversive movement. The Attorney General notified her father that she was
          under the protection of his Office and he accompanied her to the competent
          judge, where she repeated her declarations. After returning to the Attorney
          General's Office, Maritza Urrutia Garcia held a press conference. She then
          left with her father and her brother and returned to her home, where several
          members of the Human Rights Office of the Archbishopric of Guatemala were
          waiting for her and took away her daughter. Maritza Urrutia Garcia, who had
          requested discreet protection of her home, applied for a passport, which was
          granted to her immediately. Later, the Public Ministry, as representative of
          the State, initiated criminal proceedings to establish whether the allegations
          that Maritza Urrutia Garcia had been abducted or illegally detained were
          justified. Mrs. Urrutia Garcia was summoned to testify in court on
          7 August 1992 but left Guatemala on the morning of the same day. The
          Government of Guatemala asserted that there was no evidence of any abduction
          or illegal detention (21 September 1992) .
          297. With regard to the following cases, criminal procedures were under way:
          Aridr s Ramirez Lara, Juan Jose Aranda Paz, Manuel Estuardo Peffia, Pedro Raguex
          (not Raguez), John Sanford Meyers, Jose Antonio L6pez Mendoza,
          Rodnery Rodriguez Valdiz6n et al . (6 November 1992) .
          298. Judicial investigations had led to the indictment of persons suspected of
          being responsible for killings or death threats in the cases of:
          (a) Miguel Garcia Julaj, Antonio Sacalxot, Esteban Coche Xicay,
          Francisco Garcia Chingo, Felipe Petzey and one unidentified person, found dead
          on 9 February 1992 on the road leading from Pochuta to Santiago Atitl n.
          Criminal procedures had revealed that those killed had travelled on a bus that
          was assaulted by common criminals. Four persons were arrested and charged
          with murder. An arrest warrant for three further persons was issued
          (6 November 1992) ;
          (b) Julio Cu Quim. The Hunapi agents responsible for the death of the
          university student were immediately brought before the competent courts.
          Eight military policemen were being tried in a military court, 13 members of
          the National Police and eight agents of the Treasury Guard in ordinary courts
          (6 November 1992) ;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 71
          (c) Juli n Ordoffiez Paz, Cruz del Carmen Morales Merida and Justo Ixmay
          M ndez, killed on 14 January 1992 in San Miguel Dueffias by four guards of the
          Finca San Sebastian. Criminal proceedings were under way. Three of the
          accused had been released on bail while one remained in prison
          (6 November 1992) .
          (d) Francisco Jax L6pez, Juan Xan Calel, Juan Calel Grade and Juan Xan
          Santizo. Two members of the military, Nicol s Guti rrez Cruz and Eliseo
          Suchit Hern ndez, were sentenced to 30 years imprisonment; this sentence was
          changed to a death sentence on appeal. On 9 May 1992, the two soldiers
          escaped from the barracks where they were imprisoned. Nicol s Cruz Guti rrez
          was rearrested on 6 July 1992. A stay of execution was granted by the
          Constitutional Court following the filing of a motion of ampara against the
          decision of the Supreme Court which had confirmed the death sentence. The
          Constitutional Court ordered the Supreme Court to reconsider the case
          (6 November 1992) ;
          (e) Ernesto Rolando Corzantes Cruz. Criminal proceedings were under
          way. Mr. Corzantes Cruz appealed against the decision of the court to grant
          bail to the person suspected of being responsible for the death threats
          (6 November 1992) .
          299. In the case of Maria Luisa Ruiz Saquic, criminal procedures had been
          initiated on 2 October 1992 to investigate the threats allegedly received by
          her. On 22 September 1992, Mrs. Ruiz Saquic had been asked to testify but did
          not appear before the Auxiliary Agent of the Public Ministry of El Quiche at
          Zacualpa (6 November 1992) .
          300. With regard to the following cases, the Government of Guatemala informed
          the Special Rapporteur that, at the date of the reply (6 November 1992) , no
          details had been received from the competent authorities but these would be
          provided as soon as they were available: Fredy Noel Berganza Bojorguez,
          Carlos Humberto Perez, Otto Leonel Gonzalez Nuffiez, 153 trade unionists,
          Odilio Blanco Barahona, Silvino Velasquez, Leonel Guti rrez, Manuel Chumil
          M ndez, Consuelo Ruiz, Parcelamiento Cuarto Pueblo, members of human rights
          organizations, Parcelamiento San Lucas, clandestine cemeteries,
          Concepci6n Sagastume Corzet, Amilcar Garcia, Aldea Las Pozas and Jaime Merida.
          301. Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1992/42, the Government
          of Guatemala supplied detailed information about acts of violence, including
          killings of civilians, carried out by members of different armed groups
          belonging to the UNRG between January and May 1992.
          Observations
          302. The Special Rapporteur appreciates the willingness to cooperate shown by
          the Government of Guatemala by providing him with replies to a number of the
          allegations transmitted. He remains concerned, however, at the large number
          of violations of the right to life reported in the country. The Special
          Rapporteur appeals to the authorities to continue their efforts to ensure
          effective respect for the right to life, in compliance with the pertinent
          international instruments.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 72
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          303. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Guatemala
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          that had been transmitted to that country in 1991 (see E/cN.4/1992/30,
          paras. 189-241) .
          304. The Government of Guatemala had provided replies concerning a number of
          these cases. In the aforementioned letter, the Special Rapporteur expressed
          his appreciation of the efforts made by the authorities to ensure protection
          of the right to life in a number of cases. With regard to the cases which at
          the time of the Government's reply were still under investigation, the Special
          Rapporteur requested the authorities to provide him with additional
          information, in particular about decisions taken as a result of such
          procedures and measures adopted in consequence thereof. For those cases which
          had not yet been mentioned in communications received from the Government, the
          Special Rapporteur asked to be provided with information.
          Haiti
          305. The reports and allegations that have come before the Special Rapporteur
          indicate that, since troops violently overthrew the democratically elected
          Government of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide in a coup d'etat during the
          night of 29 to 30 September 1991, widespread human rights violations,
          including extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions and death threats,
          have been committed by the security forces.
          306. Between October 1991 and April 1992, 1,792 persons were said to have
          died, victims of political violence. After a wave of killings following the
          military coup , reports of extrajudicial executions seemed to decrease in
          January 1992 but a sharp rise was again reported in mid-May 1992, following
          popular unrest and increased demonstrations against the de facto authorities.
          307. According to the reports and allegations received, numerous killings were
          carried out in a climate of total impunity by uniformed security forces
          personnel or, on some occasions, by men in civilian clothes ostensibly linked
          to them, such as the so-called “zenglenderos”, which were described as groups
          constituted by soldiers in civilian clothes and prisoners freed after the
          coup . According to various sources, those responsible for human rights
          violations also include the “chiefs of section”, former rural police chiefs
          who returned to military control after the coup . They had been disarmed and
          placed under civilian authority as Community Police Agents during the
          administration of President Aristide. The disbanded National Security
          Volunteers, also known as “tontons macoutes” , were also said to be implicated
          in the violations. In several cases, criminal violence was allegedly used to
          disguise politically motivated killings.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 73
          308. The victims of death threats and extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          killings reportedly included human rights workers, members of the Catholic
          Church, peasant organizers, opponents of military rule, journalists, members
          of popular organizations and virtually anyone suspected of supporting the
          return of the deposed President Aristide.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          309. Without prejudice to General Assembly resolution 46/7 of 11 October 1991,
          the Special Rapporteur transmitted to the de facto authorities in Haiti
          allegations he had received concerning violations of the right to life of at
          least 140 persons, among them five minors. Sixty-four cases allegedly
          constituted violations of the right to freedom of opinion and expression,
          religion and peaceful assembly and association. The Special Rapporteur
          intervened on behalf of seven persons by sending six urgent appeals.
          Allegations concerning at least 134 others were sent in a separate letter.
          Urgent appeals
          310. Clotilde Charlot, Director of the Centre for the Promotion of Women
          Workers, was allegedly forced into hiding on 1 November 1991 to protect her
          life and that of her children, following the release on the same day by the
          military regime of a list of 45 persons to be arrested immediately. Fears of
          a possible extrajudicial execution were expressed (10 January 1992) .
          311. Felix Lamy, a journalist for Radio Galaxie , was reportedly abducted on
          10 December 1991 by armed soldiers who also ransacked the radio station after
          it had broadcast news about a supposed split in the army. Fears were
          expressed that he might have been extrajudicially executed (10 January 1992) .
          312. Guy Delva, a journalist for the Voice of America reporting on the
          situation in Haiti, has reportedly received death threats since December 1991,
          allegedly in relation to his attempts to file reports outside the country on
          the lack of press freedom and on human rights violations. Twice in March
          1992, armed men in plain clothes, allegedly members of the security forces,
          unsuccessfully tried to locate him in the neighbourhood, thus preventing him
          from returning home (24 June 1992) .
          313. Following several incursions by armed men during the nights of 12, 16 and
          22 June 1992 and a threatening phone call on 19 June 1992, fears were
          expressed that the inhabitants of an orphanage at Port-au-Prince might become
          the victims of extrajudicial executions (17 July 1992) .
          314. Jude Damus was reportedly arrested on 10 September 1992, following a
          demonstration hostile to the de facto authorities two days earlier. He was
          allegedly ill-treated on a daily basis at the Anse d'Hainault prison and later
          transferred to the prison at J r mie. Fears for his life were expressed
          (8 October 1992) .
          315. Msgr. Willy Romulus, bishop of J r mie, had his name appear on a death
          list of over 100 names which was reportedly broadcast by a clandestine Haitian
          radio station controlled by the disbanded “tontons macoutes” . During the
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 74
          broadcast the speaker allegedly called for the assassination of all those on
          the list. The bishop was said to have been subjected to acts of harassment
          and intimidation, attempts on his life and insults by members of the security
          forces at a road block at J r mie on 20 and again on 22 September 1992. On
          24 September 1992, a group of armed men led by an army sergeant reportedly
          tried to kill him at the presbytery of Notre Dame de la Merci and threatened
          to come back when they failed to do so (12 October 1992) .
          316. Luc Wesner and Justin Brezil, both active members of the National
          Committee of the Congress of Democratic Movements, were reportedly abducted by
          three armed men allegedly linked to the security forces on 22 November 1992 at
          Carrefour. Luc Wesner's body was later found riddled with bullets. Fears
          were expressed for the life of Justin Brezil, who had not been seen again
          after his abduction (4 December 1992) .
          Other allegations
          317. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the de facto authorities in Haiti
          allegations he had received according to which the following persons were
          killed by members of the security forces, often without any apparent reason
          (31 August 1992) :
          Montlouis Lerisse, employee of the National Television (TNH) ;
          Simeon Gary, journalist at Radio Caraibes , on 30 September 1991;
          Jacques Seus Jean-Gilles (17), on 1 October 1991, during an attack by
          security forces on an orphanage for street children;
          14 persons in Gonaives, including G&ard Janit, on 1 October 1991;
          Fred Cheriska, Elisyen and Jean-Pierre Dazme, Line Joseph, Frantz Moise
          and Navoir Odena, on 2 October 1991; Robert “Le Caoutchouman”, on
          18 October 1991; and Yfalien Alcius (14) , on 20 October 1991;
          A young man, on 8 November 1991, at the Red Cross office in
          Port-au-Prince, where he had sought refuge;
          One unidentified civilian, on 9 November 1991 in Delmas;
          One unidentified man, on 11 November 1991 in Canap -Vert, Port-au-Prince,
          allegedly for having listened to Radio Enriguillo ;
          R nald Charles, on 19 November 1991 in Damien;
          Farah Michel (5) , on 30 November 1991, in Cite Soleil;
          A 16-year-old boy on 19 January 1992 at the market of P tionville;
          Jocelyn Casimir, on 20 January 1992, allegedly for “walking too early” in
          the streets of Cap Haitien;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 75
          Orelus S&aphin, on 31 January 1992 in Port-au-Prince, allegedly for
          having participated in the murder of a “tonton macoute” in January 1992;
          Six unidentified persons, on 7 February 1992 in Bolosse, Sousdalles, on
          allegations of theft which were reportedly denied by the neighbours;
          Claire Edouard, on 26 May 1992, the night following the arrest of her son
          Patrick Morisseau;
          Georges Izm&y, on 26 May 1992, allegedly after being mistaken for his
          brother, a well-known supporter of President Aristide;
          Gary Jeanty, on 24 June 1992 in Santos;
          At least 35 unidentified persons, on 22 July 1992 when members of the
          armed forces reportedly opened fire on the boat in which 86 persons were
          trying to flee Haiti;
          Robinson Joseph, former director of the Protestant church radio station
          Radio Lumi re , on 3 August 1992 in Port-au-Prince.
          318. The following people were reportedly killed by “chiefs of section”:
          Two unidentified supporters of General Assembly for the National Front
          and for Change and Democracy (FNCD) candidate Samuel Milord, on
          2 December 1991 in Rossignol, Grande Saline;
          Charles Astrel, member of the National Assembly for the National
          Agriculture and Industry Party of Haiti (PAIN) and well-known supporter
          of President Aristide, on 12 December 1991 in Pignon;
          Jean Mandenave, member of the FNCD, on 15 December 1991 in Plaisance.
          319. The following persons were said to have been killed by members of the
          security forces for exercising their right to freedom of opinion and
          expression, religion and peaceful assembly and association:
          One unidentified civilian, on 10 November 1991 during a meeting in
          rue Lamarre, Port-au-Prince;
          20 persons arrested for their participation in a mass celebrated at
          Port-au-Prince in memory of the victims of the coup and executed by
          members of the Fourth Police Company on 12 November 1991;
          A man named Amos on 26 December 1991, allegedly for having been heard by
          a soldier when talking with a friend about the possible return of
          President Aristide;
          Yves Jean-Pierre, on 25 January 1992 during a political meeting at
          Port-au-Prince;
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 76
          Brinvil Dulaurier, president of a league of former political prisoners
          and human rights activist, on 11 February 1992 in Cazales;
          Jean-Claude Museau, on 6 January 1992 while in military detention after
          being caught putting up posters of President Aristide, allegedly as a
          consequence of ill-treatment;
          A young man named Wilfred, on 15 July 1992, for putting up posters of
          President Aristide in the streets of Port-au-Prince;
          Jacqueline Gabriel, Martine Remilien and Ancy Philippe, on 17 August 1992
          for putting up posters of President Aristide in the streets of
          Port-au-Prince;
          320. In addition, the following acts of violence by security forces who
          reportedly used firearms against assemblies and participants in demonstrations
          in favour of President Aristide were reported at Port-au-Prince on
          10 November 1991 and on 23 February 1992, at Gonaives and at Cite Soleil on
          11 November 1991 and in Cap Haitien on 26 January 1992.
          321. The following people were said to have been killed by “zenglenderos”:
          Jean Huc, on 2 January 1992 in P tionville;
          Joseph Geffrard, on 9 January 1992;
          An unidentified woman and her 8-year-old daughter, on 11 January 1991 in
          Delmas;
          The son of the judge at P tionville, on 2 February 1992. One of the
          “zenglenderos” was reportedly handed over to the police, who released him
          immediately.
          322. The following violent incidents in which security forces threatened the
          population were reported to the Special Rapporteur:
          On 10 November 1991, soldiers threatened with grenades a crowd
          celebrating a mass for victims of the coup at J r mie;
          On 11 November 1991, soldiers threatened the population by shooting at
          random in several neighbourhoods of Gonaives;
          On 12 November 1991, soldiers threatened the population of Gonaives by
          shooting on sight at anybody considered suspect;
          On 12 November 1991, soldiers threatened the population of St. Marc by
          shooting on sight at anybody considered suspect;
          On 2 December 1991, Sister Loretta Philistin of Ranquitte and at least 14
          other priests and nuns throughout Haiti received death threats or
          suffered acts of intimidation and attempts on their lives by the security
          forces;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 77
          On 6 January 1992, soldiers shot at the house of a woman who had slapped
          one of them. They reportedly declared that they would “finish with the
          people of the neighbourhood”;
          The following journalists: on 2 February 1992, Charit Telo,
          correspondent of Voice of America and Jean Wilson, journalist for Radio
          Etincelle , in Mirebalais; on 13 February 1992, Alain Tonlinson of EEC and
          Nathaniel Shephard, an American journalist.
          Communications received from the so-called Government
          323. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          have been received from the de facto authorities in Haiti.
          Honduras
          324. The Special Rapporteur has received reports about human rights
          violations, including extrajudicial executions and death threats, allegedly
          perpetrated by members of the National Directorate of Investigation (DNI) of
          the Honduran security forces. Trade unionists involved in labour conflicts
          and human rights activists were said to have been targets of such acts on
          various occasions. Allegedly, official investigations have been conducted
          only in very few cases, and those responsible were rarely identified or
          brought to justice. The reports received by the Special Rapporteur indicate
          that the high degree of impunity contributes to a large extent to the
          occurrence of violations of the right to life in Honduras.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          325. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Honduras
          information he had received concerning the alleged extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary execution of three persons. All three cases allegedly constituted
          violations of the right to freedom of opinion and expression and peaceful
          assembly and association.
          Urgent appeals
          326. The Special Rapporteur sent two urgent appeals to the Government of
          Honduras, in which he expressed concern about reports concerning danger to the
          lives and physical integrity of the following persons:
          (a) Gabreli Rivera Perez, who had given testimony before a notary in
          which he identified four DNI agents as responsible for the murder of the trade
          unionist Manuel de Jesi s Garcia on 9 December 1991 (24 February 1992) ; and
          (b) JIItonio Zelaya Reyes, President of the Olancho regional department
          of the Committee for the Defence of Human Rights in Honduras (CODEH), who had
          suffered an attempt against his life on 25 March 1992 after receiving
          telephone death threats. The assailant was said to have been identified as a
          member of DNI. Two more members of CODEH also received death threats. CODEH
          is an institution which collaborates closely with United Nations human rights
          procedures (24 June 1992) .
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 78
          Other allegations
          327. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Honduras the case
          of Manuel de Jesi s Guerra Arita (“Chingo”) , assistant secretary of the
          National Union of Rural Workers, killed on 9 October 1991 in San Pedro Sula by
          four men who were identified by a witness, Gabreli Rivera Perez, as DNI
          agents. Allegedly, the judicial investigation into the case was not conducted
          properly. No effective steps were reported to have been taken to bring those
          responsible to justice (31 August 1992) .
          Communications received from the Government
          328. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Honduras.
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          329. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Honduras
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies from the Government
          had been received (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 262-263) .
          India
          330. The reports and allegations that have come before the Special Rapporteur
          indicate that human rights violations, including extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions, continue to occur in India on a large scale.
          331. The vast majority of cases reported to the Special Rapporteur concerned
          deaths in police or military custody caused by torture and ill-treatment.
          Torture is said to be used on a routine basis throughout the country to
          extract a confession or information from suspected criminals. In States where
          there are armed opposition groups advocating greater autonomy or independence
          (Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab) or improvement of social and economic
          conditions (especially a Maoist group known as Naxalites in the States of
          JIIdhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradhesh and Maharashtra) , torture is also said to be
          used to deter people from political activities or in reprisal for acts of such
          groups. Reportedly, Adivasis members of the scheduled castes (castes which
          are recognized by the Constitution as oppressed) and dalits , militant members
          of these castes, are particularly vulnerable and very often victims of
          ill-treatment leading to death. In certain States (in particular Bihar, Uttar
          Pradesh and West Bengal) , Muslims are also said to be subjected to human
          rights violations on religious grounds.
          332. The Special Rapporteur also received reports concerning alleged human
          rights violations by the security forces, including harassment, death threats
          and killings of journalists and human rights activists.
          333. It has been reported to the Special Rapporteur that those responsible for
          human rights violations act in a climate of virtual impunity. In the States
          of Assam, Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab, and in other north-eastern States, the
          security forces benefit from specific legislation exempting them from
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 79
          prosecution. The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act of July 1990 provides that
          “no prosecution, suit, or other legal proceeding shall be instituted, except
          with the previous sanction of the Central Government, against any person in
          respect of anything done or purported to be done in the exercise of the powers
          conferred by this Act (sect. 6) . These powers include the use of force,
          including lethal force, “against any person who is acting in contravention of
          any law or order for the time being in force (sect. 4) .
          334. Under ordinary Indian law, torture is a crime (sects. 330 and 331 of the
          Indian Penal Code) , but section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides
          that public servants, including police and executive magistrates, cannot be
          prosecuted without prior permission from the Government which employs them.
          In addition to restrictions on the liability for human rights abuses
          established by the law, it has been reported to the Special Rapporteur that
          the police, the security forces and other public services engage in widespread
          covering up, in particular of violence against detainees. Victims reportedly
          have to seek their rights through civil suits and private criminal complaints,
          which are said to be rarely successful.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          335. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of India 95 cases of
          alleged extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions. In two cases, the
          victims were said to be minors. Eighteen cases allegedly constituted
          violations of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, religion and
          peaceful association and assembly. In one case, the Special Rapporteur
          intervened by sending an urgent appeal; all other allegations were transmitted
          in a letter on 31 August 1992. The Government sent one communication
          providing general information (dates of communications in brackets) .
          Urgent appeals
          336. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of India
          after receiving reports according to which Harjit Singh was arrested by police
          on 29 April 1992. On 12 May 1992, the police reportedly issued a statement
          that he had died in an encounter with terrorists. However, on 17 October 1992
          Harjit Singh was allegedly seen by a warrant officer instructed to establish
          his whereabouts at the Mal Mandi Interrogation Centre, Amritsar. Fears were
          expressed that his life might be in serious danger (13 November 1992) .
          Other allegations
          337. The following persons were said to have died as a result of torture and
          ill-treatment while in custody:
          (a) 43 persons in police custody:
          Rattan Singh Bisht, on 11 January 1991 at Hauz Khas Police Station,
          Delhi;
          G. Joseph, on 17 January 1991 at Megnannapuram Police Station,
          Chidambaranar, Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry;
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 80
          Ram Swaroop, on 31 January 1991 at R.K. Puram Police Station, Delhi;
          S. Bose, activist of the Dravida Munnetra Kashagam Party, in
          February 1991 at Vilathikulam, Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry;
          Savinder Singh, on 29 February 1991 at Lok Nayak Bhavan Directorate, near
          Khan Market, Delhi;
          Darshan Singh, on 17 March 1991 at North East District Irwing, Delhi;
          Nath Pradeep, on 18 March 1991 at Bihaguri, Assam;
          Reshna, on 22 March 1991 at Gokulpuri Police Station, Delhi;
          Shiek Mairaj, on 30 March 1991 at Bhadram Police Station, Orissa;
          Ram Singh, an Adivasi in April 1991 at Bohandiguda Police Station, Madhya
          Pradesh;
          Anil Lakara, on 20 April 1991 at Laipur Police Station, Bihar;
          Kameshwar Ravi, in May 1991 at Chutia Police Station, Bihar;
          Syamala Kumar, on 3 May 1991 at Attakkulangara Sub-Jail, Trivandrum,
          Kerala;
          Jagannath, on 10 May 1991 at Lahori Gate Police Station, Delhi;
          Tarsem Singh, a member of the Punjab Home Guards, on 15 May 1991 at Civil
          Lines Police Station, Amritsar, Punjab;
          Divakaram, on 27 May 1991 at Mavelikara, Ala Puzha, Kerala;
          Ram Pappu, an Adivasi, in June 1991 at Chutia Police Station, Bihar;
          Ghangadharan, on 16 June 1991 at Karettu, Kerala;
          Autar Singh, an independent candidate in State Assembly elections for
          Shatrana Village, in July 1991 at Patiala Interrogation Centre, Punjab;
          Kuttapam, on 4 July 1991 at Parassala Police Station, Trivandrum, Kerala;
          Ramesh, an Adivasi in August 1991 at Ateli Police Post, Haryana, Narnaul,
          Hassanpur;
          Krishnamohon N. Singh, on 2 August 1991 at Kakching, Thoubal, Manipur;
          Sheikh Jam Zahir, on 3 August 1991 at Jensi Nagar Police Station,
          Aurangabanbad, Maharashtra;
          Kuber Lal, on 5 August 1991 at Hardoj Prison, Uttar Pradesh;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 81
          Manjit Singh, on 8 August 1991 at Sector 36 Police Station, Chandigarh,
          Punj ab;
          Lal Mohammad Sheikh, on 12 August 1991 at Murshidabad Police Station,
          West Bengal;
          Jairam Singh, on 19 August 1991 at Patel Nagar Police Station, Delhi;
          Bashir Ahmad, on 24 August 1991 at Madanapalle Town Police Station,
          Andhra Pradesh;
          Khursid Ahmed, an Adivasi, on 24 August 1991 at Punana Police Station,
          Haryana;
          Nashir Khan, on 30 August 1991 at Lilong, Manipur;
          Susil Bag, in September 1991 in Orissa;
          Khurshid Ahmed Adil, in September 1991 at Doabgah Interrogation Centre,
          Jammu and Kashmir;
          Dwarina Thanur, on 4 September 1991 at Makhdumpur Police Station, Bihar;
          Rajabayina Kasulu, on 5 September 1991 at Gudivada Taluk Police Station,
          Andhra Pradesh;
          Guru Kumhar, an Adivasi, on 15 September 1991 at Bhumijpara, Bihar;
          Rajendra Sharma, in October 1991 at Kotwali Police Station, Uttar
          Pradesh;
          Rahisuddin (14) , on 8 October 1991 at Dadri Police Station, Uttar
          Pradesh;
          Raghunath, on 29 November 1991 at Guru Tegh Bhadur Police Station, Delhi;
          Dona Babonga, an Adivasi on 4 December 1991 at Chaibasa, Bihar;
          Muthusamy, in early 1992 at Oddanchathram;
          Rasheed Ahmed, on 14 April 1992 at Lisadi Gate Police Station, Meerut,
          Uttar Pradesh;
          Dushyant Tiyagi, on 15 April 1992 at Siani Gate Police Station, Uttar
          Pradesh;
          Ganeshan, printer of the Tamil weekly newspaper Nakkeran , on
          27 April 1992 in Tamil Nadu, allegedly for publishing a critical article
          on the treatment of the press.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 82
          (b) 17 persons in military custody:
          Dhiraj Chowdhury, on 1 January 1991 at Bamudi, Assam;
          Puran Rabha, on 19 January 1991 at Badia Lakhimpur, Assam;
          Suresh Phukan, teacher and Vice-President of the Jatiya Unnayan Parishad,
          on 13 March 1991 at Dibrugarh, Assam;
          Robin Bora (also known as Dhiran Bora), on 14 March 1991 at Meleng
          Sumada, Jorha, Assam;
          Dhruvajyoti Gogoi, member of the United Liberation Front of Assam, on
          19 March 1991 at Doomdooma, Tinsukia, Assam;
          Chandrika Hazarika, on 23 March 1991 near Dibrugarh, Assam;
          Shamburam, Saikia, on 28 March 1991 at Moukhuli Camp, Assam;
          Paresh Lorbarva Barman, on 16 April 1991 at Sonkhuria, Assam;
          Mohammad Ashrat, in July 1991 at an army interrogation centre in Jammu
          and Kashmir;
          Ghulam Mohammad, in July 1991 at an interrogation centre in Jammu and
          Kashmir;
          Khazir Mohammad and Abdul Aziz, on 25 August 1991 in an army
          interrogation centre at Bomay-Sopora, Jammu and Kashmir;
          Mumtaz, on 13 September 1991, in Jammu and Kashmir;
          Raj Kamal Choudhury, on 29 September 1991 at Narangi Army Camp, Assam;
          Ghulam Mohiuddin Ganai, an activist of the Hizbul Mujaheddin, in
          October 1991 at an interrogation centre in Jammu and Kashmir;
          Bubul Barua, on 20 October 1991 at Bandardawa, Assam;
          Rajiv Baruah, on 6 November 1991 at Sonitpur, Assam.
          338. In addition, the Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of
          India allegations concerning the following 34 persons:
          (a) Ghulam Rasool, a journalist working for the daily newspaper Udayan ,
          was reportedly killed by policemen on 27 December 1991 at Masjidguda, Andhra
          Pradesh, allegedly for his criticism of the local police. No investigation
          was said to have been opened;
          (b) Narra Prabhakar Reddy, an advocate and human rights activist, was
          reportedly killed by four armed men allegedly linked to the police, on
          7 December 1991, at Warangal, JIIdhra Pradesh. He was said to have been
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 83
          threatened by the police for his activities as District Unit Convener of the
          JIIdhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee and Secretary of the District Bar
          Association. Reportedly, no one was arrested in connection with his killing;
          (c) Mohammad Afzal was reportedly arrested in March 1991 by the 142
          Battalion of the Border Security Force. He was said to have died after being
          subjected to torture at an interrogation centre in Pulwana, Jammu and Kashmir;
          (d) 16 persons were reportedly killed and about 100 others injured when
          the police opened fire indiscriminately on unarmed striking demonstrators of
          the Chattisgharh Mukti Morcha Trade Union at Bhilai, Madhya Pradesh.
          Reportedly, a judicial investigation had been ordered by the State Goverment;
          (e) Rohtas (also known as Fauji) was reportedly found dead in his cell
          on 30 August 1991 after two years of imprisonment in Tihar Central Jail, Delh
          i. An inquiry was reportedly ordered after the receipt of the post-mortem
          results, but no charges were said to have been brought against those
          responsible for his death;
          (f) Ram Vilas, a textile mill employee, reportedly died as a result of
          injuries he had suffered on 11 July 1991, when he was beaten by police
          officials of the Adarsh Nagar police station and guards of the mill where he
          was employed;
          (g) Velayudhan Pillai was reportedly arrested on 10 July 1991 by Forest
          Guards and later beaten to death by the police in Trivandrum, Kerala. No
          judicial or disciplinary action was said to have been taken;
          (h) Dr. Anis Arisari, a doctor and social worker, was reportedly
          arrested on 16 November 1991 during a house search performed by agents of the
          Provincial Armed Constabulary in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. He was reportedly
          beaten in front of the District Magistrate and the Senior Superintendent of
          the Police and died of the injuries inflicted. No investigation into the case
          was said to have been opened;
          (i) One man was reportedly beaten by members of the Central Reserve
          Police Force (CRPF) on 21 February 1992 at the Kharagpur Railway Station,
          Midnapore, West Bengal, after he had asked a CRPF agent to pay for a box of
          matches he had taken. He reportedly died on the same day as a consequence of
          the injuries he had suffered during this incident;
          (j) Ram Dhan Singh was reportedly shot dead by a constable from Bally
          police station, West Bengal, on 19 February 1992, when he refused to pay a
          bribe to the police. Allegedly, no investigation into the case has been
          opened;
          (k) Nine farmers were reportedly killed on 5 June 1992 by an army
          patrol at Tando Bahawal Village near Jamshoro. They were said to have been
          involved in a land dispute between two wealthy landlords, one of whom had
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 84
          allegedly asked the soldiers to kill his rival's tenants. Disciplinary action
          against four senior commanders of the patrol was said to have been initiated,
          but it was not known that any of those responsible had been brought before a
          court.
          339. With regard to a large number of cases, it was alleged that no
          investigations into the killings had been opened. In some cases disciplinary
          measures against security forces personnel were reported, but none of them was
          said to have been brought before a court.
          Communications received from the Government
          340. The Government of India provided the Special Rapporteur with information
          concerning the decision, taken at a conference of Chief Ministers of the
          States of India on 15 September 1992, to set up a National Human Rights
          Commission. The purpose of this Commission is to instil a sense of confidence
          in the Indian people regarding the commitment of the Government and society at
          large to the cause of human rights. The conference also adopted a resolution
          reiterating the commitment of Central and State Governments to the protection
          of vulnerable sectors of society such as the scheduled castes and scheduled
          tribes, women, agricultural labourers and those liable to be exploited through
          child labour and bonded labour. Any human rights violations anywhere in India
          should be dealt with sternly (22 September 1992) .
          341. The Government of India informed the Special Rapporteur about the
          safeguards provided in India's Constitution and other important laws, such as
          the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Indian Penal Code and the Indian Evidence
          Act, with regard to the fundamental right to life and personal liberty of all
          citizens. Mention was made of a legal process known as “public interest
          litigation”, under which any individual or group can bring to the attention of
          the judiciary cases of violations of human rights. With regard to the
          establishment of a national human rights institution, necessary follow-up
          action was being undertaken on the resolution adopted by the Chief Ministers'
          Conference on 14 September 1992 (27 November 1992) .
          342. With regard to particular cases transmitted by the Special Rapporteur,
          the Government replied that inquiries had been opened and disciplinary or
          judicial action had been taken against the police personnel involved in the
          cases of: Ganeshan, Jairam Singh, Khursid Ahmed and Sheikh Jam Zahir. An
          investigation had also been opened into the death of Velayudhan Pillai.
          343. Death from natural causes had been determined by post-mortem examinations
          in the deaths of Kuttappam, Divakaram, Syamala Kumar, Muthusamy, Chinnathambi
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 85
          and S. Bose. Ramesh had committed suicide. In all these cases, as well as in
          the case of Shri (not G.) Joseph, investigations excluded the involvement of
          police personnel.
          344. Despite the efforts made by the government of Jammu and Kashmir and the
          security forces, it had not been possible to verify the allegations in the
          cases of Mumtaz, Khazir Mohammad and Abdul Aziz, Mohammad Ashrat, and
          Ghulam Mohammad.
          345. Tarsem Singh had been beaten by four unknown masked persons
          on 1 (not 15) May 1991 and died subsequently. A plain-clothes policeman had
          witnessed the incident and called a police party which found Tarsem Singh
          lying unconscious on the ground. A criminal case was registered and
          investigations were carried out, but the culprits could not be traced.
          346. Avtar (not Autar) Singh had been arrested for his involvement in
          terrorist activities and was killed in August (not July) 1991 when a group of
          terrorists attacked a police party digging up weapons in Gurdialpura Bir
          forest where he had led them. A post-mortem report determined gunshot
          injuries as the cause of death; no mention was made of any other injury or
          torture.
          Follow-up
          347. The Government of India informed the Special Rapporteur that even in
          States so affected by terrorism and insurgency as Jammu and Kashmir, to which
          most of the allegations related, the law enforcement officials performed their
          obligations in accordance with the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement
          Officials. Every allegation of human rights violations was scrupulously
          investigated and most of them were found inaccurate, highly exaggerated or
          deliberately false. On the rare occasions when allegation had been borne out,
          disciplinary action was taken against those held responsible. Action,
          including imprisonment, had been taken against more than 230 officers and
          members of the security forces, and investigations and prosecutions were in
          process against several others. In the majority of the cases transmitted by
          the Special Rapporteur, the Government informed him that no such incidents had
          been reported to the competent authorities, while in a number of others
          investigations had been initiated (27 November 1992) .
          Indonesia
          348. In 1991, the Special Rapporteur had sent a cable to the Government of
          Indonesia concerning the killing on 12 November of more than 50 persons who
          were participating in a demonstration convened to commemorate the death of two
          young persons killed in a clash with police the previous month. He had drawn
          attention to the need to investigate the events and to carry out such
          investigations in conformity with the Principles relating to the Effective
          Prevention and Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions.
          Shortly thereafter, the Government replied, indicating that a National
          Commission of Inquiry had been established in order to investigate these
          deaths. The Special Rapporteur in turn sent a cable to the Government
          expressing satisfaction with the creation of the Commission and calling upon
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 86
          it “to ensure that a thorough, independent and impartial investigation into
          the circumstances of the killings of 12 November would be made and that those
          identified by the Commission as responsible for extrajudicial killings and
          other abuses would be promptly brought to justice”. The Special Rapporteur
          also requested information about allegations to the effect that an additional
          number of persons, including witnesses to the events of 12 November, had
          subsequently been executed by members of the 700 and 744 Battalions of the
          Hasanuddin Division of the Indonesian army. (See E/CN.4/1992/30,
          paras. 279-283) .
          349. During 1992, the Government of Indonesia sent to the Special Rapporteur
          three notes, dated 27 May, 4 June and 30 June, containing information
          concerning the findings of the National Commission of Inquiry and the
          subsequent prosecution of 10 members of the army, who were tried for their
          role in the killings. The conclusions of the National Commission of Inquiry
          are as follows:
          “The Commission has strong reasons and grounds to arrive at the following
          conclusions:
          “1. The 12 November 1991 incident in Dili is the culmination of a
          series of earlier demonstrations/incidents perpetrated by the anti-
          integration group/FRETILIN/SDP. The FRETILIN/SDP, who are being
          increasingly isolated, have shifted their mode of operations from rural
          guerrilla to urban guerrilla, thereby abusively capitalizing on the
          development policy in East Timor based upon affection and prosperity and
          taking advantage of the situation as well as the restive mood among the
          young people to instigate them to oppose integration as well as to
          attract world attention to their existence.
          “2. The 12 November 1991 incident in Dili, which caused a number of
          deaths and other casualties, was clearly not an act ordered by or
          reflecting the policy of the Government or the Armed Forces, be it in the
          capital or in the Province of East Timor. The 12 November 1991 incident
          was essentially a tragedy which should be deeply regretted.
          “3. The 12 November 1991 demonstration in Dili showed elements of
          premeditated provocation by a group of anti-integrationist/FRETILIN/SDP
          and was not an orderly and peaceful procession dedicated to commemorate
          the death of Sebastiao Gomes.
          “4. The demonstrators, who largely consisted of young people have acted
          belligerently, emotionally and destructively, partly as a result of
          agitations by the anti-integration group/FRETILIN/SDP by whom they have
          been influenced for quite some time. Furthermore, they consciously
          exhibited FRETILIN and Falentil flags, pictures of FRETILIN/SDP leader
          Xanana and banners and chanted anti-integration yells and insults at the
          members of the security apparatus.
          “ S. A number of foreigners took an active part in that demonstration.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 87
          “6. As the tense atmosphere reached a boiling point, started by the
          stabbing of an armed forces officer and the wounding of a private, and
          aggravated by the provocative belligerence and aggressive attitude
          assumed by the crowd which was perceived by the security personnel as
          posing a threat to their arms and to their safety, a spontaneous reaction
          took place among the security personnel to defend themselves, without
          command, resulting in excessive shooting at the demonstrators, causing
          deaths and wounded. At the same time, another group of unorganized
          security personnel, acting outside any control or command, also fired
          shots and committed beatings, causing more casualties.
          “7. In the handling of the riotous condition during
          the 12 November 1991 incident, despite the presence of riot-control
          units, the Commission did not observe the optimal implementation of
          proper riot-control procedures. The actions of a number of security
          personnel exceeded acceptable norms and led to the casualties, be it in
          terms of deaths, gunshot wounds, stabbing wounds, or wounds by blunt
          instruments. Although the casualty toll until now was set at 19 dead and
          91 wounded, the Commission feels that there are sufficiently strong
          grounds to conclude that the death casualties totalled about 50 while the
          wounded exceeded 91.
          “8. There was careless handling of those who died, because although the
          visum et repertums were performed the deceased were not properly
          identified. Little opportunity was given to the families/friends of the
          victims to identify the bodies.
          “9. The Commission is of the view that, in order to uphold
          justice, action must be taken against all who were involved in
          the 12 November 1991 incident in Dili and suspected of having violated
          the law, and they must be brought to trial in accordance with the rule of
          law, Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution upon which the Republic of
          Indonesia is based.”
          350. In so far as the prosecution of military personnel is concerned, the
          Government stated:
          “1. Following the findings and recommendations of the Military Honorary
          Council (MHC) announced by the Army Chief of Staff, 10 military personnel
          were brought before the Military Court in Denpasar, Bali from 29 May
          to 5 June 1992. They were charged under the Military Penal Law for
          committing grave infringements of military ethics and violating military
          discipline, in particular disobeying orders. All of the 10 persons
          were found guilty as charged and sentenced to imprisonment ranging
          from 8 to 18 months. ...
          , , , ,
          351. The Special Rapporteur also received observations concerning the work and
          findings of the National Commission of Inquiry from Amnesty International, the
          source of the allegations which had led to the opening of this case. These
          observations contest the accuracy of the findings and conclusions of the
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 88
          Commission and allege that its composition, procedures and working methods
          were incompatible with the Principles on the Effective Prevention and
          Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions in a number of
          important respects.
          352. The Special Rapporteur is also concerned at the nature of the criminal
          charges brought against those tried for their participation in these killings
          and the length of the sentences imposed, which could be interpreted as
          contributing to a climate of impunity.
          353. For these reasons, the Special Rapporteur has written to the Government
          of Indonesia, explaining the nature of and the basis for his continuing
          concern and requesting certain additional information. Information as to
          follow-up of this case will be provided in his report to the Commission on
          Human Rights at its fiftieth session.
          Iran (Islamic Republic of )
          354. The reports and allegations that have come before the Special Rapporteur
          indicate that extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions continue to occur
          on a large scale in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
          355. At least 24 people were said to have been sentenced to death and executed
          for their participation in demonstrations of widespread popular protest
          against the Government's social and economic policies in the cities of
          Mashhad, Shiraz, Arak, Bukan, Shushtar and parts of Tehran in late May 1992.
          A large number of people were reportedly arrested in connection with these
          demonstrations and riots.
          356. Executions of political prisoners, in particular suspected members or
          sympathizers of the Iraq-based opposition group People's Mojahedin
          Organization of Iran (PMOI), were also said to continue in 1992. A large
          number of people were reportedly executed after being sentenced to death for
          drug trafficking. Three members of the Baha'i faith were reportedly executed
          on religious grounds.
          357. It has been reported to the Special Rapporteur that trials leading to the
          imposition of the death penalty were held before Islamic Revolutionary Courts.
          The procedures before such courts were said to fall short of the
          internationally recognized fair trial standards. This concerns in particular
          the right to an adequate and qualified defence. It has been reported that in
          many cases defendants do not benefit from legal counsel, contrary to the
          provisions of article 35 of the Iranian Constitution and article 14 of the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Allegedly, in the law
          dealing with the defendant's right to legal representation, no mention is made
          of his right to have a lawyer designated if he is unable to appoint one, and
          no provision appears to have been made guaranteeing the defendant the right to
          appeal to the Supreme Court if his right to have access to legal counsel and
          to be represented in court by a lawyer is not respected. In addition, it has
          been reported to the Special Rapporteur that trials before Islamic
          Revolutionary Courts are often held in camera . Some trials were said to have
          been held in prisons, and they often lasted only a few minutes.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 89
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          358. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Iran allegations
          according to which at least 200 people had been executed in the Islamic
          Republic. Four of the victims were reported to be minors. Twenty-nine cases
          allegedly constituted violations of the right to freedom of opinion and
          expression or religion. The Special Rapporteur intervened on behalf of
          more than 66 persons by sending four urgent appeals. Allegations
          concerning 148 others were sent in a separate letter.
          Urgent appeals
          359. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal after receiving information
          according to which, in the aftermath of the anti-Government demonstrations
          in Mashhad, hundreds of people had been arrested. Four people,
          Javad Ganjkhanloo, Golamhossein Pourshirzad, Ali Sadqi and Hamid Javid, were
          said to have been sentenced to death by Islamic Revolutionary Courts and
          executed on 10 June 1992 in Masshad prison, and four others on 11 June 1992.
          Reportedly, the execution of a further five prisoners had been announced by
          the Iranian State Radio. It was further reported to the Special Rapporteur
          that several hundred people had been arrested during demonstrations in
          Shushtar, Khuzistan province. Allegedly, orders had been given to the
          security forces to “shoot at demonstrators without hesitating”. Fears were
          expressed that those arrested, both in Masshad and Shushtar, might face
          execution after trials which were not in conformity with internationally
          recognized fair trial standards (25 June 1992 and 17 July 1992) .
          360. It was also brought to the attention of the Special Rapporteur that
          Hassan Zolfaghari, allegedly a PMOI member, was handed over to the Iranian
          authorities by the Iraqi opposition group Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK)
          in April 1991, together with Beshar Shabibi, another PMOI member. Reportedly,
          Beshar Shabibi was executed in Tehran in April 1992. It was feared that
          Hassan Zolfaghari, too, risked imminent execution (25 June 1992) .
          361. The Special Rapporteur sent another urgent appeal to the Government of
          the Islamic Republic of Iran after receiving reports that Bihnam Mithaqi and
          Kayvan Khalajabadi, who had been imprisoned for three years in Gohardasht
          prison in Karaj , were informed that they had been sentenced to death by an
          Islamic Revolutionary Court. The trials were said to have been incompatible
          with internationally recognized fair trial standards. In particular, it was
          alleged that the defendants were not present at their trials and that they did
          not benefit from legal representation. It was also alleged that their
          prosecution may have been due to their membership in the Baha'i community
          (4 September 1992) .
          362. The Special Rapporteur also received information according to which more
          than 50 people had been executed in the Islamic Republic of Iran during the
          months of September and October 1992. Nineteen persons were said to have been
          executed on 30 September 1992 in Tehran, and 17 others on 17 and 18
          October 1992 in Tehran, all of them after being sentenced to death for drug
          trafficking by Islamic Revolutionary Courts.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 90
          363. The following persons were said to have been executed for their
          participation in the aforementioned anti-Government manifestations in Masshad,
          Shiraz and other cities: Saleh Amin Pour and Hasan Saidi, on 8 September 1992
          in Tehran; Mohamed Tahghi Azimi, Namineh Nazeri, Habibollah Davari, Allah
          Koram Khazari, Akbar Kejchmi, Davouch Pazouki, Judollah Hachemi (17),
          Mohamed Mokweni (16), Mohamed Khoubron (17), Saide Malekzadeh, Houchingue Bani
          Mostafah and Djavade Pour Aazan on 29 September 1992 in the Fahide Information
          Centre. Four more people were reportedly executed in late September 1992,
          bringing to 24 the total number of those executed in connection with the May
          riots.
          364. It was further reported to the Special Rapporteur that a large number of
          people had been arrested in Masshad and Shiraz. Fears were expressed that
          many of them might also be in danger of execution (30 October 1992) .
          Other allegations
          365. The following persons were allegedly executed after being sentenced to
          death by Islamic Revolutionary Courts in trials which were said to fall short
          of internationally recognized fair trial standards (31 August 1992) :
          15 people in Gohardasht Prison, Karaj, on 3 January 1992;
          7 people in Marageh, East Azerbaijan, on S January 1992, for “corruption
          on earth”, committing acts of brigandage and armed robbery;
          Yadollah Khossravi, Jabbar Rajabi and Siroos Pournorooz in 11am City
          Prison, on 6 January 1992;
          Hamid Salehpoor, in Ahwat City Prison, on 11 January 1992;
          Shams Jahanhir Sarraf, in Evin Prison, Tehran, on 21 January 1992;
          Rahim Darikvand, in Gohardasht Prison, Karaj, on 21 January 1992;
          Sadeq Biralvand, in Qazvin Prison, on 21 January 1992;
          Soleimani Ef fat Ghanizadeh, in Kermanshah Prison, on 21 January 1992;
          Kiumars Najafi, in Masjid City Prison, on 30 January 1992;
          6 persons in Bouroudjerd, Lorestan Province, on 19 February 1992, for
          collaborating with members of an international gang of drug traffickers;
          1 person in Dizelabad Prison, Kermanshah, on 27 April 1992, for drug
          trafficking;
          Lahaj Ali JIImadi, Hamid Naderi, Mohammad Salami, Beshar Shabibi and
          Sarmadi in Tehran, on 7 May 1992;
          15 people in Tehran, on 25 May 1992, for drug trafficking;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 91
          Mohammad Darabi (17), in Dizelabad Prison, Kermanshah, on 7 May 1992;
          Fakhroddin Moradi, Hadi Mahmoudi and Au Tatoureh, in prisons in
          Kurdistan, between 7 and 21 June 1992;
          Hossein Jahaveri, Hossein Yadegari and Soleiman Kadkhodashir, on
          9 or 10 June 1992 in Boukan Prison, Kurdistan;
          7 persons in Shiraz, in late June 1992, for possession and distribution
          of 500 kilograms of heroin;
          13 people, including four Afghans, in Birjand, during the first half of
          July 1992, for drug trafficking, illegal entry into Iran, armed robbery
          and murder;
          Jafar Mo'ezzani, Hassan Baghalian and Rastgar, in Hamedan City Prison, on
          30 July 1992;
          16 further prisoners in Hamedan City Prison, on 30 July 1992.
          366. The following persons were reportedly sentenced to death by Islamic
          Revolutionary Courts and subsequently executed for political reasons:
          28 persons in Beresht-e-Zahra, during the second half of April 1992;
          20 persons in Dizelabad prison, on 27 April 1992;
          Hatan Djahanguiri Zadeh, in Tabriz, for being a sympathizer of the
          so-called Democrat Party. Allegedly, he had emphatically denied
          supporting any political movement;
          Fereidoun Farokhzad-Araghi, a poet, actor and showman, in Bonn, in early
          August 1992. Allegedly, he had received death threats from agents of the
          Government.
          367. In addition, the Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of the
          Islamic Republic of Iran the following cases of alleged extrajudicial, summary
          or arbitrary executions:
          Bahman Samandari, in Evin Prison, Tehran, on 18 March 1992, one day after
          he was summoned by the authorities in order to receive a document.
          Allegedly, he was killed for his membership in the Baha'i community;
          Raza Hoseini and Fereidoun Hachemi, on 26 September 1992, during a house
          raid by members of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard in Tehran;
          Morteza Yazdi, in Evin Prison, Tehran, in 1989, in spite of the fact that
          he was serving an eight-year prison sentence. Allegedly, no reason was
          given by the authorities for his execution.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 92
          Communications received from the Government
          368. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          369. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of the Islamic
          Republic of Iran following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions that had been transmitted to that country in 1991. The
          Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran had provided replies to some of
          these allegations. The Special Rapporteur requested the authorities to supply
          information also with regard to those for which no reply had been received so
          far (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 289-303).
          Iraq
          370. The reports and allegations that have come before the Special Rapporteur
          indicate that human rights violations, including extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions, continue to occur in Iraq on a large scale. In
          particular, attacks by the military against the population (including Marsh
          Arabs, internally displaced persons and refugees, and army deserters) in the
          southern Marsh areas were said to continue in 1992. It was reported that,
          during such attacks, the Iraqi military used heavy weapons, including tanks,
          helicopter gunships and fighter planes, against a number of civilian villages.
          371. The Special Rapporteur also received information concerning mass
          executions, where at least 267 persons had reportedly been killed either
          without any trial, or after trials which were said to fall short of the
          internationally recognized fair trial standards.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          372. The Special Rapporteur sent three urgent appeals to the Government of
          Iraq.
          373. The Special Rapporteur intervened with the Iraqi authorities after
          receiving information concerning heavy attacks by the Iraqi military on the
          civilian villages of Shumbaara al-Awaili, al-Kabab, al-Mouzar, Um-al-Hosh and
          Abu Saboor on 9 July 1992, and on al-Wadia, al-Hajia and again al-Mouzar and
          Um-al-Hosh on 15 July 1992, all situated in the southern Marshes. One of
          these villages, Abu Saboor, had reportedly been attacked by the military
          on 1 and 2 February 1992, when Iraqi soldiers swept to the village in search
          of deserters. Allegedly, people were burnt to death inside their houses
          before the village was subjected to a random artillery barrage (17 July 1992) .
          374. The Special Rapporteur also sent an urgent appeal to the Government of
          Iraq after he had received information regarding mass executions in
          August 1992 at Deebka, near the town of al-Sharqat. Allegedly, about
          200 people were killed by the military in groups of S to 10 persons. The
          victims were said to have had the colouring and features of people from
          southern Iraq. The Special Rapporteur reiterated his appeal to the Government
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 93
          of Iraq to effectively protect the right to life and carry out investigations
          with a view to identifying and bringing to justice those responsible for human
          rights violations (30 October 1992) .
          375. The Special Rapporteur sent another urgent appeal to the Government of
          Iraq transmitting allegations he had received concerning the execution,
          on 26 July 1992 in Baghdad, of Ra'ad Tabra and 41 other merchants (names of
          a further 33 can be consulted in the files of the secretariat) . On
          17 September 1992, a further 25 merchants and traders were said to have been
          executed. Reportedly, they had been charged with economic offences such as
          profiteering. It was alleged that the first 42 were sentenced to death in
          trials which did not conform to the internationally recognized fair trial
          standards. With regard to the group executed in September, it was reported
          that they may not have had any trial at all. After a statement made by the
          Iraqi President Saddam Hussein that these punishment measures were “to assure
          the life of the people and to purge the Government and the society”, fears
          were expressed that similar executions might follow (27 October 1992) .
          Communications received from the Government
          376. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Iraq.
          Israel
          377. The Special Rapporteur has received a number of reports and allegations
          referring to human rights violations, including extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions, in the Occupied Territories.
          378. Broad application of new instructions issued to soldiers and civilians in
          the territories concerning rules for opening fire were said to have resulted
          in a rise in the number of deaths among the population. These regulations
          reportedly allow the use of lethal force as a “last resort” against
          Palestinians suspected of having committed or attempting to commit a wide
          range of activities deemed illegal by Israeli military orders and regulations.
          These include, inter alia , being a fleeing “suspect”, writing graffiti,
          throwing stones, raising a Palestinian flag or wearing a kuffiyeh around one's
          face. In the beginning of 1992, the instructions for the use of firearms were
          said to have been relaxed even more to allow for the shooting of any person
          considered to be armed. By the end of August 1992, more than 160 people were
          said to have died, victims of political violence.
          379. Members of the Israeli Defence Forces, border guards and undercover units
          of the security forces were said to be responsible for a large number of
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions of Palestinians and other Arabs
          in the Occupied Territories. Allegedly, lethal force has been used in
          situations in which it was neither necessary nor proportionate. Increasingly,
          children are said to be among the victims of such killings. With regard to
          the operation of undercover forces, it was reported to the Special Rapporteur
          that their task was to work among the Palestinian population to identify those
          defined as “activists” and to assassinate them. In this regard, the Special
          Rapporteur refers to the report presented to the General Assembly at its
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 94
          forty-seventh session by the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli
          Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs
          of the Occupied Territories (A/47/509) .
          380. The Special Rapporteur has also received reports of deaths in custody due
          to torture and ill-treatment of detainees during interrogations. Physical and
          psychological torture was said to be systematically used in Israeli prisons
          and detention centres.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          381. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Israel
          information he had received concerning the alleged violation of the right to
          life of five persons, among them one minor.
          Urgent appeals
          382. The Special Rapporteur transmitted an urgent appeal to the Government of
          Israel concerning the case of Ahmad Suleiman Musa Qatamesh, a Palestinian who
          was arrested on 1 September 1992 and has since been held at Ramallah prison.
          He was reportedly threatened with death by his interrogators. Allegedly,
          members of his family were also threatened. Both Ahmad Qatamesh and his wife
          were said to have been subjected to torture (1 October 1992) .
          Other allegations
          383. The Special Rapporteur transmitted four further cases of alleged
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions to the Government of Israel.
          All of them were reported to have taken place in the West Bank. The victims
          were Palestinians, in one case a child of 11 years:
          (a) Mustapha Al-Akawi reportedly died during interrogation in Hebron
          Prison on 4 February 1992, allegedly after being subjected to torture. Signs
          of ill-treatment were said to have been noted by the judge who prolonged his
          detention on the day before his death. An investigation by the Police Serious
          Crimes Division reportedly concluded that his death was not caused by any
          criminal act and recommended that the file on his case be closed;
          (b) Mohammed Turkeman was reportedly killed by four men in civilian
          clothes on 10 December 1991, while riding in a taxi near Zabalsdeh, Jenin.
          The assailants then pulled him out of the car and studied his identity card.
          One of them reportedly stated that they had made a mistake. The taxi driver
          was warned not to talk about the incident;
          (c) A boy of 11 was reportedly killed on 5 February 1992 in the
          West Bank. It was alleged that he had been playing with another child when
          they saw soldiers firing into the air and approaching them. According to the
          source, the boy was shot dead when he tried to run away;
          (d) Bahia Mohammed Mahmoud Rabaya was reportedly shot by soldiers
          on 8 February 1992 in Irtas, Bethlehem, while riding in a car with other
          members of her family during a curfew which they were permitted to violate.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 95
          She was said to have died on the way to the hospital. Two of her children
          were reportedly wounded by live ammunition.
          Communications from the Government
          384. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Israel.
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          385. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Israel
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been received
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 326-327).
          Jamaica
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          386. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Jamaica
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been received
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 328-329).
          Jordan
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          387. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Jordan
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991 (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 330-334) .
          388. The Government of Jordan had replied to some of these cases. With regard
          to the remaining allegations, for which no replies had been received, the
          Special Rapporteur requested to be provided with information.
          Kenya
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          389. The Special Rapporteur transmitted three cases of alleged extrajudicial,
          summary or arbitrary executions to the Government of Kenya (31 August 1992) .
          All three concerned minors who were allegedly shot dead by members of the
          Kenyan Police; reportedly, no disciplinary or judicial action had been taken
          against those responsible:
          (a) Martine Wamalwa (12) and Mutiembu Nanjala Wamalwa (5) were
          reportedly killed on 22 March 1992 in Kitale, Western Province;
          (b) Mary Kiarie Wanjiru (14) was reportedly killed in Limuru.
          Communications received by the Special Rapporteur
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 96
          390. The Government of Kenya informed the Special Rapporteur that the case of
          Mary Wanjiru Kiarie had been brought before the courts and that the other
          two cases were under investigation (16 October 1992) .
          Kuwait
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          391. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Kuwait
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to this country in 1991 (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 335-343) .
          392. The Government of Kuwait had replied on some of these cases. With regard
          to the remaining allegations, for which no replies had been received, the
          Special Rapporteur asked to be provided with information.
          Lesotho
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          393. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Lesotho
          information he had received concerning the alleged extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary execution of four persons (31 August 1992) . One of the victims was
          a minor. Two cases allegedly constituted violations of the right to freedom
          of opinion and expression and peaceful assembly and association.
          394. Two people were reportedly shot dead by police officers in the context of
          demonstrations supporting a nationwide teachers' strike in Maseru.
          Tsepang Tsira was said to have been shot in the head while travelling in a van
          with friends on 25 August 1992. Bathobakae Mokhathu (17) was reportedly
          killed during a demonstration on 27 August 1990. According to an eyewitness,
          he had not taken part in the demonstration. Although a police officer was
          said to have been arrested, it is alleged that no criminal prosecution has
          taken place.
          395. Ngaka Sula, an official of the Construction and Allied Workers Union of
          Lesotho, was reportedly killed by a policeman in August 1991 for having
          allowed another member of that Union onto the site where he was working as a
          watchman.
          396. Makakole Mofokeng was reportedly arrested by South African Police and
          transferred to the custody of the Royal Lesotho Police in September 1991. He
          was allegedly subjected to severe torture. Upon being sent to the
          headquarters of the Criminal Investigation Division at Maseru, he died on
          28 October 1991. A post-mortem examination reportedly indicated asphyxiation
          as the cause of death.
          Communications received from the Government
          397. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Lesotho.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 97
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          398. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Lesotho
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been received
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 346-347).
          Liberia
          399. Detailed reports about the human rights situation in Liberia, including
          allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, were received
          only after the final date for the consideration of information brought to the
          attention of the Special Rapporteur. A full assessment of these reports will
          be presented to the Commission on Human Rights at its fiftieth session.
          Madagascar
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          400. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Madagascar
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been received
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 348-351).
          Malawi
          401. The Special Rapporteur has received reports indicating that the trial
          procedures leading to the imposition of the death penalty in Malawi were not
          in conformity with all the international instruments relating to fair trial.
          In particular, the Special Rapporteur was informed that off ences for which the
          death penalty was mandatory (murder or treason) and those for which it may be
          imposed (rape, robbery with violence, housebreaking or burglary) were tried in
          so-called “traditional courts”. Allegedly, in procedures before such courts,
          defendants do not benefit from all the internationally recognized guarantees
          for a fair trial: reportedly, defendants are not allowed to have lawyers and
          often may not call defence witnesses or cross-examine prosecution witnesses.
          The judiciary in such courts is said to be directly answerable to the
          President.
          402. The Special Rapporteur has also received allegations according to which
          death threats were made by the authorities against critics of the Government
          and political exiles who might wish to return to Malawi.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          403. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Malawi
          information he had received concerning the alleged violation of the right to
          life of 16 persons. Two cases allegedly constituted violations of the right
          to freedom of opinion and expression.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 98
          Urgent appeals
          404. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of Malawi
          after receiving reports of the alleged imminent execution of 15 prisoners held
          at Zomba Central Prison, including: Winston Kabenthu, Style Pimri,
          Tobet Kamwendo, Leston Simba, Davison Maponda, George Sukali, Wilson Mwale
          Ngozo, Thenson Thomas, Lyson Nkhoma, Laurence Zuze and Bonfasio Petro
          (24 June 1992) .
          405. The Special Rapporteur sent another urgent appeal upon receiving
          allegations which expressed fear for the life and physical integrity of
          Chakufwa Chihana, who reportedly had published letters and speeches advocating
          political change in Malawi (3 August 1992) .
          Other allegations
          406. The Special Rapporteur also transmitted to the Government of Malawi the
          case of Mkwapatira Mhango, an exiled journalist allegedly killed on
          13 October 1989 in Zambia. Several sources indicated involvement of the
          Malawi authorities in his killing. Reportedly, Mkwapatira Mhango had been
          publicly denounced by the President of Malawi after making statements which
          were interpreted as being directed against the Government (31 August 1992) .
          Communications received from the Government
          407. The Government of Malawi provided the Special Rapporteur with information
          in reply to his urgent appeal concerning the case of Chakufwa Chihana. It was
          stated that there were practically no political detainees in Malawi and that
          allegations according to which several political opposition figures had been
          killed were wild and unreliable. Chakufwa Chihana was subject to the judicial
          process taking its normal course as a citizen who had contravened a specific
          law in the statute books. His case was in the courts. He himself was alive
          and well (24 August 1992) .
          408. The Government of Malawi also informed the Special Rapporteur that the
          case of Mkwapatira Mhango had been transmitted to the appropriate authorities
          to deal with. Information concerning these allegations would be forwarded as
          soon as their reply was available (23 September 1992) .
          Malaysia
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          409. The Special Rapporteur transmitted an urgent appeal to the Government of
          Malaysia after receiving reports according to which 43 asylum seekers from
          Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia, were at risk of extrajudicial execution if they were
          to be returned to Indonesia. The Special Rapporteur appealed to the Malaysian
          authorities to refrain from returning them without giving them a fair
          opportunity to establish entitlement to refugee status (12 August 1992) .
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 99
          Communications received from the Government
          410. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Malaysia.
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          411. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Malaysia
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been received
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 353-356).
          Mali
          412. The reports and allegations that have come before the Special Rapporteur
          indicate that human rights violations, including extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions, occurred in Mali when the armed forces responded to
          attacks by Tuareg rebels on towns or villages in northern Mali by arresting,
          torturing and killing members of the Tuareg communities. In some cases, the
          armed forces allegedly executed civilians solely because of their ethnic
          origin.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          413. The Special Rapporteur sent to the Government of Mali allegations he had
          received according to which three days after an attack on a military vehicle
          near Gossi in the Timbuktu region by a Tuareg armed group, an army unit
          arrived at Gossi on 23 May 1992. The soldiers reportedly arrested 10 Tuareg
          civilians who were said not to have been involved in the attack. Two of those
          arrested, Rhissa Ag Intekel and Ibrahim Ag Emarwel, were allegedly killed in
          Gossi. The others were said to have been taken to Gourma Rharous,
          about 150 kilometres north-west of Gossi. However, it was reported that some
          or all of the prisoners never reached their destination but were
          extrajudicially executed at Tinharra, some 25 kilometres from Gourma Rharous.
          Their names were reported to the Special Rapporteur as follows: Ibrahim Ag
          Abdou Kader, Alhassane Ag Baye, Bijiki Ag Intekna, Cheick Ag Bendeche,
          Ahamadou Ag Hamad, Inamoud Ag Amaye, Intalou Ag Ekawel and Mouaji Ag Attiyoub.
          Communications received from the Government
          414. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Mali.
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          415. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Mali following
          up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been received
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 358-362).
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 100
          Mauritania
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          416. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Mauritania
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been received
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 363-366).
          Mexico
          417. The Special Rapporteur received reports concerning human rights
          violations, including death threats and extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions, allegedly perpetrated by members of the Mexican security forces.
          Human rights activists, critics of the Government, trade unionists and
          peasants, especially those belonging to indigenous communities, were said to
          be the main targets of violence. Indigenous communities were reported to
          suffer violations of their human rights in the context of land disputes.
          Powerful landowners, “cacigues” and gunmen in their service allegedly
          cooperate with members of the security forces.
          418. It was reported to the Special Rapporteur that complaints of human rights
          abuses were not properly investigated by the authorities on both the local and
          national levels. Only in few cases were those responsible said to be brought
          to justice.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          419. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Mexico
          information he had received concerning the alleged violation of the right to
          life of five persons, among them one minor. Two cases concerned violations of
          the right to freedom of opinion and expression and peaceful assembly and
          association.
          Urgent appeal
          420. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of Mexico
          after receiving information concerning death threats against Maria Teresa
          Jardi, Director of the Department of Solidarity and Defence of Human Rights in
          the Archdiocese of Mexico and legal adviser to the Commission of Solidarity
          and Defence of Human Rights in Chihuahua, in late October. It was alleged
          that one of the threats referred to her investigations into the murder of
          Victor Manuel Oropeza Contreras (24 November 1992) .
          Other allegations
          421. The Special Rapporteur transmitted the following cases to the Government
          of Mexico (31 August 1992) .
          422. Tom s Diego Garcia was reportedly killed on 25 January 1992, when members
          of the Preventive Police, the State Judicial Police and local gunmen raided
          the Indian community of La Trinidad Yaveo, Santiago Yaveo, district of
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 101
          Choapan, Oaxaca. Allegedly, he was shot dead when he was running, unarmed,
          after a vehicle in which several persons detained during the raid were
          abducted. Also during this raid, one agent of the State Judicial Police
          reportedly put his gun into the mouth of five-year-old Misael Garcia Santiago,
          threatening him with death if he did not stop crying. The assault on the
          community of La Trinidad Yaveo was said to have been the latest of a series of
          incidents in the context of a conflict in which a sector of the community
          asserted their traditional land rights against local landowners who reportedly
          had seized part of the land in question.
          423. The Special Rapporteur also transmitted to the Government of Mexico the
          case of Victor Manuel Oropeza Contreras, author of a daily newspaper column in
          which he criticized the Government and, in particular, the police, who was
          reportedly killed on 3 July 1991 in Ciudad Juarez. An investigation into the
          case, carried out by the State Police and the Federal Attorney's Office, was
          allegedly not conducted properly. According to the source, the case had not
          been investigated by the National Commission on Human Rights, which had been
          established by the Mexican Government in 1990.
          424. In the case of Francisco Quijano Garcia, whose body had been found
          on 11 March 1992 after he had been detained by agents of the Judicial Police
          on 21 June 1990, it was also alleged that the investigation of the case,
          carried out by the Federal District Attorney General's Office, was not
          conducted properly. A person identified by the authorities as the murderer of
          Francisco Quijano Garcia reportedly claimed to be innocent and alleged that
          the police had threatened him with death if he revealed the truth.
          Communications received from the Government
          425. The Government of Mexico informed the Special Rapporteur that the Chamber
          of Deputies had unanimously rejected the acts of intimidation against
          Maria Teresa Jardi and requested the competent authorities to thoroughly
          investigate the death threats and to guarantee the safety of Mrs. Jardi and
          her family. The Human Rights Commission of the Chamber of Deputies equally
          rejected the acts of intimidation against Mrs. Jardi. The Federal Attorney's
          Office provided agents for her personal security. The President of Mexico,
          Carlos Salinas de Gortari, met with Maria Teresa Jardi in November 1992 and
          expressed his full support for the efforts to identify those responsible and
          punish them in accordance with the law. He also reiterated that Mrs. Jardi
          and her family would be granted all necessary guarantees for their physical
          integrity (26 November 1992) .
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          426. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Mexico
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been received
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 368-370).
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 102
          Morocco
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          427. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of Morocco
          after he had received information according to which excessive force had been
          used by members of the police and military in order to disperse non-violent
          demonstrations, in the towns of Assa and Smara on 23 September 1992 and on
          6 and 7 October 1992. Reportedly, police and Royal Gendarmerie agents fired
          indiscriminately on participants in the demonstrations, who demanded the
          implementation of the United Nations Peace Plan as well as the holding of the
          Referendum for Self-Determination provided for in that plan, and requested the
          Government to find solutions for the grave economic situation in the area.
          Ten people were said to have been killed and many others wounded
          (20 October 1992) .
          Communications received from the Government
          428. The Government of Morocco provided the Special Rapporteur with
          information in reply to the aforementioned urgent appeal. It was stated that
          the allegations had been diffused by the Frente Polisario to mislead public
          opinion and the United Nations before the problem of the Sahara was discussed
          in the Fourth Committee of the General Assembly. Some incidents that had
          occurred in Smara and other towns of the Kingdom of Morocco were isolated
          events due to disputes between supporters and adversaries of some candidates
          during the electoral campaign which started in September for municipal and
          communal elections. However, nobody was reported seriously injured and no
          arrest was carried out. The Commander-in-Chief of the United Nations Mission
          for the referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) had declared on 23 October 1992
          that the situation in Smara and Layoune was calm. On 28 October 1992, the
          Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the Sahara also declared
          that MINURSO did not corroborate the declarations made by the Frente Polisario
          (10 November 1992) .
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          429. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Morocco
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          that had been transmitted to that country in 1991.
          430. The Government of Morocco provided information in reply to all the cases
          brought to its attention. In two cases, it was reported that preliminary
          investigations had been opened before the competent courts. The Special
          Rapporteur requested the Government of Morocco to provide him with updated
          information, in particular the decisions taken as a result of those procedures
          and any measure adopted as a consequence thereof.
          Myanmar
          431. The reports and allegations that have come before the Special Rapporteur
          indicate that human rights violations, including extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions, continue to occur in Myanmar on a large scale.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 103
          432. Several reports concerned gross human rights violations committed by the
          Myanmar security forces against Muslims in Rakhine (Arakan) State, also
          referred to as Rohingyas, in what was described as a general pattern of
          repression against religious or ethnic minority groups. Numerous
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions were said to take place in the
          context of forced labour. Members of minority groups are reportedly taken for
          porter duty by the military, either as punishment for suspected involvement
          with armed insurgencies or simply at random. While on duty, they are said to
          be subjected to severe ill-treatment including deprivation of food, water and
          sleep, beating with bamboo sticks and rifle butts, kicking with heavy boots,
          burning with cigarettes or slashing with bayonets. When, as a consequence of
          the hard work under such conditions, they fall ill or become too weak to work,
          they are reportedly killed by the military or simply left to die. The Special
          Rapporteur also received reports about deaths in military custody due to
          torture and ill-treatment.
          433. As a consequence of the consistent and widespread human rights abuses in
          Rakhine State, approximately 300,000 Rohingyas were reported to have fled to
          Bangladesh by the end of April 1992. Entire villages were said to have been
          forced to leave in order to escape torture, ill-treatment and killing by the
          security forces.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          434. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Myanmar
          allegations concerning the alleged violation of the right to life
          of 99 persons. One case allegedly constituted a violation of the right to
          freedom of expression and opinion, religion, and peaceful association and
          assembly. The Special Rapporteur intervened on behalf of 90 persons by
          sending an urgent appeal and transmitted the remaining nine cases by letter to
          the Government of Myanmar, which replied to the allegations contained in the
          urgent appeal.
          Urgent appeal
          435. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of Myanmar
          after it had been reported to him that 90 women, some of whom were said to be
          infected with the HIV-virus, were to be repatriated to Myanmar from Thailand,
          where they had been rescued from forced prostitution in Thai brothels.
          Allegedly, in April 1992, 25 women from Myanmar, who had been tested and found
          to be HIV-positive, had been executed by cyanide injections by the Myanmar
          military upon their return to the country. The Special Rapporteur urged the
          authorities to ensure the safety and physical integrity of all women
          repatriated to Myanmar and requested the Government of Myanmar to provide him
          with information regarding the steps taken to provide effective protection
          from extrajudicial execution (29 September 1992) .
          Other allegations
          436. The following nine persons were reportedly extrajudicially executed by
          members of the Myanmar military forces (31 August 1992) :
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 104
          (a) Saing Shwe (22), Pu Sam Shwe (40), Saing Say (33), Loong Sarm (30)
          and Pu Loi Haw (40), on 25 December 1991 in Lashio Township, Northern Shan
          State, was reported to have been killed by a military column led by
          Captain Tin Win of the 68th Light Infantry Regiment which was on patrol in the
          area. Saing Shwe and Loong Sarm were allegedly beaten and tortured to death
          by the soldiers. Pu Loi Haw was reportedly killed because the military
          suspected him of having made contacts with resistance forces;
          (b) Lung Shaw (56) reportedly died on 11 November 1991 after he had
          been beaten and kicked until he lost consciousness, allegedly without any
          obvious reason, by soldiers from the Myanmar Army 247th Light Infantry
          Regiment Company 4 led by Captain Tun Than at Wan Yawn, Naung Nay ward, Nam
          San Township, in Shan State;
          (c) Seng Moung (25) was allegedly arrested to serve as a porter by the
          Military Column No. 2 of the 33rd Light Infantry Regiment in October 1991 at
          Tarn Yarng Township, Northern Shan State. On 9 November 1991, he reportedly
          tried to escape but was rearrested by the military when, due to forced labour,
          malnutrition and a long journey, he was unable to cross a river. He was
          allegedly tortured and beaten by the soldiers and then thrown into the river;
          where he was said to have drowned;
          (d) (N)awa Padvia Dhanibai was reportedly killed on 13 July 1992 by
          Forest Guards who had come, together with police officers, to the village of
          Kalibel in Taloda, a forest area being cleared for resettlement caused by the
          Sardar Saronar dam project. The Forest Guards allegedly opened fire on tribal
          people who were protesting against the prohibition of cultivating land in the
          resettlement areas, killing one woman and injuring seven other persons;
          (e) Mohamed Ilyas (64), a Muslim from Buthidaung Township, Rakhine
          (Arakan) State, and local secretary of the National League for Democracy,
          reportedly died on 23 June 1992 as a consequence of a severe beating by
          Military Intelligence Services (MIS) personnel while in custody.
          Communications received from the Government
          437. The Government of Myanmar has provided the Special Rapporteur with
          information in reply to the urgent appeal concerning the alleged danger of
          extrajudicial execution for 95 women to be repatriated from Thailand to
          Myanmar. It was stated that the allegations mentioned in the Special
          Rapporteur's urgent appeal, that in April 1992, 25 women had been given
          cyanide injections after having tested HIV-positive were baseless accusations
          emanating from certain malefactors and certain non-governmental sources. The
          95 women rescued from brothels in Thailand had returned to Myanmar
          safely (15 October 1992) .
          438. In addition, the Government of Myanmar provided the Special Rapporteur
          with a copy of State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) Order No. 12/92
          of 26 September 1992 by which executive and judicial martial law powers vested
          in certain military commanders within their respective military regions were
          revoked. The Government informed the Special Rapporteur that, by Order
          No. 10/92 of 10 September 1992, the SLORC had also lifted the curfew order
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 105
          imposed from 11 p.m. to 4 a.m. (28 September 1992) . An 18-member Convening
          Commission and a 36-member Management Committee to make preparations for the
          National Convention to be held in late 1992 or early 1993 were formed by SLORC
          Order No. 13/92 of 2 October 1992 (7 October 1992, 19 October 1992) . The date
          for the meeting of the National Convention was fixed for 9 January 1992
          (18 November 1992) .
          439. The Government of Myanmar also informed the Special Rapporteur about
          attacks by armed terrorist groups, including the Karen National Union (KNU)
          and the Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP) on Htimukhi and Hweponglao
          camps in July and September 1992, after the Myanmar armed forces had suspended
          all military offensive operations in April 1992 with a view to securing amity
          among all national races for national unity and national solidarity.
          Counter-offensives were carried out to recapture the camps in August and
          September 1992, in self-defence and in response to the forays made by the
          armed terrorists (18 November 1992) .
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          440. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Myanmar
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          that had been transmitted to that country in 1991.
          441. The Government of Myanmar had informed the Special Rapporteur that the
          authorities concerned were looking into the cases. However, no reply was
          received with regard to these allegations (see E/CN.4/1992/30,
          paras. 381-387) .
          Nepal
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          442. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Nepal allegations
          he had received according to which 10 people had been killed by members of the
          police and political party workers in various parts of the country during the
          local election campaign in May 1992. Allegedly, none of the perpetrators had
          been arrested and no inquiry into these incidents had been opened. The names
          of those reported as victims of such executions are: Tularas Acharya, Anthun
          Lal Kunwar, Ramsaran Yadav, Ram Prasad Singh, Abdul Miya, Om P. Yadava,
          Nathuni Mahoto, Dilli Ram Chaihan, Soti Mukhiya and Mahottari
          (31 August 1992) .
          Communications received from the Government
          443. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Nepal.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 106
          Nicaragua
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          444. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Nicaragua
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991.
          445. The Government of Nicaragua had replied on some of these cases. With
          regard to the remaining allegations, for which no replies had been received,
          the Special Rapporteur requested to be provided with information (see
          E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 388-393).
          Niger
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          446. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Niger following
          up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been received
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 396-397).
          Nigeria
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          447. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Nigeria
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been received
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 398-411) . The Government of Nigeria replied to
          this letter stating that a comprehensive reply was being prepared and would be
          forwarded to the Special Rapporteur as soon as possible.
          Pakistan
          448. The reports and allegations that have come before the Special Rapporteur
          indicate that human rights violations, including extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions, continue to occur in Pakistan.
          449. As in past years, the Special Rapporteur received several reports
          concerning trials leading to the imposition of capital punishment before
          Special Courts for Speedy Trial, set up under a Constitutional Amendment in
          Pakistan in 1991. It was alleged that in procedures before such courts,
          defendants did not benefit from all the rights and guarantees contained in
          international instruments, in particular with regard to the right to a public
          hearing, the right to present a full defence, the right to be presumed
          innocent until proven guilty and the right to appeal. Reportedly, Special
          Courts for Speedy Trial have to decide a case within 30 days. An adjournment,
          for example to obtain the testimony of defence witnesses, may not exceed days.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 107
          Appeals must be filed within seven working days before a Supreme Appellate
          Court set up under the same legislation. Reportedly, there is no possibility
          for a person tried by a Special Court for Speedy Trial to appeal to a High
          Court or the Supreme Court.
          450. The Special Rapporteur also received reports concerning alleged
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions of political activists after
          their arrest by the police. In a number of cases it was also alleged that no
          inquiries into the circumstances of such killings had been carried out.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur :
          451. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Pakistan
          allegations he had received according to which 17 persons had been victims of
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, including the following
          (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Mohamed Riaz Ahmed and Mehdi Khan were reportedly executed on
          12 April 1992 in Karachi after being convicted of murder and sentenced to
          death by Special Courts for Speedy Trial. The procedures before these courts
          did not seem to conform to internationally recognized fair trial standards;
          (b) Two landowners were reportedly killed while in police custody in
          June 1992 near Jamshoro in connection with a land dispute. Allegedly, no
          investigation into their deaths was carried out;
          (c) Mohammad Yusuf Jakhrani, an opposition politician, reportedly died
          on 12 June 1992 in a military hospital at Kandhkot, allegedly as a consequence
          of injuries inflicted upon him during military interrogation. No inquiry into
          the case was said to have taken place;
          (d) Younous, a prisoner under trial, was reportedly found dead in his
          cell at Kot Lakhpat Prison in Lahore in July 1991. No inquiry into his death
          was said to have taken place;
          (e) Mohammad Idrees Bajwa was reportedly killed in an encounter with
          policemen in Toba Tek Singh in November 1990. Based on an investigation
          report published in June 1991, the registration of a case for manslaughter
          against six policemen was reportedly ordered. However, no results of such
          proceedings were said to have been made known;
          (f) Ahmad Shakeel was reportedly tortured to death at the Crime
          Investigation Agency (CIA) detention centre in Karachi on 25 April 1990.
          Allegedly, no case was filed against the CIA officers involved. After his
          father filed a private complaint in court, proceedings reportedly began
          against eight CIA officers, but no results were said to have been made known.
          Communications received from the Government
          452. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Pakistan in reply to the allegations
          transmitted by the Special Rapporteur in 1992.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 108
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          453. In reply to the allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions transmitted in an urgent appeal of 11 November 1991 (see
          E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 412-415), the Government of Pakistan provided the
          Special Rapporteur with information concerning Special Courts for Speedy
          Trials. It was stated that these courts had first been set up under the
          Special Courts for Speedy Trials Act, 1987 (V od 1987) , in order to enable
          courts to deal with crimes arising out of terrorism. At present, they had
          their legal basis in the Courts for Speedy Trials Ordinance 1991, promulgated
          on 5 August 1991 and based on a 1990 constitutional amendment. The Special
          Courts for Speedy Trials were presided over by retired or serving judges of
          the High Court or persons qualified for appointment as judges of the High
          Courts. Appeals against the orders of the Special Courts lay to the Supreme
          Appellate Court, comprising a judge of the Supreme Court as its chairman and
          two judges of the High Courts as its members. The trial procedures before
          Special Courts were the same as those in the other courts of the country. No
          defendant had complained so far that he had not been given an opportunity for
          a proper defence. There had been several acquittals by Special Courts. In a
          number of cases, trial by these courts had been recommended even by the
          opposition. Not a single case had been sent to these courts for political
          motives.
          Observations
          454. Despite the assurances provided by the Government of Pakistan as to the
          rights of defendants in trials before the Special Courts for Speedy Trials,
          the Special Rapporteur remains concerned about continuing reports of
          shortcomings in the procedures before such courts. A modification of the
          procedures in conformity with the pertinent international instruments should
          be envisaged to avoid the application of death sentences without respect for
          all the guarantees and safeguards of a fair trial.
          Paraguay
          455. The Special Rapporteur has received reports indicating that, since the
          overthrow of the regime of General Alfredo Stroessner in 1989, respect for
          human rights in Paraguay has improved significantly: repressive laws have
          been repealed, restrictions on trade unions, political parties and the news
          media have been lifted and steps have been taken to bring to justice some of
          those responsible for human rights violations in the past.
          456. Nevertheless, the Special Rapporteur continued to receive reports of
          human rights violations, including extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions, in the context of land disputes. Army and police personnel
          allegedly resorted to violence against peasant farmers attempting to establish
          land claims.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 109
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          457. The Special Rapporteur transmitted the following two cases of alleged
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions to the Government of Paraguay
          (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Bernardo Ramirez, a peasant, was reportedly killed by a soldier of
          Military Detachment No. 1 in Yhovy, district of Corpus Christi, department of
          Canindiyu, on 15 February 1992. Allegedly, no investigation into the case has
          been conducted;
          (b) Nery Otazu was reportedly killed on 5 April 1992 by the mayor of
          Fuerte Olimio, who was said to have broken into his father's house in a state
          of inebriety. It was alleged that no investigation into the case had been
          carried out.
          Communications received from the Government
          458. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Paraguay.
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          459. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Paraguay
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been received
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 417-419).
          Peru
          460. The reports and allegations that have come before the Special Rapporteur
          indicate that human rights violations, including extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions, continue to occur in Peru on a large scale.
          461. Widespread violations of the right to life still occur against the
          background of the armed conflict between the Government and guerrilla groups,
          in particular the Communist Party of Peru (Shining Path) and, to a lesser
          extent, the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) . According to official
          figures, between May 1980 and August 1992 this internal war has cost the lives
          of 24,517 persons; 10,286 civilians were said to have died as victims of
          political violence in which they were not directly participating. During the
          first 8 months of 1992, 2,074 persons were reportedly killed. Among
          the 1,029 civilian victims, peasants (379), shanty town dwellers (210) and
          members of rural patrols (164) were those most affected. Those killed
          included 306 members of the security forces, and 739 subversives.
          462. As in former years, Shining Path was said to be responsible for a large
          number of killings, especially in rural areas where peasants organized in
          civil defence groups ( rondas campesinas ) or suspected of collaboration with
          the Government security forces continued to be the main targets. In urban
          areas, besides attacks on police stations, military barracks and shopping
          centres, Shining Path reportedly for the first time targeted the media,
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 110
          exploding a truck bomb in front of Channel 2 broadcasting station in
          June 1992. According to figures presented by the Pacification Commission,
          41.23 per cent of the victims of political violence in 1991 could be
          attributed to Shining Path, and 4.37 per cent of the total deaths to MRTA.
          Members of the military and the police, trade unionists, community activists,
          peasants, ronderos , journalists and foreigners engaged in cooperation projects
          were said to be among the victims of guerrilla violence, which also did
          enormous damage to the country's economy.
          463. Numerous extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions were reported to
          have been carried out by the army and the security forces and other groups
          linked to them, or acting with their acquiescence and complicity. The
          principal victims in the Government's counter-insurgency activities continue
          to be peasants, who are often reported to be executed for their refusal to
          join the rondas campesinas , in retaliation for Shining Path attacks, or
          because they are suspected by the military of cooperating or sympathizing with
          Shining Path. Journalists, human rights activists, trade unionists, judges
          and court officials were also reported to be targets for death threats and
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary execution by members of the security
          forces.
          464. The Special Rapporteur was informed that the number of killings for
          political motives had not declined in 1992. On S April 1992, Peruvian
          President Alberto Fujimori dissolved the Congress and established an
          executive-led Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction. Decrees
          passed shortly thereafter reportedly brought about the suspension of judicial
          guarantees of fundamental rights such as habeas corpus and amparo . Law
          No. 25,475 of 6 May 1992 was said to contain substantial restrictions of the
          right to defence for individuals accused of terrorism. An increase of violent
          guerrilla activities was reported in the aftermath of the events of
          S April 1992. The impact of the arrest on 12 September 1992 and subsequent
          sentences to life imprisonment of Abimael Guzntn, leader of Shining Path, on
          the future of the armed conflict remains to be seen. An upsurge of guerrilla
          violence, including attacks on schools, police stations, markets, commercial
          centres and banks, was reported around the time of the elections to the
          Congreso Constituyente y Democr tico on 22 November 1992. The Shining Path
          had called off a paro armado (armed strike) to deter people from participating
          in the elections.
          465. The Special Rapporteur was further informed that most of those
          responsible for human rights abuses continued to enjoy impunity. After
          5 April 1992, all judicial and Public Ministry activities were suspended
          for 10 working days. This and the removal from their positions of a number of
          judges and prosecutors reportedly had the consequence that the judicial system
          stopped working in practice.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur :
          466. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Peru information
          that had come before him concerning the alleged violation of the right to life
          of 194 persons. In 20 cases, the victims were said to be minors; 67 cases
          allegedly concerned the violation of the right to freedom of opinion and
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 111
          expression, religion, and peaceful assembly and association. By sending
          10 urgent appeals, the Special Rapporteur intervened on behalf of 69 persons.
          Allegations concerning 125 others were sent to the Government in a separate
          letter. The Government provided the Special Rapporteur with information
          concerning 72 persons.
          Urgent appeals
          467. Luz Gladys Roque Montesillo, In s Sinchitullo Barboza, Eduardo Rojas
          Laysequia, all three officials of the Prosecutor's Office in Huancavelica, and
          Manuel Antonio C6rdova Polo, Provincial Prosecutor of Arigaraes, were
          reportedly threatened on different occasions between February and July 1992 by
          members of the security forces, allegedly for their involvement in judicial
          investigations of the killing of 14 peasants in Santa Barbara in 1991.
          Cynthia Temys Quesada Roque (2), daughter of Luz Gladys Roque Montesillo, was
          said to have been hurt in an attack against her mother in July 1992
          (24 June 1992) .
          468. Gustavo Gorriti Ellenbogen, his wife Esther Delgado de Gorriti, and his
          daughters Galia (6) and Dafne (1) , were reportedly threatened on 5 June 1992
          by members of the State security forces, in particular the National
          Intelligence Service. Gustavo Gorriti Ellenbogen was also said to have
          suffered acts of harassment earlier in the year (25 June 1992) .
          469. The home of Judge Arturo Zapata Carbajal in Lima was reportedly raided by
          the military on 10 April 1992, during his absence. The soldiers allegedly
          questioned his father, Juan Zapata Veliz, and his two sons, Hans (10) and
          Kervin (8) , about his whereabouts, threatening them with guns. Fears for
          Arturo Zapata Carbajal's safety were expressed (29 June 1992).
          470. Nancy Valcarcel de Sim6n, wife of Yehude Sim6n Munaro, detained
          since 11 June 1992, has reportedly been subjected to death threats since the
          detention of her husband (9 July 1992) .
          471. Lorenzo Ccapa Hilachoque, Secretary General of the Unified Farmers'
          Federation of Espinar, and other leaders of the same union, including its
          Secretary, Juan Huarca Saico, were reportedly subjected to death threats and
          attacks by members of the police and the armed forces, allegedly in
          retaliation for denunciations of human rights abuses (7 August 1992) .
          472. Juan Luna Rojas, Secretary General of the Peruvian Workers' Federation
          (CTP) was reportedly the victim of an abduction attempt on 27 August 1992,
          when armed men, allegedly linked to the security forces, tried to force him
          into their car in Lima. Fears for his safety were expressed
          (16 September 1992) .
          473. On 28 September 1992, leaflets threatening with death more
          than 40 journalists and employees of the University of Ayacucho were
          reportedly distributed in Ayacucho. The threats were said to have been signed
          by a paramilitary group called “Antiterrorist Movement of Ayacucho”. The
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 112
          leaflet named the journalists Magno Sosa Rojas and Necias Taquiri Yanqui as
          well as 17 others (names may be consulted in the files of the Secretariat)
          (9 October 1992) .
          474. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal after receiving information
          about telephone death threats against another journalist in Ayacucho,
          Edilberto Coronado Reyes of La RepiOElica , allegedly in connection with
          articles about links of a high-ranking police official with drug trafficking
          (12 November 1992) .
          475. The Special Rapporteur also intervened with the Government of Peru after
          he had received information according to which Avelino Vega, President of the
          ronda campesina of Challhuayaco, had been arrested by agents of the Technical
          Police on 17 February 1992, while he was travelling to Lima to denounce the
          killing of five peasants earlier in the same month. Fears were expressed that
          he might be at risk of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary execution
          (24 June 1992) .
          476. The Special Rapporteur sent another urgent appeal to the Government of
          Peru after receiving reports concerning the deaths of Rafael Ventosilla Rojas,
          Alejandro Ventosilla Castillo, Paulino Ventosilla Castillo Rojas, Sim6n
          Ventosilla Castillo, Ruben Ventosilla Castillo and Marino Ventosilla Rojas.
          These six men had allegedly been arrested by members of the security forces on
          27 April 1992 at Cejetuto Santa Maria, Huaura, released in May and then
          rearrested by soldiers on 24 June 1992, their bodies having been found the
          following day. Fears were expressed that four other persons who had been
          arrested on 27 April 1992, together with the six who were killed in June,
          might also be at risk of execution. Their names were reported as follows:
          Aridr s Reyes Rojas, Gaudencio Tolentino, Walter Tolentino Romo and Alfonso
          Ventosilla Pablo (21 August 1992) .
          Other allegations
          477. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Peru information
          he had received concerning the alleged extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          killing of the following persons (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Teofilo Avendaflo Chavez and 10 other persons (names may be
          consulted in the files of the Secretariat) , on 22 June 1991, by members of the
          ronda campesina acting under the command of a captain of the Peruvian Army at
          Ariexo de Moya, Quinua. No investigation into the case was said to have been
          opened;
          (b) Carlos V squez Reinell and Salvador Carrasco G6mez, on
          18 September 1991, in detention by members of the police at Tarapoto, San
          Martin, allegedly as a consequence of torture;
          (c) Ely Sifuentes, Abel Santa Maria, Rafael Ortiz Gonzalez, Susy de
          Sifuentes and three unidentified persons, among them one person named “Willy”,
          on 15 October 1991, by a Peruvian Army patrol at Pueblo Nuevo, Aucayacu,
          Leoncio Prado, 1-luanuco;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 113
          (d) Eight persons: Felix Garcia Mansilla, Agripina Cabrera Morote,
          Gladys Garcia Cabrera (17) , Gregorio Garcia Cabrera (9), Beatriz Garcia
          Cabrera (2) , Marcelino Garcia Conchali, Atilio G6mez Huarani (17) and
          Zosimo Rodriguez Huamani, on 24 October 1991, when members of the Peruvian
          military attacked the home of the Garcia family. Allegedly, no investigation
          into the case has been opened;
          (e) Luis Alberto Diaz Astovela and 13 others, among them a child of
          nine years (names may be consulted in the files of the Secretariat) , on
          3 November 1991, when a group of armed men, allegedly linked to the security
          forces, opened fire on a group of people at a social gathering at Barrios
          Altos, Lima;
          (f) Maria Paucar, Raymunda Jara Munoz, Javier Montes Solorzano, Sara
          Cautin Mallqui and (first name unknown) Rodriguez Paucar, on 23 January 1992,
          during an attack by armed men, allegedly linked to the security forces, on the
          home of Mr. Rodriguez Paucar, a well-known member of the political group
          Socialist Affirmation Movement, at Seffior de los Milagros, Huaura.
          (g) Jose Luis Mann Gonzalez, arrested on 18 January 1992 by soldiers
          from the military base of Aucayacu, whose body was reportedly found without
          head and hands on 27 January 1992. His parents, Lince Mann Panduro and
          Emilia Gonzalez Guerrero, were allegedly threatened by the military not to
          denounce the assassination of their son;
          (h) JIItonio Baz n Rodriguez (14) and 13 other persons, among them
          S more minors (names may be consulted in the files of the Secretariat) ,
          on 10 March 1992, after Peruvian Army and Navy personnel had intercepted the
          boat in which they were travelling to Bambi , Leoncio Prado, Huanuco, to
          collect bananas. Following a day in detention, they were said to have been
          executed by the soldiers;
          (i) Samuel Triveffios Huaman, Rai l V squez Lozano and Juan Carlos L6pez
          Loayza, all three leaders of the Political Alliance-United Left, on
          17 March 1992, by members of paramilitary forces acting under the command of
          Peruvian Army soldiers from Chaviffias, who reportedly killed them in public at
          JIIexo Para, Chaviffias, Ayacucho, after questioning them about their political
          activities. Three men, Agapito Triveffios Huaman, Alcides Triveffios Diaz and
          Alfonso Triveffios Diaz, were reportedly detained and threatened with death
          after having sought explanations about the death of the three politicians;
          (j) Juan Hualla Choquehuanca, Francisco Atamari, Feliciano Turpo and
          Roberto Quispe Mamani, on 20 May 1992, by members of the Peruvian military at
          Ayaviri. Marks of torture allegedly found on their bodies are said to
          contradict the official explanation that they had died in a shoot-out or
          during an attempt to escape from detention;
          (k) Ricardo Ruiz Salazar, arrested on 22 June 1992 by members of the
          Peruvian military from a military base at San Jose de Sisa, Lama, San Martin,
          and found dead on 24 June 1992 at the door of his sister's home, allegedly
          bearing marks of torture.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 114
          478. The Special Rapporteur also transmitted to the Government of Peru the
          following allegations he had received (31 August 1992) :
          (a) No investigation was said to have been opened into the case of
          Bernab Balde6n Garcia, reportedly detained and tortured to death by soldiers
          in Pacchahuallhua, Indendencia, on 25 September 1990;
          (b) Rai l Antero Cazacuri Roca, arrested on 16 February 1991 by members
          of the Peruvian Army at Tarma, Junin, was found dead on 9 April 1991,
          allegedly presenting marks of torture;
          (c) Teodoro Lorenzo Alvarado Castillo, arrested on 11 March 1991 by
          members of the Peruvian Army at La Uni6n, Arequipa, was found dead on the next
          day, allegedly presenting marks of torture;
          (d) Javier Ccorimanya Rojas died on 27 May 1991 in a hospital at
          JIIdahuaylas, allegedly as a consequence of a bullet wound inflicted upon him
          by a soldier of the Peruvian Army;
          (e) Luis Antonio Morales Ortega, journalist, was killed on 13 July 1991
          in Ayacucho by armed men, allegedly in the presence of three policemen who did
          not interfere. A witness to his killing, Celestina Huallanca Hinastroza, was
          reportedly assassinated, together with her husband, Francisco Solier, and two
          other persons, at her home in Ayacucho, on 18 July 1991 by members of a death
          squad called “Anti-terrorist Liberation Command”;
          (f) Isabel Lozano Rios, arrested on 15 October 1991 by members of the
          Peruvian Army at Pueblo Nuevo, Leoncio Prado, and taken to the military base
          “Tingo Maria” was found dead three days later, allegedly bearing marks of
          torture;
          (g) Felix Guti&rez Coras, Governor of the District of Quinua, was
          reportedly subjected to death threats in January 1992 after denouncing
          multiple murders committed by members of the Civil Defence Committee of
          Quinua.
          479. The following cases were brought to the attention of the Special
          Rapporteur by the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances. In
          the light of information concerning the localization of the bodies and the
          identification of those presumed to be responsible for their killings, the
          Working Group considered the cases as clarified. The Special Rapporteur
          transmitted them to the Government of Peru, requesting information concerning
          the results of the judicial proceedings initiated (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Timoteo Pinco Tello and eight others, among them three minors
          (names may be consulted in the files of the Secretariat) , were reportedly
          killed on 22 September 1990 at Pongullo, San Pedro de Cachi. A Senate
          Commission reportedly concluded that those responsible for their killing were
          members of the Army and the Civil Defence Forces. Criminal proceedings were
          said to have been opened;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 115
          (b) Ysenia Osnayo Hilario and 14 others, among them 2 minors (names may
          be consulted in the files of the Secretariat) , were reportedly killed on
          4 July 1991 at Santa Barbara, Huancavelica. Members of the 43rd Battalion of
          Panapas were reportedly charged with murder and other offences before a
          military court.
          Communications received from the Government
          480. The Government of Peru provided the Special Rapporteur with information
          in reply to the following cases:
          (a) Luz Roque Montesillo et al . : no formal complaints had been filed
          against members of the military concerning human rights violations. The
          allegations were probably aimed at drawing attention to the massacre at
          Santa Barbara, on the presumption that the authors of this incident would not
          be brought to justice. The attacks suffered by Ines Sinchitullo Barboza and
          Cynthia Temys Quesada Roque were duly denounced; no participation of military
          personnel could be proved. In addition, the authorities of Huancavelica had
          questioned Luz Roque, Manuel C6rdova and Eduardo Rojas and reported to the
          Ministerio PiOElico about their professional misconduct and support of Shining
          Path (2 December 1992);
          (b) Nancy Valcarcel de Sim6n: the competent authorities had not
          received any complaint about death threats and were therefore unable to
          provide any information (7 August 1992);
          (c) Magno Sosa Rojas and Necias Taquiri Yanqui: the Ministry for
          Internal Affairs informed the Special Rapporteur that both had signed
          declarations according to which they were in a good state of health and were
          exercising their journalistic activities (9 October 1992) ;
          (d) Magno Sosa Rojas was arrested on 5 September 1992 at “Jorge Chavez”
          airport in Lima, in conformity with three arrest warrants issued for his
          suspected membership of an armed organization. Mr. Sosa Rojas remained in
          detention at Castro Castro prison (28 October 1992) ;
          (e) Killings of peasants in Chavin, Huari, JIIcash: Investigations
          carried out by the Ministry of the Interior had revealed that the six police
          agents involved had not used excessive force but had defended their police
          post against 600 peasants, some of whom were armed with firearms and dynamite
          (9 October 1992);
          (f) Arturo Zapata Zarbajal: the Fiscal Adjunto Supremo en lo Penal,
          had not received any complaint regarding the case. The Ministry of Defence
          had stated that the date, circumstances and type of intervention excluded the
          involvement of members of the military in charge of the area in which Arturo
          Zapata Zarbajal resided (9 October 1992);
          (g) Murder of 16 persons in Barrios Altos, Lima: the Provincial
          Attorney had returned the case to the anti-terrorism directorate for further
          investigations; no results had been forwarded so far (11 November 1992) ;
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 116
          (h) Bernab Balde6n Garcia: from 23 to 27 September 1990, the military
          carried out a counter-insurgency operation at Pacchahualpa, Independencia,
          Vilhascuantn, during which 30 persons were temporarily detained. Bernab
          Balde6n Garcia died during detention due to a heart attack. The case had been
          transmitted to the police for investigation (11 November 1992) ;
          (i) Teofilo Avendano Chavez and others: on 15 May 1992, criminal
          investigations were initiated against several members of the rondas campesinas
          of Quinua (11 November 1992);
          (j) Teodoro Lorenzo Alvarado Castillo: investigations into the case
          have been opened by the Provincial Attorney's Office of La Uni6n. The
          Secretary-General of the Ministry of Defence reported that military justice
          procedures had been initiated against military personnel involved
          (11 November 1992) ;
          (k) Rai l Antero Cajacuri Roca: the Ministry of Defence reported that
          investigations had revealed that Mr. Cajacuri Roca had not been arrested or
          detained by the Army. On 9 September 1992, the Provincial Attorney of Tarma
          decided to file the case since the authors of the killings could not be
          identified (11 November 1992) ;
          (1) Javier Ccorimanya Rojas: arrested on suspicion of terrorist
          activities, he was shot when he tried to escape during his transfer to a
          Commando Post in Abancay on 28 May 1991. He was then taken to the hospital in
          Cusco, where he died on 6 June 1992. The Provincial Attorney's Office in
          JIIdahuaylas reported that investigations against the military personnel
          involved had been opened (11 November 1992);
          (m) Samuel Triveffios Huam n and others: investigations have been
          initiated by the Provincial Attorney's Office in Lucanas (11 November 1992) ;
          (n) Juan Hualla Choquehuanca and others: two officials of the Peruvian
          Army were charged with murder on 22 July 1991 (11 November 1992);
          (o) Maria Paucar de Rodriguez and others: investigations opened by the
          Provincial Attorney's Office in Huaura on 6 March 1992 were hindered by lack
          of collaboration by possible witnesses, who were terrified. Those responsible
          for the killings could not be identified. Nevertheless, investigations
          continued (11 November 1992) ;
          (p) Carlos V squez Reinell and Salvador Carrasco G6mez: criminal
          procedures were initiated against three police officers (11 November 1992) ;
          (q) Abel Santamaria and Rafael Ortiz GonIIlez: the case was returned
          to the Provincial Command of the National Police in Leoncio Prado for further
          investigations to identify those responsible for the killings
          (11 November 1992) ;
          (r) The massacre at Santa Barbara: charges of genocide had been filed
          against several members of the Peruvian Army (11 November 1992) ;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 117
          (s) Timoteo Pinco Tello and others: criminal procedures against an
          army sergeant were under way (11 November 1992) ;
          (t) Felix Guti&rez Coras: the Fiscal Superior Decano of Ayacucho and
          the Political and Military Chiefs at the Sub-Prefecture at Huamanga were
          requested on 1 April 1992 to provide the pertinent guarantees for the safety
          of Mr. Guti&rez Coras (11 November 1992) .
          481. The Government of Peru also informed the Special Rapporteur that
          information had been requested from the competent authorities with regard to
          the following cases: Jose Luis Mann Gonzalez and his parents, Antonio Baz n
          Rodriguez et al. , Luis Antonio Morales Ortega, Feliz Garcia Mansilla et al. ,
          Ricardo Salazar Ruiz, Isabel Lozano Rios and Eli Sifuentes, Agapito Triveffios
          et al . (11 November 1992).
          482. In renewal of an invitation extended to the former Special Rapporteur
          in 1990, the Government of Peru invited the Special Rapporteur to visit the
          country at a date to be fixed, after the elections scheduled for
          23 November 1992.
          483. Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1992/42, the Government
          of Peru submitted a large number of notes verbales concerning acts of
          violence, including massacres and bomb attacks leading to many deaths of
          civilians and security forces personnel, committed by armed insurrectionist
          groups, particularly Shining Path and MRTA, throughout 1992 (see above,
          paras. 460-463) .
          Observations
          484. The Special Rapporteur appreciates the willingness shown by the
          Government of Peru by providing him with information in reply to a large
          number of the allegations transmitted. He remains concerned, however, at the
          persistent reports of widespread violations of the right to life in the
          country. Consequently, the Special Rapporteur very much welcomes the decision
          of the Government of Peru to renew the invitation to visit the country that
          was extended to his predecessor some time ago after the elections to the
          Democratic Constituent Congress on 23 November 1992. After consultations with
          the Government, the date for the visit has been set for May or June 1992.
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          485. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Peru following
          up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions that had
          been transmitted to that country in 1991 (see E/cN.4/1992/30, paras. 420-448) .
          486. The Government of Peru had provided the Special Rapporteur with
          information concerning judicial investigations into the killing of 14 persons
          in the community of Santa Barbara. The Special Rapporteur requested the
          authorities to supply information also with regard to the remaining cases, for
          which no reply had been received.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 118
          487. In reply to this follow-up letter, the Government of Peru informed the
          Special Rapporteur that the Provincial Attorney of Yauyos had been requested
          to coordinate personal protection for Egidio Ore Mallco et al . (see
          E/CN.4/1992/30, para. 429) and to forward information about the investigations
          into the case. With regard to the purported death threats against
          Jose Arnaldo Salom Adauto (see E/CN.4/1992/30, para. 424), a thorough
          investigation carried out by the armed forces had established that the
          allegations concerning his detention and subsequent escape were false.
          Philippines
          488. The reports and allegations received by the Special Rapporteur indicate
          that human rights violations, including extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions, continue to occur throughout the Philippines.
          489. Most of the abuses are said to take place in the context of the ongoing
          violent political conflict between the Government and armed opposition groups,
          in particular the New People's Army (NPA) , the armed wing of the Communist
          Party of the Philippines (CPP) engaged in guerrilla warfare. Despite
          initiatives by the Government directed at peace and unification (e.g. an
          amnesty for rebels who surrender and hand in their weapons, the repeal of
          statutes outlawing CPP and the institution of a National Unification
          Committee), which led to a joint declaration, on 1 September 1992, by the
          Government and the National Democratic Front, an umbrella organization
          of 13 underground organizations including the CPP and the NPA, to commence
          “formal peace negotiations”, violations of the right to life continue to be
          reported.
          490. Acts of violence, including killings, are said to be perpetrated by
          liquidation squads of NPA known as “sparrow units”, military rebel forces and
          Muslim separatist forces such as the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and
          the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). On the other hand, the Government
          is said to continue its counter-insurgency policy of “total war”: the
          Philippine Army, the Philippine National Police, the Citizens Armed Force
          Geographical Unit (CAFGU), a militia deployed by the military in
          counter-insurgency operations, and civilian volunteer organizations
          (“vigilantes”) are said to be responsible for extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions and death threats.
          491. It was reported to the Special Rapporteur that in regions with increased
          military presence, local residents were put under pressure, often through
          death threats, to join the CAFGU. Those repeatedly reported to be the victims
          of executions or death threats include farmers, community leaders, trade
          unionists, members of human rights and other civilian organizations and people
          linked with the Church. Allegedly, they are frequently accused of membership
          of or support for NPA. Once labelled as Communist supporters, they are said
          to be at high risk of human rights abuses, including execution.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          492. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of the
          Philippines 13 cases of alleged extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 119
          executions, or death threats. Seven cases allegedly constituted violations of
          the right to freedom of opinion and expression, religion and peaceful assembly
          and association. By sending three urgent appeals, the Special Rapporteur
          intervened on behalf of three persons. Allegations concerning 10 others were
          sent in a separate letter. The Government provided information in reply to S
          cases.
          Urgent appeals
          493. Marcelo Fakilang, a community leader and human rights advocate, was
          reportedly attacked twice at his house in Sadanga, Mountain Province, by a
          group of soldiers of the 68th Infantry Battalion, accompanied by members of
          the CAFGU, in late January 1992. Allegedly, this was in connection with his
          political activities and outspoken criticism of human rights abuses by the
          military (24 June 1992) .
          494. Clovis Nazareno, a poet and journalist and co-founder of a local farmer's
          group, reportedly received death threats on repeated occasions and suffered an
          attempt on his life on 10 May 1992, allegedly carried out by members of the
          military. Clovis Nazareno's newspaper columns had frequently criticized
          government policies. It was alleged that he had sought, but was not granted,
          military protection (25 June 1992) .
          495. Eduardo Faelnar, a messenger for the Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG),
          a network of human rights lawyers, was reportedly told that the local Military
          Intelligence Command (MICO) at Cagayan de Oro City would “eliminate” him if he
          did not cooperate with them. Since mid-November 1992 he was said to have been
          followed by members of MICO (4 December 1992) .
          Other allegations
          496. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of the Philippines
          allegations according to which the following 10 persons had been killed by
          Philippine security forces:
          (a) Efren Gamboa, a member of the Lotus Workers General Union, on
          22 February 1992 at Kamaya, Maniveles, Bataan, by unidentified armed men
          allegedly linked to the military;
          (b) Jerry Sabal, on 5 February 1992, at Barangay Langngagan,
          Sanchez-Mira, by members of the 50th Infantry Battalion of the Philippine
          Army. Allegedly, no investigation into his death has been carried out;
          (c) Demetria Pedrano and her mother, Basilia Pedrano, both active
          church workers, on 15 February 1992 in the parish of San Miguel, Zamboanga, by
          members of a group called “Sagrado Coraz6n Senior” (SCS) which reportedly
          cooperates with the military in counter-insurgency operations;
          (d) Artemio Reconalla, on 21 June 1992 by members of the CAFGU,
          reportedly after having received death threats by the CAFGU and the SCS, who
          suspected him of being a sympathizer of NPA;
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 120
          (e) Mariano Cuenca, an active supporter of the National Federation of
          Sugar Workers, on 1 April 1992 at Hacienda Union, Barangay Camagao, by armed
          men believed to be members of CAFGU. Reportedly, he had been accused by the
          military and CAFGU of being a former NPA member;
          (f) Wilson Alquiosola, on 1 February 1992 at Sitio Catiyo, Barangay
          Oaliling, by members of CAFGU acting under the command of the 7th Infantry
          Battalion of the Philippine Army;
          (g) Juanito Salvador, a church activist, on 11 March 1992 at Sibul
          Spring, Sitio Hacienda, Barangay Gabon, by combined forces of the Philippine
          Army and the Philippine National Police, who reportedly accused him of being a
          top-ranking official of the Southern Region Bataan NPA. Juanito Salvador was
          said to have denied this accusation;
          (h) Alf redo Conol “Dodong” and Alejandro Savilla “Loloy”, both working
          for the Agro-Aquatic Services Association Inc., on 30 April 1992 at Agusan del
          Norte, by soldiers from military units which were said to be operating
          independently from local commands.
          Communications received from the Government
          497. The Government of the Philippines provided the Special Rapporteur with
          information supplied by the Philippine Commission on Human Rights (CHR) in
          reply to the following cases:
          (a) Marcelo Fakilang: a fact-finding team dispatched to Sadanga,
          Mountain Province, on 9 May 1992 established that Marcelo Fakilang was the
          chairman of the Mountain Province chapter of the Cordillera People's Alliance,
          an organization branded by the military as a Communist front. He himself was
          suspected of being an NPA member. Marcelo Fakilang reported several incidents
          in which he had been subjected to death threats and harassment. At the time
          of the reply, CHR was in the process of gathering and consolidating evidence
          preparatory to the filing of a criminal complaint against an army sergeant
          named by Marcelo Fakilang and others who might later be identified
          (18 August 1992);
          (b) Efren Gamboa: investigations conducted by the CHR regional office
          at San Fernando, Pampanga, disclosed that Efren Gamboa was killed on
          22 February 1992 by unidentified gunmen at the New Public Market,
          San Carlos St., Mariveles, Bataan. Police and the Office of the Provincial
          Prosecutor revealed that he was implicated in an alleged conspiracy to burn
          the New Public Market (8 September 1992, information as of 30 April 1992);
          (c) Jerry Sabal: his body, already in an advanced state of
          decomposition, was discovered at Barangay Langanan, Sanchez Mira, on
          3 February 1992 and positively identified by his wife. Efforts to find
          witnesses to shed light on what had happened to him proved futile. The case
          was temporarily filed until new evidence and witnesses might lead to the
          solution of this case (8 September 1992, information as of 2 July 1992) ;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 121
          (d) Alfredo Conol and Alejandro Savilla: the CHR regional office based
          in Cagayan de Oro City investigated the case. Police also inquired into their
          deaths, suggesting that the two men had been abducted somewhere along
          Buenavista highway where no houses are located. A human rights organization
          in Butuan City informed CHR that Conol's death might have been related to a
          land dispute. As of 31 August 1992, police had not identified any suspects,
          since no witness had come forward to identify those responsible. So far,
          there was no indication that members of the security forces were involved in
          the killing, nor for its political or ideological motivation
          (29 October 1992) .
          498. Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1992/42, the Government
          of the Philippines supplied information concerning acts of violence, including
          killings of civilians and members of the security forces as well as
          paramilitary forces cooperating with them, committed by the CPP/NPA and Muslim
          secessionist movements. For the first semester of 1992, rebel atrocities
          resulted in the death of 274 persons (see above, paras. 489-490) .
          Follow-up on allegations transmitted in 1991
          499. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of the Philippines
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          that had been transmitted to that country in 1991 (see E/cN.4/1992/30,
          paras. 420-460) .
          500. The Government of the Philippines had replied to two of these cases, in
          which CHR had conducted inquiries. The Special Rapporteur asked the
          authorities to also provide information concerning the remaining allegations,
          for which no reply had been received.
          Observations
          501. The Special Rapporteur has decided to transmit the replies forwarded by
          the Government of the Philippines to the sources of the allegations for
          comments and observations, especially with regard to the instances in which he
          was informed that CHR had filed the cases for lack of testimony provided by
          witnesses. A full assessment of these cases will be presented to the
          Commission on Human Rights at its fiftieth session.
          Rwanda
          502. The reports and allegations that have come before the Special Rapporteur
          relate to extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions of unarmed civilians
          by the Rwandese security forces in connection with the armed conflict between
          government security forces and the Rwandese Patriotic Front (FPR) . The
          Special Rapporteur also received information concerning killings of members of
          the Tutsi minority, in particular the Bagogwe clan, allegedly perpetrated with
          direct or indirect involvement of the security forces.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 122
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          503. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Rwanda
          information he had received concerning alleged violations of the right to life
          of at least 172 persons. In one case, the victim was said to be a minor. The
          Special Rapporteur intervened on behalf of one person by sending an urgent
          appeal. All other allegations were transmitted in a separate letter. The
          Government provided information of a general nature.
          Urgent appeals
          504. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of Rwanda
          after receiving reports about death threats and acts of harassment against
          Fid le Kanyabugoyi, Director at the Ministry of Public Works and member of a
          human rights group known as Kanyarwanda, in late August 1992. On the evening
          of 29 August 1992, a few days after he had been summoned by the Procurator
          General for the Court of Cassation to give explanations about his inquiries
          into mass killings of members of the Bagogwe clan in early 1991, in particular
          his findings that a local government official was involved in the killings,
          Fid le Kanyabugoyi's house was reportedly attacked by nine armed men. In the
          light of earlier acts of harassment because of his human rights activities,
          fears were expressed that Mr. Kanyabugoyi's life was in danger
          (25 September 1992) .
          Other allegations
          505. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Rwanda the
          following allegations of violations of the right to life (31 August 1992) :
          (a) Jean Munyakazi and Apollinaire Niyonzima were reportedly arrested
          and later executed in early 1991 by members of the National Gendarmerie from
          Kanombe military camp, allegedly in connection with an attack by FPR in
          Northern Rwanda. No investigation into their executions was said to have been
          conducted;
          (b) Musafiri Muhangi, a member of FPR, in early 1991, allegedly after
          being held in Kigali military barracks, where he was said to have been
          subjected to torture. No investigation was said to have been conducted;
          (c) JIItonia Locatelli, an Italian missionary, was reportedly shot dead
          on 9 March 1992 by a member of the Rwandese security forces at Nyamata parish
          church, allegedly for trying to assist a large number of Tutsi fleeing from
          violent attacks by members of the 1-lutu majority in Kazenze, Bugesera. No
          judicial or disciplinary action was said to have been taken against the
          soldier responsible for her killing;
          (d) At least 150 members of the Tutsi minority were reportedly killed
          during attacks by Hutu gangs in Kazenze, Bugesera, in March 1992. No
          inquiries were said to have been opened by the authorities;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 123
          (e) Michel Karambizi, a Hutu businessman, his wife and his 10-year old
          child were reportedly killed on 4 October 1990 at their home near Kigali by
          members of the Rwandese security forces, allegedly for Mr. Karambizi's
          brother's suspected support of FPR;
          (f) Phocas Nkinzingabo and 13 other unarmed Tutsi civilians from
          Kibuye, Kanama, were reportedly executed on 4 February 1991 by soldiers at
          Gisenyi military barracks, allegedly in retaliation for an FPR attack on the
          town of Ruhengeri on 23 January 1991.
          Communications received from the Government
          506. The Government of Rwanda provided the Special Rapporteur with detailed
          tables of human and material damage resulting from the armed conflict between
          government forces and FPR since October 1990 (30 March 1992) . In addition,
          the Government provided the Special Rapporteur with a copy of the cease-fire
          agreement between the Government of Rwanda and FPR, as amended at Gbadolite,
          Zaire, on 16 September 1991 and at Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania, on
          12 July 1992 (20 July 1992) .
          507. The Government of Rwanda also stated that on 25 March 1992 the “FPR-
          Inkotanyi” bombarded the camp of Rwebare in the community of Muvumba (Byumba),
          where 7,000 civilians displaced by the war were accommodated. At least eight
          of them were killed and many wounded (31 March 1992).
          Follow-up on allegations sent in 1991
          508. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Rwanda
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          that had been transmitted to that country in 1991.
          509. The Government of Rwanda had replied to some of these cases. The Special
          Rapporteur requested to be provided with information also with regard to the
          remaining allegations, for which no reply had been received so far (see
          E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 461-466).
          Saudi Arabia
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          510. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of
          Saudi Arabia after he had received information according to which on
          3 September 1992, Sadeq Mal-Allah, a Shi'a, was beheaded in the eastern town
          of Al-Qarif. Reportedly, he had been sentenced to death at the age of 17 for
          slandering God, His Prophet and the Holy Qu'ran. Allegedly, during his trial,
          which was held in camera , he had not been allowed to have a lawyer. It was
          also alleged that Sadeq Mal-Allah was sentenced to death although he had
          recanted his statements. The Special Rapporteur was informed that two other
          Shi'as, Abdel Halek Abd-al-Galik al-Janabi (26) and Turki al-Turki (31) were
          arrested in January 1992 on similar charges and it was feared that they, too,
          might face execution soon (23 October 1992) .
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 124
          Communications received from the Government
          511. By the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          have been received from the Government of Saudi Arabia.
          Senegal
          Follow-up on allegations sent in 1991
          512. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Senegal
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          that had been transmitted to that country in 1991 (see E/cN.4/1992/30,
          paras. 469-471) .
          513. The Government of Senegal provided the Special Rapporteur with replies on
          all the cases that had been brought to its attention. However, on several
          points the results of investigations into the matter by the Ministry for
          Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Justice did not seem to coincide. The
          Special Rapporteur asked the Government of Senegal to provide him with
          additional information to clarify these cases. The Government informed him
          that the matter had been transmitted to the competent authorities. Without
          prejudice to their replies, it stated that the judicial investigation opened
          into one of the cases in question should fall under amnesty law No. 91-40 of
          10 July 1991. That law did not aim at covering up for authors of human rights
          violations but had been adopted within the global social consensus to restore
          peace in the region of Casamance (27 November 1992) .
          Somalia
          514. Detailed reports about the human rights situation in Somalia, including
          allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, were received
          only after the final date for the consideration of information brought to the
          attention of the Special Rapporteur. A full assessment of these reports will
          be presented to the Commission on Human Rights at its fiftieth session.
          South Africa
          515. The reports and allegations that have come before the Special Rapporteur
          indicate that extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions continue to occur
          in the context of political violence in South Africa.
          516. According to figures released by the Human Rights Commission of
          South Africa, 3,110 people lost their lives as victims of political violence
          between January and November 1992: 164 of these killings were attributed to
          members of the security forces, and 2,278 people were said to have been killed
          by “vigilantes”, private armed groups defending their own vested interests in
          the perseverance of apartheid structures.
          517. As in former years, the Special Rapporteur has received reports of
          massacres in black townships and squatter settlements. The recurrent pattern
          of such incidents was described as attacks by supporters of the Inkatha
          Freedom Party (IFP) acting with the active cooperation or at least the passive
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 125
          support of members of the security forces, in particular the KwaZulu Police
          Force, the South African Police (SAP) and the South African Defence Force
          (SADF) . During these attacks, residents of townships and settlements were
          reportedly attacked and killed at random.
          518. Also in the context of political violence, the Special Rapporteur has
          received allegations according to which leading members of the African
          National Congress (ANC) and trade unions, in particular the National Union of
          Metal Workers of South Africa (NUMSA), had been victims of death threats and
          attempts against their lives.
          519. The Special Rapporteur also continued to receive reports about deaths in
          police custody due to torture and ill-treatment, particularly in police
          stations in the Transvaal. It was alleged that none of the police officers
          involved was suspended from duty.
          520. With regard to capital punishment, it has been reported to the Special
          Rapporteur that a moratorium on the execution of death penalties was first
          announced in the South African Parliament in February 1990.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          521. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of South Africa
          information concerning the alleged violation of the right to life of at least
          138 persons. Of these cases, 42 allegedly constituted violations of the right
          to freedom of expression and opinion, religion and peaceful assembly and
          association. By sending S urgent appeals, the Government intervened on behalf
          of 102 persons. Allegations of violations of the right to life of 36 others
          were sent in a separate letter.
          Urgent appeals
          522. The Special Rapporteur intervened on behalf of Willies Mchunu,
          Enoch Nzuza, Mike Mabuyakhulu and Samuel Nyawo, all members of ANC and
          activists of NUMSA, who had reportedly received death threats and suffered
          attempts against their lives. The attacks against them were said to have
          taken place in the context of a raid on Esikhawini township by hundreds of
          alleged IFP supporters, who were allegedly escorted by members of the KwaZulu
          Police Force and joined by members of SAP and SADF, on 16 February 1992, and
          subsequently on various occasions throughout the month of February 1992.
          523. By the same urgent appeal, the Special Rapporteur transmitted to the
          Government of South Africa allegations he had received concerning the death of
          21 people during an attack by armed IFP supporters from the KwaMadala hostel
          in Boipatong township and the nearby Slovo informal settlement, on the night
          of 17 to 18 June 1992. Although warned on the morning of 17 June 1992, the
          police reportedly did not try to stop the incident from happening but brought
          in the attackers with police vehicles ( casspirs ) (26 June 1992) .
          524. The Special Rapporteur sent another urgent appeal to the Government of
          South Africa after he had received reports according to which 32 people had
          been assassinated in Esikhawini township, Natal, during the month of
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 126
          August 1992. The killings were said to have been carried out by hit squads
          linked to the KwaZulu Police Force. The following persons were reported to
          the Special Rapporteur as being among those killed on 26 August 1992:
          Dumisani Shandu, Victor Khumalo, Thembe Shandu, N Mathenjwa, Josiah Nxumalo
          and Phila Mthiyane, all six members of ANC, as well as ANC member and NUMSA
          shop steward Samuel Nyawo, who had already suffered attempts against his life.
          In the context of attacks on Esikhawini township, Bheki Ntuli, Northern Natal
          regional chairman of the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) , and
          Enoch Nzuza, a member of ANC and regional organizer of NUMSA, reportedly
          escaped assassination attempts (21 September 1992) .
          525. The Special Rapporteur sent a third urgent appeal to the Government of
          South Africa after it was reported to him that Billy Thembinkosi and 27 other
          unarmed demonstrators (names may be consulted in the files of the Secretariat)
          had been killed on 7 September 1992 during an ANC march on the so-called
          “homeland” of Ciskei by soldiers of the Ciskei Defence Force who were said to
          have used automatic weapons, tear-gas and stun grenades against them. It was
          alleged that the Ciskei Defence Force had closed institutional links with
          branches of SADF. Its present commander-in-chief was said to be an officer
          seconded from SADF's Directorate of Military Intelligence. It was also
          reported that members of SAP who had accompanied the marchers on
          7 September 1992 had withdrawn without protecting them (24 September 1992) .
          526. The Special Rapporteur also intervened with the authorities of
          South Africa after receiving information according to which Siza Rani,
          chairman of the Sharpeville township branch of ANC, was the target of
          systematic harassment by members of SAP based in the Vaal Triangle area. On
          several occasions between December 1991 and October 1992, police officers of
          the Internal Stability Unit (ISU) and other units based in Sharpeville were
          said to have forcibly entered Siza Rani's home and questioned his neighbours
          about his whereabouts. On 11 January 1992, the house was reportedly attacked
          with a hand-grenade. Fears were expressed for the lives of Siza Rani and his
          family, who were said to have been forced into hiding (3 November 1992) .
          527. Vusi Tshabalala, assistant secretary of the Thokoza Civic Association,
          and 17 other political activists and residents of Thokoza township were
          reportedly killed during the month of October 1992 by gunmen, allegedly acting
          on instructions from members of the police and operating with impunity. Fears
          were expressed for the life of Louis Sibeko, General Secretary of the Thokoza
          Civic Association, who was said to have been a target of harassment and
          surveillance for more than a year, allegedly for his human rights activities
          and his involvement in local peace efforts. These were said to have included
          providing evidence to the Commission of Inquiry regarding the Prevention of
          Public Violence and Intimidation (Goldstone Commission) in relation with
          incidents of political violence in Thokoza and other East Rand townships
          (13 November 1992) .
          Other allegations
          528. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of South Africa two
          more cases of killings in the context of massacres in black settlements
          (31 August 1992) :
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 127
          (a) Eighteen persons reportedly died on 3 December 1991 during a series
          of attacks by IFP supporters on Bruntville township, Natal. During the
          attacks, police and military vehicles were said to have been seen in the
          vicinity. Members of the security forces allegedly fired tear-gas at the
          embattled residents;
          (b) Sixteen persons reportedly died on 13 February 1992 during an
          attack by more than 200 KwaZulu policemen, together with IFP supporters, on
          Uganda Squatter Camp at Umlazi, Natal. Members of SAP who were in the area
          allegedly did not interfere.
          529. The Special Rapporteur also transmitted to the Government of South Africa
          two cases concerning death in police detention after torture and
          ill-treatment:
          (a) David Mokgalaka reportedly died in the custody of SAP at Louis
          Trichardt police station, Louis Trichardt, Transvaal, on 1 November 1991,
          allegedly after having been subjected to torture. Reportedly, no charges have
          been brought against the policemen concerned and none has been suspended from
          duty pending an investigation;
          (b) Solly Maele Mogashoa reportedly died on 14 October 1991 after he
          had been arrested by members of the Lebowa “Homeland” Police and taken to
          Namakgale police station at Phalaborwa, Transvaal, where he was allegedly
          subjected to severe beating. Reportedly, judicial proceedings against two
          police officers were started, but allegedly neither of them was suspended from
          duty.
          Communications received from the Government
          530. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of South Africa.
          Follow-up on allegations sent in 1991
          531. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of South Africa
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no reply had been received (see
          E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 472-490).
          Sri Lanka
          532. The reports and allegations that have come before the Special Rapporteur
          indicate that human rights violations, including extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions, continue to occur against the background of an ongoing
          armed conflict in the north-east of Sri Lanka.
          533. The armed conflict between the security forces and the Liberation Tigers
          of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) reportedly continues throughout the northeast of
          Sri Lanka. The army, the police and the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 128
          (TELO) , an armed group cooperating with the military, as well as LTTE are said
          to be responsible for a large number of civilian deaths, either in the context
          of armed clashes or in reprisal killings.
          534. The Special Rapporteur also received reports concerning death threats and
          acts of harassment against lawyers appearing on behalf of victims of human
          rights violations or taking up the defence of political prisoners as well as
          victims and witnesses who have testified against the security forces during
          inquiries into human rights violations or who have initiated other legal
          remedies.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur :
          535. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Sri Lanka
          allegations he had received according to which 101 persons had suffered
          violations of their right to life. In 24 cases, the victims were said to be
          minors. By sending two urgent appeals, the Special Rapporteur intervened on
          behalf of four persons. All other allegations were sent in a separate letter.
          The Government replied to most of these cases.
          Urgent appeals
          536. W.C. Neal Rajapakse and W. Charles, the brother and father of a young
          woman allegedly raped and extrajudicially executed by police officers in
          September 1990, were reportedly subjected to continuous threats and acts of
          intimidation by members of the Anuradhapura police between February and
          April 1992, allegedly with the aim of deterring them from appearing before the
          court to testify against the police officers concerned (25 June 1992) .
          537. The organization Lawyers for Human Rights and Development (LHRD) was
          subjected to continuous threats, allegedly by members of the security forces,
          in June and July 1992. Gunmen allegedly came to the offices of the
          organization on repeated occasions and asked for the whereabouts of the
          General Secretary, Kalyananda Tiranagama, and a legal officer called
          Mohen Seneviratne. Threats were also said to have been made to the
          organization's printers, who were told to stop producing the newsletters
          “People's Rights” and “Vinishchaya”. LHRD is reportedly engaged in legal
          advice and assistance to victims of human rights violations and in literacy
          programmes for the people (20 July 1992) .
          Other allegations
          538. Eight civilians, members of a family - Thambimuttuh Suppiah,
          P. Karunayamma, Vadivel, Kopalan Suppiah, and the children Saroja Suppiah,
          Sasikala Suppiah, Rajanayakam Suppiah and Neela Suppiah - were reportedly
          killed by a group of army personnel accompanied by members of TELO on
          14 April 1992 in their house at Mandur, Batticaloa. The killings were said to
          have been reprisals for the murder, earlier that day, of two TELO members by
          members of LTTE who had been lying in ambush near the house of the Suppiah
          family (31 August 1992) .
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 129
          539. Eighty-nine Tamil villagers, including 20 minors, were reportedly killed
          on 29 April 1992 by a group composed of policemen and so-called Muslim Home
          Guards in the villages of Muthugal and Karapola, Polonnaruwa, allegedly in
          reprisal for a massacre, some hours earlier, of 54 Muslim villagers by members
          of LTTE. Most of the victims were said to have been shot or hacked to death
          in their village. Six persons were reportedly captured by Home Guards in the
          surrounding countryside, and one person was said to have been taken into
          police custody. Their bodies were found in an irrigation ditch on the
          following day. A special investigation into the case is reported to have been
          opened, but no disciplinary or judicial procedures were said to have been
          opened against those responsible, nor did the families of the victims receive
          any compensation. The names of 82 of the villagers are contained in lists
          which may be consulted in the files of the Secretariat (31 August 1992) .
          Communications received from the Government
          540. In reply to the allegations transmitted in 1992, the Government of
          Sri Lanka provided the Special Rapporteur with the following information:
          541. Concerning alleged acts of intimidation and threats against
          W.C. Nimal Rajapakse and W. Charles, it was stated that State counsel
          conducting the prosecution in the case of the abduction, rape and murder of
          W. Chandrawathie had informed the court that a witness had complained of
          threats by unknown persons. The Criminal Investigation Department (CID) was
          investigating the complaint. The CID had also conducted investigations into
          the alleged threats against W.C. Nimal Rajapakse which revealed that he had
          been stopped for questioning after he had taken photographs of the suspects in
          the case of W. Chandrawathie within the court precincts and could not prove
          that he was a journalist. A knife with a blade of unauthorized length had
          been recovered from his possession, whereupon he was taken into custody.
          Investigations by officers of the Anti-Subversive Unit established that
          W.C. Nimal Rajapakse was not connected with subversive activities. He was
          charged with being in possession of a knife of unauthorized length and pleaded
          guilty. W.C. Nimal Rajapakse was not a witness in the case of
          W. Chandrawathie. Investigations into the alleged threats to W. Charles, the
          father of W. Chandrawathie, were under way to establish the veracity of the
          complaint and, if it was justified, to identify the culprit (10 August 1992) .
          542. In response to death threats received by the LHRD (see above, para. 537),
          a police guard was placed at the LHRD office. Investigations were initiated.
          Since then, no more complaints had been received from the organization
          (21 August 1992). This information was corroborated by a member of LHRD who
          visited the Centre for Human Rights in October 1992.
          543. Concerning the alleged massacre on 29 April 1992 of 89 Tamil villagers
          (see above, para. 538), it was stated that the attacks had been carried out by
          Muslim villagers from a nearby village, in retaliation for an earlier attack
          by LTTE terrorists which had cost the lives of 56 people. This was part of
          the “ethnic cleansing” strategy used by LTTE to drive Muslim and Sinhalese
          villagers out of the territory they claimed as their homeland. In the
          reprisal attack on Muthugal and Karapola, 74 Tamil villagers were killed and
          44 others wounded. The Ministry of Defence of Sri Lanka appointed a committee
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 130
          chaired by a retired judge of the Supreme Court to inquire into the two
          attacks, with a view to ascertaining who was responsible and establishing
          whether there was any lapse on the part of the security personnel, and to
          recommend measures to prevent the recurrence of incidents of this nature
          (13 November 1992) .
          544. Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1992/42, the Government
          of Sri Lanka supplied information about several massacres and bomb attacks
          against the civilian population carried out by the LTTE in the Eastern
          Province, in particular in border villages. Most of the victims were Muslim
          villagers.
          Sudan
          545. The Special Rapporteur has received a number of reports and allegations
          concerning extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions in the Sudan.
          546. Various sources drew the Special Rapporteur's attention to the situation
          in the south of the country, in particular in the city of Juba. Following an
          intensification in the battle between government forces and the Sudan People's
          Liberation Army (SPLA) in May 1992, government forces were allegedly
          responsible for numerous extrajudicial killings of detainees during the months
          of June, July and August 1992.
          547. The Special Rapporteur has also received allegations concerning
          extrajudicial executions by the Sudanese Army of members of the Nuba ethnic
          group in the Nuba Mountains of South Kordofan.
          548. Furthermore, it has been reported to the Special Rapporteur that a number
          of death sentences were imposed by military tribunals. Allegedly, not all the
          internationally recognized safeguards for a fair trial were ensured in the
          procedures before such tribunals.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          549. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of the Sudan
          information he had received concerning the alleged violation of the right to
          life of at least 371 persons. One case was sent to the Government in a
          letter, all others were transmitted by three urgent appeals.
          Urgent appeals
          550. A group of 35 persons, all from the Nuba ethnic group, were allegedly
          detained without charge or trial in Lagowa garrison in western Sudan by the
          Sudanese army. They had been arrested in Lagowa, a small town in the Nuba
          Mountains, in November 1991 on suspicion of being linked to SPLA. After
          reports had been received that 19 of those arrested had subsequently been
          extrajudicially executed, fears were expressed for the lives of remaining
          nine persons, Mohamed Bakhit Daldum, Suleiman Fargallah Murfaieen, Ardeib
          Murfaieen, Gumma al-Theimir, Dafallah Tiya Jeilani, al-Haj al-Nur,
          Hakim Hamdeen, Haja Karshoum and Kalthum Daldum (27 February 1992) .
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 131
          551. The Special Rapporteur also intervened on behalf of more than 200 people
          who were reportedly arrested between June and August 1992 in Juba. Two of
          them, JIIdrew Torte and Aboudwan Talle, both Juba-based employees of the
          United States Agency for International Development, were reportedly executed
          in early September 1992. Andrew Tombe had allegedly been sentenced to death
          in a secret military trial. Fears were expressed for the lives of the
          remaining prisoners (including David Torte and 24 others whose names may be
          consulted in the files of the Secretariat) (9 October 1992) .
          552. At least 135 civil servants, politicians and community leaders from the
          Upper Nile State, most of them from the Nuer ethnic group, were reportedly
          arrested in Malakal in late October 1992. Jacob Duong Wuon and Jimma Bileu
          Kung were said to be held by the Military Intelligence, while David Koak Goak
          and at least 17 others (names may be consulted in the files of the
          Secretariat) were detained incommunicado by State Security. In the light of
          earlier reports about executions of prisoners in Sudan, fears for their safety
          were expressed (8 December 1992) .
          Other allegations
          553. The Special Rapporteur transmitted another case to the Government of
          the Sudan. This concerned the death in detention of Abdel Moniem Salman, a
          member of the Sudanese teachers' union, who reportedly died in Kobar prison
          on 21 January 1991, allegedly after having been released from a military
          hospital and returned to Kobar prison in spite of his deteriorating state of
          health. Requests for rehospitalization were said to have been ignored.
          Reportedly, he died from a heart attack without receiving medical attention
          (31 August 1992) .
          Communications received from the Government
          554. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of the Sudan.
          Follow-up on allegations sent in 1991
          555. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of the Sudan
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          that had been transmitted to that country in 1991.
          556. The Government of the Sudan had replied to some of these cases, stating
          that judicial investigations were under way. The Special Rapporteur requested
          the authorities to provide him with updated information about these
          procedures, in particular with regard to decisions taken and measures adopted
          as a consequence thereof. The Special Rapporteur also requested the
          Government of the Sudan to supply information regarding the remaining
          allegations, for which no replies had been received (see E/CN.4/1992/30,
          paras. 503-519) .
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 132
          Suriname
          Follow-up on allegations sent in 1991
          557. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Suriname
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been received
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 521-522) .
          Thailand
          558. The Special Rapporteur has received reports concerning human rights
          violations, including extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, in the
          context of popular protest against the institution of General Suchinda
          Kraprayoon as Prime Minister of Thailand in April 1992. The General had been
          one of the leaders of a military coup d'etat that led to the overthrow of the
          democratically elected Government of Chatichai Choonkana on 23 February 1991.
          From 17 to 20 May 1992, the military reportedly used lethal force against
          civilian demonstrators during mass demonstration demanding the resignation of
          General Suchinda Kraprayoon and the return to democracy.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          559. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Thailand
          information he had received concerning the alleged violation of the right to
          life of 141 persons; 50 cases allegedly constituted violations of the right to
          freedom of opinion and expression and peaceful assembly and association.
          Urgent appeals
          560. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of
          Thailand after receiving reports according to which at least 50 civilian
          demonstrators had been killed by the military during the anti-Government
          demonstrations in Bangkok between 17 and 20 May 1992. The Special Rapporteur
          also appealed to the Government of Thailand to ensure effective protection of
          the right to life of more than 700 people who were reported missing after they
          had been detained during the demonstrations (24 June 1992) .
          561. The Special Rapporteur sent another urgent appeal to the Government of
          Thailand after receiving reports concerning the alleged imminent repatriation
          of 90 women from Thailand to Myanmar, their home country. Allegedly, some of
          the women, who were said to have been forced into prostitution in Thailand,
          had been tested and found to be HIV-positive, and it was feared that they
          might be at risk of being executed upon their return to Myanmar. The Special
          Rapporteur requested the Government of Thailand to refrain from returning the
          women to Myanmar unless effective protection from extrajudicial execution was
          ensured (29 September 1992) .
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 133
          Other allegations
          562. In a separate letter, the Special Rapporteur transmitted to the
          Government of Thailand the case of Ye Soe Aung, a national of Myanmar and a
          member of the All-Burma Students' Democratic Federation (ABSDF) , who
          reportedly died on 4 November 1991 after being arrested and allegedly tortured
          by members of the Thai police at Nat Em Daung, close to the Thai-Myanmar
          border (31 August 1992) .
          Communications received from the Government
          563. The Government of Thailand provided the Special Rapporteur with
          information in reply to the urgent appeal concerning the alleged imminent
          expatriation of 95 women to Myanmar and the subsequent risk of extrajudicial
          execution for some of them. It was stated that between June and
          September 1992, the 95 women were rescued by Thai authorities from brothels
          and were given medical treatment for sexually transmitted diseases, education
          and vocational training and instruction on immigration laws. On
          15 September 1992, the authorities of Thailand, Myanmar and the World Health
          Organization cooperated in the safe return of these 95 women to Myanmar. The
          Ambassador of Myanmar to Thailand had assured the Thai authorities of the
          safety of the women and guaranteed that their health would be examined and
          medical treatment provided (20 October 1992) .
          Togo
          564. The Special Rapporteur received information that, after months of violent
          confrontation between the security forces and opponents of the one-party rule
          in Togo, President Eyad ma and his Government agreed to introduce a
          multi-party political system and hold a National Conference, which sat from
          July to August 1991. It examined human rights violations since
          President Eyad ma came to power in 1967 and elected Joseph Kokou Koffigoh as
          Prime Minister. Mr. Koffigoh then formed a transitional Government. The
          National Conference nominated the High Council of the Republic to oversee the
          transition process. President Eyad ma remained in office and retained control
          over the armed forces.
          565. It was reported that in this context of instability and transition, the
          army tried to halt the process of reforms and destabilize the transitional
          Government by attempting, sometimes successfully, to kill political leaders of
          the opposition. Journalists critical of the President were also said to have
          been threatened with extrajudicial execution.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          566. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Togo information
          he had received concerning the purported violation of the right to life of
          eight persons. All cases allegedly constituted violations of the right to
          freedom of opinion and expression and peaceful assembly and association. In
          three urgent appeals, the Special Rapporteur intervened on behalf of
          seven persons. One case was sent in a separate letter.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 134
          Urgent appeals
          567. Bertin Kangni Foly, director of the weekly newspaper La Parole , was
          reportedly charged with “publishing false information likely to disturb the
          public order” and “undermining the honour of and respect for the President”
          (articles 61 and 52 of the Press Code of 1990) , after publishing an article
          alleging that the President was supporting a rebel group of the army of Benin.
          Since the publication of the article, Bertin Kangni Foly allegedly received
          death threats which forced him into hiding. Although his trial was scheduled
          to begin on 7 October 1992, seven police officers were said to have come to
          his house to “escort him to court” on 23 September 1992 (14 October 1992) .
          568. In an attack on the motorcade of Gilchrist Olympio, President of the
          Union of Forces for Change (UFC) coalition, on S May 1992, 4 persons, Mama
          Tour Moussa, Atchankpa Zakari Curo, Tchadjibo Alasa Sama and Atideze Atidepe
          were killed and 12 persons, including Gilchrist Olympio, were injured. The
          attack was allegedly planned and carried out by members of the army with the
          complicity of high levels of the army command (19 October 1992) .
          569. Death threats were reportedly received on 22 October 1992 by the office
          of the newspaper Forum Hebdo , allegedly in connection with articles on
          demonstrations protesting against an official visit of the President of Togo
          to Benin. On the same day, the police were said to have searched the office.
          JIIother journalist, Rico Tettekpoe, of the national radio and television
          station in Lom , was also reported to have received death threats
          (9 November 1992) .
          Other allegations
          570. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government one more case of
          alleged extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary execution. According to the
          information received, Tavio Amorim, leader of the Panafrican Socialist
          Party (PSP) , Secretary-General of the Confederation of Democratic
          Opposition (COD II) alliance and Head of the Commission for political affairs,
          human rights and freedoms at the High Council of the Republic, was shot and
          fatally injured on 23 July 1992, after a meeting with opposition groups in
          Lom . The Government had allegedly stated that a police identity card found
          near the scene of the shooting indicated the responsibility of the security
          forces for the killing (31 August 1992) .
          Communications received from the Government
          571. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Togo.
          Follow-up on allegations sent in 1991
          572. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Togo following
          up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no reply had been received
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 527-531).
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 135
          Trinidad and Tobago
          Follow-up on allegations sent in 1991
          573. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Trinidad and
          Tobago following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions transmitted to that country in 1991 (see E/cN.4/1992/30,
          paras. 533-534) . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago had replied to that
          letter, stating that the case was pending in the competent court. The Special
          Rapporteur requested the authorities to provide him with information about the
          decision taken as a result of these procedures or any other measures adopted
          as a consequence thereof.
          Tunisia
          574. The reports and allegations that have come before the Special Rapporteur
          indicate the occurrence of deaths caused by torture and ill-treatment of
          detainees in different police stations in Tunisia. Activists of “en-Nadha”,
          an illegal Islamist movement, were reported to be victims of such practices.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          575. On 31 August 1992, the Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government
          of Tunisia four cases of death in detention of Islamist activists, allegedly
          as a consequence of torture. The names of the victims were reported to the
          Special Rapporteur as follows:
          (a) Rashid Chammakhi reportedly died on 27 October 1991 at Nabeul
          police station;
          (b) Faisal Barakat reportedly died between 8 and 11 October 1991 at
          Nabeul police station;
          (c) Nejib Laamari reportedly died shortly before 20 January 1992 at
          B l& police station;
          (d) Mouldi Ben Amor reportedly died on 21 January 1992 at a police
          station in Tunis.
          Communications received from the Government
          576. In reply to the allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions transmitted in 1991, the Government of Tunisia informed the Special
          Rapporteur that such practices did not exist in Tunisia because executions
          could be carried out only as a result of a sentence pronounced in accordance
          with all the legal guarantees. With regard to the specific cases, the
          Government of Tunisia replied as follows (19 November 1992) :
          (a) Rashid Chammakhi was arrested on 26 November 1991 (not on
          24 October) on suspicion of active participation in the constitution of a
          group trained to carry out acts of sabotage in the region of Nabeul. He died
          in the University Hospital Centre at Nabeul some hours after his arrest.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 136
          Two medical examinations determined hepatic and renal insufficiency as cause
          of death. He had therefore not been tortured, contrary to the allegations.
          Requested to consider a reopening of investigations into his death, the Public
          Prosecutor of Grombalia examined the allegations of direct or indirect
          ill-treatment, but did not find elements to justify a reopening of the case on
          the basis of article 121 of the Code of Criminal Procedure;
          (b) Fai9al Barakat died on 11 October 1991 in an accident on “Grabi”
          road in Menzel Bouzelfa. Contrary to the allegations, judicial investigations
          were first conducted by the Public Prosecutor at Grombalia into this case,
          which was later provisionally filed. In response to the allegation that his
          death had not been accidental, the Public Prosecutor at Grombalia had recently
          decided, on the basis of article 121 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, to
          reopen the investigations;
          (c) Mohamed N jib Ben Ali Ben Saad Laamari was arrested
          on 31 January 1992 (not on 15 November 1991) on suspicion of preparing Molotov
          cocktails and other explosive material with a view to carrying out missions of
          destruction and attacks on persons and property. He was acquitted
          on 14 July 1992 by the court of first instance in B j&. He was alive and in
          freedom. Allegations that he had died due to torture were false;
          (d) Mouldi Ben Amor was arrested on 20 July 1991 (not
          on 15 December 1991) and brought before the court of first instance in Tunis
          on 21 July 1991 for belonging to a non-recognized association. Mr. Ben Amor,
          who was in medical treatment, had to be transferred to Marsa hospital after
          complications. He died there despite intensive care. A death certificate
          delivered by a doctor of Marsa hospital confirmed that his body did not show
          any trace of violence or traumatisms and that his death was from natural
          causes.
          Follow-up on allegations sent in 1991
          577. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Tunisia
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          that had been sent to that country in 1991.
          578. The Government of Tunisia had replied to all these allegations. With
          regard to two cases, it was reported that judicial investigations had been
          initiated to determine the cause of death. The Special Rapporteur asked the
          Government of Tunisia to provide him with updated information about these
          procedures, in particular decisions taken as a result of the investigations
          and any measures adopted as a consequence thereof. In reply to the follow-up
          letter sent by the Special Rapporteur, the Government of Tunisia informed him
          that the judicial investigations into the deaths of Abdelaziz Mahwashi and
          Abderarrouf Laaribi were still under way. Irrespective of the outcome of
          these investigations, their families were granted aid in specie and a monthly
          allowance (see E/CN.4/1992/30 and Corr.1, paras. 535-545).
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 137
          Observations
          579. The Special Rapporteur appreciates the willingness to cooperate shown by
          the Government of Tunisia by replying to all the allegations transmitted, both
          in 1991 and 1992. In particular, he has noted with satisfaction that
          financial aid was granted to the families of possible victims of violations of
          the right to life.
          Turkey
          580. The Special Rapporteur has received a large number of reports and
          allegations regarding human rights violations, including extrajudicial,
          summary or arbitrary executions, in Turkey.
          581. The core of the reports and allegations of extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions that have come before the Special Rapporteur concern the
          situation in the south-eastern parts of Turkey. The armed conflict between
          the Turkish security forces and the Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan (Kurdish
          Workers' Party) (PKK) , seeking to establish an independent Kurdish state
          started in August 1984 with armed attacks by PKK against the security forces.
          Since then, more than 3,000 lives were said to have been lost on both sides
          and among the civilian population. Emergency legislation with wide powers for
          the Emergency Legislation Governor in Diyarbakir has been in force
          in 10 provinces since 1987.
          582. The Special Rapporteur has received an alarming number of allegations of
          civilian casualties resulting from the use of excessive and arbitrary force by
          the Turkish security forces. Virtually every day, extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary executions were reportedly perpetrated by members of the Turkish
          Army, the police, “village guards” paid by the authorities to fight the
          guerrillas and the “Kontrgerilla”, a secret service undercover force allegedly
          affiliated to the Special Warfare Department and engaged in secret operations
          against Kurdish separatists. Local politicians, in particular members of the
          People's Labour Party (HEP) , generally perceived as being sympathetic to
          Kurdish interests, representatives of the Human Rights Association (IHD) ,
          journalists investigating human rights abuses and villagers who refuse to
          participate in the “village guards” system especially when they are suspected
          of links with PKK, either directly or through family members, were most often
          reported to be the victims of executions, death threats and acts of
          intimidation and harassment.
          583. In a number of cases, executions were allegedly perpetrated without
          relation to any particular incident. In some instances, the killings of
          civilians reported to the Special Rapporteur were said to have been reprisal
          actions for previous attacks by PKK guerrillas. PKK attacks had resulted in
          the death of more than 1,000 civilians and a large number of security forces
          personnel.
          584. According to the information submitted to the Special Rapporteur,
          violence in various locations of the Kurdish populated south-eastern parts of
          Turkey intensified particularly in late March and during the months of August,
          September and October 1992.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 138
          585. In connection with the celebrations of Nevroz , the Kurdish New Year, it
          has been reported to the Special Rapporteur that members of the Turkish Army
          and police deliberately fired upon unarmed civilians, both at Nevroz
          celebrations and at demonstrations held during the days that followed. The
          military allegedly used heavy arms in attacks on civilians in the streets and
          civilian houses. In some instances, the events were said to have turned into
          clashes between members of PKK and the security forces. The use of force by
          the military and security forces personnel reportedly resulted in the death
          of 94 persons, almost all of them Kurdish civilians, including a large number
          of children, women and elderly people.
          586. A further deterioration of the situation was reported between August and
          October, when the Turkish security forces were said to have used tanks and
          heavy artillery in what was described as a pattern of military violence
          against civilian houses and shops in a number of cities and villages in the
          region, killing and injuring many people.
          587. Apart from violence in connection with the Kurdish question, the Special
          Rapporteur also received reports and allegations concerning extrajudicial,
          summary or arbitrary executions, including deaths in custody, death threats
          and acts of intimidation and harassment against members of political parties,
          trade unions and human rights organizations.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          588. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Turkey
          allegations he had received concerning the violation of the right to life
          of 319 persons. In 26 cases, the victims were said to be minors. It was
          alleged that 117 cases constituted violations of the right to freedom of
          expression and opinion, religion and peaceful assembly and association.
          In 8 urgent appeals, the Special Rapporteur intervened on behalf
          of 50 persons. Allegations concerning violations of the right to life
          of 269 others were sent in a separate letter. The Government replied to
          two urgent appeals.
          Urgent appeals
          589. The Special Rapporteur sent eight urgent appeals to the Government of
          Turkey after he had received the following information.
          590. Mehmet Demir (32), a Kurd, Siirt Deputy Provincial President of HEP, had
          reportedly disappeared in January 1992 after leaving his restaurant in Siirt
          in circumstances that suggested the possible involvement of members of the
          security forces and gave rise to fears for his life and physical integrity
          (28 January 1992) .
          591. Selim Mert, a local executive committee member of HEP at Bing6l, had
          reportedly been subjected to repeated death threats and acts of intimidation
          and harassment by police officers between 26 January 1992 and early April 1992
          (25 June 1992) .
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 139
          592. A leaflet threatening Leyla Zana and 27 other persons (names may be
          consulted in the files of the Secretariat) with death was reportedly
          distributed in May 1992 in various towns in the south-eastern part of Turkey.
          All 28 persons named in the leaflet were either Kurdish members of the Turkish
          Parliament or otherwise outspoken supporters of the Kurdish minority in Turkey
          (25 June 1992) .
          593. Hezni Erkol and at least 14 other civilians, including children (names
          may be consulted in the files of the Secretariat) , were reportedly killed by
          members of the Turkish security forces in Sirnak between the night of
          18 August and noon of 21 August 1992. The security forces allegedly used
          indiscriminate bombing, heavy shelling and firing on civilian houses and shops
          during 48 hours. Eyewitnesses were said to have reported that tanks and
          cannons had been used by the security forces to attack buildings occupied by
          civilians (24 September 1992) .
          594. The Special Rapporteur reiterated his concern about the situation in
          south-eastern Turkey in another urgent appeal to the Government of Turkey,
          after he had received numerous additional reports about military violence
          against the civilian population and civilian objectives in Sirnak, Hisar, Kulp
          and other towns and villages of the region during the months of August,
          September and October 1992. Again, it had been alleged that the Turkish
          security forces employed heavy weapons, including tanks, and indiscriminate
          gunfire against civilian targets. On 3 October 1992, the civilian Vahir Narin
          reportedly died after being doused with petrol and set alight
          (23 October 1992) .
          595. In a sixth urgent appeal to the Government of Turkey, the Special
          Rapporteur expressed his preoccupation after receiving information that
          Musa Anter (74), a writer and founding member of HEP, had been killed,
          together with Orhan Miroglu, on 20 September 1992 in Diyarbakir. Musa Anter
          was one of the 28 persons whose names were listed on a leaflet containing
          death threats which had been circulated in the region earlier in the year
          (see above, para. 592) . The Special Rapporteur also stated his concern about
          reports that Yavuz Binbay, the President of IDH in Van, had continued to
          receive numerous death threats recently (15 October 1992) .
          596. By the same urgent appeal, the Special Rapporteur transmitted to the
          Government of Turkey reports he had received about an attempt on the life of
          Burhan Karadeniz, a journalist for the newspaper Ozgi r Gi ndem , who had been
          assaulted on his way to work in Diyarbakir on 5 August 1992. Since that
          attempt, he is reported to be irremediably paralysed from the chest down.
          597. In addition, the Special Rapporteur requested the Turkish authorities to
          ensure effective protection of the right to life and physical integrity of
          Ismail Yilmaz, who was said to have been subjected to numerous direct and
          indirect death threats after filing a complaint against policemen whom he
          identified as those who had severely tortured him on 28 July 1992 at Yedikule
          police station, Istanbul (16 October 1992) .
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 140
          598. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the
          Government of Turkey after receiving reports concerning the imminent
          repatriation to the Islamic Republic of Iran of Mr. Hassanzadeh Afshar
          Mohammad Reza, an Iranian refugee in Turkey. The Special Rapporteur appealed
          to the Turkish authorities to refrain from extraditing him, since it was
          feared that he would be at serious risk of execution for his former membership
          of the “Mojaheddin Khalgh” and his well-known political activities
          (6 November 1992) .
          Other allegations
          599. The Special Rapporteur sent two letters to the Government of Turkey
          transmitting allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary execution
          of 269 persons, including 21 minors. Eighty-five cases allegedly constituted
          violations of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, religion and
          peaceful assembly and association (31 August 1992 and 16 September 1992) .
          600. The vast majority of the victims were said to have been Kurds. In a
          large number of cases, it was also alleged that no judicial or disciplinary
          proceedings had been initiated against those responsible, even if they had
          been identified.
          601. The eight persons listed below are journalists and correspondents for
          left-wing or pro-Kurdish periodicals covering the situation in south-eastern
          Turkey who were reportedly executed by members of the security forces:
          Halit Gungen, of 2000'E Dogru (Towards 2000), on 18 February 1992, by
          three assailants reportedly linked to the security forces, at the
          Diyarbakir office of his journal, allegedly in connection with an article
          he had published on 16 February 1992 dealing with the relationship
          between the “Hizbullah” armed group and the Kontrgerilla;
          Cengiz Altun, of Yeni tJlke (New Land), on 24 February 1992, by
          six bullets fired into his back while he was on his way to work in
          Batman, allegedly for articles he had written about the activities of the
          Kontrgerilla;
          Izzet Kezer, of Sabah , on 23 March 1992 in Cizre, by military personnel
          when he left his hotel, together with other journalists, during a curfew.
          Allegedly, he had been carrying a white flag;
          Hafiz Akdemir of Ozgi r GiIIdem (Free Agenda), on 8 June 1992, by an armed
          man allegedly linked to the security forces, on his way to work in
          Diyarbakir;
          Mecit Akgun, of Yeni tJlke , on 2 June 1992, near Colova, Nusaybin;
          Cetin Abayay, of Ozgi r Halk (Free Public), on 30 July 1992, in Batman;
          Yahya Orhan of Ozgi r GiIIdem , on 31 July 1992, near Batman;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 141
          Hi seyin Denis of Ozgi r Gi ndem , on 9 August 1992, by members of the
          Kontrgerilla in the area of Diyarbakir, reportedly for having written
          articles about the nature and activities of the Kontrgerilla.
          602. The following 50 persons, including 1 minor, were reported to the Special
          Rapporteur as victims of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          perpetrated by members of the security forces in the south-eastern region of
          Turkey:
          Musa Tantik and Cemal Aslan, when they were forced to get off their water
          sprinkler vehicle belonging to the municipality of Tepe, Idil, Sirnak, at
          a roadblock and shot dead by village guards from Tepe;
          Besir Algan, on 21 May 1991 at Budakli, near Midyat, by a soldier who
          reportedly fired a shot directly into his head. His family was allegedly
          offered money by the military if they dropped proceedings, which they
          refused. Nobody was said to have been prosecuted;
          Ramazan Aslan, on 13 June 1991 at Midyat, Mardin, by the Kontrgerilla,
          allegedly “for being a Kurd”;
          Ibrahim Sarica, on 18 June 1991, by members of the Kontrgerilla while on
          his way to work in Sirnak;
          Mehmet Kilic, on 28 June 1991, by three members of the Kontrgerilla at
          his home in Dagkonak, Sirnak, allegedly for having refused to collaborate
          with them;
          Naci Berakat Acun, on 25 August 1991, by members of the Kontrgerilla
          during a raid on his home at Seta, Dargecit, Mardin;
          Abdi lmecit Cetinkaya, on 14 September 1991, by members of the
          Kontrgerilla at Cimenli, Omerli, Mardin;
          Hasan Erdinc, Isa Erdinc and Zore Erdinc, on 18 September 1991 at
          Bardakci, allegedly by armed men linked to the Kontrgerilla;
          Ali Erdem, on 29 September 1991, by members of the Kontrgerilla at his
          home in Akcarinar, Kiziltepe, Mardin;
          Mehmet Selim Aslan, Si leyman Aslan and Abdulaziz Gi cli , on 3 October 1991
          at Bahcebasi, near Nusaybin, by armed men allegedly linked to the Turkish
          army;
          Hamit Temel, on 19 October 1991, by members of the Kontrgerilla at
          Yi ksekova, Hakkari;
          Ismail Hakki Kocakaya, on 25 November 1991, by plainclothes police
          officers at Diyarbakir;
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 142
          Agit Akabe and Ibrahim Demir, on 11 December 1991, by members of the
          Kontrgerilla at Agacli, Cukurlu, allegedly after being subjected to
          severe torture;
          Agit Akibe and Ibrahim Demir, on 13 December 1991, by army personnel at
          Cukurlu, allegedly after they had submitted a petition to the Governor of
          Idil requesting the withdrawal of soldiers occupying several buildings at
          Cukurlu;
          Mahmut Polat, on 23 January 1992 at Bing6l Industrial Estate. The victim
          was said to have been shot dead by a police officer whom he had requested
          to pay for a car he had repaired;
          Leyla Kuran, Zinnet Karaaslan and another woman, on 1 March 1992, during
          a house raid carried out by the military in the Alipasa Quarter of Van;
          Faik Kahrman, reportedly a “Hizbullah” follower, on 28 March 1992, when
          he did not obey an order by the military to stop in the Nusaybin
          District, Mardin;
          Abuzer Biratli (75) and Abuzer Korkusoz (70), on 6 April 1992, by members
          of the military while travelling from Sinon village to Tepehan town;
          Haci Celik, on 14 April 1992, when soldiers thought three seedlings
          loaded on his shoulders to be a rocket-launcher and opened fire on him
          while he was on the way to his field near Bozlanak, Palu, Elazig;
          Haci Bedi r, Mehmet Candan, Abdurraham Yesilmen and Hamza Bulut,
          on 20 April 1992, when village guards opened fire on a minibus on its way
          from Midyat to Tolgali village;
          Hanim Tunc (12) , on 4 May 1992, when military personnel opened fire from
          a helicopter on children grazing animals near Hilal, Uludere, Sirnak;
          Ahmet Bayrak, on 8 May 1992, when a soldier from Gogana Gendarmerie
          station shot at him for not obeying an order to stop near Erken, Pervari,
          Siirt;
          Salih Dolmus, on 24 May 1992, when members of the armed forces opened
          fire on a minibus for not obeying an order to stop on Kasrik Street,
          between Sirnak and Lizre;
          13 persons, on 10 June 1992, when the minibus they were riding in was
          stopped by “village guards” near Tatvan. All the passengers were said to
          have been killed;
          Siddik Tan, an active board member of the Batman branch of IHD,
          on 20 June 1992, in Hurriyet Quarter, Batman, by armed men allegedly
          linked to the security forces.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 143
          603. The following three persons were said to have been killed for their
          membership of HEP:
          Harbi Arman, an active board member of the Malazgirt local branch,
          on 18 January 1992 at Diyarbakir;
          Abdurrahman S6gi t, on 18 January 1992 at Nusaybin, allegedly by members
          of the Kontrgerilla;
          Tahir Seyhan, on 11 April 1992, after four days of interrogation by
          members of the security forces in Dargecit, Mardin. Allegedly, he had
          been subj ected to torture.
          604. The following cases concerning 39 persons, among them 2 minors, have been
          reported to the Special Rapporteur as deaths as a result of excessive use of
          force by security forces against demonstrations and other assemblies:
          Bicer Bilen, reportedly killed when security forces personnel opened fire
          on a group of people on their way to the village of Belat, Hilal,
          Uludere, Sirnak;
          Coskun Yadigar, on 13 January 1991, when police officers fired at random
          on an anti-war demonstration that took place in Istanbul;
          Mecit Kaplan, on 25 January 1991, when security forces personnel opened
          fire on Islamic fundamentalists who wanted to stage a demonstration in
          Tatvan to protest against the Gulf war;
          Salih Talayhan and Sehmuz Yunga, on 28 February 1991, when soldiers
          opened fire on a group of villagers who were collecting left-over coal in
          Sirnak;
          Ahmet Gi lec and Ekrem Oruc, on 4 March 1991, when soldiers opened fire on
          a group of people who wanted to stage a demonstration in Idil, Mardin, to
          protest against violence in the region;
          Rukiye Bozkurt, on 7 March 1991, when police opened fire at the end of a
          silent march in Dargecit, Mardin, protesting against violence in Idil
          on 4 March 1991;
          Abdurrahman Cicek, on 15 March 1991, when security forces personnel
          opened fire on a group of people who were going to pay a visit of
          condolence to the family of Rukiye Bozkurt (see preceding case);
          Emine (Linda) Latifeci (11) , on 8 June 1991, after Gendarmerie officers
          had opened fire on participants in the funeral of a PKK militant in
          Ha z ro;
          Behzat Ozkan, Bahattin Turan, Nevzat Kelecki, Zi lfikar Yagan,
          Sehmuz Demir, Havze Ekinci and Mustafa Atan, on 10 July 1991, when
          security forces personnel opened fire on participants in the funeral of
          Vedat Aydin, the Diyarbakir Provincial President of HEP, at Diyarbakir;
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 144
          Yesra Akbal, on 12 August 1991, when police officers opened fire on a
          group of women demonstrating at Akarsu, Nusaybin, against repression in
          the region;
          Salih Koc, on 13 August 1991, when security forces personnel opened fire
          on participants in a demonstration in Beykent, Kurtalan, Siirt,
          protesting against Turkish military operations against PKK camps;
          bzcan (bmi r) Ens (10) , on 6 September 1991, when security forces
          personnel opened fire on a group of people who had gathered in Kurtalan
          to take over the corpses of four PKK militants;
          Nedim Altin, Neytullah Tekin, Hayrettin Demirtay, Nasip Mehmet Altun,
          Feremez Bulut and Omer Ozti rk, on 24 December 1991, when security forces
          personnel opened fire on a group of people who wanted to organize a
          funeral for three PKK militants at Kulp;
          Fahri Bektas, Veysi Aktas, Urfi Aksakal and Tevfik Ekinci,
          on 25 December 1991, when security forces personnel opened fire on
          participants in a funeral at Lice;
          Ali Olmez, Abdulselam Ozbey, Nusbet Acet, Abdulhakim Ozbey,
          Seyfettin Kapcak and Bedriye Gumus, on 15 February 1992 at Yardere, when
          security forces opened fire on a group of civilians who had gathered to
          protest against army attacks on the village earlier that day;
          Mehmet Nun Lebe, on 21 February 1992, at Midyat, Mardin, when soldiers
          opened fire on a crowd of people demonstrating against the increase of
          violent deaths in the region;
          Mehmet Aslan, on 19 April 1992, when members of the Turkish army opened
          fire on a group of 2,000 people on their way from Idil to the mountainous
          area;
          Abdurraman Ural, on 5 June 1992, when members of the army opened fire on
          participants at a funeral at Kiziltepe, Mardin.
          605. The following 15 persons, including 2 minors, were reported to have died
          during attacks by security forces in and on towns and villages in the
          south-eastern part of Turkey:
          Nezir Cinar and Selamet Ozer (14) , during an army attack
          on 15 February 1992 on the village of Payamli, Siirt;
          Hikmet Menekse, on 5 April 1992, when security forces personnel fired
          indiscriminately on civilian houses and shops in the Lice District of
          Diyarbakir, allegedly in reprisal for an attack on the Gendarmerie
          earlier that day;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 145
          Abdi lkerim Kortak, Cazim Kortak, Riza Akbas, Orhan Kilic, Kemal Ok,
          Mustafa Ok, Eyi p Ilhan and Hidir Demirtas, on 17 April 1992, during a
          military operation against the villages of Taslik and Yasir in the Savur
          District of Mardin. Soldiers reportedly opened fire at random in the
          two villages;
          Mahmut Akyildiz and Manaz Ucaman, two civilians, on 24 May 1992, when
          soldiers of the Gendarmerie Squad Command in Lice District opened fire at
          random in response to an attack by members of the PKK;
          Helal Samur and Gi lsi me Samur (7) , on 29 June 1992, when Turkish military
          dropped a bomb from a fighter plane on the Ormanci Settlement of the
          village of Ortaklar, Semdinli, Hakkari.
          606. The following 14 persons were said to have been executed for membership
          of or suspected links with PKK:
          Haci Berekat Acun, on 25 August 1991 at Ayranci, Curusuk;
          Mecbure Akdogan, in September 1991 at Lice, Diyarbakir;
          Si leyman Aziz and Mehmet Gi ltekin, known as PKK supporters,
          on 3 October 1991 by the Kontrgerilla in the village of Bahcebasi,
          Nusaybin. A third man, Abdi laziz Gi cli , was reportedly killed when he
          accidentally passed by the site where the other two had died;
          Leyla Aslan, Naciye Sink, Mehmet Sakar and one other civilian,
          on 28 April 1992, when soldiers opened fire at random on civilian houses
          and shops during a clash with members of PKK in the Idil District of
          Sirnak;
          Saim Celik, Veysi Caglayan, two civilians, and three PKK militants,
          on 28 May 1992 by members of the security forces in Mus. The PKK
          militants had reportedly kidnapped the two civilians. All five were said
          to have been arrested by the security forces and detained at the police
          station. Their dead bodies were later found near Yazla village, Mus.
          607. Twenty-three persons, including two minors, are said to have died while
          in detention, many of them during interrogations. In a large number of cases
          it is alleged that the authorities decided not to prosecute the officers
          responsible:
          Tevfik Timur, between S and 14 January 1991, in detention at Cizre;
          Birtan Altunbas, on 16 January 1991 at Gi lhane Military Hospital,
          allegedly as a consequence of torture at Ankara Political Police
          Headquarters;
          Kasim Aras, on 30 January 1991, allegedly as a consequence of
          ill-treatment while detained in Aralik prison;
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 146
          Hacim Sincar, on 4 April 1991, allegedly as a consequence of torture
          during interrogations at Solhan Gendarmerie station;
          Veli Gelec, on 5 April 1991, allegedly shot dead while detained by Ankara
          police;
          Naki G6ksu, on 9 June 1991, at Mazgirt, Tunceli, after he had been
          apprehended alive during an armed clash. He was said to have been killed
          by a Gendarmerie Major when he refused to answer questions during
          interrogation;
          Osman Ekinci, on 20 July 1991, allegedly after being detained by soldiers
          from G6rendoruk Gendarmerie station while minding sheep at Gi neyce,
          Sirnak;
          Rafet Basut, on 16 August 1991, after he had surrendered to the police
          during an armed clash in tJmraniye District, Istanbul;
          Ismail Yigit, on 28 August 1991, near Catal6zi , by armed men who abducted
          him after interrogating him about his brother. His body allegedly
          showed 36 bullet wounds and marks of beating;
          Serafettin Celik, on 8 September 1991, while in detention at Gaziantep
          police headquarters;
          Osman Keles, on 18 September 1991, allegedly as a consequence of torture
          while in detention at Agri police headquarters;
          Murat Oszat, in November 1991, allegedly as a consequence of torture
          while in detention at Gaziantep police station. His body was said to
          have been completely burned;
          Yi cer Ozen, in November 1991, allegedly as a consequence of torture while
          interrogated at Beyoglu Security Directorate;
          Burhan Serikli, in early March 1992, allegedly as a consequence of
          torture during interrogations at Batman Gendarmerie station;
          Imran Aydin, on 3 March 1992, allegedly as a consequence of torture while
          in police custody at Ankara;
          Biseng JIIik, on 28 March 1992, while in custody at Sirnak police
          headquarters, allegedly after torture;
          Hasan Ali (16), in April 1992, allegedly as a consequence of torture
          during detention by the police at Diyarbakir;
          Miktat Kutlu, on 18 April 1992, while in custody of the security forces
          at Bismil, Diyarbakir, allegedly after torture;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 147
          Kadir Kurt, on 19 April 1992, allegedly as a consequence of torture
          during interrogations at the Gendarmerie Battalion headquarters at Birik,
          Bismil;
          Mehmet Yilmaz, on 25 April 1992, allegedly as a consequence of torture
          during interrogation at the Batman Security Directorate;
          Agit Salman, on 29 April 1992, allegedly as a consequence of torture
          during two days of interrogation at Adana police headquarters;
          A student of 13 years, on 2 May 1992, at Gumushane closed prison;
          1-lasan Guldal, in June 1992, allegedly as a consequence of torture during
          interrogations at the Artvin Provincial Gendarmerie Command.
          608. The following 13 persons were said to have been killed because of their
          alleged membership of the urban guerrilla group Devrimci Sol (Revolutionary
          Left) :
          Perihan Demirer, on 28 June 1991, during a police raid on a house
          suspected of being used by Devrimci Sol militants in Besiktas District,
          Istanbul;
          Niyazi Aydin, Ibrahim Erdogan, Hasan Eliuygun, Zeynep Eda Berk,
          Nazmi Tifflkcan, Cavit Oszkaya, Yi cer Simsek, Omer Coskunirmak,
          Ibrahim Ilci and Bilal Karakaya, on 12 July 1991 during three separate
          house raids by the Political Police and agents of the National
          Intelligence Agency (MIT) in Nisantasi, Dikiliktas and Balmuncu Districts
          of Istanbul;
          Guluthan Kangalgil and Fint6z Dikme, on 14 July 1991, during a house raid
          by the police in Telsizler District, Ankara.
          609. In addition, the following cases concerning the deaths of 36 persons,
          including 3 minors, were reported to the Special Rapporteur:
          Murteza Kaya, on 7 June 1991, reportedly shot in the head by police while
          distributing leaflets in the Ki ki kcekmece District in Istanbul;
          Ahmet Akkan and Naile Akkan, reportedly shot dead by a police
          commissioner who broke into their house in Kurucesne District, Ankara,
          on 28 June 1991 after a misunderstanding during a discussion;
          Mehmet Salih Ceylan, on 12 August 1991, during a house raid carried out
          by the police in Cumhuriyet District, Gaziantep;
          Engin Egeli, on 16 January 1992, killed by police while distributing
          leaflets of the Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey (TDKP) protesting
          against price rises, in the Merter Quarter of Istanbul;
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 148
          Ismail Cengiz G6znek, Servet Sanin and Hi seyin Yasar, on 27 January 1992,
          during a house raid carried out by the police in the Mahmutbey Quarter of
          Istanbul. Ismail Cengiz G6znek had reportedly announced that he would
          surrender;
          Abdi lrakip Akin (Refik) reportedly died on 1 February 1992, after he was
          beaten and forced by soldiers to lie naked in the snow at Sazlibasi,
          Korkut, Mus;
          Muzaffer Saritemur and three other persons, on 27 March 1992, during a
          house raid carried out by the police in the Hizmalik6pri Quarter, Urf a,
          allegedly in reprisal for the death of two policemen;
          Sinan Kukul, Ayse Nil Ergen, Sadan Ongel, Ayse Uzunhasanoglu,
          Taskin Usta, Hi seyin Kilil, Arif Ongel, Sati Tas, Eda Yi nsel,
          Sabahat Karatas and Ahmet Fazil Erci met, on 16 April 1992, during
          four different house raids carried out by the Political Police and MIT in
          Istanbul;
          Adem Karag6l (12), on 17 April 1992, when he did not obey an order to
          stop by gendarmes guarding the water tanks near Kayabasi village,
          Ki ci kcekmece, Istanbul;
          Osman Akbas (15), on 20 April 1992, when he did not obey an order to stop
          by a police officer on patrol in the Kozan District, Adana;
          Serdar Tanis (17), on 20 April 1992, when police opened fire on his car
          after he had accidentally struck a police car on patrol in the
          Zeytinburnu Quarter of Istanbul;
          Esma Polat, Gi ven Keskin and Siddik Ozcelim, on 30 April 1992, during a
          house raid carried out by the Political Police in the Kurtulus Quarter of
          Adana;
          Songi l Karabulat, Fikri Keles, Ali Yilmaz and Halil Ates, on 4 May 1992,
          during house raids carried out by the Political Police and MIT in the
          Dikmen and Telsizler Districts of JIIkara. The policemen allegedly
          employed machine-guns;
          Mustafa G6k, on 6 May 1992, when police patrols checking traffic opened
          fire on his car when he did not obey an order to stop on Samsun Highway,
          Ankara;
          Si kriye Kacmaz, when police officers started firing after misinterpreting
          an explosion as gunfire in the Ostim Quarter of Ankara.
          610. The Special Rapporteur received reports concerning the killing
          of 68 persons, 11 of them minors, in the context of the celebrations of
          Nevroz , the Kurdish New Year:
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 149
          Nun Soyvural and Davut Soyvural (16) , on 20 March 1992 in Gerci s
          District, Batman, when security forces personnel opened fire on a group
          of people celebrating Nevroz ;
          Cetin Bayram and another person, on 21 March 1992, by military personnel
          during a demonstration that took place in Van;
          Ramazan Kahraman, on 21 March 1992, when military personnel opened fire
          on demonstrators in Eminaga Street, Adana;
          An unidentified person, on 21 March 1992 at Kutlubey, Nusaybin, by
          “village guards”;
          A group of 33 people between 21 and 23 March 1992 in Sirnak, when
          security forces personnel allegedly used heavy weapons, shooting at
          random at civilian houses and civilians on the streets during and after
          the celebrations of Nevroz . The names of those killed were reported as
          follows: Zeynep Uysal, Emin Acar (16), Halil Baysal, Sehmuz Kabul,
          Halil Deger, Nebahat Kakunc (17), Hediye Sagduc, Ramazan Bayar,
          Nezir Sezek, Belkis Yumak, Hasan Ozden, Abdullah Sidar,
          Bi lent Zeyrek (16) , Birsen Ozcan, Omer Dayan, Fadil Akin, Hacer San,
          Halil Baykan, Hasan Cavlak, Emin Tetik (15) , Methi GiIIgen (9) ,
          Hatice Katar (5) , Kadriye Kakin, Yelda Yumak, Safiye Yilmaz, Latif Sidar,
          Nafiye Ilmez, Hadi Bahadir, Nur Uysal, Bahri Akin, Mehmet Nezir,
          Bilal Zeyren (15) and Ramazan Kayar;
          Lohman Erzen, Ali Bozkurt, Hi seyin S6nmez, Hi seyin Ertene, Yusuf Ergin,
          Haci Erten and 22 other persons, between 21 and 25 March 1992 at Cizre,
          when military personnel allegedly used heavy arms, including tanks,
          indiscriminately against members of PKK and civilians during and after
          the celebrations of Nevroz ;
          19 persons, on 22 March 1992, when military personnel opened fire on
          demonstrators approaching the city centre of Nusaybin. Those reported to
          have been killed were: Halil Babek, Ahmet (Agitoglu) Kaya,
          Mahmut Ciftci, Ahmet (Abdullahoglu) Kaya, Abdi lbani Gi ndi z, Serif Angi c,
          Hinmet Aslan, Aliye Dumam, Halil Bulat, Hi seyin Bilar, Fevzi Yi rek,
          Ibrahim Elgi n, Abdullah Afsin, Aliye Er, Kadir Aytan, Abdullah Atasin,
          Abdurrahman Ciftci, Kadir Birin and Ahmet Eroglu;
          Erwin Korkmaz, Fatima Kacmaz (14) and two other persons, on
          22 March 1992, when soldiers of the Turkish army opened fire on people
          gathering to protest against an incident in which the security forces had
          denied people access to graves of PKK members;
          Necmettin Ekici, on 23 March 1992, when police opened fire on
          demonstrators in the Barbaros Quarter of Adana;
          Medeni Aydin, on 24 March 1992, when he did not obey a police order to
          stop, in the centre of Batman;
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 150
          Nihat Celasun (14) , on 25 March 1992, when military personnel opened fire
          on him when he did not obey an order to stop during a curfew in Cizre;
          Sefiha Yigihehin, Medeni Tunc (14) and Medine Svegi, on 25 March 1992,
          when members of the armed forces opened fire on a group of people
          protesting in the village of Kayikli, Siirt, against the violent
          incidents during and after the Nevroz celebrations.
          Communications received from the Government
          611. The Government of Turkey provided the Special Rapporteur with information
          in reply to the following cases:
          (a) Selim Mert (see above para. 591) was arrested on 26 January 1992
          and released on the same day after a police search of his house. A medical
          report confirmed that he did not show any marks of beatings or any injuries.
          He was again detained on 24 March 1992 on suspicion of supporting PKK
          terrorists. A second medical report dated 27 March 1992, the day of his
          release, stated that there were no marks of beatings or other injuries on his
          body. Selim Mert was rearrested and placed under detention on 1 April 1992 on
          similar suspicions. According to a medical report of 9 April 1992, the day on
          which he was again released, there were no marks of beating or injuries on his
          body. On 25 April 1992, he was detained once more under article 312/2 of the
          Criminal Code (instigation to hatred and animosity among the population) . The
          case was referred to the authorities in Diyarbakir (10 August 1992);
          (b) With regard to the events in Sirnak (see above para. 610) , the
          Government of Turkey informed the Special Rapporteur that on 18 August 1992
          some 1,500 PKK activists and their adherents had attacked the city of Sirnak
          with mortars, rockets, bazookas, automatic rifles and other firearms. The
          attacks were mainly directed against the headquarters of the 23rd Army
          Brigade, the Gendarmerie command, the Police Directorate and other public
          buildings. The electricity net and the telecommunication lines were heavily
          damaged. The terrorists killed three soldiers and one policeman and injured
          several others. Sixteen civilians were also killed during the attack. The
          security forces reacted to the terrorist attacks with the utmost prudence and
          tried not to harm innocent civilians. The incidents ended on 20 August 1992.
          After that date, suspects were detained. A large number of weapons were
          confiscated. Investigations into the events were under way (12 October 1992) .
          612. Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1992/42, the Government
          of Turkey submitted detailed information about attacks resulting in numerous
          deaths of civilians and security forces personnel, carried out by the PKK
          mainly in the south-eastern regions of Turkey throughout 1992.
          613. The Government of Turkey provided information concerning 127 of the cases
          previously transmitted by the Special Rapporteur. According to this
          information, 64 persons had been killed during armed encounters between
          security forces and armed groups, 37 had been killed by PKK members and 15 by
          unidentified individuals. Security forces had killed by accident or mistake
          six persons, two persons had committed suicide (one of them by precipitating
          his head on a concrete floor) , one person had died after a hunger-strike and
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 151
          another after he had fallen down by accident. Finally, one person reported
          dead had been found alive in a hospital, after he had been shot in the neck by
          an unidentified person. None of the relatives of the above-mentioned persons
          had received compensation from the Government (14 December 1992) .
          614. Due to time constraints in the preparation of the report, a thorough
          analysis of this reply will be included in the report of the Special
          Rapporteur to the Commission on Human Rights at its fiftieth session.
          Observations
          615. In the light of the alarming number and gravity of the allegations
          received and of certain contradictions in the information provided by
          different sources, the Special Rapporteur has solicited an invitation from the
          Government of Turkey to visit the country. The Government of Turkey has
          agreed to the principle of such an on-site visit. The date and other details
          will have to be determined in further consultations. The Special Rapporteur
          appreciates the willingness to cooperate shown by the Government of Turkey and
          hopes that the visit may take place in the near future.
          Follow-up on allegations sent in 1991
          616. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Turkey
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          that had been transmitted to that country in 1991.
          617. The Government of Turkey had replied to almost all of these allegations.
          With regard to those cases in which judicial investigations had been opened,
          the Special Rapporteur asked to be provided with updated information, in
          particular about decisions taken as the result of such procedures and any
          measure adopted as a consequence thereof. The Special Rapporteur also
          requested the Government of Turkey to provide him with information about the
          remaining four cases, for which no reply had been received (see
          E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 546-556).
          Uganda
          Follow-up on allegations sent in 1991
          618. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Uganda
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          transmitted to that country in 1991, for which no replies had been received
          (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 557-562).
          Uke
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          619. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of the
          Ukraine after he had received information according to which
          Leonid Kurgansky (37), a lawyer and human rights advocate, deputy of the
          Shostka Soviet of People's Deputies and member of the Kiev Standing Commission
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 152
          on Questions of Law and Order, had had his licence revoked as of 1 April 1992
          and received death threats by the Ukrainian authorities because of his human
          rights activities (13 October 1992) .
          Communications received from the Government
          620. No reply to that urgent appeal had been received from the Government of
          Ukraine at the time of the preparation of the present report.
          621. Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1992/42, the Government
          of Ukraine informed the Special Rapporteur that the criminality rate in
          Ukraine had increased sharply in the context of social, political and economic
          transformations. Armed clashes between rival criminal gangs and murders of
          mob leaders and of persons associated with them were increasing. The
          Ukrainian authorities had established a special service to take effective
          action against crtiminal organizations and to identify and neutralize criminal
          groups (13 November 1992) .
          United Repulic of Tanzania
          Follow-up on allegations sent in 1991
          622. The Special Rapporteur sent a setter to the Government of the
          United Republic of Tanzania following up on allegations of extrajudicial,
          summary or arbitrary executions transmitted to that country in 1991, for which
          no replies had been received (see E/cN.4/1992/30, paras. 573-574) .
          United States of America
          623. The Special Rapporteur has received a number of reports concerning the
          death penalty in various states of the United States of America. It was
          repeatedly alleged that some of the safeguards and restrictions on capital
          punishment contained in international instruments relating to the rights of
          those facing the death penalty were not respected. This applied, in
          particular, to the right to adequate defence and the limitations on the death
          penalty for minors or mentally deficient persons.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          Urgent appeals
          624. The Special Rapporteur has sent 10 urgent appeals to the Government of
          the United States. On six occasions, he responded to information received
          concerning the imminent execution of a death sentence; one case concerned a
          minor.
          625. Johnny Frank Garrett, who was 17 years of age at the time of his crime,
          had been sentenced to death in September 1982 after being convicted of murder
          by a court in the State of Texas. His execution was scheduled for
          11 February 1992 (10 February 1992) .
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 153
          626. Edward Fitzgerald had been convicted of rape and murder and sentenced to
          death in July 1981 in the State of Virginia. Allegedly, defendants in
          Virginia have experienced difficulties in obtaining lawyers to represent them
          on appeal. Reportedly, Edward Fitzgerald had not been represented by counsel
          until the beginning of July 1992, three weeks before the scheduled date of his
          execution, 23 July 1992 (17 July 1992) .
          627. William Andrews had been convicted of murder and sentenced to death in
          November 1974 in the State of Utah. According to the information received,
          there had been evidence indicating that the murder had been committed by a
          co-defendant whom he had tried to dissuade from harming the victims. It was
          also alleged that William Andrews, who is black, was tried by an all-white
          jury, that a potential black juror had been excluded from the jury for his
          race, and that an inflammatory note with racial connotations had been
          circulated to the jury during the trial. His execution was scheduled for
          30 July 1992 (21 July 1992) .
          628. Ricardo Adalpe Guerra had been convicted of murder and sentenced to
          death on 4 October 1982 in the State of Texas. According to the information
          received, there was evidence indicating that the victim of the murder, a
          white police officer on duty, had been killed by a companion of
          Ricardo Adalpe Guerra. His execution was scheduled for 24 September 1992
          (18 September 1992) .
          629. John Sterling Gardner had been convicted of murder and sentenced to death
          in September 1983 in the State of North Carolina. Allegedly, he did not
          benefit from proper legal representation during the sentencing phase of his
          trial. His state-appointed counsel, who was later reprimanded by the state
          and suspended from the practice of law for abusing drugs and alcohol during
          the time of John Sterling Gardner's trial, was said to have failed to satisfy
          minimum standards of competence (15 October 1992) .
          630. Joseph Faulder had been convicted of murder and sentenced to death in
          1977 by a court in Texas. Allegedly, he suffered from brain damage which
          might have impaired his ability to determine right from wrong at the time of
          his crime. Irregularities with regard to evidence obtained from witnesses
          were also alleged. His execution was scheduled for 4 August 1992. In a
          second cable, the Special Rapporteur reiterated his concerns after he had been
          informed that the execution date had been changed to 25 October 1992, and
          again, in a third cable, after the execution was postponed to 4 December 1992
          (25 June 1992, 21 September 1992 and 3 November 1992) .
          631. Cornelius Singleton had been convicted of murder and sentenced to death
          in November 1977 in the State of Alabama. According to the information
          received, the accused, a black, was originally sentenced by an all-white jury
          which had not been informed of his mental deficiency. This sentence was later
          reversed but he was resentenced by a judge sitting without a jury. According
          to reports, evidence of his mental retardation was presented at his second
          hearing, but was disregarded. In this context, the Special Rapporteur was
          informed of studies made in the United States of America claiming that in
          Alabama the death penalty was applied disproportionally on the grounds of race
          (13 November 1992) .
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 154
          632. The Special Rapporteur sent another urgent appeal to the Government of
          the United States after receiving reports about the imminent repatriation to
          El Salvador of Cesar Vielman Joya Martinez, a defector from a clandestine unit
          of El Salvador's First Brigade who had confessed to having participated in
          several extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions. Concern had been
          expressed that his life would be in serious danger if he were to be extradited
          to El Salvador. The Special Rapporteur urged the Secretary of State, on whom
          the final decision in questions of extradition behoves, to consider the
          particular situation of Cesar Vielman Joya Martinez. He requested the
          United States of America to refrain from extraditing Mr. Joya Martinez until
          the situation in El Salvador was such that he could expect effective
          protection against the risk of extrajudicial execution (22 September 1992) .
          Other allegations
          633. The Special Rapporteur transmitted a further seven cases to the
          Government of the United States. Six again concerned the execution of the
          death penalty, allegedly in disrespect of the safeguards and restrictions
          contained in international instruments relating to capital punishment.
          (a) Nollie Martin was sentenced to death for kidnapping, robbery and
          murder in November 1978 and executed on 12 May 1992 in the State of Florida.
          Allegedly, he had suffered from severe mental illness;
          (b) Mark Hopkinson was sentenced to death in September 1978 for having
          ordered the murder of J. Green and was executed on 22 January 1992 in the
          State of Wyoming. Allegedly, the murderer of J. Green had not been arrested.
          At the time of the crime, Mark Hopkinson had allegedly been serving a prison
          sentence in California. Allegedly, there was not enough proof to justify the
          death penalty;
          (c) Robyn Leroy Parks was sentenced to death for a murder in 1977 and
          executed on 12 May 1992 in the State of Florida. Allegedly, he had been
          denied a hearing in Federal Court in January 1992 in which he sought to
          introduce new evidence. According to his lawyers, the new elements could have
          proved that he had not committed the murder for which he was sentenced to
          death;
          (d) Robert Alton Harris was sentenced to death on 6 March 1979 and
          executed in a gas chamber on 21 April 1992 in the State of California.
          Allegedly, tests performed on his body after the execution revealed severe
          organic brain damage;
          (e) Justin Lee May was sentenced to death for a murder in 1978 and
          executed on 7 May 1992 in the State of Texas. Allegedly, he was executed
          although his lawyers, in their petition for clemency, had presented new
          evidence, particularly the fact that the witness who had identified
          Justin Lee May as the murderer of a woman in 1978 had recanted his testimony
          in an affidavit. Moreover, Justin Lee May had allegedly suffered from brain
          damage and mental impairment;
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 155
          (f) Stephen Douglas Hill was reportedly executed on 7 May 1992 in the
          state of Arkansas. It was alleged that after a co-defendant had claimed in
          1988 that he, not Stephen Douglas Hill, had killed a police officer in 1984,
          Hill was not able to obtain a new trial on those grounds.
          634. In addition, the Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of the
          United States of America the case of Edser Altemaria, a Haitian refugee who
          was said to have died on 28 May 1992 while in custody at Krone Detention
          Centre in Florida. Allegedly, he did not receive the constant medical care
          required by his precarious state of health.
          Communications received from the Government
          635. The Government of the United States of America has not supplied any
          replies to these cases. However, in the case of Cesar Vielman Joya Martinez,
          the Special Rapporteur has been informed by the source of the allegations that
          on 21 October 1992 the acting Secretary of State had signed the surrender
          warrant for Mr. Joya Martinez and that he was returned to El Salvador on
          23 October 1992. With regard to the cases of Johnny Frank Garrett and
          Edward Fitzgerald, he was informed by the source that both had been executed
          as scheduled.
          Follow-up on allegations sent in 1991
          636. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of the
          United States of America following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary
          or arbitrary executions transmitted to that country, for which no reply had
          been received (see E/cN.4/1992/30, paras. 575-580) .
          Venezuela
          637. The Special Rapporteur has received a number of reports concerning human
          rights violations, including extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions,
          in the context of demonstrations. Several deaths were said to have been
          caused by arbitrary and excessive use of force by members of the security
          forces, in particular the Metropolitan Police (PM) , the Criminal
          Investigations Police (PTJ) , the National Guard, the Directorate of
          Intelligence and Prevention Services (DISIP) and the Directorate of Military
          Intelligence (DIM) . Moreover, it was alleged that in many cases those
          responsible for human rights abuses had not been brought to justice.
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          638. The Special Rapporteur transmitted 14 cases of alleged extrajudicial,
          summary or arbitrary executions to the Government of Venezuela. In three
          cases, the victims were said to be minors. Six cases allegedly constituted
          the violation of the freedom of opinion and expression.
          Urgent appeals
          639. The Special Rapporteur sent two urgent appeals to the Government of
          Venezuela.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 156
          640. The Special Rapporteur intervened with the authorities of Venezuela after
          receiving reports about the death of at least nine persons due to excessive
          use of force by members of the police and the National Guard against
          demonstrators between March and July 1992. The following three persons,
          including one minor, were said to have been killed:
          (a) Rommer Figueroa Lazardi, by National Guard officials during a
          demonstration in Ciudad Guayana, State of Bolivar, on 29 May 1992;
          (b) Pedro Jose V squez (16) , by policemen who tried to disperse a
          demonstration in Maracay, State of Aragua, on 2 June 1992;
          (c) Jose Gregorio Romero Uzc tegui, by police during a demonstration at
          the Central University of Venezuela in Caracas on 2 June 1992 (7 July 1992) .
          641. The Special Rapporteur also intervened on behalf of JIItonio Rios,
          President of the Venezuelan Workers' Federation, at present undergoing trial
          before a Venezuelan court. Antonio Rios, who was said to have been the victim
          of an attempt against his life and was confined to his home to recover, was
          reportedly going to be sent to the same prison in which the author of the
          attempted murder was held. The Special Rapporteur requested the authorities
          to ensure effective protection for his safety (20 October 1992) .
          Other allegations
          642. The Special Rapporteur transmitted to the Government of Venezuela 10
          further cases of deaths due to excessive use of force (31 August 1992) .
          643. Darwin Duncan Capote Rond6n (17), Jose Gregorio Delgado (17) and
          Jose Humberto L6pez Arias were allegedly killed by members of the
          Metropolitan Police during a students demonstration in Maracarao, Caracas, on
          20 November 1991. Five police officials were said to have been arrested.
          644. The Special Rapporteur had received reports according to which seven
          persons lost their lives on 4 February 1992 in the context of an attempted
          military coup against the Government:
          (a) Two persons were reportedly shot at close range in Valencia, State
          of Carabobo, by policemen who stopped the bus on which they had been riding.
          All the passengers, among them some soldiers, were told to get off. Although
          the soldiers reportedly handed over their arms without resistance, one of them
          was shot at close range. The policemen reportedly also killed Colomba
          Guadalupe Rivas, a student who had stayed on the bus;
          (b) A shoot-out in Canaima, Valencia, State of Carabobo, on the morning
          of 4 February 1992 between soldiers participating in the coup attempt and
          police loyal to the constitutional Government reportedly came to an end when
          various vehicles of DISIP and the National Guard arrived. After the soldiers
          and some civilians accompanying them had handed over their arms, members of
          DISIP allegedly executed two soldiers and two students, Gilberto Jose Peffia and
          JIIgelo Alberto Ruiz. Reportedly, a student who witnessed the shoot-out,
          Jose L. Zerpio Motta, was also killed.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 157
          Communications received from the Government
          645. The Government of Venezuela provided the Special Rapporteur with
          information in reply to the urgent appeal sent on behalf of Antonio Rios. It
          was stated that due notice had been taken of the Special Rapporteur's
          communication, which had been transmitted to the Ministry of Justice so that
          all necessary measures might be adopted to comply with the Special
          Rapporteur's request and the pertinent international norms and principles
          (3 November 1992) .
          646. In addition, the Government of Venezuela informed the Special Rapporteur
          about the role in the protection of human rights in Venezuela of the
          Ministerio PiOElico (Public Ministry) , instituted by the Venezuelan
          Constitution as an autonomous and independent entity. It is directed by the
          Fiscal General, who is elected by both houses of parliament for a period of
          five years and whose tasks include mediation between the citizens and public
          institutions, control over the way civil servants and the judiciary discharge
          their functions, inspection of other public services and, in particular,
          defence of human rights (3 November 1992) .
          647. The Government of Venezuela also informed the Special Rapporteur that the
          Public Ministry had been asked to provide the information he had requested.
          It was, however, not possible for the Public Ministry to submit a report on
          the information collected before the closing date of the present report
          (23 November 1992) .
          Follow-up on allegations sent in 1991
          648. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Venezuela
          following up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          that had been transmitted to that country in 1991.
          649. The Government of Venezuela had replied to these allegations and informed
          the Special Rapporteur about the progress of the judicial investigations into
          the case of a clandestine mass grave at “La Peste” cemetery, Caracas. The
          Special Rapporteur, in his aforementioned letter, expressed his appreciation
          of the efforts made by the authorities and asked to be provided with
          additional information about all decisions taken as a result of these
          procedures or measures adopted as a consequence thereof (see E/cN.4/1992/30,
          paras. 582-584) .
          Yemen
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          650. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of Yemen
          after it had been brought to his attention that Mansur Muhammad Ahmad Rajih, a
          writer and poet, had been sentenced to death in March 1984 for his political
          activities as a member of the National Democratic Front, the principal
          opposition group in the former Yemen Arab Republic. Allegedly, his trial had
          presented various violations of internationally recognized fair trial
          standards (26 June 1992) .
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 158
          Communications received from the Government
          651. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Yemen.
          Follow-up on allegations sent in 1991
          652. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Yemen following
          up on allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions that had
          been transmitted to that country in 1991 and for which no replies had been
          received (see E/CN.4/1992/30, paras. 585-586) .
          653. The Government of Yemen informed the Special Rapporteur that the case had
          been transmitted to the authorities in Sana'a.
          Zaire
          Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur
          654. The Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government of Zaire
          after receiving reports that at least 17 persons had been killed and several
          hundred others injured when members of the Special Presidential Division
          opened fire on participants in a demonstration organized by the Roman Catholic
          Church at Kinshasa on 16 February 1992 calling for “peace and hope” and for
          the resumption of negotiations on constitutional and political reform which
          had been suspended in January 1992 (5 March 1992) .
          Communications received from the Special Rapporteur
          655. At the time of the preparation of the present report, no communications
          had been received from the Government of Zaire.
          Follow-up
          656. The Special Rapporteur sent a letter to the Government of Zaire referring
          to the report presented to the Commission on Human Rights at its forty-eighth
          session by his predecessor, Mr. Wako, who visited the country from
          8 to 11 May 1992 (E/CN.4/1992/30/Add.1) . In his conclusions, Mr. Wako
          indicated his willingness to discuss his report with the Government of Zaire
          and announced that he would reflect in his report to the forty-ninth session
          of the Commission on Human Rights all the information with which the
          Government of Zaire provided him, together with any comments the Government
          might deem it appropriate to make in connection with the report (paras. 308
          and 309) . The Special Rapporteur conveyed to the Government of Zaire his
          readiness to cooperate with the Government of Zaire and invited the
          authorities to provide him with the information asked for by his predecessor.
          At the time of the preparation of the present report, however, no
          communications had been received from the Government of Zaire.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 159
          V. VISITS TO THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA
          657. On 14 August 1992, at its first special session, the Commission on Human
          Rights adopted resolution 1992/5-1/1, appointing a Special Rapporteur to
          investigate the human rights situation in the former Yugoslavia, in particular
          Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Commission asked the Special Rapporteur on the
          former Yugoslavia to cooperate in carrying out his mandate with the Special
          Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, the Special
          Rapporteur on the question of torture, the Working Group on Arbitrary
          Detention and the representative of the Secretary-General on internally
          displaced persons. Consequently, the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial,
          summary or arbitrary executions participated in two missions to the territory
          of the former Yugoslavia, in August and in October 1992, as well as the
          special sessions of the Commission on 14 August and 1 December 1992.
          658. During these missions, the Special Rapporteur visited Croatia, Yugoslavia
          and Bosnia and Herzegovina, including sector East of the United Nations
          Protected Area in Croatia, which includes the city of Vukovar; Sandzak, a
          predominantly Muslim area in Serbia and Montenegro, which lies between Kosovo
          and Bosnia; Sarajevo and parts of northern Bosnia controlled by Bosnian Serbs.
          He spoke with many refugees who had been forced from their homes by ethnic
          cleansing or by the ravages of armed conflict, with local and national
          authorities, and with the representatives of the international agencies active
          in the former Yugoslavia, including the United Nations Protection Forces
          (tJNPROFOR), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
          (UNHCR), the International Committee of the Red Cross, the European Community
          Monitoring Mission, and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
          (CSCE) monitors. Together with forensic expert Dr. Clyde Snow, who
          accompanied the mission as expert consultant, the Special Rapporteur
          participated in the location and preliminary investigation of a site near the
          city of Vukovar which appeared to be a mass grave.
          659. The findings of these missions are contained in three reports submitted
          by Mr. Tadeusz Masowiecki, the Special Rapporteur on the former Yugoslavia, to
          the Commission and to the General Assembly (E/CN.4/1992/S-1/9,
          E/CN.4/1992/S-1/10 and A/47/666) . The following is a brief summary of those
          findings, together with some observations concerning the problem of
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions in the former Yugoslavia and
          the relevance of this experience for the work of the Special Rapporteur on
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions.
          660. Extrajudicial executions are a serious problem in the former Yugoslavia.
          This problem is at present most acute in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but there are
          indications that a significant number of extrajudicial executions also
          occurred during the short war for independence of Croatia in 1991. In
          addition, there is a real risk that extrajudicial executions could become more
          widespread in other areas, including Kosovo, Sandzak and Vojvodina.
          661. “Ethnic cleansing” is one of the main causes of extrajudicial executions,
          that is, executions are one of the methods used to force persons to flee their
          homes. Some towns and villages were cleansed of their Muslim and/or Croatian
          populations in a single brief and brutal operation. This typically involved
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 160
          occupation by military or paramilitary forces during daytime, sometimes
          preceded by shelling. Once the town or village was occupied, some of the
          inhabitants would be executed immediately, usually by shooting or stabbing, in
          full view of relatives and neighbours, while others would be taken away by
          force and detained in camps. In other cities and towns, executions of Muslim
          or Croatian residents occurred sporadically over a longer period of time, as
          one of many tactics used to terrorize the Muslim and Croatian population into
          fleeing. Such executions are often carried out at night by shooting, by using
          explosives against homes or by setting fire to them. In some cases, Muslims
          or Croatians are executed in broad daylight for no apparent reason other than
          their ethnic background, in order to intimidate the population and force them
          to leave.
          662. Evidence was also received indicating that executions occurred on a
          regular basis in some of the camps in which Muslims and Croatians were
          detained in northern Bosnia. In one camp where the testimony of survivors
          suggests that hundreds or even thousands of prisoners were killed, most deaths
          appeared to be the result of injuries suffered during torture. In another
          camp, over a hundred persons were killed in a single incident, apparently in
          reprisal for the killing of Serbs in combat in a nearby town. In a third
          camp, testimony available indicates that a significant number of prisoners
          died from malnutrition and neglect.
          663. Testimony of those who managed to escape zones affected by ethnic
          cleansing indicates that many were killed during the flight to areas under
          Muslim control. In some cases, all men of military age were taken from
          convoys and summarily shot. In other cases, vehicles containing families
          trying to escape were shot at for no apparent reason. Convoys transporting
          refugees often halted several kilometres before the final destination and
          passengers were forced to complete the journey on foot, crossing combat zones.
          This also caused an indeterminate number of deaths.
          664. The use of methods of combat incompatible with international humanitarian
          law is another cause of extrajudicial executions. The shelling of civilian
          population centres is a common practice, which has caused thousands of
          civilian deaths. Sarajevo is the best-known example, but a number of other
          cities throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina have also been subjected to arbitrary
          shelling of residential areas for months on end.
          665. Some cases of deliberate execution of combatants who had been injured or
          captured have also been reported, and in certain localities Muslim civilians
          were killed in reprisals when news was received that Serbs from the same
          community had been killed in combat.
          666. The Special Rapporteur also considers that the policy of deliberately
          depriving the population of the food, heating, shelter and other essentials
          necessary for survival, practised by Bosnian Serbs against the population of
          besieged cities and areas, should also be viewed as extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary execution. The very exigencies of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina
          preclude the gathering of accurate statistics concerning the number of persons
          who have died from this cause. However, public health and disaster relief
          experts estimate that up to 10 per cent of the entire population of the
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 161
          country may not survive the winter, owing to malnutrition, cold and related
          causes. These deaths are not unavoidable collateral consequences of the
          conflict but are due to the deliberate refusal to allow delivery of sufficient
          humanitarian relief.
          667. All objective observers involved in trying to bring an end to the
          situation in the former Yugoslavia and alleviate the suffering of the victims
          agree that all the parties to the conflict have committed serious human rights
          violations, including extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions.
          However, there is abundant evidence that the use of executions as a method of
          advancing “ethnic cleansing”, as well as the shelling of civilian population
          centres and interference with the delivery of humanitarian relief, are pursued
          systematically by the Bosnian Serbs, and that the principal victims are the
          Muslims of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Extrajudicial executions also continue to
          be carried out in the United Nations Protected Areas, despite the valiant
          efforts made by United Nations officials and United Nations Civilian Police to
          disarm paramilitary groups, investigate ethnically motivated crimes and
          encourage the local authorities to respect the right to life.
          668. Most of the extrajudicial executions occurring in Bosnia and Herzegovina
          are attributable either to Bosnian Serbian authorities, which do not
          constitute a recognized Government, or to paramilitary groups which support
          such authorities. Many of the executions reportedly carried out in other
          parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina have also been attributed either to irregular
          paramilitary forces which supported the recognized governmental control or to
          militia composed largely of Bosnian Croats, which are controlled by political
          parties or groups rather than any Government. Under the procedures normally
          employed, the Special Rapporteur would thus be unable to respond to most of
          the executions occurring in Bosnia and Herzegovina, because they are not
          attributed to a recognized Government. Moreover, most of the information
          concerning executions now in the possession of the Special Rapporteur has been
          obtained through the two missions. Very few specific allegations of
          executions had been received prior to the first mission.
          669. In the opinion of the Special Rapporteur, the term “ethnic cleansing” is
          a euphemism. The deliberate and systematic nature of the killing of Muslims
          and Croats by Serbs, the dissemination of pseudo-historical and political
          rationales for ethnic cleansing, the disarming of the populations concerned
          prior to the commencement of cleansing operations and other circumstances
          strongly suggest the existence of a policy of killing members of a national,
          ethnical or religious group, causing serious bodily harm, and deliberately
          inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical
          destruction of the group, in whole or in part, in the terms of the 1948
          Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. In
          resolution 1992/S-2/1, adopted by the Commission on Human Rights at its second
          special session, on 1 December 1992, all States are called upon “to consider
          the extent to which the acts committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in
          Croatia constitute genocide” in accordance with the aforementioned Convention.
          670. The decision of the Security Council, in its resolution 780 (1992), to
          create a Commission of Experts to examine information relating to the
          violations of humanitarian law being committed in the former Yugoslavia is an
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 162
          appropriate response, given the scale of extrajudicial executions occurring
          there. The Special Rapporteur has decided to forward to the Commission all
          evidence concerning possible war crimes, in particular information concerning
          executions committed by de facto authorities and irregular armed groups. It
          is to be hoped that the Commission of Experts will begin its investigations in
          the very near future, so that its activities may help to prevent or reduce the
          number of executions which still continue to occur.
          671. This leads the Special Rapporteur to reflect on the way in which similar
          situations should be responded to. There are without a doubt other situations
          in the world which share certain characteristics with the situation in the
          former Yugoslavia: where public opinion is concerned about a large number of
          extrajudicial executions, yet where practically no concrete allegations are
          forwarded to the Special Rapporteur for action; where part of the territory is
          not under government control, and where many deaths are due to unrecognized
          authorities, militias or paramilitary groups; where there are special
          United Nations peace-keeping or humanitarian relief operations, which in some
          cases assume certain quasi-governmental functions. In the future, the Special
          Rapporteur believes that it would be useful to explore ways of assuming a more
          active role in such situations, possibly in cooperation with other United
          Nations rapporteurs, representatives or entities, drawing on the extremely
          useful experience gained through his cooperation with the Special Rapporteur
          on the former Yugoslavia.
          672. The Special Rapporteur would also like to stress two other aspects of
          this experience which were extremely positive, and which hopefully could
          become more fully integrated into the working methods of the United Nations
          human rights system; these are the close cooperation between thematic and
          country rapporteurs and the invaluable assistance received from the forensic
          and medical experts who participated in the second mission.
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 163
          VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
          673. After 10 years of the existence of the mandate on extrajudicial, summary
          or arbitrary executions, the number of such executions has not declined. On
          the contrary, there are serious grounds for believing that armed conflicts in
          different parts of the world and continuing political violence in a number of
          countries have resulted in an increase in violations of the right to life.
          During the first six months in his present function, the Special Rapporteur
          received, and transmitted to 52 Governments, more than 3,500 allegations
          concerning extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions. Over and over
          again, he has appealed to the competent authorities to ensure respect for, and
          effective implementation of, the international standards guaranteeing the
          right to life of every person.
          674. Moreover, in 189 of the cases transmitted, where the victims were said to
          be under 18 years of age, the Special Rapporteur has recalled to the
          Governments concerned the specific guarantees for the right to life of minors
          as contained in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other pertinent
          international instruments.
          675. There were 519 cases that concerned alleged violations of the right to
          freedom of opinion and expression, religion and peaceful assembly and
          association. The Special Rapporteur was particularly concerned at the high
          number of allegations concerning violations of the right to life in the
          context of violence against participants in demonstrations and other public
          manifestations, journalists and members of trade unions or political
          movements.
          676. In over 40 cases, the Special Rapporteur recalled to the Governments
          concerned the obligation, as provided for in Commission on Human Rights
          resolution 1992/59, to ensure effective protection of the right to life of
          those who avail themselves of United Nations human rights procedures by
          providing evidence, testimony or legal assistance, and of relatives of victims
          of human rights violations.
          A. ALLEGATIONS RECEIVED AND ACTED UPON BY THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR
          677. The allegations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions brought
          to the attention of the Special Rapporteur in 1992 comprised a wide range of
          different types of violations of the right to life addressed in a number of
          international instruments (see chapter II ) . In the light of information
          received from non-governmental organizations and some Governments, the Special
          Rapporteur would like to make the following remarks.
          Violations of the right to life in connection with the death penalty
          678. In so far as crimes subject to the death penalty are concerned, article 6
          of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides: “In
          countries which have not abolished the death penalty, sentence of death may be
          imposed only for the most serious crimes . The General Assembly has
          referred to article 6 as forming part of the “minimum standard of legal
          safeguards” for the protection of the right to life in a number of resolutions
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 164
          concerning summary or arbitrary executions, most recently in paragraph 12 of
          resolution 45/162 of 18 December 1990, and the Special Rapporteur considers
          that article 6 has become a rule of customary international law. The Human
          Rights Committee, which has competence to issue comments concerning the
          standards contained in that Covenant, has made the following observation
          concerning the words “most serious crimes” in article 6: “The Committee is of
          the opinion that the expression most serious crimes' must be read
          restrictively to mean that the death penalty should be a quite exceptional
          measure” (A/37/40, annex V . general comment 6 (16) , para. 7) . The Committee
          further stated: “The article also refers generally to abolition in terms
          which strongly suggest that abolition is desirable. The Committee concludes
          that all measures of abolition should be considered as progress in the
          enjoyment of the right to life (ibid., para. 6).
          679. Consequently, all tendencies countering this trend towards the
          limitation, and eventual abolition, of the death penalty should be carefully
          scrutinized. They may include, for example, the reintroduction of the death
          penalty in countries that have signed the Second Optional Protocol to the
          International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition
          of the death penalty. Legislation providing for capital punishment for crimes
          which were previously not subject to the death penalty, or the non-respect of
          the restriction of the imposition and execution of the death penalty against
          minors, pregnant women or young mothers and mentally deficient persons, also
          constitute contraventions of the pertinent international instruments. As
          concerns the information received by the Special Rapporteur, concerns have
          been raised by the broadening of the range of offences subject to capital
          punishment in China (see above, paras. 183-184) as well as allegations
          concerning the execution of persons suffering from severe mental retardation
          in the United States of America (see above, paras. 629, 630 and 632) and of
          persons under 18 at the time of commission of the offence in Saudi Arabia (see
          above, para. 509) and the United States of America (see above, para. 624) .
          680. In monitoring the existing standards relating to the death penalty, the
          Special Rapporteur has directed his attention particularly to the procedures
          in trials leading to the imposition of capital punishment. Such trials should
          conform to the highest standards of independence, competence, objectivity and
          impartiality of the judges, and all safeguards and guarantees for a fair trial
          must be fully respected, in particular as regards the right to defence and the
          right to appeal and to seek pardon or commutation of the sentence. A number
          of cases brought to the attention of the Special Rapporteur concerned the
          alleged violation of the guarantees and safeguards for a fair trial in
          procedures leading to the imposition of capital punishment in Afghanistan,
          Azerbaijan, Burundi, China, Cuba, Equatorial Guinea, the Islamic Republic of
          Iran, Iraq, Malawi, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, United States of America and
          Yemen.
          Deaths in custody
          681. In so far as deaths in custody are said to occur as a consequence of
          torture, efforts should be made to ensure full respect of the international
          norms and principles prohibiting any form of torture or other cruel, inhuman
          or degrading treatment. Prison guards and other law enforcement personnel
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 165
          should receive training so as to be familiar with these norms as well as the
          rules and regulations concerning the use of force and firearms to prevent
          escape or control disturbances. The Special Rapporteur received allegations
          of deaths in custody as a result of torture in Angola, Bangladesh, China,
          Cuba, India, Israel, Lesotho, Myanmar, Pakistan, Peru, Rwanda, South Africa,
          Thailand, Tunisia and Turkey.
          682. With regard to deaths in custody caused by the general situation in
          prisons and detention centres, in particular by starvation or lack of medical
          care, the Special Rapporteur would like to appeal to all Governments to ensure
          that conditions of detention in their countries conform to the Standard
          Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners and other pertinent international
          instruments. Conditions of detention which constitute a danger to the lives
          of the inmates cannot be justified by a lack of human or financial resources.
          The Special Rapporteur is particularly concerned by reports that such
          conditions of detention may even be the expression of a deliberate policy of
          negligence, as was alleged in the case of Cameroon (see above para. 158) .
          Deaths due to use of force by law enforcement officials
          683. The Special Rapporteur has received a considerable number of allegations
          concerning violations of the right to life as a consequence of excessive or
          arbitrary use of force. To avoid such incidents, law enforcement officials
          should receive adequate training to make them fully aware of the restrictions
          on the use of force that are provided for in the pertinent international
          instruments, Of particular concern are reports about deaths resulting from
          violence against participants in demonstrations and other manifestations
          exercising their right to freedom of opinion and expression and peaceful
          assembly. Cases in this category were reported to the Special Rapporteur in
          Bangladesh, Burundi, Colombia, Cuba, Egypt, Guatemala, Haiti, India, Iraq,
          Israel, Kenya, Lesotho, Mexico, Myanmar, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines,
          Rwanda, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Turkey, and, with regard to violence against
          demonstrators, in Cambodia, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, India,
          Lesotho, Morocco, South Africa, Turkey, Venezuela and Zaire.
          Violations of the right to life during armed conflicts
          684. The rising number of armed conflicts in various parts of the world has
          led to an alarming increase in the number of deaths, both of combatants and of
          civilians not participating in the hostilities. In this context, and in the
          light of the impressions and experience gathered during his visits to the
          former Yugoslavia, the Special Rapporteur would like to draw the attention of
          the international community to the phenomenon of communal violence, understood
          as acts of violence committed by groups of citizens of a country against each
          other, in some cases with active or at least passive support of the
          government. Instances of such communal violence have been reported to the
          Special Rapporteur, for example in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh or
          in Sri Lanka. The danger that such conflicts may extend and evolve into a
          larger armed conflict, or even a civil war, must not be underestimated; once
          that has happened, very little can be done to diminish the number of victims,
          let alone prevent the killing of civilians, including women, children and
          elderly people. The Special Rapporteur calls on the international community
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 166
          to provide for mechanisms that may deal effectively with problems of communal
          violence, closely monitoring and bringing to an end those already under way
          and preventing new conflicts from escalating and endangering the right to life
          and physical integrity of a large number of people.
          Expulsion of persons to a country where their life is in danger
          685. As in former years, the Special Rapporteur has received reports
          indicating that the imminent extradition of one or more persons might result
          in their extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary execution in the receiving
          country. All Governments should take due notice of the norms and principles
          contained in international instruments that refer to this particular question.
          They should refrain from extraditing a person in circumstances where his or
          her safety is not fully ensured.
          Obligation to investigate
          686. Measures taken by Governments to open independent and impartial
          investigations with a view to identifying and bringing to justice those
          responsible for human rights violations constitute one of the main pillars of
          the effective protection of human rights. Consequently, a climate of impunity
          for human rights violators contributes to a great extent to the persistence
          of - and sometimes even to an increase in - human rights abuses in a number of
          countries. The Special Rapporteur has received many allegations concerning
          breaches of the obligation to investigate violations of the right to life. On
          repeated occasions, he has reminded the Governments concerned of this
          obligation, and he would like to reiterate the appeal to all Governments to
          implement effectively the norms and principles contained in the pertinent
          international instruments. As only one particular issue in this context that
          will be the object of close and constant scrutiny in his future work, the
          Special Rapporteur would like to mention the problem of the prosecution of
          members of the security forces in military trials. Special attention will be
          given to the procedures before such courts, which should not fall short of the
          internationally recognized standards for a fair trial. Moreover, sanctions
          imposed as a result of such procedures should not, in practice, amount to
          disguised impunity.
          Genocide
          687. The Special Rapporteur has observed a certain reluctance in the
          international community to use the term “genocide”, even when reference is
          made to situations of particularly grave violations of the right to life which
          seem to clearly match the criteria contained in the Convention on the
          Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. In particular, the
          description of atrocities committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in
          part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group as “ethnic cleansing”
          almost seems to be a euphemism (see also above para. 669) . While the
          international community has taken action on the case of the former Yugoslavia,
          other conflicts may also warrant careful attention. Once again, the Special
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 167
          Rapporteur would like to refer to the problem of communal violence. All
          measures should be taken to prevent acts of communal violence from
          degenerating into large-scale killings that may reach the dimension of
          genocide.
          Rights of the victims
          688. With regard to compensation granted to the families of victims of
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, very little has been reported
          to the Special Rapporteur. Only the Government of Tunisia informed the
          Special Rapporteur that, irrespective of the outcome of judicial proceedings
          against those presumably responsible for the extrajudicial, summary or
          arbitrary killing of two men, a monthly allowance had been granted to their
          families. The Special Rapporteur wishes to emphasize the need to establish
          mechanisms or procedures for providing indemnification for relatives of
          victims of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, and particularly
          their dependents, on a systematic basis. The Special Rapporteur would
          therefore like to appeal to all Governments concerned to comply with the norms
          and principles contained in the pertinent international instruments.
          B. OTHER PROCEDURAL ASPECTS
          689. As concerns the procedures resorted to in the exercise of his mandate,
          the Special Rapporteur wishes to take up once again some issues that were
          already mentioned in chapter I, section B, of the present report, in the light
          of the particular importance which he attaches to these questions.
          Allegations
          690. In the first place, the Special Rapporteur wishes to thank all the
          non-governmental organizations that have sent him allegations relevant to his
          mandate, thus providing the basis for his work. Without their efforts, very
          little could have been done. The number of non-governmental organizations
          that submit allegations to the Special Rapporteur is increasing. The Special
          Rapporteur views this as a positive development. The positive contribution
          which non-governmental organizations can make to the effective promotion and
          protection of human rights is well known and has often been recognized by the
          Commission on Human Rights and the General Assembly. Consequently, the
          Special Rapporteur feels that it is incumbent upon him to encourage new human
          rights organizations to make use of international procedures for the
          protection of human rights, in particular the right to life.
          691. The Special Rapporteur will continue his efforts to examine allegations
          carefully before transmitting them to the Governments concerned. However, as
          already indicated, he will in principle transmit all cases of alleged
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions unless he has serious grounds
          to believe that the information brought to his attention is not credible. In
          this regard, the Special Rapporteur wishes to emphasize that such
          communications should not be understood in a negative way, as accusations.
          Rather, he believes that if the allegations are untrue Governments should make
          use of the possibility to so inform the international community. If, on the
          other hand, instances of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions do
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 168
          exist in a given country, the Government may wish to avail itself of the
          Special Rapporteur's offer of assistance and collaboration to bring this
          phenomenon to a halt. In transmitting the allegations, the Special Rapporteur
          endeavours to provide the Governments concerned with a maximum of details so
          as to enable them to identify the case and respond in a meaningful way.
          Replies
          692. Although Governments were encouraged by the Commission on Human Rights,
          in its resolution 1992/41, to respond expeditiously to requests for
          information made to them, in many cases the Special Rapporteur has not
          received any replies to the allegations he transmitted. With regard to the
          communications sent by the Special Rapporteur in 1992, this applies to:
          Afghanistan, Angola, Azerbaijan, Burundi, Cambodia, Chile, Dominican Republic,
          Equatorial Guinea, Haiti, Honduras, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Israel,
          Lesotho, Malaysia, Mali, Nepal, Pakistan, Paraguay, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia,
          South Africa, Sudan, Togo, Ukraine, United States of America, Yemen and Zaire.
          Some of these countries (Haiti, South Africa, Zaire) have not provided any
          information at all since the existence of the mandate. The Special Rapporteur
          is aware of the fact that in some cases it may be difficult for Governments to
          provide information in time for their consideration in the preparation of the
          yearly report. The Special Rapporteur will continue his efforts to seek
          dialogue and cooperation with all Governments. Nevertheless, in cases where a
          Government keeps silence systematically and over years, the Special Rapporteur
          would like to seek guidance from the Commission on Human Rights as to what
          could be done to encourage better cooperation.
          693. In other cases, Governments do reply. The Special Rapporteur welcomes
          the will to cooperate shown by these Governments. China, Cuba, Egypt,
          Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco and Tunisia have provided replies to all cases
          transmitted in 1992. The Governments of Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia,
          El Salvador, Guatemala, India, Malawi, Mexico, Myanmar, Peru, the Philippines,
          Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey and Venezuela forwarded information concerning
          some of them. Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Peru, the
          Philippines, Sri Lanka and Tunisia informed the Special Rapporteur that some
          or all of the cases transmitted were being looked into by the competent
          authorities and that the results of their investigations would be forwarded as
          soon as they were available.
          694. In an effort to enhance the effectiveness of the replies for the
          evaluation of the efforts undertaken by a Government to promote protection of
          the right to life, the Special Rapporteur has supplied the Governments for the
          first time since the beginning of the mandate with a list of questions
          indicating elements he would like to dispose of for this purpose (see above
          para. 79) . In the future, the Special Rapporteur will endeavour to establish
          a list of conditions which, if fulfilled, would permit to consider a case as
          “clarified” .
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 169
          Visits and cooperation
          695. Once again, the Special Rapporteur wishes to stress the importance of
          on-site visits and their purpose of enhancing cooperation with Governments in
          the common effort to ensure respect for, and protection of, the right to life.
          The Special Rapporteur will continue to seek invitations to visit countries
          and to offer his assistance and collaboration. As has been the case in August
          and October 1992, the Special Rapporteur is also ready to respond quickly to
          needs of urgent intervention in particularly grave situations.
          696. The Special Rapporteur equally offers his collaboration and assistance to
          other United Nations mechanisms and procedures working in the field of human
          rights, particularly with regard to the right to life. As stated before,
          first steps in this direction have been made, for example through contacts
          with other special rapporteurs and representatives of the Commission,
          including two joint missions to the former Yugoslavia, participation in the
          preparatory process for the World Conference on Human Rights and
          correspondence with special United Nations procedures monitoring peace and
          transition processes in various countries. With regard to the latter, the
          Special Rapporteur was particularly pleased by a letter from the head of the
          Human Rights Division of ONUSAL, providing him with information on the
          allegations he had transmitted to the Government of El Salvador. It is hoped
          that this kind of cooperation can be maintained and extended in the future.
          697. In situations where serious problems affecting the right to life exist
          without any doubt but the Special Rapporteur does not receive any
          allegations - for example, those of Somalia, Liberia and various republics of
          the former Soviet Union - the Special Rapporteur faces particular
          difficulties. Sometimes it is difficult to identify the authorities to which
          communications might be addressed in such armed conflicts where non-
          governmental entities, often not recognized by the international community,
          seem to control parts, or the entire territory, of a country. In order to be
          able to respond to at least some of these particular situations, the Special
          Rapporteur intends to offer his collaboration and assistance to United Nations
          mechanisms already existing in these countries, such as special
          representatives or other missions of the Secretary-General.
          698. Moreover, as regards a more particular aspect of cooperation,
          particularly relevant to his mandate, the Special Rapporteur would like to
          refer to the moves towards the institution of a standing team of forensic
          experts who could assist special rapporteurs in assessing, among other things,
          the reasons for the decease of a person purported to be a victim of
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary execution. They may also provide
          invaluable assistance in the examination of mass graves or clandestine
          cemeteries. This was shown clearly during the second mission to Yugoslavia in
          October 1992, in which two forensic experts participated. The Special
          Rapporteur wishes to encourage the international community to create a team of
          forensic experts, as was envisaged in Commission on Human Rights
          resolution 1992/24.
        
          
          E/CN. 4/1993/46
          page 170
          699. The Special Rapporteur would also favour an increase in contacts with the
          sources of allegations. In particular, he would wish to inform them if urgent
          appeals have been sent as a reaction to the allegations submitted to him. The
          Special Rapporteur hopes that, in the future, he will have the necessary
          support - in particular, adequate human resources to ensure proper servicing
          of the mandate - to be able to do so.
          Resources
          700. Another important aspect regarding the effective functioning of the
          mandate are the resources, both human and material, the Special Rapporteur
          disposes of to assist him at the secretariat. If he wishes to respond
          effectively to the demands addressed to him by the Commission on Human Rights
          to ensure follow-up, carry out visits and enhance dialogue and cooperation
          with Governments and other United Nations procedures and mechanisms, and if,
          in addition to these tasks, he wishes to provide the international community
          with a more comprehensive picture of the phenomenon of extrajudicial, summary
          or arbitrary executions by improving the quality of the allegations sent to
          Governments and giving more attention to a thorough evaluation of replies,
          developments, patterns etc., one professional staff member at the Centre for
          Human Rights will not be sufficient. The amount of information received and
          the increase in the amount of attention and time which the more careful
          treatment of this information requires would necessitate three professional
          staff members on a full-time basis and one secretary, also full-time.
          701. The Centre for Human Rights should be equipped with appropriate computer
          facilities to establish the data bases necessary to ensure effective follow-
          up. The Centre should also dispose of a proper fax number so that
          communications, in particular those that warrant urgent action by any of the
          thematic special rapporteurs or working groups, can be dealt with as rapidly
          as possible.
          702. With regard to financial resources, the Special Rapporteur was rather
          surprised at the lack of clarity concerning the financial means at his
          disposal. It would be most helpful if he could be informed, at the beginning
          of each year or reporting cycle, how much money was available for the exercise
          of the mandate, so as to allow him to plan for on-site visits and other
          activities related to the mandate. The present practice, which consists in
          requesting permission for each visit without knowing the total amount of
          resources available poses serious problems with regard to the priorities the
          Special Rapporteur might wish to determine for the exercise of his functions.
          In the interest of enhanced transparency concerning the financing of mandates,
          the Special Rapporteur would like to request the United Nations to pay
          attention to this particular problem.
          Publicity
          703. The Special Rapporteur has also given some reflection to the question of
          the publicity given to his mandate. These considerations might also be of
          interest to other special rapporteurs and working groups, in particular those
          dealing with thematic mandates. In this context, he should once more
          underline the importance of the work of non-governmental organizations in
        
          
          E/cN. 4/1993/46
          page 171
          providing him with information. Measures should be taken to ensure the widest
          possible distribution of the reports and information such as the “fact sheets”
          published by the Centre for Human Rights to these organizations so as to
          encourage them to cooperate with the procedures of the Commission on Human
          Rights. United Nations information centres thoughout the world could be of
          great importance in this context. Libraries, universities, research centres
          etc. should also be provided with copies of the reports.
          704. One problem that arises in this context is the presentation of the
          reports itself. The Special Rapporteur is aware that his report, in its
          present form, is not very attractive. While he will make every effort to
          improve the part he is concerned with - the contents of the report - to
          eventually make it a comprehensive description of the phenomenon of
          extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions in the world, a change of the
          very presentation of the document might be considered by the competent
          instances within the United Nations. The Special Rapporteur could envisage,
          for example, a more attractive cover, using one or more colours and
          highlighting the title of the report so as to make it easily recognizable, and
          the inclusion of illustrations, of photographs or maps, as appropriate.
          705. To broaden public awareness of the existence of a mandate of the
          Commission on Human Rights on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions,
          the Special Rapporteur also intends to provide more information to the press
          than in the past. Press conferences could be held, for example on the
          occasion of the presentation of the report but also in cases where special
          situations warrant particular attention to violations of the right to life,
          and press communiques could be one of the means employed for this purpose.
          Prevention of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions
          706. As said before, 10 years of the existence of a mandate on extrajudicial,
          summary or arbitrary executions have not led to the abolition of the
          phenomenon. Violations of the right to life persist in a variety of forms,
          ranging from isolated cases, through a more systematic pattern favoured by a
          “hands off” policy on the part of the authorities, to killings and death
          threats as a deliberate State policy which at times touches the limits of war
          crimes and genocide. While ensuring the rights of the victims of such human
          rights abuses and their families, the efforts made by the international
          community to curb the phenomenon of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
          executions in the long term must focus on ways and means of preventing them
          from taking place. These include a genuine will and effective measures to put
          into practice the international standards already existing, as well as
          endeavours to improve them where shortcomings are identified. The Special
          Rapporteur calls once again on the international community to reinforce all
          its efforts towards the effective prevention of violations of the right to
          life and wishes to reiterate his entire availabilty and his readiness to
          provide the fullest collaboration and assistance in this cause of common
          concern.
        

Download Attachments:

Show More

Related Articles

Back to top button